Self-heating battery

Abstract

Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300), the battery or capacitor (200, 300) comprising: an anode (210, 310) comprising a metallic current collector foil (212, 312) having a porous layer of particles of an anode material (214, 314) bonded to each side of the current collector foil (212, 312) of the anode (210, 310), a cathode (202, 302) comprising a metallic current collector foil (204, 304) having an equally sized and shaped porous layer of particles of a cathode material (206, 306) bonded to each side of the current collector foil (204, 304) of the cathode (202, 302), wherein the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302) are arranged such that a layer of a bonded anode material (214, 314) is facing a layer of a bonded cathode material (206, 306), which are kept separate by at least one porous separator (208, 308) which is connected to the facing layers of the bonded anode and cathode material (214, 314;206, 306) is congruent, wherein the pores of the separator (208, 308) and the layers of the anode and cathode material (214, 314; 206, 306) are permeated with a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, wherein the current collector foils (204, 212) have connecting tabs (204'', 212''') for electrical contact with an external electrical circuit for the flow of an electric current to or from the battery or capacitor (200, 300); ; wherein the current collector foil (212, 312, 204, 304) made of metal of one of the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302), or of both, includes an additional foil sub-area (204'', 212'', 312'', 304'') which is not coated with anode or cathode material (214, 314; 206, 306) and which is located outside its foil area of ​​the coated anode or cathode material (214, 314;206, 306), wherein the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) has a connecting tab (204'''', 212'''', 304'''', 312'''') for electrical contact with an external current-consuming device, so that an electric current generated during operation of the battery or capacitor (200, 300) can be passed through the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) to heat the extended area of ​​the current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312), wherein the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) is available for use during operation of the battery or capacitor (200, 300), is dimensioned and malleable to touch and heat the battery or capacitor (200, 300) or to touch and heat a separate working battery or capacitor (200, 300).;

Description

TECHNICAL AREA

[0001] The invention relates to a lithium- or sodium-based battery or capacitor. It further relates to a combination of a first and second cell of such a battery or capacitor, as well as to a further battery.

[0002] Some lithium-based and sodium-based batteries and capacitors are regularly exposed to cold environments where the energy and power outputs of their electrochemical cells could be improved if they could be heated effectively and cost-efficiently. This disclosure relates to similar or complementary electrochemical cells, one of which has a self-heating property and can be used to periodically heat an adjacent working cell when exposed to a low-temperature environment. This disclosure also relates to a cell with a working section and a heating section, which is managed and controlled such that it can be periodically activated to heat the working section when it has been cooled in its working environment.

[0003] For background information, reference is made here to the publications CN 1 05 518 905 A, KR 10 2015 0 104 100 A, WO 2013 / 146 811 A1, CN 2 02 549 958 U, US 2006 / 0 012 342 A1, WO 2013 / 012 334 A1, US 2015 / 0 064 511 A1 and US 2003 / 0 124 424 A1, from which aspects of self-heating battery arrangements emerge. BACKGROUND

[0004] Relatively lightweight lithium-based and sodium-based batteries and capacitors are energy-efficient and increasingly used in many consumer applications. In some applications, such as in motor vehicles, the battery or capacitor may be regularly exposed to low ambient temperatures, which can impair cell performance. There is a need to find effective methods for onboard heating of the cells in such batteries and capacitors during these periods of low ambient temperature operation. SUMMARY OF THE REVELATION

[0005] Current lithium-based batteries often feature an arrangement of one or more electrochemical cells, each cell comprising an anode and a cathode capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium from a non-aqueous electrolyte solution of a suitable lithium electrolyte salt. The anode and cathode are physically separated from direct electrical contact by a porous separator. The anode is often formed from particles of an active anode material, such as graphite or lithium titanate, which are bonded by resin in uniformly thick, porous layers on each side of a thin, metallic (often copper) current collector film with low electrical resistance.The current collector film can, for example, have a uniform thickness in the range of about five micrometers to fifteen micrometers and can bear on each opposite surface a porous, bonded coating or covering layer of a particle-shaped electrode material, the thickness of which can range from over five micrometers to about one hundred micrometers, depending on the energy and power requirements of the cell.

[0006] The cathode is formed similarly from particles of an active cathode material such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium manganese oxide (LMO, LiMn2O4), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2). The selected active cathode material is bonded in porous, uniformly thick layers to each lateral surface of a thin metallic (often aluminum) current collector foil using resin. The thicknesses of the porous cathode layers are typically comparable to the thickness of the corresponding anode material layers, depending on the electrical requirements of the electrochemical cell in which the cathode materials are used. Each of the anode and cathode material particles may be mixed with a quantity of electrically conductive carbon particles.

[0007] In many such batteries, each of the thin current collector foils is rectangular in shape with side dimensions up to about 150 millimeters (in a stacked cell arrangement) and has an uncoated terminal extending from one side for electrical connection with another electrode in a cell arrangement. In current general practice, the opposing main surfaces of the thin metallic current collectors are substantially completely covered with the porous layers of the electrode material, and the metallic current collectors provide a low-resistance path for the flow of electrons to and from the coatings or coverings of a bonded electrode material during the operation (charging and discharging) of each lithium battery cell. All the direct current flowing into and out of the cell passes through the respective anode and cathode current collectors.The compositions of the thin metal current collectors are selected to exhibit a relatively low electrical resistance, thus minimizing resistance heating of the cells. However, as will be described later in this patent description, current current collector shapes and compositions can utilize extended portions of metal foil not coated with electrode material. These portions can be shaped and modified to provide additional, useful resistance heating during cell operation. This additional heating can be directed by the position or placement of the extended foil portion of the current collector and used to heat either the immediate working cell in which it is integrated or an adjacent standard working cell.

[0008] In some cell configurations, identically shaped anode and cathode layer structures are assembled in right-angled stacks with thin, porous polymer separators placed between them. These separators physically separate the porous layers of opposing electrode materials but allow suitable infiltration or penetration with the electrolyte solution and the transport of lithium ions between the porous layers of the electrode materials. In other cell configurations, a long, right-angled anode layer and an identically shaped, long, right-angled cathode layer with identically shaped porous separator layers placed between them can be formed as a wound or rolled lithium-based cell structure.

