237 results about "Structural protein" patented technology

The invention discloses an mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) transcription skeleton vector and application thereof in preparation of a self-amplification type mRNA vaccine, and belongs to the technical field of veterinary biological products. According to the invention, alphavirus non-structural protein regions NSP2 and NSP3 of a self-amplification type mRNA skeleton are modified, a polyA tail is optimized, and a novel self-amplification type mRNA skeleton is constructed; the self-amplification type mRNA vaccine can improve the antigen expression efficiency, reduce the toxicity of non-structural protein to cells and improve the encapsulation efficiency and delivery efficiency by combining with the optimization of the components and proportion of a lipid nano delivery system, and meanwhile, the self-amplification type mRNA vaccine is wide in applicable pathogen antigen range and can be popularized to more animal epidemic diseases. The characteristics of high-efficiency expression, low-toxicity delivery and single-dose immunization are expected to renovate the immunization strategy of the existing animal vaccine, the epidemic prevention cost of the breeding industry is reduced, and the method has a wide industrial application prospect.

The invention discloses a method for promoting lactobacillus activity enhancement, which comprises the following steps: S1, amplifying a target gene corresponding to an LPxTG structural protein, and amplifying a target gene corresponding to a signal peptide; s2, obtaining a target gene connected with the LPxTG structure and the signal peptide; s3, connecting the target gene obtained in the step S2 with a plasmid gene sequence to construct a recombinant expression vector; s4, introducing the recombinant expression vector obtained in the step S3 into escherichia coli BL-21 so as to increase the number of the recombinant expression vector; s5, introducing the recombinant expression vector obtained in the step S4 into lactobacillus plantarum C8 to obtain a recombinant strain; and step S6, co-culturing lactobacillus plantarum C8 and the recombinant strain obtained in the step S5. The lactobacillus plantarum C8 has the advantages that the whole lactobacillus plantarum C8 and the recombinant strain have better survival condition and adhesiveness in gastric juice and intestinal juice.

The present invention relates to the fields of medicine and cosmetology, and discloses a cell active peptide composition that promotes the regeneration of multi-type collagen structural proteins, its preparation method, and its application in medicine and cosmetology. The composition uses raw materials such as tripeptide-10 citrulline, hexapeptide-9, hydrolyzed sodium hyaluronate, γ-aminobutyric acid, decarboxylated carnosine hydrochloride, acetyl tetrapeptide-3, acetyl tetrapeptide-11, palmitoyl dipeptide-7, and palmitoyl pentapeptide-4. The composition can promote the coordinated expression of skin type I, type III, type IV, type VII, type XVII collagen, fibronectin, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans; prevent collagen cross-linking, maintain triple helix structure, and inhibit collagen degradation. Applied to dermatology and cosmetology, it can accelerate the regeneration of structural proteins such as skin collagen, repair skin damage, reduce wrinkles such as crow's feet, tear groove lines, nasolabial folds, and under-eye lines, solve the skin aging problem caused by the loss of structural proteins such as collagen, and improve skin elasticity and firmness.

The invention discloses an anti-aging and anti-wrinkle composition containing various polypeptides as well as a preparation method and application of the anti-aging and anti-wrinkle composition. According to the anti-aging and anti-wrinkle composition, various polypeptide components are compounded, a synergistic interaction system of the polypeptides is formed, acetyl hexapeptide-8 and snake venom-like peptide are taken as cores, and a dual inhibition pathway is established aiming at dynamic wrinkles; hexapeptide-9 and palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 are compounded to repair a matrix, and regeneration of corium layer structural protein is promoted; with the assistance of mu-conopeptide, palmitoyl tripeptide-1 and palmitoyl tripeptide-5, static wrinkle improvement and skin density improvement are enhanced; and finally, acetyl tetrapeptide-9 is assisted to activate elastin and optimize the contour supporting force, so that the synergistic effect of three effects of resisting wrinkles, tightening and repairing is realized, and the composition has more excellent inhibition rate of elastase and excellent free radical scavenging capacity, and achieves a remarkable antioxidant effect and an excellent anti-aging and anti-wrinkle effect.

