System and method for enhanced energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in electric motors

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to systems and method for enhancing energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in electric motors. The integration of auxiliary windings in the electric motor of the present disclosure enables the continuous capture and conversion of otherwise lost energy into electrical energy, which is then fed back into at least one of one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and the electric motor and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle, using an energy management unit. The processes are managed by intelligent control systems that dynamically adjust the rate and amount of energy feedback based on real-time battery status and operating conditions of the electric motor.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ENHANCED ENERGY RECOVERY, EFFICIENCY, AND CONTINUOUS OPERATION IN ELECTRIC MOTORSFIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This present disclosure generally relates to electrical motors, and more specifically to systems and methods for enhancing energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in electric motors.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Electric motors are an essential part of electric vehicles (EVs) and play a key role in determining the electric vehicle’s performance, efficiency, and overall viability. Traditional methods for enhancing motor performance in EVs typically include optimizing parameters such as torque, power output, and energy efficiency through mechanisms like regenerative braking and complex control systems. Regenerative braking captures kinetic energy during deceleration and converts it into electrical energy stored in the battery, however its operation is limited to specific phases of operation, resulting in missed opportunities for continuous energy recovery. Additionally, conventional EV motors rely on intricate control systems to modulate current frequency and voltage, which can be costly, prone to inefficiencies, and vulnerable to failure, particularly under dynamic driving conditions.

[0003] Another issue with traditional electric motors in EVs is the ineffective thermal management. These motors generate substantial heat due to friction, resistance, and eddy current losses, which reduces efficiency and can compromise the motor's longevity and reliability. Traditional methods to mitigate thermal issues, such as enhanced cooling systems, may add to the complexity and cost of EV motors.

[0004] Other drawbacks in existing solutions include:

[0005] Limited Energy Capture: Traditional regenerative braking systems only recover energy during deceleration phases, missing opportunities to harness energy during acceleration or steadystate operation.

[0006] High Cost and Vulnerability: The intricate control systems required to modulate current frequency and voltage are costly, prone to inefficiencies, and susceptible to failure, particularly under dynamic driving conditions.

[0007] Excessive Heat Generation: Electric motors generate substantial heat due to friction, resistance, and eddy current losses, leading to reduced efficiency and potential risks to motor longevity and reliability.

[0008] Sporadic Energy Feedback: Energy recovery in traditional systems is intermittent, leading to large surges of energy feedback that can strain the battery and result in suboptimal energy utilization.

[0009] Accelerated Wear and Tear: The thermal and mechanical stresses associated with traditional motor designs can accelerate wear and tear, reducing the operational lifespan and reliability of the motor.

[0010] Increased Energy Consumption: Inefficiencies in energy recovery and management contribute to higher energy consumption, leading to a greater environmental impact and reduced sustainability of electric vehicles.

[0011] Limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, through comparison of described systems with some aspects of the present invention, as set forth in the remainder of the present application and with reference to the drawings.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to integrating auxiliary windings for continuous energy recovery and intelligent control systems for optimized energy management. This approach ensures efficient energy utilization throughout all phases of motor operation in EVs, enhancing overall energy efficiency, reducing thermal generation, and extending the motor's operational lifespan.

[0013] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to the integration of auxiliary windings that continuously capture and convert otherwise lost energy into electrical energy, which is then fed back into one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and / or the electric motor and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle. This process is managed by intelligent control systems that dynamically adjust the rate and amount of energy feedback based on real-time battery status and motor operation conditions. By maintaining a continuous energy recovery mechanism, this system significantly enhances the overall energy efficiency and extends the operational range of battery-operated equipment, particularly electric vehicles. Additionally, the optimized energy flow management ensures that the motor operates efficiently without compromising battery health or motor performance, resulting in reduced frequency of charging sessions and prolonged battery lifespan.