[0009] Lithium-based capacitors often exhibit similar porous electrode and separator structures; however, the respective anodes and cathodes are formed from particles of suitable, currently known capacitor materials, which are bonded as porous layers to thin metallic current collector foils using resin. The specific capacitor electrode materials are selected to efficiently absorb and desorb lithium ions from a suitable non-aqueous solution of an electrolyte salt(s).

[0010] Sodium-based batteries and capacitors are similarly constructed using particles of suitable known active anode and cathode compositions for the respective electrodes for the operation of the electrochemical cell of the battery or capacitor.

[0011] The electrode materials of each such lithium-based or sodium-based battery or capacitor are selected and formulated to operate at a predetermined temperature level or temperature range. Often, such an operating temperature range can extend from approximately room temperature (e.g., 20°C to 25°C) to about twenty or thirty degrees Celsius above room temperature. However, in many applications for such batteries and capacitors, the device in which they are used, such as automobiles, may be exposed to ambient temperatures many degrees below the vehicle's optimal operating temperature.

[0012] According to the practical implementation of this invention, a unique heating cell for a battery or capacitor is prepared and is suitable for self-heating when such heating is required. The battery or capacitor has a working section and a self-heating section, as will be described. Alternatively, the heating cell can be suitable for use in combination with one or more separate regular working cells. In the latter application, the heating cell is placed in a stack or coil in close proximity to a regular working cell or group of working cells of the battery or capacitor. The heating cell often has a shape similar to that of the adjacent working cell or cells, so that it can be placed in heat transfer contact with the cooled working cells to be heated.The electrode materials of the heating cell can have the same or similar compositions as the electrode materials of the working cells of the battery or capacitor. The electrochemical reactions of the heating cell can be the same as those of the working cell(s). The heating cell is activated by a suitable combination of temperature sensing and battery operation controllers when the heating cell, or an adjacent working cell or group of cells, requires heating in a cold environment.

[0013] In a first embodiment of the invention, a heating cell is prepared in which the compositions of the electrode materials, the compositions and structures of the anode and cathode current collectors, and the composition of the electrolyte and its solvent(s) are determined such that they provide additional heat when the cell is activated. By generating such additional heat, in addition to a usable current, such a self-heating battery or capacitor cell can be periodically activated to generate heat and transfer it to an adjacent working cell that currently needs to operate in a cooled environment. The self-heating cell can be contained in the same bag, pouch, or container as the working cell.Or it can be contained separately in a material that allows the transfer of heat from the self-heating cell to an adjacent working cell whose function would be enhanced if it were heated to a moderately higher temperature.

[0014] According to a second embodiment of this invention, one or both of the current collector foils of the electrodes of the heating battery or capacitor cell are significantly modified to provide metallic heating elements and surfaces with electrical resistance in order to transfer heat to surfaces of its integral working cell or to surfaces of a nearby working cell or group of working cells.

[0015] As described above in this patent description, the anode of a conventional lithium battery can, for example, be formed by a porous layer of lithium titanate particles and electrically conductive carbon particles bonded by resin to both sides of a suitably dimensioned, rectangular copper current collector foil. Similarly, the cathode can be formed, for example, by a porous layer of lithium iron phosphate particles and conductive carbon particles bonded by resin to both sides of an equally dimensioned, rectangular aluminum current collector foil. With the exception of terminal tabs on one side of each current collector foil, an active electrode material is applied to a large proportion of the available surface area on each side of each current collector to maximize the energy-delivering performance of the battery cell.

[0016] In selected heating cells of this invention, a modified metal current collector film is used in one or both of the cell's anode and cathode. The shape of a portion of the current collector film is maintained to support its porous layers of electrode material on each side. It is evident that, in the operation of the battery or capacitor, the current collector film is heated by the flow of an electric current within it. In normal cell operation, the heating is absorbed by the thickness, surface area, and relatively low resistance of the current collector material. However, in this heating cell, heat generation in the current collector is increased by intentionally providing an extended portion of the current collector film that is not coated with electrode material.At least one side (or edge) of the current collector foil shape or surface bearing the electrode material is extended to accommodate a desired amount of additional foil material (not coated with electrode material), which is also heated by a resistance heater when, during cell operation, an electric current generated or discharged is intentionally passed through the extended foil material. This extended uncoated portion of the current collector may be integral with the coated portion of the current collector, or it may be a separate current collector foil material connected (e.g., welded or soldered) to a selected edge of the electrode-coated current collector.This enlarged and extended section of the current collector is also strategically shaped to wrap around a predetermined surface of the cell in which it is located, or heat-receiving surfaces of one or more adjacent working cells. This wrapping with the current collector extension creates a predetermined perimeter of contact between a heating surface and the working cells (or with a working area of ​​its own self-heating cell).Connecting tabs on the electrode material-coated surface of the heating cell's current collector and on the extended, uncoated portion of the current collector are suitably used by control means arranged in conjunction with the battery- or capacitor-powered device to control the operation of the heating cell at times when ambient temperatures require self-heating or heating of adjacent working cells to supply energy to a function of the automobile or another battery-powered or capacitor-powered device.

[0017] In some applications, the metal composition or the thickness of the extended portion of the current collector can be modified to provide increased electrical resistance heating. Additionally, an outer side of the wound current collector (not in thermal contact with a surface to be heated) can be appropriately coated with a thermally insulating material to conduct more heat to the adjacent surface(s) to be heated. In applications where current collector extensions from both electrodes of a heating cell are used, a non-conductive separator should be placed between the electrically conductive current collector extensions. Furthermore, the size and shape of the extended portion of the current collector(s) should be determined and utilized to improve the compaction or compression of the adjacent working cells.

[0018] In the preceding and following texts of this patent description, which describe practical implementations of the present invention, the descriptions are sometimes formulated with reference to a lithium battery. This is done with the intention and understanding that practical implementations of the use of a heating cell may also be suitable for lithium capacitors and sodium-based batteries and capacitors using known electrode materials for the battery or capacitor.

