46 results about "Forensic science" patented technology

The invention discloses a mixed DNA sample donor proportion analysis method based on STR typing and residual matrix analysis, which comprises the following steps: firstly, calculating the minimum donor number in a sample through a maximum allele counting method, further fitting the genotype distribution of the sample through an optimization algorithm, comparing the difference between the predicted peak height and the actually measured peak height, and determining the donor proportion of the sample according to the difference between the predicted peak height and the actually measured peak height. Therefore, the proportion of each donor in the mixed DNA sample is accurately estimated. Experimental results show that when the method is used for processing a multi-allele mixed DNA sample, estimation errors existing in a traditional method can be effectively reduced, and particularly, high accuracy is shown in complex sample analysis. By establishing a linear model and combining an optimization algorithm, the method not only provides high-precision technical support for DNA analysis in forensic science, but also provides a feasible solution for quantitative analysis of mixed DNA samples in other fields.

The invention belongs to the technical field of criminal investigation three-dimensional scene reconstruction and judicial deduction, and discloses a criminal investigation case three-dimensional scene reconstruction and judicial deduction virtual reality platform, which comprises the steps of fusing field cross-modal evidences, anchoring space-time coordinates through Beidou-block chain double references, and detecting material evidence conflicts. Constructing an adaptive arbitration factor based on a forensic parameter library, and generating a material evidence fusion packet; a resource slicing strategy is constructed to divide four-dimensional resource levels, text description is converted into a skeleton action topological chain, a space-time trajectory simplified set is constructed, case deduction is synchronously triggered, and a resource arbitration log is generated; constructing a physical deduction rule set, executing rainstorm scouring correction, and generating a physical deduction instruction set; performing case deduction resource scheduling, generating a three-dimensional deduction animation stream, constructing a judicial causal chain, and generating a crime logic analysis report; thermally loading the desensitization rule, and identifying and replacing the sensitive field; quantizing the deduction effectiveness, and optimizing and updating the forensic parameter library and the resource slicing strategy.

The invention discloses a kit for detecting micro-haplotype and STR gene loci of normal, Y and X chromosomes based on a next-generation sequencing technology and a primer combination of the kit. The primer combination provided by the invention consists of 738 types of primers which are sequentially shown as SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 738. According to the invention, a multi-genetic marker composite detection system containing autosomal STR gene loci, X-STR gene loci, Y-STR gene loci and micro-haplotype gene loci is constructed, and 378 gene loci, namely 55 autosomal STR gene loci, 96 Y-chromosome STR gene loci, 30 X-STR gene loci, 196 micro-haplotype gene loci and 1 gender determination gene locus, can be detected at a time. The method can support forensic medicine applications such as individual identification, paternity test, fine checking of male families, mixed DNA splitting, complex genetic relationship analysis and micro-degradation sample inspection, and provides powerful evidences for practical applications such as case reconnaissance.

The invention provides an AISPN marker combination and a multi-dimensional ancestral and geographic inference model, and relates to the technical field of forensic medicine. According to the method, firstly, seven groups of ancestral inference SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) sites (AISNPs, AISNPs) of East Asia and Southeast Asia crowds are screened, the screened sites are respectively subjected to efficiency evaluation based on principal component analysis, ADMIXTURE and t-SNE methods, and a set of multi-dimensional ancestral and geographic source inference model is constructed in combination with six different machine learning methods. The AISPN marker combination provided by the invention comprises at least 50 AISPN sites, has relatively high differentiation in East Asia and Southeast Asia crowds, can distinguish nine crowds based on relatively few sites, provides site information for preparation of kits, and provides valuable information for research of forensic medicine, anthropology and population genetics.

The invention discloses a diatom detection method and system based on a multi-modal large model, and relates to the technical field of forensic medicine examination and computer vision crossing, and the method comprises the steps: constructing an image-text pair training data, carrying out the fine tuning of the multi-modal large model based on a Transform architecture, keeping the universal feature extraction capability of a pre-training visual encoder, and carrying out the recognition of the multi-modal large model; a diatom morphology domain dictionary is injected into a text encoder to serve as a learnable embedded vector, and cross-modal alignment of visual features and text features is optimized by adopting a contrast learning loss function; and after knowledge distillation and model quantification, the model carries out space attention fusion on the acquired diatom microscopic image with the known amplification factor and the text embedding vector, target rectangular frame parameters are output through a self-attention weight screening mechanism of a cross-modal decoder, and the size of the diatom is detected and calculated according to the known amplification factor. According to the invention, an intelligent and automatic new solution is provided for forensic medicine diatom inspection.

