Solar cells and photovoltaic devices, electrical devices and power generation devices

Abstract

The application discloses a solar cell and a photovoltaic device, an electric device and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a first electrode and a first charge transport layer. The first electrode comprises a first metal oxide layer, a second metal oxide layer, a metal layer and metal nanoparticles. The metal layer is arranged between the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer. The metal nanoparticles are located between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer. The application utilizes the metal nanoparticles to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and in particular to a solar cell, photovoltaic device, electrical appliance, and power generation device. Background Technology

[0002] Flexible perovskite solar cells are a promising new type of solar cell. Compared to traditional silicon solar cells, flexible perovskite solar cells utilize flexible substrates that can adapt to various curved surfaces, greatly expanding the application areas of solar cells. They hold great promise for applications in wearable devices, building materials, and aerospace. Perovskite solar cells generally include transparent electrodes, and optimizing the performance of these transparent electrodes is a crucial way to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of the above-mentioned technical problems, this application provides a solar cell and photovoltaic device, an electrical device and a power generation device, which can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0004] The first technical solution adopted in this application is to provide a solar cell, including: a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light absorption layer and a second electrode. The first electrode includes a first metal oxide layer, a second metal oxide layer, a metal layer and metal nanoparticles. The metal layer is disposed between the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer, and the metal nanoparticles are located between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer.

[0005] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the first electrode of the solar cell includes a first metal oxide layer, a second metal oxide layer, a metal layer, and metal nanoparticles. The first electrode includes metal nanoparticles. When the metal nanoparticles undergo surface plasmon resonance with incident light, strong charge accumulation and oscillation are generated at specific locations on the metal nanoparticles, thereby generating a strong electromagnetic field in the near-field region of the metal nanoparticles. This electromagnetic field enhancement effect makes it easier for incident light to be focused onto the light absorption layer, increasing the light absorption efficiency of the light absorption layer, thereby improving the light absorption efficiency of the solar cell and ultimately enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0006] In this embodiment, the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer are transparent and conductive, and the metal layer is also transparent and conductive, so that light can pass through the first electrode to reach the light absorption layer.

[0007] In some embodiments, the work function of the metal nanoparticles is located between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer.

[0008] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the use of the above-mentioned metal nanoparticles can match the work function of the first electrode and the first charge transport layer, reduce the energy level barrier between the first electrode and the first charge transport layer, improve the carrier transport efficiency, thereby improving the conductivity of the solar cell and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0009] In some embodiments, at least some of the metal nanoparticles are discretely distributed between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer.

[0010] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the solar cell can be a flexible solar cell. The above-described configuration helps the first electrode release stress under bending stress, reducing the possibility of breakage and improving the lifespan of the flexible solar cell. Discretely distributed metal nanoparticles exist on the second metal oxide layer as independent individuals or small aggregates, forming an island-like distribution pattern. The particles maintain a certain distance from each other, not forming a continuous thin film or layered structure. These particles can be single, unaggregated metal nanoparticles or multiple aggregated or stacked metal nanoparticles. Simultaneously, these metal nanoparticles do not completely cover the second metal oxide layer, but only occupy a portion of its surface. The small distribution area of ​​the discrete metal nanoparticles reduces the contact area between the first electrode and the outside environment, thereby slowing down the rate of oxidation and corrosion of the first electrode by moisture, oxygen, etc., improving its durability and stability, and thus increasing the lifespan of the solar cell. Furthermore, the discretely distributed metal nanoparticles are not interconnected, and under illumination, they can excite localized plasma resonance effects, enhancing the local electromagnetic field strength and improving the light absorption efficiency of the solar cell, thereby increasing its photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0011] In some embodiments, the work function difference between the metal nanoparticles and the first charge transport layer is 0.1 eV to 0.3 eV; the work function difference between the metal nanoparticles and the second metal oxide layer is 0.1 eV to 0.3 eV.

[0012] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the above-mentioned metal nanoparticles are used to match the work function of the first electrode and the first charge transport layer, thereby reducing the energy level barrier between the first electrode and the first charge transport layer, improving the carrier transport efficiency while reducing the energy loss caused by the work function difference, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0013] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the work function difference between the metal nanoparticles and the second metal oxide layer is 0.1eV to 0.3eV, which makes the work function of the metal nanoparticles and the second metal oxide layer match, reduces the energy level barrier between the metal nanoparticles and the second metal oxide layer, improves the carrier transport efficiency, and reduces the energy loss caused by the work function difference, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0014] In some embodiments, the sheet resistance of the first electrode is 3.0 Ω / sq to 13.5 Ω / sq.

[0015] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the sheet resistance of the first electrode is within the above-mentioned range, and the conductivity of the first electrode is good, which can improve the carrier transport efficiency, thereby improving the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) of the solar cell, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0016] In some embodiments, the metal nanoparticles are made of one or more of Pt, Ni, and Pd.