[0019] Other advantages and embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the following illustration of specific examples. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. Figure 1A is a schematic oblique view of a packed core of a self-heating cell for a lithium battery, placed side by side against a thermally conductive surface of an enclosed packed core of a working lithium battery. The heating cell is designed and constructed to be activated when the working cell is temporarily operating in a cooled environment, which has cooled the working cell to a temperature below its preferred operating temperature. Separate positive and negative electrode terminal tabs are illustrated extending from the top of each of the heating cell core and the core of the regular working cell. Fig. Figure 1B is a schematic oblique view of an arrangement of a packaged heating cell core and a packaged working cell core for a lithium battery, similar to the arrangement illustrated in Figure 1B. Fig. 1A. In the embodiment of Fig. However, in 1B an extended portion of the current collector film (extending through the side of the packaging container) was provided for one of the electrodes in the heating cell, and the extended portion of the current collector, serving as an element for electrical resistance heating, was wrapped around the sides and outer surface of the packaging of the working cell core and around one side of the packaging of the heating cell core and partially around the outer side of the packaging of the heating cell core. Fig. Figure 2A is an enlarged side or edge view of the end portions of a first separator layer, a cathode electrode layer, a second separator layer, and an anode electrode layer for a self-heating cell (such as a lithium-ion battery cell) to be assembled by placing the layers in a stacked arrangement and rolling them into a battery structure. Central portions of the strips of these cell elements have been cut away to reduce the size of the schematic illustration. Fig. In section 2A, the extended, heating components of the current collector foils (which are not coated with electrode material) for both the cathode and anode are arranged with separators in between. The extended current collector components are located on the right side of the section in Fig. 2A illustrates the embodiment. The arrangement is rolled so that the heating current collector components are located on the outside of the rolled arrangement. Fig. 2B is an end view of the rolled arrangement of originally flat layers of the first separator, the cathode electrode, the second separator, and the anode electrode of Fig. 2A. In Fig. 2B the ends of the outer uncoated heating sections of the cathode current collector and the anode current collector are located on opposite sides of the rolled arrangement. Fig. 2C is a schematic oblique view of one end and one side of the rolled lithium battery assembly of Fig. 2B. Positive and negative terminals for electrical connections to the current collectors of the working battery section and the current collectors of the heating section of the self-heating battery are illustrated. The positive terminals extend from the opposite side of the coiled battery structure from the negative terminals. Fig. Figure 3A is a schematic enlarged side or edge view of the end sections of a first separator, a cathode electrode, a second separator, and an anode electrode for a self-heating cell (such as a lithium battery cell) to be assembled by rolling the cell components. Again, central sections of the respective strips have been cropped to reduce the size of the illustration. Fig. 3A are extended, uncoated, heating components of the current collector foils for both the cathode and anode, arranged with separators in between. The extended components are located on the left side of the in Fig. 3A illustrates the embodiment. The arrangement of overlapping strips is to be rolled so that the heating current collector components lie on the inside of the rolled arrangement. Fig. Figure 3B is an end view of the rolled arrangement of the first separator layer, the cathode electrode layer, the second separator layer, and the anode electrode layer of Fig. 3A. Fig. 3C is a schematic oblique view of one end and one side of the rolled lithium battery assembly of Fig. 3B. Positive and negative terminals for electrical connections to the current collectors of the working battery section and the current collectors of the heating section of the self-heating battery are illustrated. The positive terminals extend from the opposite side of the coiled battery structure from the negative terminals. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] In Fig. Figure 1A is a schematic illustration of the rectangular contour of the packaged core component of the self-heating lithium-ion battery cell, which is placed surface to surface with the packaged working cell component in a heat transfer contact.

[0021] In this example, the packaged self-heating cell 10 has a flat, rectangular shape. The self-heating cell 10 comprises the anode, cathode, and separator components of a lithium-ion battery. These porous cell components, which are encapsulated and saturated with a non-aqueous lithium electrolyte solution, are contained and sealed within a suitable thin-walled pouch, bag, or container. The pouch 12 containing the cell components can, for example, be formed from two opposing, polymer-coated aluminum layers joined at their edges. The anode is formed from porous layers of a particulate anode material bonded with resin to the opposing faces of a current collector foil of the anode.An uncoated terminal 14 of the anode current collector, indicating a negative charge, extends from the upper side of the right-angled arrangement of cell 10 core elements contained in the bag 12. The cathode is formed by porous layers of a particulate cathode material bonded to the opposite faces of a cathode current collector foil. An uncoated terminal 16 of the cathode current collector, indicating a positive (+) charge, also extends from the upper side of the right-angled bag 12. With the exception of the extending terminals 14 and 16, the cell components and the liquid electrolyte are sealed within the bag 12 or another suitable container.

[0022] The compositions of the respective heating cell components can be selected from known compositions for anode materials, cathode materials, separator materials of a lithium-ion battery, and lithium-containing electrolyte salts and non-aqueous solvents. As an example, cell 10 of Fig. Cell 1A (and 1B) consists of lithium titanate and conductive carbon particles bonded by resin to a copper foil as an anode, and particles of lithium manganese oxide and conductive carbon bonded by resin to an aluminum current collector as a cathode. An example electrolyte is a one molar solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in equal volume proportions of ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate. Cell 22 can also use graphite as the active anode material and lithium iron phosphate as the active cathode material. Cell 22 can use the same electrolyte as cell 10 or a different electrolyte.

[0023] In an illustrative example, a working cell 22 was constructed with a graphite particle anode, a particle-type lithium iron phosphate cathode, and a 1M LiPF6 electrolyte. It weighed 0.3 kg and had a current capacity of 10 Ah. Cell 10 was constructed with a lithium manganese oxide cathode, a lithium titanate anode, and a 1M LiPF6 electrolyte. It weighed 0.04 kg and had a current capacity of 1 Ah. The heating cell was operated at a discharge rate of 18C for 60 seconds, during which time, utilizing approximately 30% of its charge, it exhibited a heat output of 2722 joules. The internal and external resistances of the heating cell were both 0.07 ohms at -30°C. The work cell and the heating cell were placed side by side, and the heating cell was able to increase the operating temperature of the work cell by 10 degrees Celsius (from -30°C to -20°C).