[0014] Traditional systems typically rely on phase-specific energy recovery mechanisms, such as regenerative braking, which only capture energy during deceleration phases. In contrast, the continuous energy recovery system described in this patent operates throughout all phases of motor operation, offering a significant improvement in energy utilization. Moreover, the intelligent control systems used in this invention provide real-time adjustments to optimize energy feedback, a feature not commonly found in current technologies. The combination of these features ensures that the motor operates with higher efficiency and sustainability, making it a significant advancement over prior art in the field of electric motor design and energy management. Aspects of the present disclosure provide the following technical advantages or benefits:

[0015] The solution described in the present disclosure enhances the performance and efficiency of electric motors in electric vehicles through the integration of auxiliary windings and intelligent control systems for continuous energy recovery and optimized energy management. Aspects of the present disclosure present disclosure enables continuous energy capture and feedback by utilizing auxiliary windings to capture energy losses during all phases of motor operation and converting this energy into electrical power that is fed back into one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and / or the electric motor and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle. Further aspects of the present disclosure optimize energy utilization and efficiencyby employing intelligent control systems that minimize energy wastage and maximize the conversion efficiency of captured energy, reducing dependency on intricate and costly control systems.

[0016] Further aspects of the present disclosure extend the operational lifespan of the motor by reducing the losses (i.e., eddy current losses) and thermal aspects of the motor, such that the motor operates at a reduced temperature to maintain battery health. Further aspects of the present disclosure maximize the use of available energy to reduce the frequency of external charging sessions and promote sustainability through improved energy efficiency of electric vehicles.

[0017] In an example implementation, a system for improving performance of an electric motor is disclosed, the electric motor comprising a main winding and one or more auxiliary windings in a stator of the electric motor. The system includes an energy management unit. The energy management unit is configured to receive energy harvested from the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor; monitor at least one parameter associated with an operation of the electric motor; and adjust feedback rate of the energy based on the at least one parameter.

[0018] In an aspect combinable with the example implementation, the at least one parameter comprises at least one of a state charge of a battery of the electric motor, a current power load of the electric motor and an ambient temperature.

[0019] In another aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects, the energy management unit is configured to minimize a deviation between an ideal feedback rate of the energy and an actual feedback rate of the energy.

[0020] In another aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects, the energy management unit is configured to adjust the operation of the electric motor based on an optimization objective function, wherein the optimization objective function maximizes overall efficiency of the operation based on one of electrical energy input to the electric motor, useful work output of the electric motor and energy recovered and reused through the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor.

[0021] In another aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects, the electric motor is used in an electric vehicle, wherein the energy is fed back into at least one of one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and the electric motor and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle.

[0022] In an example implementation, a method for improving performance of an electric motor is disclosed, the electric motor comprising a main winding and one or more auxiliary windings in a stator of the electric motor. The method includes receiving energy harvested from the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor; monitoring at least one parameter associated with an operation of the electric motor; and adjusting feedback rate of the energy based on the at least one parameter.

[0023] In an aspect combinable with the example implementation, the at least one parameter comprises at least one of a state charge of a battery of the electric motor, a current power load of the electric motor and an ambient temperature.

[0024] In another aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects, adjusting the feedback rate of the energy comprises minimizing a deviation between an ideal feedback rate of the energy and an actual feedback rate of the energy.

[0025] In another aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects, adjusting the feedback rate of the energy comprises adjusting the operation of the electric motor based on an optimization objective function, wherein the optimization objective function maximizes overall efficiency of the operation based on one of electrical energy input to the electric motor, useful work output of the electric motor and energy recovered and reused through the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor.

[0026] In another aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects, the electric motor is used in an electric vehicle, wherein the energy is fed back into at least one of one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and the electric motor and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle.

[0027] These and other features and advantages of the present invention may be appreciated from a review of the following detailed description of the present invention, along with the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a continuous energy recovery and management system (CERMS) for enhanced energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in an electric motor according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 2A is a schematic representation of a stator of an induction motor according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic representation of a connection configuration between a main winding and an additional auxiliary winding of the stator to achieve high power factor according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a rotor of an induction motor according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method for enhanced energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in an electric motor according to an aspect of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0033] The following described implementations may be found in the disclosed system for enhanced energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in an electric motor.

[0034] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a continuous energy recovery and management system (CERMS) 100 for enhanced energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in an electric motor 102 according to an aspect of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown the CERMS 100 which includes an energy management unit 104. The energy management unit 104 includes an energy recovery unit 106, a monitoring unit 108 and an energy feedback ratecontrol unit 110. A stator of the electric motor 102 depicted in FIG. 1, includes a main winding 102M and one or more auxiliary windings 102 A.

