A standard plate for detecting pollution release of decoration materials and preparation and application thereof

Abstract

This invention discloses a standard plate for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials, its preparation, and its application. The standard plate includes a sealing outer jacket, a wooden board assembly, a sealing top cover, and a sealing plug. The bottom surface of the sealing outer jacket is perforated. The wooden board assembly, consisting of a bottom plate, a core plate, and a top plate, is nested within the sealing outer jacket and secured by the sealing top cover. The core plate contains porous material and has radial channels. The top plate and the sealing top cover have through holes at their centers, into which the sealing plug is inserted for sealing. In use, the target pollutant is dripped into the through holes. Centrifugation and vibration cause the target pollutant to diffuse through the channels and disperse into the porous material and other interstitial components within the core plate, resulting in a standard plate that can uniformly and stably release the target pollutant. By changing the type and concentration of the added target pollutant, the release of pollutants from different product control materials can be detected.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to standard products for verifying the pollution performance of building materials, specifically to a wood panel standard product that simulates the structure of normal synthetic boards and can stably and persistently release target concentrations and types of volatile organic compounds. It is used to verify the performance of products for detecting and controlling the release of pollutants from materials and belongs to the field of indoor pollution control technology. Background Technology

[0002] The health effects of various indoor volatile pollutants have received increasing attention in recent years. For example, chronic exposure to formaldehyde has been proven to be closely related to neurological damage, asthma, allergies, liver damage, pulmonary edema, various organ cancers, and leukemia; chronic exposure to benzene may lead to drastic changes in lymphocyte levels, and even subsequent types of lymphocytic leukemia; the health effects of chronic toluene exposure include impaired color vision, hearing loss, decreased neurobehavioral analytical abilities, altered motor and sensory nerve conduction speeds, and miscarriage. Substandard quality and improper use of decoration materials are significant sources of indoor volatile pollutants.

[0003] The indicator for assessing the true pollution situation of decoration materials is the pollution release rate, which refers to the mass of volatile pollutants released by the material per unit area per unit time into the environment. By calculating the material pollution release rate, the stable contribution of the material to the volatile pollution of the space can be effectively assessed, and the stable concentration of pollutants in the space can be predicted. Avoiding pollution problems from decoration materials is a key and reliable way to solve indoor air pollution problems. Currently, there are three main methods:

[0004] (1) The first method is to test and screen out high-pollution decoration materials with high release rates before using them.

[0005] (2) The second method is to use local heating and other intervention methods after the decoration materials are installed to significantly increase the material pollution release rate in a short period of time, reduce the overall quality of pollutants contained in the materials, and thus reduce the pollution release rate of materials in the non-intervention state.

[0006] (3) The third method is to use a corresponding fixative to reduce the effective content of certain pollutants in the material when the concentration of certain types of pollutants is too high after the decoration materials are installed, thereby reducing the pollutant release rate of the material.

[0007] However, the performance of material pollution control products on the market currently lacks effective verification methods, leaving consumers without a reliable basis for product selection. This results in poor pollution control effectiveness and allows inferior products to capture the market share of superior products. Problems in the verification process of material pollution control products include:

[0008] (1) Using the product’s ability to remove pollutants from the air to evaluate the product’s effectiveness in removing pollutants from materials is a misuse of the concept that misleads consumers into overestimating the product’s effectiveness.

[0009] (2) Even if the same type of decoration materials are from the same manufacturer and batch, the pollution content and release rate may vary between batches due to production scheduling. Therefore, using the actual decoration materials to evaluate and compare the performance of different pollution control products may result in inaccurate evaluation results due to the differences in the materials used.

[0010] (3) The types of pollutants released by actual decoration materials are uncontrollable and cannot be used to verify the performance of special pollutant targeted elimination control products.

[0011] (4) The pollutant release gradient of actual decoration materials is immutable and can only be used to verify the product’s control effect on material pollution within a certain concentration range.

[0012] (5) The main method for detecting the release rate of material pollutants is the environmental chamber method, which includes three steps: material equilibration, release rate sample collection, and sample chromatographic analysis. However, calibration is generally only for the chromatographic analysis process and cannot reduce the interference of the previous steps on the results through calibration.

