2992 results about "Mineral acid" patented technology

The process comprises the reduction of niobium and/or tantalum oxides by means of alkaline earth metals and/or rare earth metals, wherein the first reduction stage is carried out as far as an average composition corresponding to (Nb, Ta)Ox where x=0.5 to 1.5 and before the second stage the reduction product from the first stage is freed from alkaline earth oxides and/or rare earth metal oxides which are formed (and optionally from excess alkaline earth metal and/or rare earth metal) by washing with mineral acids.

A system is disclosed for hydrogen generation based on hydrolysis of solid chemical hydrides with the capability of controlled startup and stop characteristics wherein regulation of acid concentration, acid feed rate, or a combination of both control the rate of hydrogen generation. The system comprises a first chamber for storing a solid chemical hydride and a second chamber for storing an acidic reagent. The solid chemical hydride is a solid metal borohydride having the general formula MBH₄, where M is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, aluminum cation, zinc cation, and ammonium cation. The acidic reagent may comprise inorganic acids such as the mineral acids hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid, or mixtures thereof.

The invention comprises a process of preparing a non-conductive substrate for subsequent metalization. The process replaces the traditional chromic acid etching step with an etching solution comprising a permanganate and a mineral acid. The process also includes a novel activation solution comprising a palladium salt and an amine complexor. The new process of the invention is more environmentally friendly than the traditional chromic acid etching solutions but achieves a comparable result on most non-conductive substrates.

A method of producing metal fibers including melting a mixture of at least a fiber metal and a matrix metal, cooling the mixture to form a bulk matrix comprising at least a fiber phase and a matrix phase and removing at least a substantial portion of the matrix phase from the fiber phase. Additionally, the method may include deforming the bulk matrix. In certain embodiments, the fiber metal may be at least one of niobium, a niobium alloy, tantalum and a tantalum alloy and the matrix metal may be at least one of copper and a copper alloy. The substantial portion of the matrix phase may be removed, in certain embodiments, by dissolving of the matrix phase in a suitable mineral acid, such as, but not limited to, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid.

An aerosol solution composition for use in an aerosol inhaler comprises an active material, a propellant containing a hydrofluoroalkane, a cosolvent and optionally a low volatility component to increase the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of the aerosol particles on actuation of the inhaler. The composition is stabilized by using a small amount of mineral acid and a suitable can having part or all of its internal metallic surfaces made of stainless steel, anodized aluminium or lined with an inert organic coating.

An industrial process to obtain xanthophyll concentrates of high purity from plant extracts, comprising: refining the plant extracts by treating them with a diluted alkali, followed by treating them with a diluted organic or inorganic acid in order to eliminate impurities and undesirable components and obtaining a refined extract; saponifying the refined extract by means of a strongly alkali aqueous solution; treating the diluted saponified mass with a dilute organic or inorganic acid to adjust the pH to a value from 4 to 7, in order to separate a xanthophylls concentrate; and removing any remaining impurities by extracting them by means of hexane.

An aqueous solution of metal chlorate, mineral acid and a reducing agent are continuously or intermittently sprayed, in a pattern to achieve intimate mixing, into a spherical chamber creating an aqueous foam reaction mixture generating chlorine dioxide which is removed in a direction 90 degrees to the axis of the spray nozzles. A baffle plate may be used to reduce the open cross sectional area of the exit port to increase reaction efficiency. The reactants are a mineral acid and an alkali metal chlorate or chloric acid and a reducing agent such as hydrogen peroxide. The mineral acid is either diluted or concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid or a blend thereof. The ratio of acid is greater than one and less than 3 kg acid per kg of ClO2 formed. The chlorine dioxide may be removed with a stripper column.

A curable formaldehyde-free binding composition for use with fiberglass is provided. Such curable composition comprises an aldehyde or ketone and an amine salt of an inorganic acid. The composition when applied to fiberglass is cured to form a water-insoluble binder which exhibits good adhesion to glass. In a preferred embodiment the fiberglass is in the form of building insulation. In other embodiments the product is a microglass-based substrate for use in a printed circuit board, battery separator, filter stock, or reinforcement scrim.

The present invention relates to a coating composite for making coated granular fertilizer and its production method, and the fertilizer made up by using said coating composite. The coating composite is formed from coating agent, solidfying agent, nitrogen synergist, inorganic acid or organic acid, surfactant and adjuvant. As compared with non-coated fertilizer the nitrogen utilization rate of fertilizer produced by adopting said invention can be raised by 6%-10%, the fertilizer can be saved by 15-45%, and its fertilizer efficiency time can be obviously prolonged, and can be reached to 60-120 days.

The present invention relates to a polishing liquid for polishing the surface of a substrate having a copper film and fine recesses filled with the copper, comprising, at least one water-soluble inorganic acid or its salt, or water-soluble organic acid or its salt, and at least one hydroxyquinoline.