The utility model discloses a novel body surface scar area measuring film, which belongs to the technical field of forensic medicine measuring tools and comprises a film, a plurality of vertical lines are coated on the film, a scar is arranged in a large quadrilateral frame formed by two vertical lines on the outermost layer and two transverse lines on the outermost layer of the film by arranging the film, and the scar area is measured by the aid of the large quadrilateral frame. 1 cm < 2 > is directly calculated when all the scars fall into the minimum grid units, the periphery of the scars does not occupy the minimum grid units, the marked minimum grid units are added according to the number of the scars falling into the grids, after continuous measurement is carried out, the total area of the scars is obtained by adding the estimated scattered scar areas, and the recording paper is used for recording data at any time. According to the method, a more accurate estimated scar area is obtained, the error with the scar area calculated by a scanner is further reduced, convenience can be kept, data during measurement can be recorded to prevent omission, data storage in the measurement process is facilitated, and the method has high practicability.

The application belongs to the technical field of forensic medicine, and particularly relates to a multiple SNP combined microhaplotype amplification system and construction method, product and application based on one-step library construction. The application is based on RC-PCR technology, and constructs a one-step library construction composite amplification system. The amplification system comprises RC-Primer with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 1-SEQ ID No. 210, I5-Primer with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 211-SEQ ID No. 214, and I7-Primer with a sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 215-SEQ ID No. 222. The method provided by the application realizes one-time PCR reaction, simultaneously completes targeted amplification and library construction, greatly shortens experimental time and simplifies experimental steps, and the advantage is more significant when a large number of samples are simultaneously detected.

The invention discloses a forensic science mobile DNA laboratory, and particularly relates to the technical field of mobile laboratories, the forensic science mobile DNA laboratory comprises a compartment, a fixed platform is fixedly arranged at the bottom of the compartment, a plurality of wheels are rotatably arranged at the bottom of the fixed platform, a vehicle head is fixedly arranged on one side of the fixed platform, and a recovery mechanism is arranged at the top of the compartment; the recycling mechanism comprises an inclined top plate fixedly arranged at the top of the compartment, water guide frames are fixedly arranged on the two sides of the inclined top plate, inclined coarse strainers are fixedly arranged on the tops of the water guide frames, flow guide pipes are arranged at the bottoms of the water guide frames in a penetrating mode, and water stop valves are fixedly arranged outside the flow guide pipes. According to the invention, water source supplementation can be provided for some non-key water utilization links of the laboratory, the rationality and environmental protection property of the laboratory in the aspect of resource utilization are reflected, the degree of dependence on external water supply is reduced, the water storage tank can be cleaned comprehensively, and good performance and normal operation of the water storage tank can be maintained.

The invention discloses an LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification) primer system for improving on-site detection accuracy, a freeze-drying reagent ball and application, and belongs to the technical field of molecular biology. The LAMP primer system comprises a primer combination for detecting human DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and a primer combination for detecting gender DNA, wherein the primer combination for detecting the sex DNA is designed based on an SRY gene coding region and a non-coding region, and the sequence of the primer combination is as shown in SEQ ID NO.1-12; and the sequences of the primer combination for detecting the human DNA are shown as SEQ ID NO. 13-18. A set of LAMP primers is designed on the basis of partial sequences on the Cyt b gene and the SRY gene, and the sensitivity of the constructed system can reach 25pg. The whole detection process is easy to operate, consumed time is short, closed treatment and information acquisition of the sample can be completed within 40 minutes, and a whole set of rapid, accurate and sensitive detection scheme is provided for forensic field rapid detection.