[0024] Back on Fig. Referring to 1A, cell 10 is primarily intended to serve as a self-heating cell when required to generate heat for the adjacent flat core of a working lithium-ion battery cell with right-angled sides, which is enclosed within its bag or similar container 24. A terminal 26 of the anode current collector and a terminal 28 of the cathode current collector extend from the top of the sealed container 24 in which the core of the working cell 22 is sealed. The function of the cell core of the working lithium-ion battery is to generate electrical current to power, for example, an electric starter motor, an electric drive motor, and / or other electrically power-consuming devices in an automobile.If the ambient temperature is suitable for normal, power-providing operation of the working lithium-ion battery core, operation of the heating cell core may not be necessary. However, the vehicle or other device powered by the working battery core has a control system for its operation. If the temperature of the working battery core falls below a certain level (or its temperature-related power output), the heating cell core will activate, generating current in an external electrical circuit. This will consequently provide heat, which will be transferred from the battery core to the working cell core.

[0025] As in Fig. As illustrated in Figure 1A, a flat, rectangular side of the heating cell 10 is placed opposite, or surface to surface, a flat, rectangular side of a cell core of a lithium-ion battery. During operation, the heating cell core generates heat throughout its entire cell, and heat is transferred through its side that faces and is pressed against a rectangular side of the working cell core. In a configuration shown in Fig. In the various embodiments illustrated in Figure 1A, the heating cell 10 and the working cell 22 can be located within a common container, separated by a separator and potted with a common electrolyte solution. In this embodiment, when activated, the heating cell serves to heat the common electrolyte while heating the working cell.

[0026] The embodiment of the in Fig. The heating cell 10' illustrated in Figure 1B provides an extended current collector film to significantly increase heat generation using the current-generating capability of the heating cell core 10' and to transfer the additional heat to and into the bag of the working lithium-ion battery, which contains the cell components of the working battery core. The heating cell 10' has been provided with a modified current collector 20 for one of its anodes or cathodes. In this embodiment, the modified current collector 20 is connected to its anode. A non-visible portion of the current collector 20 is coated on both sides with selected particles of an active anode material, which may be mixed with particles of conductive carbon and bonded by resin to the conventional portion of the current collector 20 located in the heating cell core 10', which is situated within the bag 12'. As shown in Figure 1B, the heating cell 10' is extended to provide a modified current collector 20 for one of its anodes or cathodes. Fig. As illustrated in Figure 1B, a larger uncoated portion of the current collector 20 extends through a slit in the left side of the bag 12' and is wrapped around three outer sides of the bag of the working cell 22 and a portion of the outer surfaces of the bag 12' of the heating cell 10'. A connecting lug 14' protrudes from the upper side of the extended, uncoated portion of the current collector 20.

[0027] In this embodiment of Fig. When the heating cell 10' (by connecting its current collector terminals 14', 16' to an external circuit) is activated to heat the working cell 22, the electric current generated by cell 10' also heats the uncoated, extended section of the current collector 20 and any surfaces it touches. Depending on the respective sizes of the sides of cell cores 10' and 22, the dimensions of the extended current collector foil can be up to approximately 150 millimeters in width and several hundred millimeters in length.

[0028] In many lithium-ion battery applications, copper current collector foils are used because of their low electrical resistance and compatibility with particulate, lithium-intercalating electrode materials bonded to them in porous electrode layers. However, in a cell intended for self-heating or heating an adjacent working cell (such as heating cell 10'), the composition of the extended portion of the current collector foil not coated with electrode material may be different due to its suitability for electrical resistance heating and its flexibility in shaping for a contact, such as the wrapped contact in Fig. 1B, with cells of a working battery or a capacitor. For example, at least one extended section of the current collector 20 can be made of copper, aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, metal alloys, or porous metal foam. The outer side of the extended section of the current collector can be coated with an insulating material to better retain its heat and conduct it to the adjacent working cell.

[0029] Depending on the desired area of ​​the outer surface of a working cell to be heated, the length of the extended portion of the current collector (not coated with active electrode material) can range from one centimeter to approximately one thousand centimeters. This extended portion can be physically connected to the electrode-coated portion and can have a different composition, thickness, or structural properties (e.g., it can be porous). The thickness of the extended portion can range from approximately five micrometers to approximately 100 micrometers to protect the core of the working cell. The extended portion can utilize multiple terminals to direct current flow to selected areas of the current collector and prevent overheating of these terminals.The shape and size of the current collector film can also be used to improve compression or the arrangement of the working cells and to protect them from external damage.

[0030] Fig. 2A, Fig. 2B, Fig. 2C, Fig. 3A, Fig. 3B and Fig. Figure 3C illustrates various embodiments of the invention that are suitable for rolled arrangements of the electrode and separator components of lithium- or sodium-based batteries or capacitors. These embodiments and illustrations are described with reference to a lithium-ion battery, with the understanding that the same practical implementations can be readily adapted for lithium-based capacitors and sodium-based batteries and capacitors.

[0031] In Fig. Figure 2A presents a side view of an arrangement of four rectangular strip components positioned horizontally (spaced apart for illustration) to be subsequently folded and rolled into a structure of a self-heating lithium-ion battery having two parallel flat main surfaces with substantially semicircular rounded edges. The assembled and rolled lithium-ion battery arrangement is shown in Fig. Figure 2C illustrates this. The widths of the four rectangular strip components (for example, 100 to 200 millimeters) are essentially the same. However, their functions are different, and their lengths also differ, as will be described.

[0032] In Fig. 2A is the upper strip a porous polymer separator 201, which will be an outer component of the rolled battery assembly.

[0033] The next lower strip component of the arrangement is a cathode electrode 202 with a central current collector foil 204. In a lithium-ion battery, the cathode's current collector foil can be made of aluminum. Starting at its left end, as shown in Fig. Figure 2A illustrates a sub-area 204' of the current collector foil 204 made of aluminium coated with a porous layer of particles of an active cathode material 206 (such as lithium manganese oxide) which is attached to both main surfaces (upper and lower surfaces in Fig. 2A) of the current collector foil 204 are bonded by means of resin. The length of the foil surfaces coated with cathode material depends on the properties of the cathode material and the energy and power requirements of the cathode component of the lithium-ion battery. The length of the current collector foil 204 coated with cathode material can, for example, be several centimeters. A portion of the coated length is in Fig. 2A broken out. The remaining uncoated portion 204" of the current collector foil 204 has a length intended to supply heat to the assembled lithium-ion battery. The uncoated portion 204" (also with a section broken out in Fig. 2A) is the section of a heating metal foil of the cathode of the assembled battery 200. As in Fig. As illustrated in 2A - 2C, the lengths of the porous polymer separator 201 and the full length of the cathode current collector are essentially the same.

