Highly transparent photovoltaic device

Abstract

The present invention relates to a highly transparent photovoltaic device comprising a multilayer structure designed to optimise electricity generation while allowing a transmission of visible light greater than 90%, characterised in that the multilayer structure comprises at least a highly transparent outer protective layer, a highly transparent upper conductive layer, a highly transparent intermediate semiconductor layer, a highly transparent lower conductive layer and a structural support layer.

Description

[0001] HIGH TRANSPARENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

[0002] FIELD OF INVENTION

[0003] The present invention belongs to the field of photovoltaic devices.

[0004] More specifically, the present invention relates to a high-transparency photovoltaic device capable of capturing solar energy through advanced conduction and semiconductivity technologies, designed to be aesthetically integrated into architectural applications, buildings in general, automotive or electronic devices, such as television screens, monitors, tablets and cell phones.

[0005] PREVIOUS ART - DISADVANTAGES

[0006] Today, the need for clean and non-renewable energy is present in all branches of industry and daily life. Current methods promote sustainability, emissions reduction, and the use of renewable resources, in contrast to traditional methods, which, although effective, relied on non-renewable resources and were highly polluting.

[0007] We found the use of wind energy based on wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity. It is a clean and efficient technology in windy regions, although it depends exclusively on wind strength.

[0008] Also noteworthy is geothermal energy, which harnesses the Earth's internal heat to generate steam and power turbines, being a constant and renewable source but limited to certain geological regions.

[0009] Also noteworthy is the progress made in utilizing biomass and biogas derived from agricultural waste and organic matter, for example, to generate electricity through combustion or anaerobic digestion. While waste reuse is advantageous and highly beneficial, it can generate harmful emissions and disrupt the use of agricultural land.

[0010] Green hydrogen is the current option, generating electricity through fuel cells that convert hydrogen into energy. While its environmental impact is being questioned, tidal energy, which uses the movement of tides or waves to generate electricity, is also an alternative.

[0011] Finally, there is photovoltaic solar energy, which uses solar panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity. It is a clean, renewable energy source, adaptable to different scales (homes, industries), and depends on solar irradiance and the technologies used for its capture, transformation, and transmission.

[0012] Currently, existing photovoltaic glass has significant limitations in terms of transparency or energy efficiency.

[0013] For example, "crystalline silicon" photovoltaic glass offers high energy efficiency, but is inherently opaque, limiting its application in buildings where high light transmission is required.

[0014] On the other hand, "amorphous silicon" glass allows for greater light transmission, but sacrifices nominal power, which negatively impacts its profitability in large-scale projects.

[0015] These limitations have encouraged the search for technological solutions that combine high transparency, efficient energy generation, and compatibility with architectural, automotive, and electronic designs.

[0016] Among them, the closest precedent is the Chinese patent CN112838165A.

[0017] The patent in question relates to a transparent, perovskite-based photovoltaic glass designed to absorb ultraviolet light and convert it into electricity while allowing the transmission of visible light. This glass has applications in building facades, vehicle windows, and integration with electrochromic devices or laminated solar cells. The perovskite absorption layer utilizes ABX3-type semiconductors with a wide bandwidth, where A represents monovalent cations (such as methylamine or formamidine), B includes divalent cations (such as Pb, Sn, or Ge), and X represents monovalent anions (Cl or Br). This material is deposited using a two-stage process, resulting in a photoelectric conversion efficiency greater than 1% and high visible light transmittance (greater than 60%).

[0018] The glass can be configured in various ways, with components including a transparent conductive glass, electron-hole transport layers, a perovskite absorption layer, and a transparent electrode. Preparation varies depending on the structure but involves techniques such as spin coating and heat treatment. The transparent electrodes can be metal / oxide / metal sandwiches or based on nanomaterials such as graphene or carbon nanotubes.

[0019] Graphene is mentioned in this patent as functioning as an “electron transport layer.” Electron transport layers play a crucial role in the architecture of the transparent perovskite photovoltaic glass described in the Chinese patent.