The invention belongs to the technical field of forensic medicine, and particularly relates to an amplification system of multiple SNP combined micro-haplotypes based on one-step library construction, a construction method, a product and application. According to the present invention, based on the RC-PCR technology, the one-step library building composite amplification system is constructed, and the amplification system comprises an RC-Primer represented by the sequence represented by SEQ ID No.1-SEQ ID No.210, an I5-Primer represented by the sequence represented by SEQ ID No.211-SEQ ID No.214, and an I7-Primer represented by the sequence represented by SEQ ID No.215-SEQ ID No.222; according to the method, one-time PCR reaction is achieved, targeted amplification and library construction are completed at the same time, the experiment time is greatly shortened, the experiment steps are simplified, and the advantages are more remarkable when a large number of samples are detected at the same time.

The invention provides a forensic medicine pelvic adult bone age estimation method based on enhanced OfficientNetV2. The forensic medicine pelvic adult bone age estimation method comprises the following steps: firstly, acquiring MSCT image data of a pelvis; performing 3D reconstruction on the MSCT image data to obtain 3D image data; and finally, determining a bone age estimation result of the forensic pelvic adult according to the preprocessed and data enhanced MSCT image data, the 3D image data and the enhanced OfficientNetV2 model. According to the enhanced OfficientNetV2 model, a linear layer and a nonlinear activation function are added on the basis of an OfficientNetV2 model, so that an output value of the model is mapped into a predicted value, and the predicted value is controlled within a specified range. According to the pelvic adult bone age estimation method based on the deep learning, an original OfficientNetV2 model is improved, a linear layer and a nonlinear activation function are added to map an output value of the model into a predicted value and control the predicted value in a specified range, exploratory application of deep learning in the aspect of forensic pelvic adult bone age estimation is achieved, the influence of subjective factors is effectively avoided, and the accuracy of an automatic recognition result is improved.

This invention belongs to the field of environmental monitoring and forensic science testing, specifically relating to a magnetic walnut shell biochar material, its preparation method, and its application. The preparation method involves first pulverizing the walnut shell biochar, modifying it with phosphoric acid, and then loading it with Fe3O4 via a co-precipitation method to obtain the magnetic material. Using this as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent, combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it can achieve efficient enrichment and accurate detection of 11 cathinone-type new psychoactive substances in environmental water and urine. The detection process is simple to operate, has a high recovery rate, and strong anti-interference ability.

The present invention discloses a method for analyzing the proportion of donors in mixed DNA samples based on STR typing and residual matrix analysis. First, the minimum number of donors in the sample is calculated by the maximum allele counting method, and then the genotype distribution of the sample is fitted by an optimization algorithm. The difference between the predicted peak height and the actual measured peak height is compared to accurately estimate the proportion of each donor in the mixed DNA sample. Experimental results show that the present invention can effectively reduce the estimation error existing in traditional methods when processing multi-allele mixed DNA samples, especially showing high accuracy in complex sample analysis. By establishing a linear model and combining it with an optimization algorithm, the present invention not only provides high-precision technical support for DNA analysis in forensic science, but also provides a practical solution for the quantitative analysis of mixed DNA samples in other fields.

The invention relates to the technical field of forensic science criminal affairs, in particular to auxiliary equipment special for laboratory trace inspection and research, and more particularly relates to an electric heating fingerprint rapid baking device capable of adjusting temperature and time. An electric heating fingerprint rapid baking device capable of adjusting temperature and time comprises a box body, and a tray used for bearing experimental articles is arranged in the box body. The cover body covers the opening of the box body, a machine head part is fixed on the cover body, a heater and a fan are arranged in the machine head part, the heater heats towards the interior of the box body, and the fan blows air towards the heater. Through the effect of the heater, paper can be quickly dried, and fingerprints can be fumed; the baking device is good in overall stability during operation, so that an experiment has complete, objective and stable trace reflection under a certain same condition. The baking device is small in size, the fuming and drying temperature, time and the like can be adjusted, the application range is wide, and operation is convenient.

The invention discloses a 44 InDel genetic marker system for highly degraded sample typing, a detection primer and application of the 44 InDel genetic marker system and the detection primer, and belongs to the technical field of medical identification. Through bioinformatics screening and experimental verification, an insertion and deletion (InDel) genetic marker system which is composed of 44 autosomal InDel and a sex identification gene AMEL site and has amplicon length not exceeding 125 bp is constructed, and the genetic marker system is suitable for capillary electrophoresis typing and is specially designed for highly degradable detection materials. The system is simple and convenient to operate, economical and efficient, can remarkably improve the complete typing success rate of the degraded sample, and is convenient to popularize and apply in forensic medicine laboratories. The invention provides a novel technical scheme which is efficient and compatible with a capillary electrophoresis platform for forensic practice.

