Foam-rich instant cleaning block and method thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- JP2024541184
- Authority / Receiving Office
- JP · JP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2022-01-05
- Filing Date
- 2022-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-07
- Estimated Expiration
- 2042-01-26
AI Technical Summary
【0027】 本発明は、同時に、以下の利点を有する:
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Figure 2025500072000001 
Figure 2025500072000002 
Figure 2025500072000003
Abstract
Description
[Technical field]
[0001] FIELD OF THEINVENTION This invention relates to the field of cleaning products, and more particularly to foam-rich instant cleaning blocks and methods for preparing, packaging and using same. [Background technology]
[0002] Among the cleaning products currently on the market, liquid compositions are the most common cleaning compositions and are widely applied in various different scenes due to their easy-to-use characteristics. However, based on the current global coronavirus epidemic, consumers have a stronger need to use portable personal cleaning care products while traveling. For liquid-type cleaning compositions, the product itself has a conflict between portability and weight due to the size of the container. In addition, carrying a liquid cleaning product in a small bag also poses the risk of the bag being damaged and contaminating other items.
[0003] At present, instant solid type cleaning compositions are available on the market, such as the 20s-30s quick-dissolving soap disclosed in CN20211079212.9, which is used as a hand washing agent by rubbing the hands to quickly dissolve the soap, dissolving it in water and forming a foamy liquid shape, and this product has the characteristics of being portable and can be used rationally as needed, overcoming the contradictory defect of portability and weight collision of liquid type cleaning compositions.
[0004] The development purpose of this product is mainly for washing hands, so the focus of its efficacy design is on improving the quick dissolution efficiency of the product and pre-cleaning. When the hand cleanser formed by dissolving this product is directly used as body soap to wash a large area of the body, the following problems occur:
[0005] (1) The manufacturing method is not easy: in order to avoid the disadvantage of the product becoming tide, currently, a soluble film is used to quickly dissolve the surface of the soap to block the moisture in the air. Or, baking soda / citric acid and the remaining other raw materials are used to respectively manufacture the first and second blocks, and then a cleaning block that fits together is formed to reduce the mutual contact surface of the two bubble generators. These two methods have certain defects in the manufacturing and use process: in the former case, the soluble film dissolves slowly during use, so the fragments of the film formed during natural dissolution visually appear as suspended matter in the cleaning solution, which brings a sense of ambiguity to the user. In the latter case, the first and second blocks need to have sufficient strength during the production process to avoid the disadvantage of the blocks breaking during fitting, and the yield rate of this production method is relatively low.
[0006] (2) Low content of cleaning ingredients: The content of surfactants used for cleaning in such products is very low, at only 1%-3%, and the foam lasts for a short time, making it suitable for quickly washing the user's hands and not suitable for washing large areas of the body.
[0007] (3) Restrictions on packaging methods: In order to ensure that the product contains sufficient surfactant to achieve good dirt removal and cleaning effects, and at the same time to make it convenient for consumers to use the product by holding and kneading it, some products are made into soap-like pieces the size of mahjong tiles. Due to the relatively large product volume and the need to block air, such products are often individually packaged in three-sided sealed packaging bags, which relatively causes more plastic pollution and does not meet the current environmental protection concept of plastic products.
[0008] (4) Difficult to store: This product is limited to three-sided sealed plastic bag packaging, whose airtightness is relatively poor. In addition, this product uses a high proportion of baking soda / citric acid as a bubble generating agent. These two raw materials themselves have relatively strong hygroscopicity. The high proportion of bubble generating agent (total content 55%-80%) increases the probability of the product becoming tide. After the product becomes tide after long-term storage, the raw materials used as bubble generating agents will cause neutralization reaction and the product will easily collapse. Therefore, it is difficult to maintain the structural form of the product, and the shelf life of the product is relatively short. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]
[0009] In order to provide consumers with a portable personal cleaning care product that is easy to wash the whole body, the applicant has developed a foam-rich instant cleaning block that contains a high proportion of surfactant components and, after an appropriate dissolution time, forms a liquid bath cleanser with rich and fine bubbles in water, has good cleaning effect, and is characterized by being weakly acidic and having amino acid-based surfactants as the main cleaning efficacy components, and is gentle on the skin and does not irritate it. [Means for solving the problem]
[0010] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is implemented by the following technical means.