The invention relates to an anti-aging composition for strengthening a skin supporting network and application thereof, and the anti-aging composition comprises the following components: a golden camellia flower extract, a saffron crocus extract, camellia seed oil, tranexamic acid and epigallocatechin gallate glucoside, the weight ratio of the golden camellia flower extract to the saffron crocus extract to the camellia seed oil to the tranexamic acid to the epigallocatechin gallate glucoside is (0.1 to 5) to (0.01 to 5) to (0.1 to 10) to (0.01 to 2) to (0.001 to 0.1). The composition provided by the invention can synergistically strengthen a skin support network and comprehensively improve skin elasticity and compactness by promoting growth of two core structural proteins and three macromolecular adhesives of skin, and is mild, non-irritant and suitable for people with sensitive skin.

The invention discloses a variable region amino acid sequence of a monoclonal antibody of a West Nile virus non-structural protein NS1 and application of the variable region amino acid sequence, and belongs to the technical field of medicines. According to the invention, West Nile virus non-structural protein NS1 expressed by human embryo kidney 293 cells is used as an antigen to immunize a rabbit, B cells capable of being specifically combined with the West Nile virus non-structural protein NS1 are screened from rabbit spleen cells through flow sorting, and a signal peptide and a variable region gene fragment of an antibody are cloned through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; according to the present invention, the non-structural protein NS1 of flaviviridae flaviviridae virus is taken as a template, and is connected with a constant region gene to an expression vector, and after mammalian cell expression and purification, the monoclonal antibody which has high affinity and is not combined with the non-structural protein NS1 of other eight viruses of flaviviridae flaviviridae virus is obtained through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the monoclonal antibody has application value in diagnosis and prevention and treatment of West Nile virus infection.

The present invention relates to an immunogenic composition and a related vaccine composition comprising one or more nucleic acid(s) encoding structural proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) or immunogenic fragments thereof. The vaccine composition may be used for the treatment and / or prevention of HSV-2 infection and is particulary beneficial for the immunological control of periodic reactivation of the virus in infected patients.

Provided are a replicable RNA molecule and uses thereof, the present invention relates to a replicable RNA molecule comprising, from the 5'end to the 3 'end, a 5' cap, a 5 'UTR, an open reading frame encoding an RNA replicase, a promoter, a sequence of interest, a 3' UTR, and a poly (A) tail wherein the RNA replicase is capable of amplifying the replicable RNA molecule and an RNA molecule containing the sequence of interest and the 3 'UTR wherein the RNA replicase is derived from the group consisting of the group consisting of the MosdPedras virus, MDPV, EVEV, Riogro virus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus, Mycovirus and Mycovirus. RnV, Muslim virus, MUCV, Highland J virus, PIXV, TROV, Cabassu virus, TONV, Bebaru virus, BEBV, Formun virus, GETV, or Nnumu virus, and NDUV can be used in the treatment of a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, a disease, and a disease.

The invention provides a PDCoV virus mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic Acid) vaccine capable of self-cleaving and expressing a plurality of virus structural proteins and a preparation method of the PDCoV virus mRNA vaccine, and the vaccine comprises mRNA for expressing S, M and N proteins of a PDCoV virus and LNP for encapsulating the mRNA, and the LNP is marked as SMN-mRNA-LNP. The invention provides a PDCoV mRNA vaccine strategy based on combination of S, M and N for the first time, the S, M and N structural proteins of the PDCoV are connected by using a self-cleavage peptide P2A, the S protein is subjected to double proline mutation, so that a single mRNA can express multiple PDCoV antigens, and a multi-level defense system is constructed by using the neutralizing antibody induction capability of the S protein, the immune regulation function of the M protein and the cellular immune activation characteristic of the N protein. Through evaluation of immunogenicity, antibody level and challenge protection effect of the vaccine in mice, suckling piglets and pregnant sows, a new idea is provided for development of broad-spectrum and efficient PDCoV vaccines, and a practical basis is provided for research and development of coronavirus multi-antigen mRNA vaccines.