[0020] Its main function is to facilitate the collection, transport and efficient separation of electrons generated in the perovskite absorption layer, contributing to the efficiency and stability of the device.

[0021] Thus, in its first claim, patent CN112838165A describes a transparent perovskite photovoltaic glass composed of a transparent conductive glass, an electron transport layer, a perovskite absorption layer, a hole transport layer, and a transparent electrode. In a nip-type configuration, the components are arranged sequentially from bottom to top, while in a pin-type configuration, the layer order varies. Furthermore, it specifies that the absorption layer is a wide-bandwidth ABX3 perovskite semiconductor, and the transparent conductive glass can be either ITO or FTO.

[0022] Disadvantages of patent CN 112838165A

[0023] a) Energy capture depends solely on the perovskite, which primarily absorbs UV and visible light. This limits its ability to utilize the full light spectrum.

[0024] b) Graphene is not used as an active energy harvester but is limited to being used as an electron transport layer; its role is limited and does not optimize the system. c) The rigidity and overall protection of the panel depends exclusively on a conductive glass, which limits the flexibility and resistance of the system.

[0025] d) The amount of photovoltaic energy generated per m2 of panel is limited.

[0026] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] The present invention provides a high-transparency photovoltaic device, composed of a multilayer structure designed to optimize electricity generation while allowing visible light transmission greater than 90%, distinguished by comprising at least a high-transparency outer protective layer, a high-transparency upper conductive layer, a high-transparency intermediate semiconductor layer, a high-transparency lower conductive layer, and a structural support layer.

[0028] The highly transparent outer protective layer can be made of glass, crystallized polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, tempered glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, laminated glass, thermoplastic polyurethane, polystyrene, or their derivatives.

[0029] The top conductive layer of high transparency may preferably be composed of one or more sheets of graphene or carbon nanotubes, or graphene enhanced with carbon nanotubes, or carbon nanotubes enhanced with graphene; or combinations thereof.

[0030] The intermediate semiconductor layer can be made up of perovskite in different variants, such as organic-inorganic halogenated perovskite such as that based on methylammonium, lead and iodide (CH3NH3Pblz or MAPÉblz); multilayer thin-film perovskite, broadband perovskite, halogenated perovskites such as cesium, lead and iodide perovskite (CsPbla) or that based on methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3); and two-dimensional perovskites; CIGS (Copper, Indium, Gallium and Selenium); quantum dots.

[0031] The lower conductive layer can be comprised interchangeably of a lower conductive layer selected from the group consisting of ITO, ITO glass, graphene, indium oxide, transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) such as tin-doped fluoride (FTO) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO); carbon nanotube (CNT) networks; silver nanowire networks, metallic networks; transparent conductive polymers such as PEDOTPSS (polystyrenedioxythiophene additive with polystyrenesulfonic acid); hybrid oxides or transparent perovskites, films of two-dimensional materials similar to graphene.

[0032] The lower structural support layer is a highly transparent material or it can also be an opaque material, in the case of devices to be installed on external walls of buildings, for example.

[0033] The device's performance is optimized with at least one interlayer of lamination materials, which can be selected from the group consisting of EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate), PVB (Polyvinyl butyral), Pll (Polyurethane) or TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane).

[0034] Both the aforementioned lamination materials and the ITO glasses or the glass in general used in this device may be additive with plasmonic nanostructures, which may be plasmonic nanostructures selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) nanostructures.

[0035] The combination of these materials allows for remarkable photovoltaic efficiency, without compromising the aesthetics or functionality of the final product.

[0036] Furthermore, this design is adapted to be integrated into the screens of electronic devices, such as televisions, monitors, tablets and cell phones, allowing these surfaces to fulfill a dual function: generating electrical energy and acting as high-quality visual interfaces.

[0037] ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

[0038] High Transparency: Since the combination of elements of the present invention exceeds 90% visible light transmission.