[0011] The Foam Rich Instant Cleaning Block is characterized as follows: It is made from the following components, calculated in parts by weight:
[0012] Alkaline salt 15-25 parts. pH buffer regulator 15-20 parts. Sodium lauryl sulfate 5-8 parts. Sodium lauroyl glutamate 28-30 parts. Filler 20-25 parts. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose 0.3-0.5 parts. Preservative 1-2.5 parts. Essence 0-0.5 parts, colorant 0-0.1 parts.
[0013] The cleaning block has a uniform distribution of the components and a density of 1.1-1.25 g / cm 3 and the compressive strength is 130-180N / cm 2 It is a solid mass composition wherein
[0014] The alkali salt is one or more of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium bicarbonate.
[0015] The pH buffering agent is one or more of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium citrate.
[0016] The filler may be one or more of magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and urea.
[0017] The present invention also provides a method for producing the foam-rich instant cleaning block as described above, which can easily and stably produce the foam-rich instant cleaning block, specifically, the method is performed by the following steps:
[0018] (1) Powdered alkali salt, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl glutamate, filler, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, preservative, essence, and colorant are added to a disperser in the appropriate part ratio and stirred at room temperature until sufficiently dispersed to form mixed powder A.
[0019] (2) Put the powdered pH buffer regulator into a grinder in the ratio of parts, stir and grind it at room temperature, and sieve it to obtain a pH buffer regulator of 80-100 mesh.
[0020] (3) Add 80-100 mesh pH buffer regulator to mixed powder A and mix them together. Set the stirring speed to 1000-1500 r / min and the stirring time to 30-60 seconds. Repeat 2-3 times to prepare mixed powder B.
[0021] (4) Mixed powder B is poured into a die and mixed powder B is forged at 5-15 kg / cm 2The mold is pressed at a pressure of 1 to 5 seconds and then released to create a preform block.
[0022] (5) The preform block is transferred to a dehumidifying chamber and dehumidified for 24 hours under conditions of a temperature of 25-28°C and a humidity of 30%-40% RH to produce the foam-rich instant cleaning block.
[0023] The present invention also provides a method for packaging the foam-rich instant cleaning block, and the block can be stored independently in a three-side sealed bag or an aluminum plastic blister pack, so that the block can be stored stably.
[0024] The present invention also provides a method for using the foam-rich instant cleaning block as described above, which can pump out a liquid bath cleaner with rich and fine foam and is convenient to use, and can be used according to the following steps:
[0025] (1) Dissolve the cleaning block in water at a weight ratio of 8% to 15% to form a cleaning agent.
[0026] (2) The cleaning agent in the container is pumped up with a mousse pump head, either directly or after vibration. Effect of the Invention
[0027] The present invention simultaneously has the following advantages:
[0028] 1. High content of cleaning ingredients, stable and shelf-life: This product rationally reduces the content of air bubble generating agents, alkali salts and pH buffer regulators (ratio range: about 27%-50%) compared to the quick-dissolving soap, and significantly increases the content of surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauroyl glutamate (ratio range: about 30%-45%), thereby reducing the moisture absorption of the instant cleaning block itself and preventing the product from collapsing due to a high proportion of air bubble generating agent raw materials absorbing moisture and generating a neutralization reaction.
[0029] 2. The manufacturing, packaging and storage processes are simple and effective: Reasonably reduce the proportion of bubble generating agent raw materials, and then add soluble water-soluble membranes, and form high-strength blocks by compression with high-pressure equipment to prevent collapse. At the same time, the high proportion of surfactants provides sufficient cleaning power, and the small blocks produced at the time of commercialization already have sufficient activator content, and the packaging process can be completed with ordinary small three-sided sealed packaging and small aluminum plastic blister packaging equipment, which can effectively reduce the cost of production equipment: The small commercial form can be effectively airtight packaging for this instant cleaning block, whether it is small three-sided sealed packaging bags or aluminum plastic blister packaging with better airtightness, and the storage life of this foam-rich instant cleaning block product can reach 3-5 years.