[0034] The next lower strip component of the lithium-ion battery assembly is a second porous polymer separator 208. The separator 208 has a width and length to separate the coated and uncoated portions of the cathode electrode 202 and the coated and uncoated portions of the anode strip.

[0035] The next lower strip component of the arrangement is an anode electrode 210, which is formed by a central current collector foil 212. In a lithium-ion battery, the anode current collector foil can be made of copper. Starting at its left end, as shown in Fig. Figure 2A illustrates a section 212' of the copper current collector foil 212 coated with a porous layer of particles of an active anode material 214 (such as graphite or lithium titanate), which are bonded to both main surfaces of the current collector foil 204 by means of resin. The length of the anode-coated section 212' depends on the properties of the anode material and the energy and power requirements of the anode component of the lithium-ion battery. The anode-coated length can be several centimeters. A section of the coated length is shown in Fig. 2A broken out. The remaining uncoated portion 212" of the current collector foil 212 has a length intended to supply heat to the assembled lithium-ion battery. The uncoated portion 212" is the heating metal foil portion of the anode of the assembled battery 200. A portion of the uncoated portion 212" of the current collector foil has also been broken out to correspond to the illustration in a suitable drawing space. As in Fig. As illustrated in Figures 2A - 2C, the length of the porous polymer separator 208 and the full length of the anode current collector 212 are essentially the same.

[0036] The current collector foil 204 of the cathode has one or more electrical connection tabs 204"' extending from an end section and other sections of its cathode-material coated section 204', and has at least one electrical connection tab 204"" extending from its extended heating section 204" which is not coated with cathode material. These connection tabs 204"', 204"" of the cathode are in Fig. 2A and Fig. Figure 2C illustrates this. The cathode terminals would have a positive (+) charge when the battery 200 is operating. The current collector foil 212 of the anode has one or more electrical terminals 212"' extending from an end portion and other portions of its anode-coated portion 212', and has at least one electrical terminal 212"" extending from its extended portion 212" that is not coated with anode material. These terminals of the anode are in Fig. 2A and Fig. 2C is also illustrated. The anode terminals would have a negative (-) charge when the battery is operating at 200.

[0037] Fig. Figure 2B illustrates an end view (or edge view) of the lithium-ion battery 200, which is designed as a rolled-up arrangement of the four components of the lithium-ion battery, which are in Fig. 2A are illustrated as layered components. As in Fig. 2B and Fig. As illustrated in Figure 2C, the rolled battery essentially has flat top and bottom surfaces with essentially semicircular side edges. As shown in Figure 2C, the rolled battery has essentially flat top and bottom surfaces with essentially semicircular side edges. Fig. As can be seen in Figure 2B, a set of ends of the separator 201, the cathode electrode 202, the separator 208, and the anode electrode 210 are aligned inside the rolled battery 200. In this illustration, the electrode-material-coated portions of the separated anode and cathode layers extend through approximately three full rolled layers of the battery. The separator 201, the uncoated portion 204'' of the cathode current collector, the separator 208, and the uncoated portion 212'' of the anode current collector further extend within the rolled structure. As shown in Figure 2B, the ends of the separator 201, the cathode electrode 202, the separator 208, and the anode current collector are also located within the rolled structure. Fig. As illustrated in Figure 2B, the lengths of the outer separator 201 and the underlying subsection 204'' of the current collector foil 204 of the cathode heater allow them to be extended by about one and a half turns, terminating at the bottom of the coiled structure of the self-heating battery 200. The greater lengths of the separator 208 and the subsection 212'' of the current collector foil 212 of the anode heater allow them to extend within the coiled structure to the upper surface of the coiled structure of the self-heating battery 200.

[0038] The rolled arrangement 200 of a lithium-ion battery would be placed in a (not illustrated) directly adjacent container in a dry, inert environment, the porous components being suitably permeated with a suitable liquid solution of a lithium salt electrolyte and the container being sealed, with only the electrical terminal tabs extending out of the container.

[0039] Thus, in the embodiment of the in Fig. In the lithium-ion battery shown in Figures 2A-2C, the cathode-coated portion 204' of the wound current collector foil 204 of the cathode and the anode-coated portion 212' of the wound current collector foil 212 of the anode are located on the inner layers of the rolled battery assembly. The portion 204" of the wound current collector foil 204 of the cathode and the portion 212" of the current collector foil 212 of the anode are located on the outer layers of the rolled battery assembly 200. The electrical energy-generating function of the battery can be activated by connecting one or more of the terminals 204"' of the working cathode and one or more of the terminals 212"' of the working anode to a designated external work load, such as an electric motor in an automobile.However, if a temperature sensor and a battery control system connected to the lithium-ion battery 200 detect that a low ambient temperature is affecting battery performance, the outer heating sections of the respective current collectors can be activated to heat the working section of the battery. Heat from the outer heating sections of the current collectors can be transferred to an adjacent battery located against one of the outer surfaces of the lithium-ion battery 200.

[0040] The heating function of one or both of the separate heated sections 204", 212", can be activated by connecting their respective terminals 204", 212"" to an external load. Current flow through the heated sections of the uncoated current collector foils can be increased by using an electrode terminal of the working section of the battery and a corresponding terminal of the heating section of the battery cell to conduct the current generated at the battery cell through the heated section 204" of the cathode current collector and / or the heated section 212" of the anode current collector.As described above in this patent description, the heating performance can be increased by forming the uncoated portion of the current collector(s) from a different metal composition or structure than the portion of the current collector coated with electrode material.

[0041] In the embodiment of a structure of a self-heating lithium-ion battery, as in Fig. Figures 3A - 3C illustrate that the extended heating sections of the anode and cathode current collectors are positioned inside the rolled battery 300.