[0017] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the above-mentioned metal nanoparticles, Pt, Ni, and Pd, can increase the work function of the first electrode, match the work function of the first electrode and the first charge transport layer, reduce the energy level barrier between the first electrode and the first charge transport layer, improve the carrier transport efficiency, and thus improve the conductivity of the solar cell. In addition, Pt, Ni, and Pd metal nanoparticles themselves have corrosion resistance, which can improve the corrosion resistance of the solar cell, thereby improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0018] In some embodiments, the particle size of the metal nanoparticles is 1 nm to 200 nm.

[0019] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the particle size of a single unaggregated metal nanoparticle or multiple aggregated or stacked metal nanoparticles is within the above range, which can effectively excite local plasma resonance effect and enhance local electromagnetic field intensity. This electromagnetic field enhancement effect makes it easier for incident light to be focused onto the light absorption layer, increases the light absorption efficiency of the light absorption layer, and thus improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0020] In some implementations, the structure of the metal layer includes a metal surface, or a combination of metal mesh and metal particles.

[0021] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the structure of the metal layer includes a metal surface, which is a continuous surface formed by processing or shaping a metal material. Specifically, in this embodiment, the metal surface can be a continuous surface prepared by physical vapor deposition of a metal target. This metal surface has a uniform material composition and a complete structure. The structure of the metal layer also includes a combination of a metal mesh with hollowed-out areas and metal particles, with the metal particles deposited in the hollowed-out areas of the metal mesh. The metal layer serves to conduct electricity.

[0022] In some implementations, the thickness of the metal layer is 5 nm to 15 nm.

[0023] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thickness of the metal layer is within the above range, the film-forming performance of the metal layer is better, the internal current flow is better, which is beneficial to improving the conductivity of the solar cell; the thickness of the metal layer is within the above range, the reflection and absorption of light by the metal layer is smaller, which makes the light transmittance of the metal layer larger, which is beneficial to improving the light absorption rate of the solar cell, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0024] In some implementations, the metal layer is made of one or more of Ag, Cu, Au, Al, and Ni.

[0025] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the above-mentioned metal layer, Ag, Cu, Au, Al, Ni has excellent conductivity, which can improve the conductivity of the solar cell.

[0026] In some embodiments, the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer each independently include one or more of zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), and boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO).

[0027] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned first metal oxide layer and second metal oxide layer are used. Since these oxides are indium-free, non-toxic, and have low cost, they can be fabricated on a flexible substrate, facilitating their use in flexible solar cells. The first and second metal oxide layers serve to resist reflection and match the refractive index of the metal layer, reducing light reflection at the interfaces between layers, thereby increasing the amount of transmitted light and improving the cell's light absorption efficiency. The first and second metal oxide layers protect the sandwiched metal layer, reducing the probability of oxidation in air or damage caused by external mechanical forces, resulting in better conductivity and long-term stability. Furthermore, the metal layer itself is ductile, improving overall mechanical properties.

[0028] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer are each independently 10 nm to 100 nm.

[0029] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thicknesses of the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer are within the aforementioned range. The first and second metal oxide layers exhibit good film-forming properties and good internal current flow, which is beneficial for improving the conductivity of the solar cell. The thicknesses of the first and second metal oxide layers within the aforementioned range can protect the metal layer sandwiched in between, reducing the probability of the metal layer being oxidized in air or damaged by external mechanical forces. This results in the metal layer having good conductivity and long-term stability, while the metal layer itself is also ductile, thus improving the overall mechanical properties. Furthermore, the thicknesses of the first and second metal oxide layers within the aforementioned range result in less light reflection and absorption by the first and second metal oxide layers, leading to higher light transmittance. This is beneficial for improving the light absorption rate of the solar cell, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0030] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second charge transport layer; the first charge transport layer is located between the first electrode and the light absorption layer; the second charge transport layer is located between the light absorption layer and the second electrode; wherein, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0031] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, through the above settings, the first electrode can be used as the bottom electrode of the solar cell's formal structure (npi) or inverted structure (pin), or as the top electrode of the solar cell.

[0032] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a substrate layer disposed on the side of the first electrode away from the light-absorbing layer; the substrate layer includes a flexible substrate layer, and the material of the flexible substrate layer includes one or more of polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide.

[0033] In related technologies, ITO is used as an electrode, but its brittleness makes it unsuitable for flexible substrates and thus unsuitable for flexible solar cells. In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned substrate layer—polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide—possesses good flexibility and bending resistance, which helps release bending stress in the solar cell, reduces the possibility of cracks or breakage, and improves the lifespan of the solar cell. Using this substrate layer, the adhesion between the substrate layer and the first electrode is strong, allowing the first electrode to adhere better to the substrate, reducing the possibility of the first electrode peeling off or breaking from the substrate layer due to bending, stretching, or other mechanical operations, thereby improving the lifespan of the solar cell. The first electrode of this application embodiment can be used in flexible solar cells.

[0034] The second technical solution adopted in this application is to provide a photovoltaic device, including the solar cell described above.