[0039] Energy Efficiency: Graphene is integrated as an active light absorber and protector of the perovskite. It expands the light absorption range, including wavelengths that the perovskite cannot capture. The synergy generated between graphene and perovskite improves overall efficiency, provided the graphene layer is placed before the perovskite layer in the direction of entry or absorption of direct or diffuse sunlight. This achieves efficient electricity generation from direct and diffuse sunlight. Graphene's performance is further enhanced by the addition of carbon nanotubes, resulting in improved thermal insulation, particularly useful in high-temperature regions of the world.

[0040] If graphene and perovskite are in direct contact, additive-enhanced graphene can be used, or the layers can be separated with EVA, PVB, or advanced polymers to minimize adverse chemical reactions. This increases durability and electrical efficiency.

[0041] Layers of graphene or carbon nanotubes will prevent overheating of environments because they are heat-dissipating materials. Graphene also possesses sound-absorbing properties due to its composition, which would be an additional benefit in the case of glass used in building or car windows.

[0042] Versatile Applications: Integration into building windows, electric car roofs, and electronic device displays.

[0043] Sustainability: It can be manufactured with materials that have low environmental impact and high durability.

[0044] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0045] The present invention describes a high-transparency photovoltaic device characterized by utilizing the inertia generated between graphene and perovskite, achieving remarkable photovoltaic efficiency without compromising the aesthetics or functionality of the final product.

[0046] This is a combination in which graphene is placed before the perovskite, that is, it is interposed between the external light and the perovskite, expanding, due to its physical characteristics, the range of light capture, including wavelengths that the perovskite cannot capture on its own. This basic combination of the invented device is completed, enhanced, and protected with a series of interlaminated layers of materials that give it structural rigidity, mechanical resistance, protection against external factors that could damage the perovskite in particular (humidity, oxygen, etc.), and conduct electrical energy to accumulators or devices to be powered.

[0047] A key feature of the present invention is the ability to achieve high photovoltaic energy generation while maintaining high levels of visual transparency, which enables the use of the device in windows of all types, electronic device screens and any other support structure, such as a building or structure.

[0048] The invented device essentially comprises the following layers:

[0049] A highly transparent outer protective layer, a highly transparent upper conductive layer, a highly transparent intermediate semiconducting layer, a highly transparent lower conductive layer, and a structural support layer.

[0050] 1. High-transparency outer protective layer: High mechanical strength and transparency tempered glass protects the inner layers. Sunlight enters the device through this top layer.

[0051] 2. High-transparency top conductive layer: A single-layer or multi-layer layer that acts as a conductor and absorbs light at specific wavelengths. Part of the light is absorbed in this layer, which excites electrons.

[0052] 3. High-transparency intermediate semiconductor layer: This layer separates the electrical charges generated by light energy. In other words, it separates positive and negative electrical charges.

[0053] 4. High-transparency lower conductive layer: This layer transmits current to the electrical system using highly conductive and transparent materials. The current is collected by the electrodes and sent to the electrical system.

[0054] 5. Structural support layer: Provides structural support and rigidity without compromising light transmission in the case of windows or glass panels designed to allow light to pass through. However, it may be opaque if the device is placed on exterior or interior walls of a building and it is desired not to disrupt the visual design of the facade.

[0055] The highly transparent outer protective layer is composed of selected materials to ensure both the structural integrity of the system and the optimization of light capture. These materials include glass, doped glass, doped laminated glass, polycarbonates, acrylics, CPT (crystallized polystyrene terephthalate), thermoplastic polyurethanes, polystyrenes, tempered glass, borosilicate glass, polyethylene terephthalate, laminated glass, platinum, or any plastic, mineral, or vitreous derivative with transparent structures, as well as conductive glass or conductive plastic derivatives. Additionally, this layer may incorporate metal oxide coatings, such as TiO2 or ZrO2, to reduce reflection and block excessive infrared radiation.Its function includes protecting the inner layers from impacts, ultraviolet radiation, humidity and oxygen, while contributing to the structural stability of the panel.