A substantially anhydrous gel useful for bleaching teeth comprising: (i) at least 25% by weight of organic polyol; (ii) less than 3% by weight polyacrylic acid thickening agent; (iii) at least 10% by weight carbamide peroxide (or a chemically equivalent amount of another bleaching agent, such as 3% by weight hydrogen peroxide); (iv) neutralizing agent; (v) chelating agents; (vi) desensitizing agent; and (vii) miscellaneous ingredients such as Cirtoxain(R) and flavorants. The organic polyol is preferably glycerin. The polyacrylic acid thickening agent is preferably a carbomer. The desensitizing agent is preferably potassium nitrate, strontium chloride, potassium citrate, strontium nitrate, or a similarly effective alkali or alkaline earth metal salt of an organic or inorganic acid.

Provided are nonwoven polymeric fiber webs using an improved curable composition. Such curable composition comprises an aldehyde or ketone and an amine salt of an inorganic acid. The composition when applied to polymeric fibers is cured to form a water-insoluble polymer binder which exhibits good adhesion and thermodimensional stability.

A process for obtaining one or more than one salt of an organic acid(s), or organic acid(s), from an aqueous sugar stream comprising one or more than one mineral acid and the organic acid(s) is provided. The process comprises introducing the aqueous sugar stream to a separation system comprising one or more beds of anion exchange resin and obtaining a stream therefrom comprising the sugar. The one or more beds of anion exchange resin are then regenerated in one or more stages to produce at least one product stream comprising the organic acid, a salt of the organic acid, or a combination thereof, and a separate outlet stream comprising the mineral acid, a salt of the mineral acid, or a combination thereof. The product stream is then recovered. The separation may be conducted with two separation units, or using a single anion exchange unit.

The invention relates to a method for recovering energy from the organic fraction of urban solid waste comprising the following steps: a) the organic fraction is pre treated with mineral acids, preferably sulfuric acid, during which the fraction is heated by an outer thermal jacket with no steam injection or steam explosion, thereby producing a first slurry containing an insoluble solid susceptible to enzymatic attack by cellulases; b) a step comprising enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulases and simultaneous fermentation, using an ethanologenic microorganism, of the first slurry in order to obtain a second slurry containing diluted ethanol; and c) distillation of the second slurry such as to obtain wet ethanol, a recyclable liquid effluent and a solid.

A method and apparatus for reducing mercury in industrial gases such as the flue gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal adds hydrogen sulfide to the flue gas in or just before a scrubber of the industrial process which contains the wet scrubber. The method and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to installations employing either wet or dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization systems. The present invention uses kraft green liquor as a source for hydrogen sulfide and/or the injection of mineral acids into the green liquor to release vaporous hydrogen sulfide in order to form mercury sulfide solids.

The invention relates to materials and a method for preparing high flame-retardancy organic intercalation layered clay. The method is performed by inserting melamine or derivatives of melamine into layered clay, especially montmorillonite layers, and the invention is characterized in that the inserted material is at least one compound of salt formed by melamine or derivatives of melamine and an organic acid and is inserted in the clay by cation exchange. The invention also relates to a method for preparing the materials. In the method, the materials are prepared from melamine, derivatives of the melamine and the layered clay by the steps of material mixing, dispersing, cation exchange, grinding and the like. The organic layered clay prepared by the invention can disperse in polymers, has excellent expansion performance and flame retardancy, and can be used as an expansion type fire prevention additive, or used as an expansion type flame retardant component for preparing additives of flame retardant plastic, rubber, thin films, coating, foam plastic and the like.

A method for metallizing a through silicon via feature in a semiconductor integrated circuit device substrate comprising immersing the semiconductor integrated circuit device substrate into an electrolytic copper deposition composition comprising a source of copper ions, an organic sulfonic acid or inorganic acid, or one or more organic compounds selected from among polarizers and/or depolarizers, and chloride ions.

A method of processing stillage from fermentation derived alcohol is disclosed, including dry-grind ethanol production from corn, by fermentation with filamentous fungi. This produces high-value fungal biomass that can be recovered by screening, is easily dewatered and used as an animal feed, human food or as a source of nutraceuticals. The methodology uses an airlift reactor to enhance the morphology of the fungi for easy harvesting and separation of water for recycling and reuse and to recover added enzymes and mineral acid with the water. The process also separates oil from the stillage. The fungal processing removes organic substances from the water that are otherwise inhibitory to the reuse prospects for the water, i.e. suspended and dissolved organic matter, including glycerol, lactic and acetic acids. The process also separates oil from the stillage by enmeshing the oil in the fungal biomass and can produce more oil through cultivation of oleaginous fungi. This approach generates revenue from low value thin stillage, while substantially reducing stillage processing costs, mainly by averting the need for evaporation of the thin stillage.

Unique methods have been developed to convert saccharides into value-added products such as alkyl lactates, lactic acid, alkyl levulinates, levulinic acid, and optionally alkyl formate esters and/or hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Useful catalysts include Lewis acid catalysts and Brønsted acid catalysts including mineral acids, metal halides, immobilized heterogeneous catalysts functionalized with a Brønsted acid group or a Lewis acid group, or combinations thereof. The saccharides are contacted with the catalyst in the presence of various alcohols.