The present disclosure provides a forensic case data analysis model training method and a case data analysis method, wherein the training method comprises: obtaining a plurality of sets of sample forensic information based on a plurality of sample forensic case data; training the preset large language model based on each set of sample forensic information and the model fine-tuning strategy corresponding to each type of sub-sample forensic information included in the sample forensic information, to obtain the forensic case data analysis model; wherein the forensic case data analysis model is used to infer and analyze the corresponding target inference analysis result based on the input target forensic case data. The forensic case data analysis model obtained by the above training method can obtain corresponding case analysis results for different input conditions, improving the case analysis efficiency.

The invention relates to the technical field of forensic medicine, and particularly discloses a typing system containing 29 groups of X chromosome STR gene loci as well as a primer composition and application of the typing system. Through screening and evaluation, a typing system containing 29 groups of X chromosome STR gene loci is provided, and the typing system comprises 19 independent X-STRs and 47 X-STRs including 10 X-STR linkage clusters. The typing system provided by the invention can be used for further identification when the relationship between two individuals is determined to belong to a secondary genetic relationship and various genetic relationships cannot be identified by autosomal loci. Compared with the typing system of the X chromosome STR gene locus in the prior art, the typing system provided by the invention has higher accuracy, is suitable for more complicated genetic relationship identification situations, and provides more reliable evidence support for genetic relationship identification.

The invention relates to the field of biomedicine, and discloses an injury time prediction model and a construction method and application thereof. The construction of the model comprises the following steps: carrying out data preprocessing on a data set of abundance values of metabolites of excrement and serum; constructing at least two of a support vector regression model, a random forest regression model and a gradient boosting regression model; and performing hyper-parameter tuning and model training. The prediction model can accurately predict the injury time by fusing excrement and serum metabolite data. A support vector regression (SVR) model of an excrement group has extremely high prediction accuracy, the determination coefficient (R2) of the SVR model reaches 0.9630, 96.30% of data variation can be explained, and the SVR model is remarkably higher than a traditional method. The random forest model of the serogroup also provides valuable supplementary information for prediction. The successful construction of the model provides a new thought and method for the inference of the injury time in forensic medicine.

The invention relates to the technical field of forensic medicine identification, in particular to a genetic marker system containing 91 high-performance autosomal microhaplotypes as well as a detection primer and application of the genetic marker system. The invention provides a genetic marker system containing 91 high-performance autosomal microhaplotypes. According to the system, a single-ended primer extension technology is utilized for amplification, and the requirement for the integrity of DNA fragments is lower. The specific application of single-ended primer extension in the system is as follows: at least one specific primer is designed for each micro haplotype site, and the other end is a universal primer suitable for all sites in the composite system. The universal primer is combined at the fracture position of the target fragment, so that even if the target DNA fragment is fractured, partial amplification can still be performed and sequencing can be completed.