[0030] 3. Formula suitable for bath cleaning: The process is simple, the instant cleaning block is quickly separated and broken into fragments by dissolving in water and shaking, effectively expanding the contact effect between the fragmented instant cleaning block raw material and water, promoting the rapid generation of bubbles and effectively promoting dissolution. The bath cleaning liquid formed is slightly acidic, close to the human skin, and contains a high proportion of sodium lauroyl glutamate, an amino acid surfactant, making the whole formula more gentle on the skin. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0031] In order to easily understand the technical means, creative features, objectives and effects achieved by the present invention, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.
[0032] Working Example
[0033] In Examples 1-8, the raw materials were mixed according to a recipe in the proportions of parts by weight, as shown in Table 1:
[0034] JPEG2025500072000001.jpg246164JPEG2025500072000002.jpg44164
[0035] Prepare the raw materials according to the weight parts in Table 1, and manufacture the foam-rich instant cleaning block by the following manufacturing method:
[0036] (1) The powdered alkali salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl glutamate, filler, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, preservative, essence, and colorant of Examples 1 to 8 are added to a disperser equipped with a cooling jacket in the proportions of parts by weight, stirred and dispersed at room temperature, and stirred at a rotation speed of 2500 to 3000 r / min for 1 to 2 minutes to thoroughly disperse each component, thereby forming mixed powder A.
[0037] (2) Add the pH buffer regulator to the grinder in proportions of parts by weight, stir and grind at room temperature, and sieve to obtain a pH buffer regulator of 80-100 mesh.
[0038] (3) Add 80-100 mesh pH buffer regulator to mixed powder A and mix them together. Set the stirring speed to 1000-1500 r / min and the stirring time to 30-60 seconds. Repeat 2-3 times to prepare mixed powder B.
[0039] (4) Mixed powder B is poured into a die and mixed powder B is forged at 5-15 kg / cm 2 The mold is pressed at a pressure of 1 to 5 seconds and then released to create a preform block.
[0040] (5) The preform block is transferred to a dehumidifying chamber and dehumidified for 24 hours under conditions of a temperature of 25-28°C and a humidity of 30%-40% RH to produce the foam-rich instant cleaning block.
[0041] The foam-rich instant cleaning block of Examples 1-8 prepared as above and the commercially available 20s-30s quick-dissolving soap sample are taken as Comparative Example 1, and the preparation process is combined with the formulation of Example 6 of CN20211079212.9 to prepare two samples of Comparative Example 2, and the following density and compressive strength measurements are carried out:
[0042] Density measurement:
[0043] The foam-rich instant cleaning block prepared in Examples 1-8 was subjected to density testing. The experimental equipment was a 200ml measuring cylinder (calibrated, calibration mechanism: Shenzhen Dafeng weighing). The test method was to weigh 100 grams of white mineral oil into the measuring cylinder, record the scale data, and then add a sample of known weight, record the scale data after adding, calculate the volume, and calculate the density data. The specific test results are shown in Table 2:
[0044] JPEG2025500072000003.jpg27164
[0045] The results of the density test showed that the foam-rich instant cleaning block prepared with the formulation of the present invention has a density range of 1.18-1.24 g / cm 3 and the density of Comparative Example 1 is 1.29 g / cm 3 , and the density of Comparative Example 2 is 1.31 g / cm 3 It was.