[0035] The energy recovery unit 106 may comprise suitable logic, interfaces, and / or code that may be configured to receive energy harvested from one or more auxiliary windings 102A of the electric motor 102.

[0036] The monitoring unitl08 may comprise suitable logic, interfaces, and / or code that may be configured to monitor one or more parameters associated with an operation of the electric motor 102. The one or more parameters may include, but are not limited to, a state charge of a battery of the electric motor 102, a current power load of the electric motor 102 and an ambient temperature. In some implementations, the monitoring unit 108 may include one or more sensors for monitoring the one or parameters.

[0037] The energy feedback rate control unit 110 may comprise suitable logic, interfaces, and / or code that may be configured to adjust feedback rate of the energy based on the one or more parameters. In an implementation, the energy feedback rate control unit 110 may be configured to minimize a deviation between an ideal feedback rate of the energy and an actual feedback rate of the energy.

[0038] In an implementation, the electric motor 102 is used in an electric vehicle. The energy is fed back to on-board batteries (e.g., high voltage (HV) batteries, low voltage (LV) batteries) of the electric vehicle and / or to the electric motor 102 and / or the energy is used to power on-board auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle.

[0039] The CERMS 100 is designed to change how energy is managed in electric motors (e.g., electric motor 102). The CERMS 100 utilizes the one or more auxiliary windings 102A to capture energy losses during all phases of operation, including acceleration, cruising, and deceleration. This captured energy is then converted into electrical power and fed back into one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and / or the electric motor 102 and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle, ensuring a consistent and efficient energy recovery process.

[0040] The one or more auxiliary windings 102A are strategically placed within the electric motor 102 to maximize the capture of energy losses from friction, resistance, and eddy current losses. This continuous energy recovery process ensures that the electric motor 102 operates at a higher overall efficiency. The CERMS 100 dynamically manages this energy recovery, adapting to realtime conditions to optimize performance of the electric motor 102.

[0041] According to an implementation of the present disclosure, to optimize energy recovery and utilization, the CERMS 100 employs advanced control algorithms that manage the rate and amount of energy feedback dynamically. The energy feedback rate control unit 110 employs these algorithms to ensure that energy recovery is efficient and responsive to real-time conditions such as battery state of charge, motor load, and ambient temperature. The calculation of the energy feedback rate is as follows:Rfeedback (t) — f (BsOC, Pload, / ambient) where / feedback (t): Real-time rate of energy feedback; Bsoc. State of charge of the battery;Eioad: Current power load on the electric motor 102; Tambient: Ambient temperature.

[0042] The energy feedback rate calculation determines the rate at which energy should be fed back into one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and / or to the electric motor 102 and / or to power the on-board auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle. The energy feedback rate calculation is influenced by several factors:• Battery State of Charge: Indicates how much energy the battery currently holds.• Power Load on the electric motor 102: The current demand on the electric motor 102, which varies based on driving conditions.Ambient Temperature: External temperature can affect battery performance and efficiency.

[0043] The CERMS 100 continuously monitors these parameters and adjusts the energy feedback rate accordingly. This dynamic adjustment ensures that the energy recovery process complements the operation of the electric motor 102 without overwhelming the battery.

[0044] According to an implementation of the present disclosure, an adaptive control algorithm is employed for use in the CERMS 100. The algorithm minimizes the deviation between the ideal and actual energy feedback rates, ensuring that the CERMS 100 operates efficiently under varying conditions. To minimize the sum of the deviations between the ideal energy feedback rate and the actual energy feedback rate from t=0 to T,where, Efeedback Deviation between ideal and actual energy feedback;Eideai(t): Ideal energy feedback rate;Eactuai(t): Actual energy feedback rate.

[0045] This algorithm dynamically adjusts the energy feedback process, considering real-time variations in load and battery conditions. Thus, the algorithm ensures that energy is consistently recovered and efficiently reused, maintaining optimal motor performance and battery health.