[0013] In summary, the core reason for the poor accuracy and low efficiency of the above-mentioned pollution control products for building materials is the lack of suitable standard products for building materials.

[0014] The following describes several existing technologies for verifying the performance of materials contamination control products.

[0015] Chinese utility model patent CN202022344020.4 discloses a formaldehyde gas generator based on oligooxymethylene emission and depolymerization. The device uses dry, clean air as the gas source, melted and recondensed oligooxymethylene emission rods as the formaldehyde generation source, and phosphoric acid-coated and dried glass beads (or silicon carbide) particles as a catalytic depolymerization agent. At 170°C, the oligooxymethylene gas is depolymerized into single-molecule formaldehyde, producing a stable flow rate of formaldehyde gas. This utility model and similar gas generators can create a stable environment of formaldehyde or other volatile organic compounds, and can be used to verify the removal effect of related products on air pollutants. However, they cannot be used to verify the control effect on the release rate of pollutants from materials.

[0016] The creation of standard products for building materials that clearly identify and control the types of pollutants released, have adjustable pollutant concentration gradients, relatively stable pollutant release rates, and similar structures to actual building materials is a problem that needs to be solved in the field of indoor pollution and building material pollution control. Summary of the Invention

[0017] The purpose of this invention is to provide a standard board for decorative materials that can release specific pollutants according to design, with a stable and adjustable pollutant release rate. The internal structure and pollutant emission pattern of the standard board should be basically consistent with commonly used synthetic wood boards, and can be used to verify the control effect of related products on the pollution release rate of decorative materials.

[0018] The technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0019] A standard board for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials includes a sealing jacket, a wooden board assembly, a sealing top cover, and a sealing plug. The sealing jacket has an opening on its bottom surface. The wooden board assembly is nested within the sealing jacket and pressed and fixed by the sealing top cover. The wooden board assembly consists of a bottom plate, a core plate, and a top plate, arranged from bottom to top. The core plate contains a porous material and has radial channels. The top plate has a through hole at its center. The sealing top cover has a through hole at its center that matches the size of the sealing plug, through which the sealing plug is inserted for sealing.

[0020] In the aforementioned standard plate, the radial channels in the core plate are distributed throughout the entire core plate. Preferably, the radial channels are centrally radiating outwards, with multiple zigzag channels extending from the center of the core plate outwards, and each zigzag channel having multiple branch channels spaced apart. Furthermore, the core plate contains porous materials such as porous ceramics or porous aluminosilicates, which facilitate the diffusion of the contaminants to be detected.

[0021] Preferably, the standard plate is designed to be circular, that is: the sealing outer sleeve is cylindrical, the bottom plate, the core plate and the top plate are circular, and the sealing top cover is cylindrical.

[0022] Furthermore, the outer surface of the sealing jacket is symmetrically provided with protrusions, which facilitates a secure connection with centrifugal or vibrating equipment, and also provides grooves inside the protrusions for fixing the position of the wooden board assembly. Correspondingly, the bottom plate, core plate, and top plate are each symmetrically provided with protrusions on their sides, which are embedded in the inner grooves of the sealing jacket.

[0023] Furthermore, the sealing cover and the sealing outer sleeve are connected by threads. Threads are provided on the upper part of the inner wall of the sealing outer sleeve, and corresponding threads are provided on the side of the sealing cover. A handle is provided on the upper surface of the sealing cover. By rotating the sealing cover with the handle, it is easy to insert the sealing cover into the sealing outer sleeve for fixation, and to remove the sealing cover from the sealing outer sleeve.

[0024] Preferably, the sealing cap and the sealing plug are fixedly connected by threads.

[0025] The standard board for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials of the present invention can be prepared by the following method:

[0026] 1) Prepare the bottom and top boards for the wooden board assembly;

[0027] 2) Prepare the die for forming the core board channel;

[0028] 3) Embed the base plate into the sealing jacket, and then place the hole-forming mold on the base plate;

[0029] 4) Pour the core material into the sealing jacket and cover it with the perforated mold, level the core material, and then lay the hot-pressed and shaped core material;

[0030] 5) Remove the hole-forming mold and then place it into the top plate for overall hot pressing to form a core plate between the top plate and the bottom plate;

[0031] 6) Cover with the sealing cap, fix the wooden board assembly inside the sealing jacket, and insert the sealing plug to seal.