The invention discloses a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic Acid) molecule and application thereof, and four mRNA vaccines GP35m-LNP, GP45m-LNP, GP345m-LNP and GP2345m-LNP are designed by combining structural protein GP2a, GP3, GP4 and GP5 genes of a PRRSV FJ1402 strain of NADC30-like. Mouse test results show that the GP345m-LNP can simultaneously induce strong humoral and cellular immune response, the GP2345m-LNP is secondary, and the effect is superior to that of an inactivated vaccine (only inducing humoral immunity). After immunization, the PRRSV FJ1402 strain is adopted for counteracting toxic substances, the virus load in blood and lungs of a GP345m-LNP group is obviously reduced, pathological injuries of the lungs are obviously relieved, the immune effect is superior to that of an inactivated vaccine group, and the vaccine has a relatively good application prospect.

This invention provides a dengue / Zika virus genetically engineered vaccine and its application. The dengue / Zika virus vaccine comprises an open reading frame encoding envelope protein domain III (EDIII) and the non-structural protein NS1, and displays EDIII monomers in the delivery vector shell. Immunization with this vaccine primarily induces a type-specific antibody response, reducing the production of cross-antibodies and thus effectively avoiding or eliminating the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). This vaccine can be used to prevent dengue virus and Zika virus infection.

The application provides a PDCoV virus mRNA vaccine which can be self-cleaved and expresses multiple virus structure proteins and a preparation method thereof, the vaccine comprises mRNA for expressing PDCoV virus S, M and N proteins, and LNP for encapsulating the mRNA, denoted as SMN-mRNA-LNP. The application firstly proposes a PDCoV mRNA vaccine strategy based on S, M and N combination, connects three structure proteins of PDCoV S, M and N by using a self-cleaving peptide P2A, mutates the S protein with double proline, enables a single mRNA to express multiple PDCoV antigens, and utilizes the neutralizing antibody induction ability of the S protein, the immune regulation function of the M protein and the cell immune activation characteristics of the N protein to construct a multi-level defense system. Through evaluation of immunogenicity, antibody level and challenge protection effect of the vaccine in mice, suckling piglets and pregnant sows, a new idea for developing a broad-spectrum and high-efficiency PDCoV vaccine is provided, and practical basis for research and development of a coronavirus multi-antigen mRNA vaccine is provided.

The invention relates to compositions and methods for the preparation, manufacture and therapeutic use of oncolytic defective virus compositions and methods of in vivo synthesis thereof. The composition includes a first nucleic acid construct encoding a self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) encoding at least one gene of interest (GOI) or a plurality of GOIs, a second nucleic acid construct encoding an mRNA encoding at least one virus structural protein, and at least one payload delivery system.

The invention discloses akabane disease virus recombinant virus-like particles and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of biology. The akabane disease virus recombinant virus-like particles are obtained by recombinant expression of structural protein Gn and structural protein Gc of akabane disease virus in an insect cell-baculovirus expression system and self-assembly; the amino acid sequence of the structural protein Gn is as shown in SEQ ID NO. 1; the amino acid sequence of the structural protein Gc is as shown in SEQ ID NO. 2. According to the invention, genes of coding structural proteins Gn and Gc are optimized according to codon preference of insect cells, and AKAV virus-like particles with higher safety are successfully prepared through a baculovirus-insect cell expression system. The AKAV virus-like particle provided by the invention has application potential in various fields of AKAV vaccines, immunotherapy and the like, and provides technical reserve for biological safety monitoring.

The invention discloses a DNA vaccine plasmid of a tembusu virus as well as a construction method and application of the DNA vaccine plasmid, and relates to the technical field of molecular biology. The DNA vaccine plasmid of the tembusu virus comprises an expression vector pcDNA3.1-prME containing a 5AA-STING gene segment, and a DNA vaccine plasmid of the tembusu virus, the 5AA-STING gene segment is a gene segment formed by introducing a coding sequence of five amino acids at the N end of the tembusu virus NS1 on an STING gene segment. The invention further provides a construction method and application of the DNA vaccine plasmid of the tembusu virus, the DNA vaccine plasmid of the tembusu virus is favorable for efficiently assembling into a subvirion with a stronger immune effect, and the DNA vaccine plasmid of the tembusu virus can co-express an immune stimulant STING molecule while expressing the structural protein of the tembusu virus to be assembled into the subvirion, so that the DNA vaccine plasmid of the tembusu virus has a good application prospect. The polypeptide is a key molecule for recognizing a double-stranded DNA signal channel in cells, and the immune protection effect is further enhanced.