[0046] The energy feedback rate calculation provides the desired rate of energy feedback based on real-time parameters. The adaptive control algorithm continuously monitors the actual energy feedback rate and compares it to the ideal rate calculated by the energy feedback rate unit 110. If there is a deviation between the ideal and actual feedback rates, the adaptive control algorithm adjusts the system to minimize this deviation, ensuring efficient and responsive energy management.

[0047] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to different application or scenarios of usage of the CERMS 100 of the present disclosure.

[0048] Scenario 1: Acceleration:

[0049] In an implementation, during acceleration, the electric motor 102 experiences increased load and energy losses due to friction and resistance. The one or more auxiliary windings 102A capture these losses and convert them into electrical energy. The CERMS 100 monitors the increased load and adjusts the energy feedback rate to ensure efficient recovery and utilization.

[0050] Scenario 2: Cruising

[0051] In another implementation, in steady-state operation or cruising, the electric motor 102 operates at a constant speed with lower energy losses. The one or more auxiliary windings 102A continue to capture any minor losses, and the CERMS 100 adjusts the feedback rate to maintain efficiency without overloading the battery.

[0052] Scenario 3 : Deceleration

[0053] In another implementation, during deceleration, traditional regenerative braking systems capture significant energy. The CERMS 100 enhances this process by also capturing energy losses from the one or more auxiliary windings 102 A. The CERMS 100 maximizes energy feedback to the battery, further improving efficiency.

[0054] In an implementation, the CERMS 100 employs real-time optimization techniques to manage energy consumption dynamically. By continuously monitoring key parameters such as battery state of charge, motor load, and ambient temperature, the CERMS 100 adjusts motor operations to maintain optimal efficiency. The optimization objective function is given by: maXZ / system=Woulpul / W input + Erecovered^system: Overall system efficiency. Eoutput: Useful work output of the motor. Einput: Electrical energy input to the motor.^recovered: Energy recovered and reused.

[0055] This function maximizes overall efficiency by optimizing the balance between energy input, useful work output, and energy recovered through the one or more auxiliary windings 102A.

[0056] The energy management unit 104 (the control system) is designed to respond to changes in load conditions within milliseconds, ensuring that the electric motor 102 can adapt quickly to varying driving scenarios. This high level of responsiveness is achieved through advanced algorithms that predict load changes and adjust motor operations pre-emptively.

[0057] The present invention addresses thermal management issues by minimizing heat generation through optimized design and advanced materials. The one or more auxiliary windings 102 A and the CERMS 100 work together to reduce friction, resistance, and eddy current losses, decreasing the heat produced during operation of the electric motor 102. Advanced cooling strategies are also integrated to dissipate heat effectively, ensuring the electric motor 102 maintains optimal operating temperatures.

[0058] FIG. 2A is a diagrammatic representation of a stator of an induction motor in accordance with an exemplary implementation of the disclosure. Referring to FIG. 2A, there is shown a stator 200 of the induction motor, which includes a frame or yoke 202, a stator core 204, stator slots 206 and stator windings 208.

[0059] The frame or yoke 202 is made of close-grained alloy cast iron or aluminum alloy and forms an integral part of the stator 200. The main function of the frame or yoke 202 is to provide a protective cover for other sophisticated components or parts of the induction motor. The stator core 204 is made up of laminations which include the stator slots 206 that are punched from sheets of electrical grade steel. The space provided in the stator slots 206 is sufficient to accommodate the stator windings 208 that include one or more sets of winding wires. In related aspects, the space provided in the stator slots 206 may be more than in conventional slots. The winding wires are insulated wires. The size of the stator slots 206 may be adjusted and maintained for uniform distribution of the stator windings 208.

[0060] The space provided in the stator slots 206 is configured to accommodate the one or moresets of winding wires which include the main winding (M) which carries the supply power / energy (RMF) required for rotating the rotor and the one or more additional windings (A) which is used for transmission of the power (alternating EMF) induced in the one or more additional windings (A) while the rotor is rotating. The energy produced during the rotation of the rotor meets part of the energy requirement of the induction motor, as the induction motor partly functions as a generator.

[0061] Further, the stator 200 may include rabbets and bore that are punched carefully to ensure uniformity of air gap. The shaft and bearings used in the rotor of the induction motor are like any other conventional induction motor. The heat produced in the induction motor is comparatively less because of less current and low losses.