[0046] Compressive strength test:
[0047] The foam rich instant cleaning block sample prepared in Examples 1-8 and the comparative example (commercial 20s-30s quick dissolving soap sample) were subjected to a pressure resistance test. The samples of Examples 1-8 and the above comparative examples 1 and 2 were processed in advance into test pieces with a diameter of 3 cm and a height of 1 cm, and the flat test head attached to the Edelberg NK-500 pointer push-pull gauge was fitted to perform a pressure resistance test on the samples of Examples 1-8 and comparative examples 1 and 2. The pressure from the center of the samples of Examples 1-8 and comparative examples 1 and 2 until chipping occurred was measured using a flat tip press, and the pressure / flat tip area was measured to measure the pressure resistance. The larger the tested value, the harder the sample was and the more difficult it was to break, indicating that the impact resistance during rotational transport was stronger. Specific test results are shown in Table 3:
[0048] JPEG2025500072000004.jpg36164
[0049] From the above measurement data, the foam-rich instant cleaning block of Examples 1-8 has a compressive strength of 130-180N / cm 2 The inventors have found through testing that for final commercial production, it is reasonable to mold small pieces, for example, 3 cm in diameter and 1 cm in height, and store and package them in three-sided sealed packaging bags or aluminum-plastic blister packs. By incorporating the instant cleaning block sample with this pressure resistance into the above packaging, defects such as chipping or breaking due to external impact during transportation can be prevented.
[0050] Under equivalent commercialization conditions, the weight ranges of foam-rich instant cleaning block samples with a diameter of 3 cm and a thickness of 1 cm are different, but the weight ratio of the surfactant contained in the foam-rich instant cleaning block samples is in the range of about 30%-45%, while the surfactant in the comparative example is only 1%-3%. The content of the proportion of surfactant with the cleaning effect of this product is much higher than that of the comparative example. Under the conditions of equivalent cleaning efficacy, this instant cleaning block can be commercialized and popularized in a more compact way.
[0051] Based on the impact resistance of the foam-rich instant cleaning block and the high proportional content of surface cleaning agent, this product is more preferable and can utilize the strong airtight performance of the aluminum plastic blister packaging, more effectively isolate the moisture in the outside air, and at the same time, this instant cleaning block has the effects of good portability and easy commercial popularization.
[0052] The samples of Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 prepared by the above method were dissolved in 100 mL of water to prepare test pieces with a diameter of 3 cm and a height of 1 cm. The water solubility time, foam properties, pH value, and usage effect of the cleaning solution samples of Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were tested and recorded by the following methods, and the results are as follows:
[0053] Water Solubility Time Test:
[0054] Under two conditions of initial water temperature, 55°C suitable for bathing and 100°C boiling water, the above samples of Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were placed in 100mL of water and allowed to dissolve naturally in a stationary beaker. The container was used to shake once per second and kept shaking for 30 seconds to simulate the usage mode acceptable to users. The samples were then poured into a beaker and observed for natural dissolution. The two treatment methods were used until the samples were completely dissolved. During this process, the time until the samples of Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples under four conditions were completely dissolved was recorded. The specific results are shown in Table 4:
[0055] JPEG2025500072000005.jpg80164
[0056] From the above data, the samples of Examples 1-8 of this product have a slower dissolution rate than the samples of the comparative example under natural water dissolution conditions at 55°C, but the dissolution rate is faster under the conditions of 55°C vibration water dissolution, 100°C natural water dissolution, and 100°C vibration water dissolution, and the phenomenon of the samples of Examples 1-8 separating from each other was observed during the middle period of natural water dissolution at 100°C. Similarly, under the conditions of vibration water dissolution at 55°C and 100°C, the phenomenon of sample crushing and separation was clearly observed in the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8. On the other hand, the samples of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 did not show any noticeable crushing and separation under the above conditions and remained in a lump form.
[0057] The inventors confirmed that the pressure resistance of the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8 was lower than that of the commercially available samples, but believed that the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8 achieved natural separation under high-temperature aqueous dissolution conditions, or separation and crushing by mechanical force under vibrating aqueous dissolution conditions, and that the instant cleaning blocks in the separated and crushed state had a larger contact surface with water, which resulted in more vigorous neutralization reactions of the generation of alkali salts, which are bubble-generating agents, and pH buffer regulators, thereby promoting the more rapid dissolution effect of the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8.