[0056] From a functional standpoint, the outer protective layer plays a crucial role in shielding the inner layers from mechanical impacts, ultraviolet radiation, humidity, and oxygen. Its composition not only ensures resistance to adverse environmental conditions but also contributes to the system's structural stability. The inclusion of advanced coatings minimizes the reflection of incident light, thereby maximizing transmission to the inner layers and improving energy harvesting efficiency.

[0057] The optical performance of this layer is optimized by incorporating glass doped with metal oxides, which not only reduce reflection but also block infrared radiation to prevent overheating of the system. In applications requiring structural flexibility, the use of transparent polymers, such as CPT or thermoplastic polyurethanes, allows adaptation to curved surfaces or movable devices without compromising the system's mechanical strength.

[0058] Additionally, certain surface treatments can give the layer hydrophobic or oleophobic properties, preventing the accumulation of moisture and contaminants that could affect the device's operational efficiency. The combination of these materials and technologies not only optimizes the system's durability but also ensures stable performance under diverse operating conditions, providing a structurally robust and efficient solution for the protection and functionality of the multilayer system.

[0059] The top conductive layer of high transparency is made up of selected materials to ensure an optimal combination between electrical conductivity and optical transparency, allowing the efficient transport of electrical charge without compromising the transmission of light to the inner layers of the system, preferably by one or more sheets of graphene or carbon nanotubes or combinations of both to form sheets, carbon nanotubes as in the case of graphene layers with added carbon nanotubes or carbon nanotube layers with added graphene.Alternatively, carbon nanotubes or graphene can be used, including perovskite, indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide, PEDOTPSS, zinc-doped gallium oxide (GZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), halogenated perovskites, tin oxide (SnO2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), tungsten diselenide (WSe2), phosphorene (phosphorus 2D), copper-indium oxide (CulnO2), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), conductive glasses, quantum dots (QDs), gallium arsenide (GaAs), polyphosphates, organometallic hybrids, and conductive or semiconducting aerogels.

[0060] The functionality of this highly transparent top conductive layer within the system is based on three fundamental principles: electrical charge transport, optimized light capture, and structural durability under adverse environmental conditions. As a transparent electrode, its composition allows it to collect and transport the electrons generated in the semiconductor layer with minimal resistive losses, ensuring efficient charge transfer to the external circuit. Simultaneously, its high optical transparency facilitates the passage of incident light to the inner layers without blockage or excessive reflection, optimizing photon absorption within the system.

[0061] To ensure efficient performance, the materials used in this highly transparent top conductive layer can be doped, additives added, or strategically combined depending on the specific energy harvesting requirements. The use of graphene, with its exceptionally high electron mobility, in combination with carbon nanotubes, improves electrical conductivity while providing mechanical flexibility. Networks of silver or copper nanowires can be incorporated to evenly distribute current in larger devices, while transparent conductive oxides such as ITO and FTO ensure chemical stability and thermal resistance in extreme environments.

[0062] Additionally, the highly transparent top conductive layer can incorporate complementary materials to optimize its functionality. The addition of quantum dots improves light capture in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum, while the use of doped perovskites facilitates charge transport and increases the overall system efficiency. The presence of molybdenum disulfide (MOS2) and other two-dimensional materials enhances compatibility with advanced semiconductors and optimizes electron transfer between layers.

[0063] In terms of durability and environmental stability, the top conductive layer can be coated with specialized treatments that impart hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, minimizing the accumulation of moisture and contaminants on its surface. Metal oxide coatings, such as TiO2 and ZrO2, can be used to reduce reflection and protect against ultraviolet radiation, preserving the system's integrity over time.

[0064] The interaction of this layer with the rest of the system's structure is essential for its operation. Sunlight strikes the upper conductive layer, whose optimal transparency ensures that most of the radiation reaches the semiconductor layer without significant loss. In this semiconductor layer, the interaction with light generates electron-hole pairs, whose electrons are captured and transported through the upper conductive layer to the external circuit. Simultaneously, this layer acts as a protective barrier against environmental factors, ensuring stable and prolonged operation of the device.