Disclosed herein are vaccine constructs for producing a virus-like particle (VLP) capable of raising an immune response to an immunogen, and uses thereof, wherein the constructs comprise nucleic acid sequences encoding an immunogen and a polyprotein, wherein the polyprotein comprises two or more viral structural proteins, wherein at least two of the two or more viral structural proteins are separated by a signal peptidase sequence such that, when the polyprotein is expressed in a host cell, the signal peptidase sequence undergoes host cell peptidase-dependent cleavage to liberate the two or more viral structural proteins, thereby allowing the liberated structural proteins to self-assemble into a VLP carrying the immunogen.

The invention discloses a skin barrier repairing oral liquid based on cubilose peptide-collagen-traditional Chinese medicine compounding. The skin barrier repairing oral liquid is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage: 30 to 50 percent of skin nutrition base powder, 5 to 10 percent of three-type collagen peptide, 0.6 to 1 percent of cubilose peptide and 30 to 70 percent of traditional Chinese medicine herbal extract. The three-type collagen peptide disclosed by the invention can be used for directly supplementing key structural protein of a dermis layer of skin, promoting collagen fiber regeneration, improving skin elasticity and reducing fine wrinkles; the cubilose peptide is small in molecular weight, easy to absorb and capable of providing amino acid raw materials for skin cells and enhancing cell activity, the cubilose peptide and the collagen peptide cooperate to solve the problem of insufficient collagen synthesis caused by age increase, the skin nutrient base powder, the collagen peptide and the cubilose peptide are nutrients needed by skin barriers, and the herbal medicine is used for promoting nutrient absorption, mobilizing qi and blood of the body and improving the taste.

The invention relates to the field of biological medicine, and provides a coxsackie virus A16 type mutant and a virus-like particle thereof, compared with a wild type coxsackie virus A16 type, the mutant has at least one amino acid mutation site in the following regions: (1) a canyon region of a virus capsid; (2) a channel area at a secondary axis; or (3) a channel region at a quasi-tertiary axis. The mutant and the virus-like particle are obtained by optimizing and modifying structural proteins VP0, VP1 and VP3 which form a virus capsid by using computational biology and structural biology methods, co-expressing and co-assembling the structural proteins in a hansenula polymorpha expression system to form the virus-like particle, and then carrying out series of chromatographic purification. Compared with a non-mutated coxsackie virus A16 type virus-like particle mutation scheme, the coxsackie virus A16 type virus-like particle mutation scheme disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the antigen immunogenicity can be obviously improved, and the clinical application value is realized.

The present invention provides the preparation, epitope identification and application of a PRRSV non-structural protein 12 antibody. By constructing a eukaryotic expression vector pCDNA3.4-Nsp12-strep, transiently transfecting CHO cells, and purifying the PRRSV Nsp12 recombinant protein using the downstream strep tag, the purified Nsp12 is used as an antigen to immunize Balb / C mice. The spleen cells of the mice are isolated, and single specific B cells are separated by the FACS method. The antibody variable region sequences of the single B cells are obtained by RT-PCR. Recombinant expression plasmids of the heavy chain and light chain are constructed respectively, transfected into CHO suspension cells, expressed, and 2 complete anti-PRRSV Nsp12 monoclonal antibodies 1N14 and 2S18 are obtained by Protein G purification. The application scopes of the 1N14 and 2S18 antibodies and the specific antigen epitope recognized by the 1N14 antibody are further determined, and its sequence is 104 YEFTGNGEDW 113 。

A provided self-replicating mRNA is transcribed from an alphavirus backbone vector. The alphavirus backbone vector comprises gene sequences of alphavirus non-structural proteins nsP2, nsP3, nsP4, and mutated nsP1. A cysteine at position 492 of the mutated nsP1 is mutated into serine. The self-replicating mRNA has a higher expression level and a longer expression time for a target gene. The self-replicating mRNA is used for expressing IMP3, and can be prepared into a vaccine having good preventive and therapeutic effects on IMP3-positive tumors. Therefore, the present invention has good application prospects in drug and vaccine development.