[0042] In Fig. Figure 3A presents a side view of an arrangement of four rectangular strip components positioned horizontally for rolling into a structure of a self-heating lithium-ion battery with two parallel flat main surfaces and generally semicircular rounded edges. The assembled and rolled lithium-ion battery 300 is shown in Fig. 3B and Fig. Figure 3C illustrates this. The widths of the four rectangular strip components (for example, approximately 100 to 200 millimeters) are essentially the same. However, their functions differ, and their lengths can also vary, as described.

[0043] In Fig. 3A is the upper strip a porous polymer separator 301, which will be an outer component of the rolled battery assembly.

[0044] The next lower strip component of the illustrated arrangement is a cathode electrode 302 with a central current collector foil 304. In a lithium-ion battery, the cathode's current collector foil can, for example, be made of aluminum. Starting at its right end, as shown in Fig. Figure 3A illustrates a partial region 304' of the current collector foil 304, made of aluminum, coated with a porous layer of particles of an active cathode material 306 (such as lithium manganese oxide), which are bonded to both main surfaces of the current collector foil 304 by means of resin. The length of the cathode-coated partial region 304' of the foil depends on the properties of the cathode material and the energy and power requirements of the cathode component of the lithium-ion battery. The cathode-coated length can be several centimeters. A partial region of the coated length is shown in Fig. 3A broken out. The remaining uncoated portion 304" of the current collector foil 304 has a length intended to supply heat to the assembled lithium-ion battery. The uncoated portion 304" is the heating metal foil portion of the cathode of the assembled battery 300. A portion of the illustrated uncoated foil portion has also broken out. However, as in Fig. 3A and Fig. As illustrated in Figure 3B, the length of the porous polymer separator 301 and the full length of the cathode current collector are essentially the same.

[0045] The next lower strip component of the illustrated lithium-ion battery 300 is a second porous polymer separator 308. The separator 308 has a width and length to separate the coated and uncoated portions of the cathode electrode 302 and the coated and uncoated portions of the anode strip.

[0046] The next lower strip component of the illustrated arrangement is an anode electrode 310 with a central current collector foil 312. In a lithium-ion battery, the current collector foil of the anode can, for example, be made of copper. Starting at its right end, as shown in Fig. Figure 3A illustrates a section 312' of the copper current collector foil 312 coated with a porous layer of particles of an active anode material 314 (such as graphite or lithium titanate), which are bonded to both main surfaces of the current collector foil 304 by means of resin. The length of the anode-coated section 312' depends on the properties of the anode material and the energy and power requirements of the anode component of the lithium-ion battery. The anode-coated length can be several centimeters. Fig. 3A is a portion of the coated length broken out. The remaining uncoated portion 312" of the current collector foil 312 has a length intended to supply heat to the assembled lithium-ion battery. The uncoated portion 312" is the heating metal foil portion of the anode of the assembled battery 300. As in Fig. As illustrated in 3A - 3C, the length of the porous polymer separator 308 and the full length of the anode current collector are essentially the same.

[0047] The cathode-coated portion 304' of the current collector foil 304 of the cathode has one or more electrical connection tabs 304"' extending from an end portion and other portions of its cathode-coated portion 304', and has at least one electrical connection tab 304"" extending from its extended portion 304" that is not coated with the cathode material. These cathode connection tabs are in Fig. 3A and Fig. Figure 3C illustrates this. The cathode's terminals 304'' and 304''" will typically have a positive (+) charge when the battery cell discharges. The anode's current collector foil 312 has one or more electrical terminals 312''' extending from an end portion and other portions of its anode-coated portion 312', and has at least one electrical terminal 312''" extending from its extended portion 312" that is not anode-coated. These anode electrical terminals are also shown in Fig. 3A and Fig. Figure 3C illustrates this. The terminals of the anode typically have a negative (-) charge when the battery cell is discharging.

[0048] Fig. Figure 3B illustrates an end view of a 300 lithium-ion battery, which is a rolled arrangement of the components layered in Fig. 3A illustrated the four components of a lithium-ion battery. As shown in Fig. As illustrated in Figure 3B, the rolled-up Battery 300 essentially has flat top and bottom surfaces with generally semicircular sides. As shown in Figure 3B, the 300-unit rolled-up battery has essentially flat top and bottom surfaces with generally semicircular sides. Fig. As can be seen in Figure 3B, the ends of separator 301, the uncoated portion 304'' of the cathode current collector, separator 308, and the uncoated portion 312'' of the anode current collector are positioned on the left side of the interior of the rolled battery 300. In this illustration, the lengths of separators 301, 308, the uncoated portion 304'' of the cathode, and the uncoated portion 312'' of the anode allow them to be wound about one and a half turns inside the rolled self-heating battery 300. Then the intermediate separators 301, 308, the cathode-coated section 304' of the cathode current collector and the anode-coated section 312' of the anode current collector are wound by more than two and a half turns in the rolled battery 300, with their matching ends on the upper outer surface of the rolled battery as shown in Fig. 3B and Fig. 3C illustrates the end.

[0049] The rolled arrangement of the lithium-ion battery would be placed in a (not illustrated) tightly fitting container in a dry, inert environment, the porous components being suitably permeated with a suitable liquid solution of a lithium salt electrolyte and the container being sealed, with only the electrical terminal tabs extending from the container.

[0050] In the embodiment of the Fig.3A - 3C are therefore the separate, uncoated heating sections 304" and 312" of the cathode current collector and the anode current collector located in the inner layers of the rolled lithium-ion battery 300. The cathode-coated section 304' of the current collector foil 304 and the anode-coated section 312' of the anode current collector, with their intervening separators 301 and 308, form the outer layers of the rolled battery 300. The electrical energy-generating function of the battery can be activated by connecting one or more of the terminals 304"' of the working cathode and one or more of the terminals 312"' of the working anode to a specific external work load, such as an electric motor in an automobile.However, if a temperature sensor and a battery control system connected to the lithium-ion battery 300 detect that a low ambient temperature is affecting battery performance, the inner sub-areas 304" and 312" of the respective current collectors can be activated to heat the working part area of ​​the battery.