[0065] The highly transparent top conductive layer combines advanced materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and transparent conductive oxides, optimizing the balance between transparency and conductivity to maximize system efficiency. Its composition enables highly efficient charge transport, while the integration of optical coatings and complementary materials enhances light capture and resistance to harsh environmental conditions. The highly transparent intermediate semiconductor layer forms the functional core of the system, as it is where photon absorption and electron-hole pair generation occur, which are essential for energy conversion.Its composition may include various types of perovskite, such as organic-inorganic halogenated perovskite such as that based on methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3Pbl3 or MAPbl3); multilayer thin-film perovskite, broadband perovskite, halogenated perovskites such as cesium lead iodide perovskite (CsPblz) or that based on methylammonium lead bromide (MAPhBr3); and two-dimensional perovskites.Additionally, the layer may consist of CIGS (Copper, Indium, Gallium and Selenium); phosphorene and phosphorus derivatives, gallium arsenide (GaAs), conductive aerogels, indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide, PEDOTPSS (conductive polymer), zinc-doped gallium oxide (GZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), molybdenum disulfide (MOS2), tungsten diselenide (WSe2), copper-indium oxide (CulnO2), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), zinc telluride (ZnTe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), mercury-cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), conductive glasses; quantum dots (QDs), polyphosphates and organometallic hybrids.

[0066] Quantum dots are extremely small semiconductor nanoparticles, typically between 2 and 10 nanometers in diameter (around a few hundred atoms). They exhibit electronic and optical properties derived from quantum confinement, allowing their spectral absorption to be tuned according to their size and structure. Their ability to generate multiple electron-hole pairs per absorbed photon represents a significant advantage in terms of energy efficiency. In combination with perovskites, quantum dots allow photon capture to be expanded across the solar spectrum, optimizing energy conversion even under low-light conditions.

[0067] CIGS, for its part, offers high light absorption capacity even in thin-film configurations, allowing its integration with advanced materials such as graphene and other conductive electrodes. Its long-term stability under adverse environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature, makes it a viable option for improving system durability without compromising efficiency.

[0068] To ensure efficient charge transport within this layer, materials with high electron mobility and low recombination are used. This facilitates the conduction of electrons to the upper conductive layer and the transport of holes to the lower conductive layer. The incorporation of electron transport layers, such as TiO2 and SnO2, ensures that the generated charge flows in the correct direction without significant losses, while the use of hole transport layers, such as PEDOTPSS or MoS2, optimizes system efficiency by minimizing recombination and improving charge transfer.

[0069] From a structural perspective, this layer can include doping and additives designed to improve its thermal stability and resistance to environmental degradation. Perovskites optimized by doping with triple cations (Cs / FA / MA) exhibit greater resistance to humidity and lower sensitivity to oxidation, reducing the effects of material aging and extending the device's lifespan. Furthermore, the addition of protective coatings based on TiO2 and ZrO2 helps minimize the semiconductor layer's exposure to external agents, improving its performance under various operating conditions.

[0070] The behavior of this layer within the system depends directly on its interaction with the other components. Incident light passes through the upper conductive layer and reaches the semiconductor layer, where photons generate electron-hole pairs according to the material's structure. The electrons are then excited to the conduction band and directed toward the upper conductive layer, while the holes migrate to the lower conductive layer, enabling the generation of electric current. The integration of complementary materials, such as quantum dots and doped perovskites, extends the spectral capture range and improves energy conversion efficiency.

[0071] Overall, the highly transparent intermediate semiconductor layer is the key element of the system, enabling efficient light-to-electrical conversion through a combination of advanced materials with optimized optical and electronic properties. Its modular design and compatibility with cutting-edge technologies ensure a highly efficient solution adaptable to various applications within the field of transparent photovoltaic devices.