[0035] Since the photovoltaic device of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0036] The third technical solution adopted in this application is to provide an electrical device, including the solar cell described above.

[0037] Since the power-consuming device of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0038] The fourth technical solution adopted in this application is: to provide a power generation device, including the solar cell as described above.

[0039] Since the power generation device of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0040] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of this application. In order to better understand the technical means of this application and to implement it in accordance with the contents of the specification, and to make the above contents and other objects, features and advantages of this application more obvious and understandable, specific embodiments of this application are given below. Attached Figure Description

[0041] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiments below. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0042] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to some embodiments of this application;

[0043] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to other embodiments of this application;

[0044] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to some embodiments of this application;

[0045] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the metal nanoparticle distribution of the first electrode of a solar cell in some embodiments of this application;

[0046] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic device according to some embodiments of this application;

[0047] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electrical device according to some embodiments of this application;

[0048] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a power generation device according to some embodiments of this application.

[0049] Marker explanation:

[0050] Solar cell 100, first electrode 101, first metal oxide layer 1011, metal layer 1012, second metal oxide layer 1013, metal nanoparticles 1014, first charge transport layer 102, light absorption layer 103, second charge transport layer 104, second electrode layer 105, substrate layer 106, photovoltaic device 1000, power consumption device 2000, power generation device 3000. Detailed Implementation

[0051] The embodiments of the technical solution of this application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application and are therefore merely examples, and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0052] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the application; the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and foregoing description of the drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0053] In the description of the embodiments of this application, technical terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly defined.

[0054] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0055] In the description of the embodiments in this application, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0056] To improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells, the structure and material of the transparent electrode are usually modified to enhance its performance, making it easier for incident light to be focused onto the light-absorbing layer. ITO, as the most commonly used transparent electrode material, has high transmittance in the visible light band, but it also exhibits parasitic absorption in certain wavelengths. This causes some photons to fail to reach the light-absorbing layer, thereby reducing the light absorption efficiency of the light-absorbing layer and ultimately lowering the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0057] This application provides a solar cell and photovoltaic device, an electrical device and a power generation device, which can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0058] Reference Figure 1 This application provides a solar cell 100, including a first electrode 101, a first charge transport layer 102, a light absorption layer 103, and a second electrode 105. The first electrode 101 includes a first metal oxide layer 1011, a second metal oxide layer 1013, a metal layer 1012, and metal nanoparticles 1014. The metal layer 1012 is disposed between the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013, and the metal nanoparticles 1014 are located between the second metal oxide layer 1013 and the first charge transport layer 102.

[0059] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the first electrode 101 of the solar cell 100 includes a first metal oxide layer 1011, a second metal oxide layer 1013, a metal layer 1012, and metal nanoparticles 1014. The first electrode 101 includes metal nanoparticles 1014. When the metal nanoparticles 1014 undergo surface plasmon resonance with incident light, strong charge accumulation and oscillation are generated at specific locations of the metal nanoparticles 1014, thereby generating a strong electromagnetic field in the near-field region of the metal nanoparticles 1014. This electromagnetic field enhancement effect makes it easier for the incident light to be focused onto the light absorption layer 103, increasing the light absorption efficiency of the light absorption layer 103, thereby improving the light absorption efficiency of the solar cell 100, and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0060] In this embodiment, the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 are transparent and conductive, and the metal layer 1012 is also transparent and conductive, so that light can pass through the first electrode 101 to reach the light absorption layer 103.

[0061] In some embodiments, the work function of the metal nanoparticles 1014 is located between the second metal oxide layer 1013 and the first charge transport layer 102.

[0062] The work function of the metal nanoparticles 1014 is located between the second metal oxide layer 1013 and the first charge transport layer 102, which can match the work function of the first electrode 101 and the first charge transport layer 102, reduce the energy level barrier between the first electrode 101 and the first charge transport layer 102, improve the carrier transport efficiency, and thus improve the conductivity of the solar cell 100, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0063] In some embodiments, at least some of the metal nanoparticles 1014 are discretely distributed between the second metal oxide layer 1013 and the first charge transport layer 102.

[0064] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the solar cell can be a flexible solar cell. The above-described arrangement helps the first electrode 101 release stress under bending stress, reducing the possibility of breakage of the first electrode 101 and improving the service life of the flexible solar cell. (Reference) Figure 4Discretely distributed metal nanoparticles 1014 exist on the second metal oxide layer 1013 as independent individuals or small aggregates, forming an island-like distribution pattern. The particles maintain a certain distance from each other, not forming a continuous thin film or layered structure. These particles can be single, unaggregated metal nanoparticles 1014, or multiple aggregated or stacked metal nanoparticles 1014. Simultaneously, these metal nanoparticles 1014 do not completely cover the second metal oxide layer 1013, but only occupy a portion of its surface. The small distribution area of ​​the discrete metal nanoparticles 1014 reduces the contact area between the first electrode 101 and the external environment, thereby slowing down the rate of oxidation and corrosion of the first electrode 101 by moisture, oxygen, etc., in the air, improving the durability and stability of the first electrode 101, and thus increasing the lifespan of the solar cell 100. Moreover, the discretely distributed metal nanoparticles 1014 are not interconnected as a whole, and under illumination, they can excite local plasma resonance effects, enhance local electromagnetic field strength, improve the light absorption efficiency of the solar cell 100, and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0065] In some embodiments, the work function difference between the metal nanoparticles 1014 and the first charge transport layer 102 is 0.1 eV to 0.3 eV; the work function difference between the metal nanoparticles 1014 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 is 0.1 eV to 0.3 eV.