[0058] Foam quality test:
[0059] After the samples of Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were completely dissolved, 10 mL of each bath cleanser was taken and filled into a transparent bottle with a volume of 100 mL, to which a general bath cleanser pump head and a foaming mousse pump head were directly attached, to form a sealed non-pressurized container. The container was vibrated for 10 seconds, and then foam was pumped through a general bath cleanser pump head and a foaming mousse pump head. The initial pump form when the foam was pumped out from the two pump heads, the time for the volume of the foam pumped from the foaming mousse pump head to be halved, the time for the foam in the bottle to obviously return to the bath cleanser after vibration, the foam form after the volume of the foam pumped from the foaming mousse pump head to be halved, and the foam form during the process of directly washing the arm with the bath liquid were observed, and the specific results are shown in Table 5.
[0060] JPEG2025500072000006.jpg186164
[0061] From the above measurement results, it can be seen that the bath cleaner after dissolving the instant cleaning block sample of Examples 1-8 can maintain the foam shape for a long time when it is vibrated, and the bath cleaner formed by dissolving this product can form the foam shape under the condition of vibration in a non-pressure container, so the mousse pump head can adopt a removable design. For example, the mousse pump head can be combined with the bottle body in a rotating manner to realize the function of multiple use, which can effectively reduce environmental plastic pollution and comply with the requirements of the current plastic restriction regulations of each country. At the same time, the bath cleaner formed after dissolving the instant cleaning block sample can generate sufficient and stable foam during the washing process with abundant sodium lauroyl glutamate (amino acid system) and a reasonable proportion of sodium lauryl sulfate (anion system) as surfactants, and this formulation is more suitable for bath products that need to maintain foam to facilitate whole body washing.
[0062] pH value measurement:
[0063] The pH value of the bath detergent after the samples of Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example were completely dissolved was measured.
[0064] A pH meter is used as the test instrument. The specific test results are shown in Table 6:
[0065] JPEG2025500072000007.jpg22164
[0066] According to the above pH value measurement results, the pH values of the bathing cleaning liquids of the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8 are all close to the weak acidic environment of human skin under normal conditions (the pH value of the skin surface is about 4.5-5.5, and the pH value of different skin surfaces of the human body is about 4.5-6.5). Irritation to human skin can be avoided during use. The comparative example is generally alkaline, and there may be a certain irritation feeling when cleaning the soft skin of the body.
[0067] Usage Efficacy Test:
[0068] Subjects aged 30±5 years were assigned to 10 groups, 50 males and 5 females, and each group was assigned 100mL of each of the bath additives after completely dissolving the samples of Examples 1-8, Comparative Examples 1 and 2. Each subject was informed that they would wash one side of the neck skin with the corresponding sample every day when taking a bath (the neck skin is prone to sweating, prone to dirt accumulation, exposed daily, and relatively soft, making it more representative of the test), and that the other side would be scrubbed with water to clean it, and that the corresponding sample would be used continuously for two weeks.
[0069] The transdermal water loss (TEWL) meter TM300 from Germany's CK Company was used as the measurement device for the transepidermal water loss parameters of the subject's neck, and the Shanghai Leizi pHS-2F pH meter was used as the measurement device for the alkalinity change of the subject's neck skin. The test time periods were the initial state, one week after using the test sample, and two weeks after using the test sample. After each test, the subject's neck was wiped after bathing, and the measurement was performed after waiting 1.5 hours. The specific test results are shown in Table 7:
[0070] JPEG2025500072000008.jpg136164
[0071] The transepidermal water loss test is an index for monitoring and determining the barrier function of the stratum corneum of the measured skin area, and daily cleansing products tend to remove the lipids naturally secreted by the skin, which to some extent reduces the barrier function of the skin's natural sebum to retain moisture, and the higher the transepidermal water loss value, the more moisture lost through the skin in a unit time, the more the skin is prone to dryness and keratinization. The human skin pH test can help determine whether the test area recovers the normal pH ability of the body's skin after using daily cleansing products, and when the sample size is relatively small, the obtained value is more useful than the sebum test, which has a large difference between men and women and between individuals.