[0072] The highly transparent lower conductive layer plays a fundamental role in the system, acting as an electrode for collecting and transporting the electrical charge generated in the semiconductor layer. Its composition must balance high conductivity, proper integration with the upper layers, and mechanical and chemical resistance to ensure stable, long-term performance.This layer can be composed of a lower conductive layer selected from the group consisting of ITO, ITO glass, graphene, indium oxide, transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) such as doped tin fluoride (FTO) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO); carbon nanotube networks (CNTs); silver nanowire networks, metallic networks; transparent conductive polymers such as PEDOTPSS (polyethylenedioxythiophene additive with polystyrenesulfonic acid); hybrid oxides or transparent perovskites, and films of two-dimensional materials similar to graphene, including carbon nanotubes or graphene itself additive with elements such as nitrogen (N), boron (B), fluorine (F) or metals such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au), as well as hybrid materials with metal oxides, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (T₂O₂).

[0073] Depending on the system design, the lower, highly transparent conductive layer can exhibit varying degrees of transparency. In applications requiring reflected light capture, this layer can maintain high light transmission, allowing incident radiation to reach the semiconductor layer again and contribute to energy generation. In other cases, particularly in configurations intended for opaque structures such as building exteriors, the lower conductive layer can be composed of materials that optimize charge collection without being completely transparent.

[0074] The performance of this layer depends on the efficiency with which it collects and transports the charges generated in the semiconductor layer. Materials such as ITO and AZO exhibit high conductivity combined with optical transparency, making them suitable for bifacial applications where maximizing light capture is essential. Alternatively, the inclusion of graphene or carbon nanotubes improves charge mobility and allows for a flexible structure without compromising system efficiency. Metallic lattices, composed of silver, copper, or aluminum nanowires, can be integrated to ensure uniform current distribution, reducing resistive losses and improving the system's operational stability in larger devices.

[0075] To enhance environmental resistance, this highly transparent conductive underlayer can incorporate coatings designed to protect against corrosion, moisture, and thermal fluctuations. Materials such as FTO and graphene offer superior chemical resistance, ensuring long-term stability even under harsh environmental conditions. In applications requiring structural flexibility, combining carbon nanotubes with conductive polymers like PEDOTPSS allows for greater system adaptability without compromising electrical performance.

[0076] The design of the highly transparent lower conductive layer can also optimize spectral capture by integrating materials such as quantum dots, which enhance the absorption of reflected light and contribute to charge transport. Additionally, the use of metal oxide coatings such as TiO2 or ZrO2 helps reduce unwanted reflections and directs incident light toward the semiconductor layer to maximize energy conversion.

[0077] From a functional standpoint, this highly transparent, lower conductive layer not only facilitates charge transfer to the external circuitry but also acts as a protective barrier for the system's internal layers, ensuring its stability and durability over time. The combination of advanced materials allows for its integration into multiple configurations, from rigid devices to flexible systems and bifacial technologies, thus expanding the invention's application possibilities.

[0078] In terms of efficiency, the use of materials with low electrical resistance and high charge mobility reduces energy losses and improves the overall system performance. Compatibility with emerging technologies, such as perovskites and hybrid structures, allows this layer to adapt to different configurations without compromising its functionality.

[0079] Overall, the highly transparent lower conductive layer represents a key component within the system, as it ensures efficient charge transfer, structural protection, and spectral optimization, thus enabling high performance in energy capture and conversion.

[0080] The lower structural support layer can be made of a highly transparent material or, if required by the device's application, such as in installations on building exterior walls. Its main function is to provide mechanical stability to the structure, protect the inner layers from environmental factors, and, in bifacial configurations, allow the capture of reflected light to improve the system's efficiency.

[0081] The composition of this layer can include any of the materials used in the upper protective layer, incorporating specific doping or treatments that optimize its performance in terms of structural strength, thermal stability, and protection against external agents. Among the materials used are laminated, tempered, or metal oxide-doped glass, such as TiO2 or ZrO2, which provide antireflective properties and improve protection against ultraviolet radiation. Alternatively, transparent or flexible polymers can be used, such as polycarbonate, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), crystallized polyethylene (CPT), and acrylics, which offer advantages in terms of weight, flexibility, and adaptability to different surfaces.