[0066] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned metal nanoparticles 1014 are used to match the work function of the first electrode 101 and the first charge transport layer 102, thereby reducing the energy level barrier between the first electrode 101 and the first charge transport layer 102, improving the carrier transport efficiency while reducing energy loss caused by the work function difference, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. The work function difference between the metal nanoparticles 1014 and the first charge transport layer 102 can be 0.1eV, 0.11eV, 0.12eV, 0.15eV, 0.18eV, 0.2eV, 0.21eV, 0.23eV, 0.25eV, 0.28eV, 0.3eV, etc., or it can be a range composed of any two of the above values, such as 0.1eV~0.2eV, 0.15eV~0.28eV, 0.2eV~0.3eV, etc.

[0067] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the work function difference between the metal nanoparticles 1014 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 is 0.1eV to 0.3eV, which makes the work functions of the metal nanoparticles 1014 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 match, reduces the energy level barrier between the metal nanoparticles 1014 and the second metal oxide layer 1013, improves the carrier transport efficiency while reducing the energy loss caused by the work function difference, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. The work function difference between the metal nanoparticles 1014 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 can be 0.1 eV, 0.11 eV, 0.12 eV, 0.15 eV, 0.18 eV, 0.2 eV, 0.21 eV, 0.23 eV, 0.25 eV, 0.28 eV, 0.3 eV, etc., or it can be a range composed of any two of the above values, such as 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV, 0.15 eV to 0.28 eV, 0.2 eV to 0.3 eV, etc.

[0068] In some embodiments, the sheet resistance of the first electrode 101 is 3.0 Ω / sq to 13.5 Ω / sq.

[0069] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the sheet resistance of the first electrode 101 is within the above-mentioned range, and the conductivity of the first electrode 101 is good, which can improve the carrier transport efficiency, thereby improving the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) of the solar cell 100, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. The sheet resistance of the first electrode 101 can be 3.0Ω / sq, 3.1Ω / sq, 3.5Ω / sq, 4.0Ω / sq, 5.0Ω / sq, 6.0Ω / sq, 7.0Ω / sq, 8.0Ω / sq, 9.0Ω / sq, 10.0Ω / sq, 11.0Ω / sq, 12.0Ω / sq, 13.0Ω / sq, 13.5Ω / sq, etc., or it can be a range of any two of the above values, such as 3.0Ω / sq~6.0Ω / sq, 5.0Ω / sq~12.0Ω / sq, 10.0Ω / sq~13.5Ω / sq, etc.

[0070] In some embodiments, the metal nanoparticles 1014 are made of one or more of Pt, Ni, and Pd.

[0071] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the use of the above-mentioned metal nanoparticles 1014, Pt, Ni, and Pd can increase the work function of the first electrode 101, making the work function of the first electrode 101 match that of the first charge transport layer 102, reducing the energy level barrier between the first electrode 101 and the first charge transport layer 102, improving the carrier transport efficiency, and thus improving the conductivity of the solar cell 100. In addition, the Pt, Ni, and Pd metal nanoparticles themselves have corrosion resistance, which can improve the corrosion resistance of the solar cell 100, thereby improving the stability of the solar cell 100.

[0072] In some embodiments, the particle size of the metal nanoparticles 1014 is 1 nm to 200 nm.

[0073] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the particle size of a single unaggregated metal nanoparticle 1014 or multiple aggregated or stacked metal nanoparticles 1014 is within the above-mentioned range. This can effectively excite a local plasma resonance effect and enhance the local electromagnetic field intensity. This electromagnetic field enhancement effect makes it easier for incident light to be focused onto the light absorption layer 103, increasing the light absorption efficiency of the light absorption layer 103, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. The particle size of the metal nanoparticles 1014 can be 1nm, 1.1nm, 1.5nm, 2nm, 5nm, 10nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 80nm, 100nm, 120nm, 150nm, 190nm, 200nm, etc., or it can be a range composed of any two of the above values, such as 1nm~80nm, 20nm~190nm, 150nm~200nm, etc.

[0074] In some embodiments, the structure of the metal layer 1012 includes a metal surface, or a combination of a metal mesh and metal particles.