A lipid nanoparticle composition for use in the delivery of a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) construct in one or more target cells is disclosed. The lipid nanoparticle composition comprises a lipid mixture comprising at least one (ionizable) cationic lipid, at least one helper lipid, a sterol, a corticosteroid such as Dexamethasone, and a least one lipid-polyethylene glycol conjugate. The saRNA construct comprises a first open reading frame which encodes one or more non-structural proteins, and a second open reading frame operatively linked to the first open reading frame. The second open reading frame comprises a coding region which encodes one or more target proteins. In some embodiments, the target proteins comprise one or more therapeutic proteins. In some embodiments, the target proteins comprise one or more one or more Cas proteins and / or variants thereof for use in CRISPR-based gene editing.

The present invention discloses a recombinant virus-like particle of Akabane disease virus and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of biotechnology. The recombinant virus-like particle of Akabane disease virus is obtained by recombinantly expressing the structural protein Gn and the structural protein Gc of Akabane disease virus in an insect cell-baculovirus expression system and self-assembly; the amino acid sequence of the structural protein Gn is shown in SEQ ID NO.1; the amino acid sequence of the structural protein Gc is shown in SEQ ID NO.2. The present invention optimizes the genes encoding the structural proteins Gn and Gc according to the codon preference of insect cells, and successfully prepares safer AKAV virus-like particles through the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. The AKAV virus-like particles provided by the present invention have application potential in various fields such as AKAV vaccines and immunotherapy, and provide technical reserves for biosafety monitoring.

The present invention relates to the field of diagnostic detection of animal virus antibodies, and specifically provides a method for detecting African swine fever virus antibodies and its application. First, the present invention screens the dominant epitope regions of the structural proteins p30, p54, and p72 of African swine fever, tandemly expresses and purifies the three dominant epitope regions using an Escherichia coli expression system, and uses the purified protein as a coating antigen to establish an indirect ELISA method for detecting clinical swine sera. The present invention makes up for the deficiencies of existing domestic and foreign detection methods, and will be more conducive to the monitoring of antibody levels and prevalence generated by ASFV vaccine immunization and wild virus infection.

The application discloses a preparation method of a decellularized matrix and a product prepared by the method. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) washing a mammalian soft tissue to remove blood, lipids and impurities, and cutting the tissue into pieces with a thickness of 1-10 mm; (2) soaking the pieces in solution 1 for 6-48 h, and then soaking the pieces in solution 2 for 0.1-1 h; (3) treating the pieces in an ultrasonic water bath under the condition of a frequency of 20-40 kHz for 5-30 min; (4) water-bathing the pieces at 55-65 DEG C for 10-30 min; (5) sequentially washing the tissue with deionized water, a PBS buffer and ethanol, and washing the tissue with each solution for 1-3 times, each time for 10-30 min; and (6) freeze-drying the decellularized matrix material, and crushing the material at-80 DEG C to-20 DEG C to obtain a decellularized matrix powder. The preparation method significantly improves the cell component removal efficiency, effectively protects structural proteins such as collagen from being degraded in the freeze-drying and crushing processes, and ensures the integrity of the matrix in the aspects of morphology, structure and function, thereby providing a structural support and biological signal support for subsequent tissue repair.

The present disclosure relates to a novel system for the generation and use of hybrid alpha-pseudoviruses against ribose viruses. A hybrid ribose virus-alpha-pseudovirus (HRAP) presents a novel particle having an RNA genome derived from an alphavirus and a structural protein of a virus in the ribose virus field. The HRAP particle is formed by assembling structural proteins crossing different riboviridae and can be used for vaccine development, antiviral drug screening, neutralization test, treatment or immune response starting and the like.