[0082] From a functional standpoint, this layer acts as a barrier against moisture, oxygen, and corrosion, ensuring the integrity of the internal layers and extending the system's lifespan. In high-temperature applications, the use of borosilicate glass and ceramic coatings provides greater thermal resistance, guaranteeing operational stability even under extreme environmental conditions.

[0083] In configurations designed for light capture from both sides, the materials used in this layer can be transparent or semi-transparent, allowing reflected radiation from the environment to pass through to the semiconductor layer. In these cases, the use of antireflective coatings and optical filters optimizes light transmission, ensuring that most of the incident light is directed to the active layers of the system without significant losses.

[0084] In structural terms, the rigidity and mechanical strength of this layer ensure the alignment and stability of the other components, protecting them from impacts, mechanical loads, and vibrations. In applications requiring flexibility, the use of advanced polymers allows the structure to adapt to curved surfaces without compromising the system's durability.

[0085] Additionally, surface treatments with hydrophobic and oleophobic properties can be incorporated to minimize the accumulation of moisture and dirt, which contributes to the self-cleaning of the device and reduces the need for maintenance.

[0086] The interaction of this layer with the rest of the system is essential for its proper functioning. Its structural strength protects the internal layers from environmental factors, while its optical design, in bifacial configurations, maximizes the capture of reflected light. Overall, the lower structural support layer provides stability, durability, and protection to the system, ensuring efficient performance under varying operating conditions.

[0087] The following are some characteristics of the materials used in the outer high-transparency protective layer, the upper high-transparency conductive layer, the intermediate high-transparency semiconducting layer, the lower high-transparency conductive layer, and the structural support layer:

[0088] Material | Transparency | Conductivity (Flexibility | Cost)

[0089] ITO High Low Moderate FTO High Low Moderate AZO Medium Low Low Graphene High Very High Moderate CNTs

[0090]

[0091] Medium | Very High | Moderate-High Silver Nanowires 90-95% | Very High | High | High Metal Mesh | 80-95% | Very High | High | Moderate-High PEDOTPSS | 80-90% | Low-Medium | Very High | Very Low 2D Materials (MoS2) 85-95% | Medium | Very High | Moderate

[0092] This basic configuration is further enhanced with laminating materials such as EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate), PVB (Polyvinyl butyral), PII (Polyurethane), or TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane) to bond the active and structural layers. These materials ensure a solid and stable structure; they maintain high optical clarity to maximize light capture and function as protective and encapsulating barriers. These layers act as chemical barriers against moisture, oxygen, and UV rays, and also provide mechanical impact protection and reduce the risk of delamination.

[0093] Laminating materials, such as ITO-enhanced glass or glass itself, can be further enhanced with plasmonic nanostructures such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al) nanostructures.

[0094] These metallic nanomaterials, due to their size and shape, can interact uniquely with light, generating optical phenomena such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), as they can absorb and scatter light at specific wavelengths, depending on their size, shape, and material. In this way, they generate localized electromagnetic fields that can amplify the interaction of light with nearby materials. In this case, the graphene and perovskite layers.

[0095] On the other hand, they decrease the reflectance of the glass or encapsulant, increasing the amount of light transmitted to the solar cells.

[0096] Consequently, they generate an increase in the energy conversion efficiency of solar cells, and improve the durability and stability of the different components of the device by protecting them from harmful radiation.

[0097] In an ideal configuration, the device can have the following sequence of layers, presented from the outermost layer to the innermost, considering as the outermost the one that will come into contact with the environment and with the light to be absorbed:

[0098] 1. High transparency outer protective layer of glass or cpet.

[0099] 2. High-transparency graphene top conductive layer.

[0100] 3. High transparency perovskite intermediate semiconductor layer.

[0101] 4. Highly transparent lower conductive layer of ITO or additive graphene.

[0102] 5. Structural glass support layer or ITO.