[0075] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the structure of the metal layer 1012 includes a metal surface, which is a continuous surface formed by processing or shaping a metal material. Specifically, in this embodiment, the metal surface can be a continuous surface prepared by physical vapor deposition of a metal target. This metal surface has a uniform material composition and a complete structure. The structure of the metal layer 1012 also includes a combination of a metal mesh with hollowed-out areas and metal particles, with the metal particles deposited in the hollowed-out areas of the metal mesh. The metal layer 1012 serves to conduct electricity.

[0076] In some embodiments, the thickness of the metal layer 1012 is 5 nm to 15 nm.

[0077] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thickness of the metal layer 1012 is within the above-mentioned range. The metal layer 1012 has good film-forming performance and good internal current flow, which is beneficial to improving the conductivity of the solar cell 100. When the thickness of the metal layer 1012 is within the above-mentioned range, the metal layer 1012 reflects and absorbs less light, resulting in a higher light transmittance, which is beneficial to improving the light absorption rate of the solar cell 100, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. The thickness of the metal layer 1012 can be 5nm, 5.1nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 7nm, 8nm, 9nm, 10nm, 11nm, 12nm, 13nm, 14nm, 15nm, etc., or it can be a range composed of any two of the above values, such as 5nm~10nm, 8nm~13nm, 10nm~15nm, etc.

[0078] In some embodiments, the metal layer 1012 is made of one or more of Ag, Cu, Au, Al, and Ni.

[0079] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the above-mentioned metal layer 1012, Ag, Cu, Au, Al, Ni has excellent conductivity, which can improve the conductivity of the solar cell 100.

[0080] In some embodiments, the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 each independently include one or more of zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), and boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO).

[0081] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 are used. Since the oxides do not contain indium, the cost is low, and they can be fabricated on a flexible substrate, making them convenient for use in flexible solar cells. The first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 serve to resist reflection and match the refractive index with the metal layer 1012, reducing light reflection at the interfaces between layers, thereby increasing the amount of transmitted light and improving the light absorption efficiency of the solar cell 100. The first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 can also protect the metal layer 1012 sandwiched in the middle, reducing the probability of the metal layer 1012 being oxidized in the air or damaged by mechanical external forces, so that the metal layer 1012 has better conductivity and long-term stability. Since the metal layer 1012 itself is also ductile, the overall mechanical properties are improved.

[0082] The first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 are made of indium-free oxide, which can be prepared at room temperature or low temperature (below 200°C), making them suitable for use on flexible substrates and facilitating the fabrication of flexible solar cells.

[0083] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 is independently 10 nm to 100 nm.

[0084] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the thickness of the second metal oxide layer 1013 are within the aforementioned range. This improves the conductivity of the solar cell 100 without affecting its light absorption efficiency, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100. With the thickness of the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 within the aforementioned range, the film-forming properties of the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 are better, and their internal current flow is better, which is beneficial to improving the conductivity of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 within the aforementioned range can protect the metal layer 1012 sandwiched in between, reducing the probability of the metal layer 1012 being oxidized in air or damaged by mechanical external forces, thus making the metal layer 1012 have better... The good conductivity and long-term stability, coupled with the ductility of the metal layer 1012, improve the overall mechanical properties. The thicknesses of the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 are within the aforementioned range, resulting in low light reflection and absorption, and high light transmittance. This is beneficial for improving the light absorption rate of the solar cell 100, thereby enhancing its photoelectric conversion efficiency. The thicknesses of the first metal oxide layer 1011 and the second metal oxide layer 1013 can be 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 15nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, etc., or any range of two of the aforementioned values, such as 10nm–20nm, 15nm–80nm, 70nm–100nm, etc.

[0085] In some implementations, refer to Figure 2The solar cell 100 further includes a second charge transport layer 104; the first charge transport layer 102 is located between the first electrode 101 and the light absorption layer 103; the second charge transport layer 104 is located between the light absorption layer 103 and the second electrode 105; wherein, one of the first charge transport layer 102 and the second charge transport layer 104 is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0086] The light-absorbing layer 103 comprises a perovskite material with the general formula ABX3, wherein A comprises inorganic, organic, or mixed organic-inorganic cations, including methylamine cations, formamidinium cations, and Cs. + 、Rb + At least one of the following; B includes inorganic cations, including Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ One or more of the following; X ions include halide anions or halide-like anions.

[0087] The electron transport layer is responsible for extracting electrons and blocking holes. The electron transport layer is at least one of the following materials and their derivatives, or materials obtained by doping or passivation: [6,6]-phenyl C 61 Methyl butyrate (PC) 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate (PC) 71 BM), fullerene C60 (C60), fullerene C70 (C70), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0088] The hole transport layer is at least one of the following materials and their derivatives, or materials obtained by doping or passivation: nickel oxide, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphate (Me-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphate (MeO-4PACz), and other materials that have been reported in patents or literature.

[0089] The material of the second electrode layer 105 is an organic, inorganic, or organic-inorganic mixed conductive material, including but not limited to one or more of the following materials: fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), Ag, Au, Cu, Bi, and Al.