[0072] From the above test results, the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8 of the present invention and the samples of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 had little effect on the pH value of the measured site of the neck during cleaning, but the pH value of the neck skin of the subjects who used Comparative Examples 1 and 2 tended to decrease slightly. In addition, looking at the change trend of the transepidermal water loss value of the subjects after using the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8 and the samples of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8 did not show any obvious change in the transepidermal water loss value of the neck skin of the subjects, but the transepidermal water loss value of the neck skin of the subjects who used Comparative Examples 1 and 2 increased, probably because the alkalinity of the products of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was relatively high, which affected the ability of the skin to restore the normal pH value of the neck skin of the subjects, and there was a certain amount of skin dryness, which affected the barrier function of the skin's natural sebum to retain moisture, and the high proportion of sodium lauroyl glutamate in the instant cleaning block samples of Examples 1-8 had the advantageous effect of having little effect on the natural state of the skin.
[0073] From the opinions collected from the subjects, it was found that Comparative Examples 1 and 2 had the disadvantage of not producing abundant foam during use, while the subjects were satisfied with both the foam-producing ability and the amount of foam produced of Examples 1-8, and there was no obvious false slippery feeling after washing, which made them more friendly to male users.
[0074] The above examples are some specific embodiments of the present invention, and are intended to help understand the principles of the embodiments of the present invention. However, the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. However, any amendments, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A foam-rich instant cleaning block, calculated in parts by weight, comprising: The composition contains 15-25 parts of alkali salt, 15-20 parts of pH buffer regulator, 5-8 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate, 28-30 parts of sodium lauroyl glutamate, 20-25 parts of filler, 0.3-0.5 parts of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 1-2.5 parts of preservative, 0-0.5 parts of essence, and 0-0.1 parts of coloring agent. The alkali salt is one or more of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium bicarbonate; The pH buffer regulator is one or more of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium citrate; The filler is one or more of magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and urea; The cleaning block has a uniform distribution of the components and a density of 1.1-1.25 g / cm 3 and the compressive strength is 130-180N / cm 2 1. A foam-rich instant cleaning block, which is a solid mass composition comprising:
2. 13. A method for producing the foam-rich instant cleaning block of claim 1, comprising the steps of: (1) Put the powdered alkali salt, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl glutamate, filler, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, preservative, essence, and coloring into a dispersing machine according to the ratio of parts, and stir at room temperature until fully dispersed to form mixed powder A; (2) Put the powdered pH buffer regulator into a grinder according to the ratio of parts, stir and grind it at room temperature, and sieve it to obtain a pH buffer regulator with a mesh size of 80-100; (3) Add 80-100 mesh pH buffer regulator to mixed powder A and mix together, stirring speed 1000-1500 r / min, stirring time 30-60 seconds, repeat 2-3 times to prepare mixed powder B; (4) Mixed powder B is charged into a die and mixed powder B is forged in a forging machine at 5-15 kg / cm 2 Press with a unit area pressure of 100 mm, maintain the pressure for 1-5 seconds, and then release the mold to create a preform block; (5) The preform block is transferred to a dehumidification chamber and dehumidified for 24 hours under conditions of a temperature of 25-28°C and a humidity of 30%-40% RH to produce the foam-rich instant cleaning block.
3. 13. A method for packaging the foam-rich instant cleaning block of claim 1, comprising producing the cleaning block in a block shape and storing it separately in a three-side sealed pouch or an aluminum plastic blister package.
4. 13. A method of using the foam-rich instant cleaning block of claim 1 for non-therapeutic purposes, comprising the steps of: (1) The cleaning block is dissolved in water at a weight ratio of 8%-15% to form a cleaning agent. (2) The cleaning agent in the container is pumped up using a mousse pump head, either directly or after vibration.
Citation Information
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