[0051] The heating function of one or both of the separate heated sections 304", 312", or both, can be activated by connecting their respective terminals 304", 312" to an external load. Current flow through the heated sections of the uncoated current collector foils can be increased by using an electrode terminal of the working section of the battery and a corresponding terminal of the heating section of the battery cell to direct the current generated at the battery cell through the heated section 304" of the cathode current collector and / or the heated section 312" of the anode current collector. As indicated, the heating power of the respective current collector(s) can be increased by using a different metal composition or structure (e.g., a different coating) for the uncoated section of the current collector(s).porous metal foam) is formed as the part of the current collector coated with electrode material.

[0052] As described and illustrated in this patent specification, current collectors for the anodes and cathodes of lithium- and sodium-based batteries and capacitors can be modified to incorporate extended portions of the thin metal conductors, uncoated with electrode material, for occasional heating of the cell in which they are located or of an adjacent cell or cells. Connecting tabs on the extended portions of the current collectors can be used to increase the flow of a heating current through these portions. The metal compositions and structures of the extended portions of the current collector layers can be selected for increased heat generation. The sizes and shapes of the extended layers can be adapted to bend or form for increased contact with an adjacent working cell to be heated.The size and shape of the extended current collector can be designed to tightly compact a working cell and hold it against the heating cell. The outer surfaces of the heating sections of the current collector layers can be coated or covered with an insulating material to improve the conduction of the heat generated within them.

[0053] For the sake of brevity, the above disclosures regarding the use of heating cells and working cells were based on their use in lithium-ion battery cells. However, it is obvious to those skilled in the art in the field of lithium-based capacitor cells and sodium-based battery and capacitor cells that combinations of self-heating cells / working cells and extended current collectors can be adapted for use in such related electrochemical cells. Electrode material compositions and electrolyte compositions are known and used in lithium-based capacitors and sodium-based batteries and capacitors and can readily be selected for use in their heating and working cells.Extended current collector foils that are not coated with active electrode materials are also readily adapted for use in lithium capacitors and sodium batteries and capacitors.