[0090] It should be noted that corresponding modification layers can be inserted between the layers. For example, a hole blocking layer for blocking holes can be inserted on the side of the electron transport layer away from the light absorption layer 103. The material can include SnO2, copper bath (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, BCP), etc.

[0091] In some implementations, reference Figure 3 The solar cell 100 also includes a substrate layer 106, which is disposed on the side of the first electrode 101 away from the light absorption layer 103. The substrate layer 106 includes a flexible substrate layer, and the material of the flexible substrate layer includes one or more of polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide.

[0092] In related technologies, ITO is used as an electrode, but its brittleness makes it unsuitable for flexible substrates and thus unsuitable for flexible solar cells. In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the aforementioned substrate layer 106, composed of polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide, exhibits good flexibility and bending resistance. This helps the solar cell 100 release bending stress, reducing the likelihood of cracks or breakage and improving its lifespan. Using the aforementioned substrate layer 106, the adhesion between the substrate layer 106 and the first electrode 101 is strong, allowing the first electrode 101 to adhere better to the substrate. This reduces the possibility of the first electrode 101 peeling off or breaking from the substrate layer 106 due to bending, stretching, or other mechanical operations, further improving the lifespan of the solar cell 100. The first electrode 101 of this application embodiment can be used in flexible solar cells.

[0093] Reference Figure 5 This application also provides a photovoltaic device 1000, including the solar cell 100 as described above.

[0094] The solar cell 100 disclosed in this application can be used in electrical devices or power generation devices that utilize photoelectric conversion. Electrical devices can be, but are not limited to, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, electric toys, power tools, electric vehicles, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc. Electric toys can include stationary or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc. Spacecraft can include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc. The power generation device can include the solar cell 100 and an energy storage device, which can be a secondary battery.

[0095] See Figure 6 This application also provides an electrical device 2000, including the solar cell 100 as described above.

[0096] In this application, the solar cell 100 serves as the power source for the aforementioned electrical device 2000; alternatively, the solar cell 100 can serve as an energy storage unit for the aforementioned electrical device 2000. As an example, the electrical device 2000 can be a lighting element, a display element, or an automobile, etc.

[0097] Reference Figure 7 This application also provides a power generation device 3000, including the solar cell 100 as described above. The power generation device 3000 may include the solar cell 100 and an energy storage device, which may be a secondary battery.

[0098] To make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of this application clearer, the following will provide a more detailed description in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit this application or its applications. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0099] The features and performance of this application will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments.

[0100] Example 1:

[0101] (1) Preparation of the first electrode:

[0102] (a) The base layer is a transparent thermoplastic polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) with a thickness of 2 mm;

[0103] (b) A first metal oxide layer is deposited on a cleaned substrate by magnetron sputtering, wherein the first metal oxide layer is a TiO2 thin film with a thickness of 10 nm;

[0104] (c) A metal layer is deposited on the first metal oxide layer by magnetron sputtering, wherein the metal layer is an Ag metal layer with a thickness of 10 nm;

[0105] (d) A second metal oxide layer is deposited on the metal layer by magnetron sputtering, wherein the second metal oxide layer is a TiO2 thin film with a thickness of 24 nm;

[0106] (e) Deposit metal nanoparticles on the second metal oxide layer by magnetron sputtering, wherein the metal nanoparticles are Ni and the particle size of the Ni is 12 nm; thereby obtaining a first electrode, the first electrode comprising a first metal oxide layer, a metal layer and a second metal oxide layer stacked sequentially, and metal nanoparticles disposed on the second metal oxide layer.

[0107] (2) Preparation of the hole transport layer:

[0108] Weigh 3 mg of MeO-4PACz and disperse it in 6 mL of isopropanol. Shake for 30 min until the MeO-4PACz is completely dissolved. Take 120 μL of the resulting dispersion and spin-coat it onto a TCO at 4500 rpm / s for 25 s using a spin coater. After spin-coating, place it on a hot plate and anneal at 110 °C for 15 min, then allow it to cool naturally to room temperature to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 2 nm.

[0109] (3) Preparation of the light-absorbing layer:

[0110] 480.31 mg of formamidinium hydroiodide (FAI), 31.39 mg of methylammonium iodide (MAI), 6.38 mg of methylammonium bromide (MABr), 38.97 mg of cesium iodide (CsI), 22.57 mg of lead bromide (PbBr2) and 1452.18 mg of lead iodide (PbI2) were weighed and dissolved in 2 mL of a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (DMF to DMSO volume ratio of 4:1) to obtain a perovskite precursor solution.

[0111] The solution was then shaken in the dark for 5 hours. After shaking, impurities in the precursor solution were removed using a filter head (25 mm diameter needle filter, 0.22 μm mesh size). 150 mL of the perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated onto the hole transport layer at 5000 rpm for 40 seconds. Ten seconds before the end of the spin-coating, 200 mL of chlorobenzene was rapidly added to regulate perovskite crystallization. After spin-coating, the solution was annealed at 150 °C for 15 minutes to obtain a uniform, dense, smooth, and transparent perovskite light-absorbing layer (FA) with a thickness of 550 nm. 0.98 MA 0.02 ) 0.95 Cs 0.05 Pb(I 0.98 Br 0.02 )3).