The invention relates to an STR marker combination for dogs and application of the STR marker combination, and belongs to the technical field of molecular biology and forensic identification. The STR marker combination comprises a combination of any four STR gene loci in the following 20 gene loci: PEZ1, PEZ2, FH2010, PEZ5, PEZ12, FH2309, PEZ20, PEZ15, FH2079, PEZ8, FH3377, PEZ21, PEZ3, PEZ6, FH2004, FH2054, VWFX, FH2611, FH2132 and FH2328, and a combination of any four STR gene loci in the following 20 gene loci. The STR marker combination further comprises a gene locus Amel for identifying sex. Through reasonable gene locus and fragment combination and fluorescent combination, the problem of simultaneous PCR amplification of 21 fluorescent primer single tubes is solved. And secondly, the technical verification index of the 10 [mu] L reaction system completely meets the forensic medicine application requirements, and the cost is greatly reduced. And finally, through cooperation of multiple departments, an STR database of 1000 kinds of dogs in the Chengdu region based on the system is constructed for the first time, and the application basis for effectiveness calculation is solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of forensic medicine and biological medicine, discloses a method for forensic medicine identification of corpses in water based on metagenomics markers and application, and aims to solve the problems that existing drowning diagnosis is insufficient in accuracy and the deduction of post-death submerging time (PMSI) is limited. The method comprises the following steps: collecting a corpse lung tissue in water and a water sample in a corresponding water area, and obtaining a microbial DNA sequence by adopting a metagenome sequencing technology; the method comprises the following steps: processing data through bioinformatics analysis (such as fastp quality control, host sequence removal by KneadData and Kraken2 species annotation), and selecting and screening species level microbial markers in combination with a random forest algorithm and Boruta characteristics; and respectively establishing a drowning diagnosis model and a PMSI inference model based on the screened markers, and verifying the performance of the models through indexes such as AUC and MAE. Complete microbial communities of bacteria, eukaryotes (including fungi), archaea and viruses in lung tissues of corpses in water are comprehensively analyzed for the first time, 17 bacterial markers and 9 eukaryote markers are screened out for drowning diagnosis (verification experiment bacterial model AUC = 1, the accuracy rate is 89.29%, eukaryote model AUC = 0.95, the accuracy rate is 87.5%), and 17 markers are screened out for PMSI inference (integrated model MAE = 0.66 days). According to the method, the species resolution reaches the species level, the method is not influenced by amplification bias, the method is suitable for different water area environments, and an efficient and objective forensic medicine tool is provided for identifying the cause of the dead body in water and deducing the submerged time after the dead body.

The invention discloses a human mitochondrial genome sequencing primer group based on a three-generation sequencing technology. The human mitochondrial genome sequencing primer group comprises a primer F sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 1 and a primer R sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 2. According to the method, the full-length sequence of the human mitochondria can be sequenced at one time, sequencing results do not need to be spliced, and the method is simple and convenient. The 24 human mitochondrial sequences are subjected to biological information analysis, the problem of low accuracy of a three-generation sequencing platform is solved through selection of a conserved region and optimization of the primer group, accurate sequencing of the human mitochondrial sequences can be realized, the accuracy of a sequencing result is improved, and the accuracy of the human mitochondrial sequences is improved. And a new technical means is provided for the application of mitochondrial sequencing in the fields of individual identification, genetic relationship determination and the like in the field of forensic science.

The invention discloses a 28 Multi-InDel marker composite system based on an eight-color fluorescence detection technology, a detection primer and application, and belongs to the technical field of forensic medicine identification. According to the invention, the eight-color fluorescence technology is applied to Multi-InDel detection for the first time, 28 autosomal short segment site genetic marker systems are integrated, and the amount of detection information is significantly increased. The system has excellent adaptability to highly degraded DNA samples, the detection rate is high, the extremely low cumulative matching probability (2.3292 * 10 <-18 >) and the extremely high cumulative exclusion probability (0.9999669) are shown, and an efficient and reliable technical scheme is provided for forensic degraded sample identification.

The invention discloses a composite amplification detection system of X chromosome DIP polymorphic loci and application thereof, the composite amplification detection system comprises 50 X chromosome DIP polymorphic loci, a sex identification locus Amelogenin and two Y chromosome DIP loci, 15 loci of the 50 X chromosome DIP polymorphic loci can form 6 linkage groups, and 15 loci of the 50 X chromosome DIP polymorphic loci can form 6 linkage groups. And the method has higher forensic medicine application efficiency. According to the multiplex amplification detection system disclosed by the invention, a miniaturized amplicon (70-205 bp) is designed, so that accurate typing analysis on a degraded detection material in forensic practice is effectively carried out. Meanwhile, the multiplex amplification detection system is simple, convenient, low in cost and easy to popularize, and has important significance on individual identification and complex genetic relationship identification of East Asian population.