[0032] In step 1) above, the manufacturing process of the base plate and top plate is the same as that of a normal composite board surface plate, including: mixing the composite board base materials such as wood shavings, adding adhesive in proportion, then heating and stirring, laying and hot pressing to form the desired shape. A through hole is made in the center of the top plate.

[0033] In step 2) above, the forming mold is preferably made of a pressure-resistant hard material (e.g., steel). The forming mold has a central radial structure, with multiple zigzag spokes extending from the center outwards, and each spoke has multiple branches spaced apart; a protrusion is provided vertically at the center of the forming mold to facilitate the placement and removal of the mold.

[0034] The core material mentioned in step 4) is formed by heating and stirring a composite board base material such as wood shavings, an adhesive, and a porous material in a certain proportion. The porous material is, for example, porous ceramics or porous aluminosilicates. Preferably, the mass ratio of the composite board base material, adhesive, and porous material is (120-150):(30-50):(30-50).

[0035] In step 6) above, preferably, the sealing cover and the sealing jacket are fixedly connected by threads, and the sealing plug and the sealing cover are also fixedly connected by threads.

[0036] This invention relates to a standard plate for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials. In use, the sealing plug is removed from the sealed cover, and a concentrated liquid or solution containing the target pollutant is dripped into the central through-hole of the sealed cover. The sealing plug is then reinserted, and the standard plate is centrifuged at low speed to allow the target pollutant to diffuse along the channels within the core plate. The standard plate is also intermittently agitated to distribute the target pollutant into the porous material and other interstitial components within the core plate. At this point, the standard plate can release the target pollutant uniformly and stably. After the pollutants inside the standard plate are eliminated, the above steps can be repeated. By changing the type and concentration gradient of the target pollutant added to the core plate, the type and rate of pollutant released from the standard plate can be adjusted.

[0037] Preferably, the sealing jacket has symmetrical protrusions on both sides. These protrusions ensure a secure connection between the standard plate, the centrifuge, and the oscillation equipment, improve the centrifugation and oscillation effects of the standard plate, and enhance the uniformity of mixing of contaminant liquids or solutions within the core plate and the stability of their outward dispersion. The sealing jacket should fit tightly against the wooden board assembly, ensuring that contaminants can only be dispersed outward through the circular hole at the bottom of the sealing jacket.

[0038] The porous material inside the core board should be selected to be pressure- and heat-resistant, and will not deform or collapse during the standard board manufacturing process due to hot pressing or other operations. A stable porous material provides channels for the diffusion of contaminant liquids or solutions within the core board, buffering the rate of contaminant release through adsorption and dissociation processes, thereby improving the uniformity of mixing and the stability of contaminant liquids or solutions within the core board. Porous ceramics, porous aluminosilicates, and other similar materials can be used.

[0039] The hole-forming mold should match the base plate of the wooden board assembly. The spokes and forks of the mold should be able to basically cover the area of ​​the base plate to ensure that the pollutant liquid or solution is evenly distributed in various positions of the core board and improve the stability of the pollutant release rate.

[0040] After the standard plate is made, a working curve should be established to correlate the mass of the target pollutant dropped into the core plate, centrifugation time and rate, oscillation time and frequency with the pollutant release rate, as an auxiliary material for the use of the standard plate.

[0041] Preferably, the sealing jacket should be made of heat- and pressure-resistant materials such as steel-plated steel or Teflon, which have low organic matter adsorption and release rates. This ensures structural stability and prevents deformation during the standard board fabrication and processing, while also minimizing interference with the release of target pollutants. The background organic matter release of the main and auxiliary materials of the wood panel components should be tested before use. Low-background materials should be selected, ensuring that the organic matter released from the main and auxiliary materials of the wood panel components does not overlap with the target pollutant types and does not interfere with analysis.

[0042] Preferably, the shapes of the sealing plug, the opening on the top plate of the wooden board assembly, and the center hole of the core board should be consistent to improve the sealing effect and reduce the loss of target pollutant liquid or solution during the dripping process into the core board.