Claims

[1] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300), the battery or capacitor (200, 300) comprising: an anode (210, 310) comprising a metallic current collector foil (212, 312) having a porous layer of particles of an anode material (214, 314) bonded to each side of the current collector foil (212, 312) of the anode (210, 310), a cathode (202, 302) comprising a metallic current collector foil (204, 304) having an equally sized and shaped porous layer of particles of a cathode material (206, 306) bonded to each side of the current collector foil (204, 304) of the cathode (202, 302), wherein the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302) are arranged such that a layer of a bonded anode material (214, 314) is facing a layer of a bonded cathode material (206, 306), which are kept separate by at least one porous separator (208, 308) which is connected to the facing layers of the bonded anode and cathode material (214, 314;206, 306) is congruent, wherein the pores of the separator (208, 308) and the layers of the anode and cathode material (214, 314; 206, 306) are permeated with a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, wherein the current collector foils (204, 212) have connecting tabs (204'', 212''') for electrical contact with an external electrical circuit for the flow of an electric current to or from the battery or capacitor (200, 300); wherein the current collector foil (212, 312, 204, 304) made of metal of one of the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302), or of both, includes an additional foil sub-area (204'', 212'', 312'', 304'') which is not coated with anode or cathode material (214, 314; 206, 306) and which is located outside its foil area of ​​the coated anode or cathode material (214, 314;206, 306), wherein the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) has a connecting tab (204'''', 212'''', 304'''', 312'''') for electrical contact with an external current-consuming device, so that an electric current generated during operation of the battery or capacitor (200, 300) can be passed through the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) to heat the extended area of ​​the current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312), wherein the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) is available for use during operation of the battery or capacitor (200, 300), is dimensioned and malleable to touch and heat the battery or capacitor (200, 300) or to touch and heat a separate working battery or capacitor (200, 300).; [2] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the battery or capacitor (200, 300) was assembled by rolling stacked rectangular strips, each having a length and a common width, wherein the respective rectangular strips comprise (i) a metallic current collector foil strip, of which a current-generating portion of its length is coated on both sides with a porous layer of a cathode material (206, 306), of which a heating portion of its length is not coated with cathode material (206, 306), (ii) a metallic current collector foil strip, of which a portion of its length is coated on both sides with a porous layer of an anode material (214, 314), of which a heating portion of its length is not coated with anode material (214, 314). 314) is coated,and (iii) two porous separator layers (208, 308) that lie between and separate the metallic current collector foil strips of the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302). [3] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 2, wherein the heating portions of the metallic current collector strips are arranged as a rolled layer or layers on the inside of the rolled arrangement. [4] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 2, wherein the heating portions of the metallic current collector strips are arranged as a rolled layer or layers on the outside of the rolled arrangement. [5] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the battery or capacitor (200, 300) has been assembled, wherein the portion of the anode current collector coated with the anode material (214, 314) and the portion of the cathode current collector coated with cathode material (206, 306) and the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte are contained in a thin-walled, air- and water-free enclosure, wherein the heating portion (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of one of the anode or cathode current collectors extends through the thin-walled enclosure for a heat transfer contact with another battery or capacitor (200, 300). [6] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the uncoated additional portion (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of the current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) is wound around one of the anode (210, 310) or cathode (202, 302) of its arrangement of battery and capacitor components to heat them when its terminal tab (204'''', 212'''', 304'''', 312'''') is connected to an external circuit, wherein the wound portion of the current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) has a side facing the battery or capacitor components and an external opposite side. [7] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 6, wherein the external opposite side of the wound portion of the current collector film (204, 212, 304, 312) is covered with a thermally insulating material to conduct heat generated in the wound portion of the current collector film (204, 212, 304, 312) to the adjacent arrangement of components. [8] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the uncoated additional portion (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of the metal current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) is wound from one of the anode (210, 310) or cathode (202, 302) around an adjacent arrangement of a different arrangement of battery or capacitor components to heat them when their terminal tab (204'''', 212'''', 304'''', 312'''') is connected to an external circuit, wherein the wound portion of the current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) has one side facing the different arrangement of battery and capacitor components, and has an external opposite side. [9] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 8, wherein the external opposite side of the wound portion of the current collector film (204, 212, 304, 312) is covered with a thermally insulating material to conduct heat generated in the wound portion of the current collector film (204, 212, 304, 312) to the adjacent arrangement of components. [10] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the uncoated additional portion (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of one of the anode (210, 310) or the cathode (202, 302) is formed from a metal composition having a higher electrical resistance than the portion (204', 212', 304', 312') of the current collector coated with anode or cathode material (214, 314, 206, 306). [11] Lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) according to claim 1, wherein the coated portion (204', 212', 304', 312') and uncoated portion (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of the metal current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) are different pieces of a metal foil joined together to form a continuous metal current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312). [12] Combination of a first cell of a lithium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) or a first cell of a sodium-based battery or capacitor (200, 300) with a second lithium-based cell or a second sodium-based cell, wherein the combination of cells comprises: the combination in which the first cell of the battery or capacitor (200, 300) is a working cell designed to generate a specified electric current to an external electrically operated device when operating in a specified range of ambient temperature, and the second cell of the battery or capacitor (200, 300), which is placed in a heat transfer contact with a working cell, is a self-heating cell designed to generate a specified electric current to heat itself and the first cell when the first cell is operated while exposed to an ambient temperature below the specified range of ambient temperature; wherein the working cell is formed from (i) an anode (210, 310) with a current collector foil (212, 312) of the anode (210, 310) coated on both sides with a porous layer of a particle-like anode material (214, 314), (ii) a cathode (202, 302) with a current collector foil (204, 304) of the cathode (202, 302) coated on both sides with a porous layer of a particle-like cathode material (206, 306), (iii) one or more porous separators (208, 308) that physically separate the layers of the anode and cathode material (214, 314, 206, 306), and (iv) a non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium ions or sodium ions between the anode and cathode materials (214, 314, 206, 306); and wherein the self-heating cell is formed from (i) an anode (210, 310) with a current collector foil (212, 312) of the anode (210, 310) coated on both sides with a porous layer of a particulate anode material (214, 314), (ii) a cathode (202, 302) with a current collector foil (212, 312) of the cathode (202, 302) coated on both sides with a porous layer of a particulate cathode material (206, 306), (iii) one or more porous separators (208, 308) that physically separate the layers of the anode and cathode material (214, 314, 206, 306), and (iv) a non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium ions or conducts sodium ions between the anode and cathode materials (214, 314, 206, 306). [13] Combination of a first cell and a second cell according to claim 12, wherein the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302) of each cell are flat layers of the same peripheral shape contained in separate cell containers, and the separate cell containers are stacked in parallel alignment in a heat transfer contact. [14] Combination of a first cell and a second cell according to claim 12, wherein the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302) of each cell are flat layers of the same peripheral shape contained in the same cell container, immersed in the same electrolyte composition, and the electrodes are stacked in a parallel arrangement. [15] Combination of a first cell and a second cell according to claim 12, wherein the active anode material (214, 314) of the working cell is graphite and the active cathode material (206, 306) of the working cell is lithium iron phosphate and the active anode material (214, 314) of the self-heating cell is lithium titanate and the active cathode material (206, 306) of the heating cell is lithium manganese oxide. [16] Lithium-based battery (200, 300) comprising the battery (200, 300): an anode (210, 310) comprising a metallic current collector foil (212, 312) having a porous layer of particles of an anode material (214, 314) bonded to each side of the current collector foil (212, 312) of the anode (210, 310), a cathode (202, 302) comprising a metallic current collector foil (204, 304) having an equally sized and shaped porous layer of particles of a cathode material (206, 306) bonded to each side of the current collector foil (204, 304) of the cathode (202, 302), wherein the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302) are assembled such that a layer of a bonded anode material (214, 314) is facing a layer of a bonded cathode material (206, 306), which are kept separated by at least one porous separator (208, 308) that is congruent with the facing bonded layers of the anode and cathode material (214, 314, 206, 306),wherein the pores of the separator and the layers of the anode material (214, 314) and cathode material (206, 306) are permeated with a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, wherein the current collector foils (204, 212, 304, 312) have connecting tabs (204'''', 212'''', 304'''', 312'''') for electrical contact with an external electrical circuit for the flow of an electric current to or from the battery (200, 300); wherein the metal current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) includes an additional foil portion (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of one of the anodes (210, 310) and cathodes (202, 302), or of both, which is not coated with anode or cathode material (214, 314, 206, 306) and which extends outside its foil area of ​​coated anode material (214, 314) or cathode material (206, 306), wherein the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) has a terminal (204'''', 212'''', 304'''', 312'''') for electrical contact with an external current-consuming device exhibits such that an electric current generated during operation of the battery (200, 300) can be passed through the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) in order to heat the extended area of ​​the current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312),wherein the extended area of ​​the metallic current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) is dimensioned and malleable for use during operation of the lithium-based battery (200, 300) in order to contact and heat the battery (200, 300) or to contact and heat a separate operating lithium-based battery (200, 300). [17] Lithium-based battery (200, 300) according to claim 16, wherein the battery (200, 300) was assembled by rolling stacked rectangular strips, each having a length and a common width, wherein the respective rectangular strips comprise (i) a metallic current collector foil strip, of which a current-generating portion of its length is coated on both sides with a porous layer of a cathode material (206, 306), of which a heating portion (204'', 304'') of its length is not coated with cathode material (206, 306), (ii) a metallic current collector foil strip, of which a portion of its length is coated on both sides with a porous layer of an anode material (214, 314), of which a heating portion (212'', 312'') of its length is not coated with anode material (214, 314) is coated, and (iii) two porous separator layers,which lie between and separate the metallic current collector foil strips of the anode (210, 310) and cathode (202, 302). [18] Lithium-based battery (200, 300) according to claim 17, in which the heating sub-areas (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of the metallic current collector strips are arranged as a rolled layer or layers on the inside of the rolled arrangement. [19] Lithium-based battery (200, 300) according to claim 17, in which the heating sub-areas (204'', 212'', 304'', 312'') of the metallic current collector strips are arranged as a rolled layer or layers on the outside of the rolled arrangement. [20] Lithium-based battery (200, 300) according to claim 16, wherein the coated portion (204', 212', 304', 312') and the uncoated portion (204'', 212'', 312'') of the metal current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312) are different pieces of a metal foil joined together to form a continuous metal current collector foil (204, 212, 304, 312).

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