[0103] In this basic structure, interlaminates are also present between at least a pair of layers, preferably of EVA (Ethylene-vinyl-acetate), and at least one of the layers or the interlaminate material itself is enhanced with plasmonic nanostructures.

[0104] The described device receives incident sunlight, allowing it to excite electrons in the graphene, which are separated by the perovskite semiconductor layer and collected by the conductive layers for integration into the electrical system.

[0105] The energy generated by the system is transported through the conductive layers to an electrical interconnection system that directs the current to a battery or accumulator. This process involves the following well-known elements such as:

[0106] Transparent conductive connectors, which can be integrated into the perimeter of the glass, collect the electricity generated by the conductive layers. These connectors can be made of materials such as transparent conductive oxides (ITO) or ultra-fine metallic nanowire meshes.

[0107] An electrical interconnection system whereby the connectors are linked to a system of hidden electrical cables or tracks, designed to minimize visual impact and ensure the aesthetics of the glass.

[0108] A charge controller, intended to regulate the flow of energy to the battery, ensuring optimal charging and protecting components from overcharging or excessive discharging.

[0109] A battery or accumulator in which energy is stored, which can be a lithium-ion, lithium-phosphate, or similar type of accumulator, graphene batteries or their derivatives, perovskite batteries, or any other type of energy storage material, depending on the application. In architectural settings, these batteries can be integrated into home energy storage systems or connected to a larger electrical grid.

[0110] In electronic applications, interconnect circuits can integrate more compact and efficient controllers, optimized to charge small internal batteries, maximizing device autonomy without compromising its design or functionality.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A high-transparency photovoltaic device characterized in that it comprises at least a high-transparency outer protective layer, a high-transparency upper conductive layer, a high-transparency intermediate semiconductor layer, a high-transparency lower conductive layer, and a structural support layer.

2. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 1, characterized in that the high transparency external protective layer is a layer selected from the group comprising glass, crystallized polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, tempered glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, laminated glass, thermoplastic polyurethane, polystyrene, and derivatives thereof.

3. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 1, characterized in that the high transparency upper conductive layer comprises at least one sheet of a material selected from the group comprising graphene, carbon nanotubes, graphene additive with carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotubes additive with graphene.

4. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 1, characterized in that the intermediate semiconductor layer is a material selected from the group consisting of perovskites, CIGS (Copper, Indium, Gallium and Selenium) and quantum dots. 5.The high-transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 1, characterized in that the lower conductive layer is a lower conductive layer selected from the group consisting of ITO, ITO glass, graphene, indium oxide, transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) such as doped tin fluoride (FTO) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO); carbon nanotube (CNT) networks; silver nanowire networks, metallic networks; transparent conductive polymers such as PEDOTPSS (polyethylenedioxythiophene additive with polystyrenesulfonic acid); Hybrid oxides or transparent perovskites, films of two-dimensional materials similar to graphene, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene additives with materials such as nitrogen (N), boron (B), fluorine (F), graphene additives with metals such as silver (Ag), gold (Au), graphene additives with hybrid materials with metal oxides such as zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (T₂O₂).

6. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 1, characterized in that the structural support layer is highly transparent.

7. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 6, characterized in that the high transparency structural support layer is glass.

8. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 1, characterized in that the structural support layer is opaque.

9. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim I, characterized in that it has at least one interlayer with lamination materials.

10. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 9, characterized in that the lamination materials are selected from the group consisting of EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate), PVB (Polyvinyl butyral), Pll (Polyurethane) or TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane).

11. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim 10, characterized in that at least one component selected from the lamination materials and the glass is additively equipped with plasmonic nanostructures.

12. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claim II, characterized in that the plasmonic nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) nanostructures.

13. The high transparency photovoltaic device according to claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it comprises the presence of the following layers, arranged from outside to inside: an outer protective glass layer, an upper conductive graphene layer, an intermediate semiconductor perovskite layer, an ITO conductive layer, a structural glass support and at least one EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate) interlayer; wherein at least one of the layers, including the interlayer as a layer, is additively treated with plasmonic nanostructures.

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