[0043] The standard board of this invention for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials aims to solve several problems in the verification process of pollutant removal and testing products for building materials: the composition, structure, and manufacturing process of the wooden board components in the standard board simulate the composition, structure, and manufacturing process of actual building materials, which can directly reflect the removal effect of pollution removal products on pollutants contained in the material, rather than the removal effect on pollutants in the air; it provides a material pollutant release scenario with uniform, stable, comparable, and quantitative release rates, enabling batch, efficient, and accurate verification of the differences in the effectiveness of different products in controlling the release of material pollutants; it serves as a standard to calibrate the entire process of material pollutant release rate detection using the environmental chamber method, avoiding measurement deviations introduced by only calibrating the chromatographic analysis process and failing to calibrate the sampling and equilibration processes; according to needs, the types and concentration gradients of pollutants released by the standard board can be adjusted to verify the control effect of products on target pollutants at different release rate levels, enhancing the pertinence and reliability of product verification. Attached Figure Description

[0044] Figure 1 This is an appearance diagram of a standard board used in an embodiment of the present invention for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials.

[0045] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 The image shown is a cross-sectional view along the AA direction of a standard board used to detect the release of pollutants from building materials.

[0046] Figure 3 This is an exploded structural diagram of a standard board used in an embodiment of the present invention for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials.

[0047] Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating the manufacturing process of a standard board used to detect the release of pollutants from building materials, as described in this invention.

[0048] Figure 5 This is a flowchart illustrating the injection process of target pollutants into a standard board used in an embodiment of the present invention for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials.

[0049] Figures 1 to 4 In the middle, 1-sealing outer jacket, 2-sealing outer jacket protrusion, 3-bottom plate, 4-core plate, 5-core plate channel, 6-top plate, 7-sealing top cover, 8-handle, 9-sealing plug, 10-hole forming mold. Detailed Implementation

[0050] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but the scope of the invention is not limited in any way.

[0051] like Figures 1 to 5As shown, this embodiment provides a standard board for detecting the release of pollutants from building materials. It can stably release target types of pollutants as needed. The main structure includes: a sealing outer jacket 1, a base plate 3, a core plate 4, and a top plate 6 forming a wood panel assembly, a sealing top cover 7, and a sealing plug 9. The core plate 4 has radially arranged core plate channels 5. The base plate 3, core plate 4, and top plate 6 are stacked to form the wood panel assembly. The wood panel assembly is nested within the sealing outer jacket, and the top surface is covered by the sealing top cover 7. The sealing top cover 7 has a circular hole in the center, into which the sealing plug 9 is inserted for fixation and sealing.

[0052] like Figure 3 As shown, the sealing jacket 1 is cylindrical, and symmetrical sealing jacket protrusions 2 are provided on the outer side of the sealing jacket. On the one hand, it is convenient to connect firmly with centrifugal equipment or vibration equipment. On the other hand, a groove is provided on the inner side of the protrusion to fix the position of the wooden board assembly. The bottom plate 3, core plate 4 and top plate 6 that make up the wooden board assembly are all circular. Two protrusions are symmetrically provided on the side of the circular plate and are embedded in the inner groove of the sealing jacket. The sealing cover 7 is circular, with a circular hole in the center for inserting the sealing plug 9. A handle 8 is provided on the upper surface of the sealing cover 7 for easy removal and placement of the sealing cover.

[0053] In this embodiment, the bottom plate 3 and the top plate 6 are circular pieces, 5 mm thick and 300 mm in diameter, with square protrusions on both sides, each protrusion 10 mm high relative to the tangent of the edge of the circular piece; the top plate 6 is a circular piece with a central hole, the diameter of which is 30 mm. The manufacturing process of the bottom plate 3 and the top plate 6 is the same as that of a normal composite panel, as follows:

[0054] (1) Use wood to crush wood into wood chips with a particle size of less than 0.3 mm, and dry them to make wood shavings;

[0055] (2) Mix polyvinyl alcohol:polyethyleneimine:starch:dipentene:lignin = 3:25:5:2:30 by mass to prepare an adhesive;

[0056] (3) Mix wood shavings: rosin: silicone acrylic emulsion: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose according to the mass ratio of wood shavings: rosin: silicone acrylic emulsion: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose = 50: 2: 10: 2) and stir for 20-30 minutes. Take 64 parts of the mixture and add 40 parts of adhesive. Heat to 40-60℃ and continue stirring for 20-30 minutes to form the surface material.