The present invention belongs to the field of molecular genetics and forensic medicine technology, and specifically relates to a molecular marker combination and a primer combination and their application in tracing paternal ancestors. The molecular marker combination provided by the present invention includes 11 Y chromosome InDel sites and 10 Y chromosome SNP sites. Based on the site information of the molecular marker combination provided by the present invention, it is possible to accurately detect male DNA components in blood samples, and to perform ancestral inference of male bloodstain specimens, providing a powerful tool for forensic male ancestral inference applications. By utilizing a primer combination designed based on the molecular marker combination described in the present invention, only a simple PCR amplification and extension reaction is required, and the obtained extension product is introduced into the ancestral inference model to obtain the ancestral information of the sample. The method is simple, has strong specificity, and high sensitivity.

The present application relates to the field of forensic science, and specifically relates to a death time prediction method based on a Stacking integrated method and comprehensive multi-omics data, comprising the following steps: collecting rat skeletal muscle samples, using metabolomics, protein chip and infrared spectrum detection technology to extract the expression amount of related biomarkers in the tissue; inputting the expression amount data of the biomarkers into a plurality of basic models respectively to deduce the death time, and screening out a single-omics optimal basic model with the best death time prediction performance; screening out two basic models with the lowest correlation with the single-omics optimal basic model to jointly construct a single-omics Stacking model; and connecting the above single-omics Stacking integrated model in series to construct a multi-omics integrated model. The present application provides a new method and new idea for predicting death time by combining multi-omics multi-molecular markers, and lays a foundation for applying a multi-omics joint machine learning model to death time deduction practice.

The invention belongs to the technical field of molecular biotechnology and forensic medicine, and particularly relates to specific non-coding RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) for judging a tissue source and an application of the specific non-coding RNA. Relatively specific non-coding RNA of different tissues is provided, a relatively specific non-coding RNA detection technology is provided for defining the tissue or body fluid source of biological blackspots, and the detection technology has better accuracy and stability, can provide important evidence for determining case properties and performing crime scene reconstruction, and has good application prospects. Therefore, the method has good practical application value.

The invention relates to the technical field of forensic medicine and molecular biology, and discloses an isomerism twin identification method based on long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression difference and application of the isomerism twin identification method. In order to solve the problems that the existing DNA typing technology cannot distinguish the same-egg twin and the stability of epigenetic markers is poor, the lncRNA molecules differentially expressed between the same-egg twin are screened through high-throughput sequencing, and the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) is used for verification. The key lncRNA marker MSTRG.73422.1 (LncR3) has a remarkable expression difference in all the 9 pairs of twentys, and the key lncRNA marker MSTRG.73422.1 (LncR3) has a remarkable expression difference. The method provided by the invention can still stably detect bloodstains preserved at room temperature for 180 days and 10 times of repeated freezing and thawing, and has high stability, high sensitivity and high specificity. The technical process is based on a qPCR platform, operation is easy and convenient, the method is suitable for a conventional forensic medicine laboratory, and the technical problem of identification of homozygous twin individuals is solved.

The application provides a biomarker combination specific to coronary sudden death and application and products thereof, and belongs to the technical field of forensic science.The biomarker combination comprises ascorbic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, carnitine, glutamine and norleucine.The biomarker combination is significantly changed in serum samples of individuals with coronary sudden death, and after ROC verification, shows good diagnostic performance, indicating that it has the potential to be applied to forensic identification of coronary sudden death.The potential application value of the non-targeted metabolomics strategy of the application in difficult and complex death cause identification provides a new idea for molecular diagnosis of death cause investigation.

The invention belongs to the technical field of forensic medicine, physical evidence inspection and criminal science, and discloses a method for identifying and detecting iron electric melting beads in electric shock cases, which comprises the following steps: S1, extracting a sample to be detected: extracting the sample from a suspected electric shock part by using a conductive adhesive sticking table; s2, primary screening with a scanning electron microscope: placing the extracted sample in a scanning electron microscope sample bin, and waiting for detection under the condition that the vacuum degree is less than 10 <-3 > Pa; identifying the metal particles by using an electron microscope back scattering probe in a back scattering mode; and S3, energy spectrum analysis: performing elemental component analysis on the identified metal particles by using an X-ray energy spectrometer, and screening the particles of which the iron content meets a preset condition. According to the method, the morphological judgment standard of the brain lines of the iron electric melting beads is provided, component analysis and morphological characteristics are closely combined, the problem of distinguishing iron electrode electric shock events from common iron particles in the environment is effectively solved, and more reliable binary evidence is provided for case qualification.