[0112] (4) Preparation of electron transport layer: A C60 electron transport layer with a thickness of 35 nm was prepared on the perovskite light absorption layer by vapor deposition.

[0113] (6) Preparation of hole blocking layer: A 5nm thick BCP hole blocking layer was prepared on the electron transport layer by vapor deposition.

[0114] (7) Fabrication of the second electrode layer: A 90 nm thick layer of metallic copper (Cu) was deposited on the hole-blocking layer as the second electrode. Before deposition, a vacuum of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ was first applied. -4Pa, then pre-deposited for 5 minutes. During the deposition process, the copper thickness is in the range of 0–20 nm, and the Cu evaporation rate is approximately When the thickness of metallic copper is in the range of 20 nm to 140 nm, the evaporation rate of Cu is approximately...

[0115] Example 2:

[0116] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0117] In step (1) of Example 1, the metal nanoparticles Ni were changed to Pt, and the particle size of the metal nanoparticles Pt was 7.9 nm.

[0118] Example 3:

[0119] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0120] In step (1) of Example 1, the first metal oxide layer is adjusted to a ZnO thin film, and the second metal oxide layer is adjusted to a ZnO thin film.

[0121] Example 4:

[0122] Similar to Example 3, except that:

[0123] In step (1) of Example 3, the metal layer Ag is changed to Au.

[0124] Example 5:

[0125] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0126] The particle size of the Ni metal nanoparticles in step (1) of Example 1 was adjusted to 10 nm.

[0127] Example 6:

[0128] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0129] The particle size of the metal nanoparticles Ni in step (1) of Example 1 was adjusted to 13.4 nm.

[0130] Example 7:

[0131] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0132] In step (1) of Example 1, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer was adjusted to 21 nm, and the thickness of the metal layer was adjusted to 5 nm.

[0133] Example 8:

[0134] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0135] In step (1) of Example 1, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer was adjusted to 21 nm, the thickness of the metal layer was adjusted to 15 nm, and the thickness of the second metal oxide layer was adjusted to 18 nm.

[0136] Example 9:

[0137] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0138] In step (1) of Example 1, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer was adjusted to 10 nm, and the thickness of the second metal oxide layer was adjusted to 48 nm.

[0139] Example 10:

[0140] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0141] In step (1) of Example 1, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer was adjusted to 100 nm, the thickness of the metal layer was adjusted to 8 nm, and the thickness of the second metal oxide layer was adjusted to 64 nm.

[0142] Example 11:

[0143] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0144] In step (1) of Example 1, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer was adjusted to 14 nm, and the thickness of the second metal oxide layer was adjusted to 30 nm.

[0145] Example 12:

[0146] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0147] In step (1) of Example 1, the thickness of the first metal oxide layer was adjusted to 68 nm, the thickness of the metal layer was adjusted to 6 nm, and the thickness of the second metal oxide layer was adjusted to 100 nm.

[0148] Comparative Example 1:

[0149] Similar to Example 1, the difference is:

[0150] The first electrode of Example 1 was adjusted to be ITO with a thickness of 150 nm.

[0151] Battery performance tests were conducted on the battery devices 1 to 13 obtained from Examples 1 to 12 and Comparative Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0152] Test method:

[0153] 1. Transmittance Test Method: Transmittance is tested using a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The wavelength is set to the visible light wavelength, and the scanning range is set to 380nm~780nm. After setting, the test is started, the transmittance-wavelength spectrum is obtained, and the transmittance value for each wavelength is recorded.

[0154] 2. Work Function Measurement Method: The work function of the sample is measured using a KPFM (Kelvin Probe Force Microscope). The KPFM probe bias voltage is set to 0V, the AC bias voltage to 2V, and the driving frequency to 525kHz. The local potential difference is measured through the contact between the probe and the sample surface. This potential difference originates from the difference in work function between the sample surface and the probe. By adjusting the probe bias voltage, potential equilibrium is achieved between the probe and the sample surface (i.e., no current flow), allowing the work function of the sample to be calculated. The calculation formula is ΔV = Φs – Φt = (Ws – Wt) / -e. (ΔV is the measured value, i.e., the surface potential difference between the probe and the sample; Φs and Φt are the potentials of the sample surface and the probe; Ws and Wt are the work functions of the sample and the probe.)

[0155] 3. Sheet resistance change rate test method: Use a handheld four-probe sheet resistance meter to test the sample. Place the probes precisely on the sample surface and read the value displayed on the sheet resistance meter to obtain the sheet resistance value of the sample.