[0057] (4) The surface material is laid on the mold and hot-pressed to a thickness of 3 mm. The laying pressure is 0.8-1.2 MPa and the temperature is 100-120℃ to obtain a wood board.

[0058] (5) Cut the wooden board into the desired shape.

[0059] Chip 4 requires a hole-forming mold 10 during its fabrication process. The hole-forming mold 10 is made of steel, such as... Figure 4As shown, the hole-forming mold 10 has a centrally radial structure with five spokes, all of which are cylindrical zigzags. The straight-line distance from the end of each spoke to the center is 140 mm, and the spoke cross-sectional diameter is 10 mm. Multiple branches are arranged at 50 mm intervals along the spokes, each branch having a cross-sectional diameter of 10 mm. These spoke branches should essentially cover the base plate 3. A cylindrical protrusion with a height and diameter of 30 mm is vertically positioned at the center of the hole-forming mold 10 to facilitate the placement and removal of the mold.

[0060] The sealing jacket 1 is cylindrical, made of low-absorption Teflon material, with a diameter of 340 mm and a height of 38 mm. A circular hole with a diameter of 280 mm is opened on the bottom surface of the sealing jacket 1. The inner cavity of the sealing jacket 1 has a height of 18 mm, and the base plate 3 is embedded in the inner cavity of the sealing jacket 1. Square protrusions 2 are symmetrically arranged on the outer surface of the sealing jacket 1; these protrusions should facilitate connection to centrifuges and shaking equipment.

[0061] The upper part of the inner wall of the sealing outer sleeve 1 is threaded, and the sealing cover 7 is connected to the sealing outer sleeve 1 by the thread. By rotating the sealing cover 7 using the handle 8 on the sealing cover 7, the two can be tightly connected or separated. The sealing cover 7 is cylindrical, with a bottom diameter of 300 mm and a height of 10 mm, and a central hole with a diameter of 30 mm. The sealing plug 9 is made of Teflon material, is a cylinder with a height of 20 mm and a bottom diameter of 30 mm, and has threads on its side.

[0062] The core board 4 of the wooden board assembly is fabricated on the base plate 3, see [reference]. Figure 4 The production process is as follows:

[0063] (1) Embed the base plate 3 into the inner cavity of the sealing jacket 1;

[0064] (2) Place the hole-forming mold 10 above the base plate 3, aligning the center positions;

[0065] (3) Mix wood shavings: rosin: silicone acrylic emulsion in a mass ratio of 100: 2: 20 and stir for 20-30 minutes. Take 122 parts of the mixture, add 40 parts of adhesive and heat to 40-60℃ and continue stirring for 20-30 minutes. Add 30 parts of porous ceramic material particles and continue stirring for 20-30 minutes to form the core material.

[0066] (4) Pour the core material into the inner cavity of the sealing jacket 1 and basically cover the hole forming mold 10, and flatten the core material;

[0067] (5) Lay the hot-pressed and shaped core material to 12 mm, with a laying pressure of 0.8-1.2 MPa and a temperature of 100-120℃;

[0068] (6) After shaping, remove the hole-forming mold 10 to form the core plate channel 5, with a channel cross-sectional diameter of 10 mm;

[0069] (7) The top plate 5 is placed above the core material and hot-pressed as a whole, forming a core plate 4 between the top plate 5 and the bottom plate 3.

[0070] (8) By rotating the sealing cover 7, the wood board assembly can be stably fixed in the inner cavity of the sealing jacket 1. The sealing plug 9 is threaded to the center hole of the sealing cover 7 for sealing, ensuring that the contaminants in the wood board assembly are released outward only through the bottom hole of the sealing jacket 1.

[0071] The procedure for adding contaminants to the standard plate is as follows:

[0072] (1) Select the target pollutant mixed concentrated liquid or solution as needed. In this example, a mixed solution of 95% formaldehyde and 95% benzene is selected.

[0073] (2) Remove the sealing plug 9 from the sealing cap 7 and drip in 20 ml of the target pollutant mixture solution;

[0074] (3) Connect the sealing jacket 1 to the centrifuge via the side protrusion, centrifuge for 15 minutes at a speed of 80 rpm;

[0075] (4) Intermittently oscillate the standard plate for 1 hour and 180 times / minute to disperse the target pollutant into the porous material and other interstitial substances in the core plate 4;

[0076] (5) Remove the standard plate and close the sealing plug 9.