This invention provides the application of apatinib in the preparation of antiviral drugs, specifically involving the application of the anticancer drug apatinib in inhibiting the replication of Hantanensis virus (HTNV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Apatinib can significantly inhibit HTNV replication and reduce viral titers at the cellular level. Experiments have shown that after treatment with apatinib, the expression levels of viral structural proteins, the nucleic acid levels of HTNV, and the viral titers in the cell culture supernatant were significantly reduced in HTNV-infected A549 cells, while the drug exhibited low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, apatinib can also inhibit CHIKV replication. This invention provides a novel anti-HTNV candidate drug and offers insights for the rapid development of antiviral drugs.

This invention belongs to the field of genetic engineering. By introducing a TC tag between amino acids 199 and 200 of the wild-type bluetongue virus non-structural protein NS2, a recombinant virus was rescued. Analysis of viral plaques and growth curves revealed that the recombinant virus formed plaques of similar size to the wild-type virus, and their growth curves showed no significant difference. Immunofluorescence and FlasH-EDT2 staining of NS2 showed that the fluorescence of NS2 labeled with anti-NS2 antibody overlapped with that labeled with FlasH-EDT2. Three-dimensional imaging of FlasH-EDT2-labeled NS2 revealed that the viral inclusion bodies exhibited fluorescence around the periphery but no fluorescence inside, displaying an overall "core-shell" hierarchical structure. This recombinant bluetongue virus can be used for tracing and localizing NS2 protein and viral inclusion bodies in living cells, and can also be applied to BTV neutralization assays, antiviral drug screening, and other related research.

The invention discloses a multi-epitope fusion protein based on porcine rotavirus VP7 and VP8 double targets as well as a preparation method and application of the multi-epitope fusion protein. According to the invention, salmonella typhimurium flagellin FliCS.T is taken as a skeleton, dominant neutralizing epitopes of VP7 and VP8 are accurately integrated, and the multi-epitope fusion antigen FliCS.T-VP7 + VP8 is constructed. The fusion protein has two immunological advantages: an FliCS.T skeleton has TLR5 adjuvant activity, so that innate immunity and adaptive immunity of a host can be efficiently activated; key neutralizing epitopes of porcine rotaviruses VP7 and VP8 are synchronously presented through a multi-epitope strategy, and high-titer specific neutralizing antibody and potent cellular immune response aiming at two structural proteins can be induced in vivo. The invention provides the multi-epitope fusion antigen of the porcine rotavirus, which integrates high immunogenicity and broad-spectrum neutralization protection, and a feasible technical scheme is provided for prevention and control of the porcine rotavirus.

This invention discloses an anti-phage system based on ESCRT-III and its applications, relating to the field of biotechnology. This invention utilizes the coding genes for two structural proteins of the Hoda_Snf7_1 and Hoda_Snf7_2 from the Hoda archaea ESCRT-III. Hoda_ snf7_1 and Hoda_snf7_2 This invention is applied to antiphage systems. Compared with existing technologies, the main advantages of the antiphage system of this invention are: (1) it consists of only two genes, making system construction simple and quick; (2) it is composed of structural proteins, making it less prone to losing antiphage activity due to gene mutations; (3) it has a broad-spectrum antiphage effect; and (4) it does not affect the normal growth of host bacteria. This system expands the understanding of antiphage systems and provides new ideas and technical means for preventing and controlling phage contamination in industrial microbial production processes.

The invention belongs to the technical field of food processing, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a meat anti-freezing adhesive containing plant polyphenol and ice structuring protein. The meat adhesive comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.1%-5% of ice structuring protein, 0.5%-10% of plant polyphenol, 9%-14% of glutamine transaminase, 30%-60% of sodium caseinate, 5%-20% of gelatin, 2%-5% of sodium tripolyphosphate, 2%-5% of sodium pyrophosphate and 10%-25% of maltodextrin. The invention provides a natural, efficient and multifunctional meat anti-freezing adhesive which can effectively inhibit ice crystal growth and recrystallization in the freezing process, reduce juice loss, firmly bond meat pieces and delay oxidation discoloration.