[0156] 4. Photovoltaic Conversion Efficiency Test Method: Under normal temperature and pressure, a standard light source with an AM1.5G solar light source was used, conforming to the national standard IEC61215. A crystalline silicon solar cell was used to correct the light intensity to achieve a solar intensity. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) was used to measure the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cell under illumination, obtaining the short-circuit current Jsc, open-circuit voltage Voc, maximum light output current Jmpp, and maximum light output voltage Vmpp. The fill factor FF and photovoltaic conversion efficiency PCE were calculated as follows:

[0157] FF = Jsc × Voc / (Jmpp × Vmpp)

[0158] PCE = Pout / Popt

[0159] =Voc×Jsc×(Vmpp×Jmpp) / (Voc×Jsc)

[0160] =Voc×Jsc×FF / Popt

[0161] Wherein, Pout, Popp, Vmpp, Jmpp, Voc, and Jsc represent the battery's operating output power, incident light power, battery's maximum power point voltage, battery's maximum power point current, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current density, respectively, with the incident light power being 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0162] 5. T 80 Stability testing method: T 80 The test is used to evaluate the stability of solar cells, i.e., the time required for their performance to drop to 80% of their initial value. This was conducted at 65°C and 1 sun (100 mW / cm²). 2 Testing was conducted under illumination conditions. First, a solar cell was fabricated and encapsulated, then placed in a solar simulation light box stability testing instrument. A standard light source was used to provide stable light intensity, ensuring the spectrum was close to the AM1.5G standard. At the start of the test, the initial photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE), short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) were recorded. Then, continuous illumination was applied at 65°C and 1 day, and the device performance was monitored in real time. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was typically used to ensure the device operated continuously at maximum power output. The change in PCE over time was recorded until it dropped to 80% of its initial value; the time corresponding to this drop is termed T. 80 To ensure testing accuracy, uniform lighting should be maintained, multiple samples should be tested repeatedly, and all data should be recorded throughout the process.

[0163] 6. Metal Nanoparticle Size Measurement Method: A ZEISS Sigma 300 scanning electron microscope was used to scan the first electrode on which metal nanoparticles were deposited. The accelerating voltage, magnification, and working distance were adjusted to 10 kV, 100 kx, and 9.3 nm, respectively. An appropriate magnification was selected to ensure that at least 10 metal nanoparticles were included in the field of view, while maintaining clear visibility of particle details. Images from at least five fields of view were randomly selected from different regions of the sample. The acquired SEM images were imported into image processing software for analysis. Image preprocessing was performed, including contrast enhancement and noise removal, to better identify particle boundaries. A thresholding method was used to separate the particles from the background, and an edge detection algorithm was used to identify particle boundaries, ensuring that the segmented particles were closed regions and filled the internal areas of the particles. The particle size was measured using the software's analysis function.

[0164]

[0165]

[0166] As can be seen from the relevant data in Table 1, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and T in Examples 1-12 are... 80 The stability of all examples is higher than that of Comparative Example 1. The first electrode of the solar cell devices in Examples 1 to 12 all include a first metal oxide layer, a metal layer, a second metal oxide layer, and metal nanoparticles. The metal layer is disposed between the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer, and the metal nanoparticles are located between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer. This shows that by using the first electrode provided in this application, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell can be improved.

[0167] The above description is merely an embodiment of this application and does not limit the patent scope of this application. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made using the content of this application's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that, The solar cell includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light absorption layer, and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode includes: First metal oxide layer and second metal oxide layer; A metal layer disposed between the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer; Metal nanoparticles, wherein the metal nanoparticles are located between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer.

2. The solar cell as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The work function of the metal nanoparticles is located between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer.

3. The solar cell as described in claim 1, characterized in that, At least some of the metal nanoparticles are discretely distributed between the second metal oxide layer and the first charge transport layer.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The work function difference between the metal nanoparticles and the first charge transport layer is 0.1 eV to 0.3 eV; the work function difference between the metal nanoparticles and the second metal oxide layer is 0.1 eV to 0.3 eV.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The sheet resistance of the first electrode is 3.0 Ω / sq to 13.5 Ω / sq.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the metal nanoparticles are made of one or more of Pt, Ni, and Pd.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, The particle size of the metal nanoparticles is 1 nm to 200 nm.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The structure of the metal layer includes a metal surface, or a combination of metal mesh and metal particles.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, The thickness of the metal layer is 5 nm to 15 nm.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, The metal layer is made of one or more of Ag, Cu, Au, Al, and Ni.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that, The materials of the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer each independently include one or more of zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin-antimony oxide, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, gallium zinc oxide, and boron-doped zinc oxide.

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that, The thickness of the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer are each independently 10 nm to 100 nm.

13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that, The solar cell further includes a second charge transport layer; The first charge transport layer is located between the first electrode and the light absorption layer; The second charge transport layer is located between the light absorption layer and the second electrode; In this configuration, one of the first charge transport layer and the other of the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

14. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that, The solar cell further includes a substrate layer disposed on the side of the first electrode away from the light-absorbing layer; the substrate layer includes a flexible substrate layer, and the material of the flexible substrate layer includes one or more of polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide.

15. A photovoltaic device, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 14.

16. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 14.

17. A power generation device, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 14.

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