[0077] After the standard plate is made, a working curve should be established for the core plate area 4, core plate thickness 4, the target pollutant mass, centrifugation time and rate, oscillation time and frequency, and pollutant release rate, as an auxiliary material for the use of the standard plate.

[0078] It should be noted that the background levels of organic matter release from the main and auxiliary materials of the wood panel components should be tested before use. Low background materials should be selected, and it should be ensured that the types of organic matter released from the main and auxiliary materials of the wood panel components do not overlap with the target pollutants and there is no analytical interference.

Claims

1. A standard panel for detecting pollution release from finishing materials, comprising a sealed jacket, a wooden panel assembly, a sealed upper cover and a sealing plug, characterized in that, The bottom surface of the sealing jacket is opened, the wood board assembly is nested in the sealing jacket and is fixed by the sealing upper cover, wherein the wood board assembly is sequentially composed of the bottom plate, the core plate and the top plate from bottom to top, the composition, structure and manufacturing process of the wood board assembly in the standard plate simulate the composition, structure and manufacturing process of the actual decoration material; the core plate contains porous material, the core plate is provided with radial channels, and the top plate is provided with a through hole in the center; the sealing upper cover is provided with a through hole in the center, the size of which matches the sealing plug, and the sealing plug is inserted into the through hole for sealing.

2. The standard plate of claim 1, wherein The radial channels in the core plate are distributed throughout the core plate and extend outward in a radial manner from the center of the core plate to multiple zigzag channels, and multiple branch channels are arranged on each zigzag channel.

3. The standard plate of claim 1, wherein The porous material contained in the core plate is porous ceramic and / or porous silico-aluminate.

4. The standard plate of claim 1, wherein The sealing jacket is cylindrical, the bottom plate, the core plate and the top plate are round, and the sealing upper cover is cylindrical.

5. The standard plate of claim 4, wherein, The outer side of the sealing jacket is symmetrically provided with a protrusion, and a groove is arranged on the inner side of the protrusion for fixing the position of the wood board assembly; correspondingly, the bottom plate, the core plate and the top plate are symmetrically provided with protrusions on the side surfaces thereof, respectively, and are embedded in the inner side groove of the sealing jacket.

6. The standard plate of claim 1, wherein The sealing upper cover and the sealing jacket and the sealing upper cover and the sealing plug are connected by threads, and a handle is arranged on the upper surface of the sealing upper cover.

7. The preparation method of the standard plate for detecting the pollution release of decoration material according to any one of claims 1-6, comprising the following steps: 1) preparing the bottom plate and the top plate in the wood board assembly; 2) preparing a hole forming mold for the core plate channel; 3) embedding the bottom plate into the sealing jacket, and then placing the hole forming mold on the bottom plate; 4) pouring the core material into the sealing jacket and covering the hole forming mold, leveling the core material, and then paving and hot-pressing the core material; 5) taking out the hole forming mold, and then placing the top plate for overall hot-pressing to form the core plate between the top plate and the bottom plate; 6) covering the sealing upper cover to fix the wood board assembly in the sealing jacket, and inserting the sealing plug for sealing.

8. The production method according to claim 7, wherein The core material in step 4) is obtained by heating, stirring and mixing the composite board base material, the adhesive and the porous material.

9. The application of the standard plate according to any one of claims 1-6 in detecting the pollution release of decoration material, wherein the sealing plug is taken out of the sealing upper cover, the target pollutant liquid or solution is dropped into the center through hole of the sealing upper cover, the sealing plug is reinserted for sealing, the standard plate is centrifuged to make the target pollutant diffuse along the channels in the core plate, and the standard plate is intermittently oscillated to make the target pollutant spread into the porous material in the core plate, so that the standard plate with uniformly and stably released target pollutant is obtained, which is used for detecting the pollution release of decoration material.

10. Use according to claim 9, wherein In the detection, a working curve is established between the mass of the dropped target pollutant, the centrifugation time and rate, the oscillation time and frequency and the pollution release rate.

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