[0062] A number of poles and a number of windings that will be required for the stator 200 is decided based on the speed of the induction motor as the speed is directly proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to the number of poles according to the equation, N = 120f / P, wherein ‘N’ is the speed, ‘f is the frequency and ‘P’ is the number of poles.

[0063] FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic representation of a connection configuration between a main winding and an additional auxiliary winding of the stator to achieve high power factor in accordance with an exemplary implementation of the disclosure. Referring to FIG. 2B, there is shown a main coil 202 of the stator with a start terminal (Ms) and an end terminal (Me) and an auxiliary coil 204 with a start terminal (As) and an end terminal (Ae).

[0064] As depicted in FIG. 2B, the start terminal (As) of the auxiliary coil 204 is connected to the end terminal (Me) of the main coil 202.

[0065] An electronic control unit (ECU) of the induction motor receives the back EMF from the stator coils and provides the same to the auxiliary windings. Thus, the main winding and the multiple auxiliary windings are enabled with more than one power component being feed to each winding. Each winding has more than one power component enabling an efficiency component as:• Power Component generated from the back EMF induced from the previous coil due to flux cutting.• Power component generated by the back EMF at the coil due to flux cutting while the rotor is rotating the magnetic field (RMF).

[0066] The above-described connection configuration of the windings reduces the input current component.

[0067] FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a rotor of an induction motor in accordance with an exemplary implementation of the disclosure. Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a rotor 300 which includes steel laminations 302, aluminum bars 304, a rotor shaft 306 and end rings 308.

[0068] The rotor 300 includes a cylinder of the steel laminations 302, with the aluminum bars 304. In some implementations, the rotor 300 may include highly conductive metal (typically aluminum or copper) embedded into its surface. At both ends of the rotor 300, rotor conductors are short-circuited by the continuous end rings 308 of similar materials to that of the rotor conductors. The rotor conductors and their end rings 308 by themselves form a closed circuit.

[0069] When an alternating current is run through the stator windings 208, the RMF is produced. This induces a current in the rotor windings, which produces its own magnetic field. The interaction of the magnetic fields produced by the stator and rotor windings produces a torque on the rotor 300.

[0070] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method for enhanced energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in an electric motor according to an aspect of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a flowchart of a method 400 for enhanced energy recovery, efficiency, and continuous operation in the electric motor 102.

[0071] Referring to FIG. 4, at 402, the method 400 includes receiving energy harvested from the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor.

[0072] At 404, the method 400 includes monitoring at least one parameter associated with an operation of the electric motor.

[0073] At 406, the method 400 includes adjusting feedback rate of the energy based on the at least one parameter.

[0074] The present invention may be realized in hardware, or a combination of hardware and software. The present invention may be realized in a centralized fashion, in at least one computer system, or in a distributed fashion, where different elements may be spread across several interconnected computer systems. A computer system or other apparatus / devices adapted to carry out the methods described herein may be suited. A combination of hardware and software may be a general-purpose computer system with a computer program that, when loaded and executed on the computer system, may control the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein. The present invention may be realized in hardware that comprises a portion of an integrated circuit that also performs other functions. The present invention may also be realized as a firmware which form part of the media rendering device.

[0075] The present invention may also be embedded in a computer program product, which includes all the features that enable the implementation of the methods described herein, and which when loaded and / or executed on a computer system may be configured to carry out these methods. Computer program, in the present context, means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system with information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly, or after either or both of the following: a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form.

[0076] While the present disclosure is described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made, and equivalents may be substituted without departure from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departure from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure isnot limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the present disclosure will include all embodiments that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A system for improving performance of an electric motor, the electric motor comprising a main winding and one or more auxiliary windings in a stator of the electric motor, the system comprising: an energy management unit configured to: receive energy harvested from the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor; monitor at least one parameter associated with an operation of the electric motor; and adjust feedback rate of the energy based on the at least one parameter.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one parameter comprises at least one of a state charge of a battery of the electric motor, a current power load of the electric motor and an ambient temperature.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the energy management unit is configured to minimize a deviation between an ideal feedback rate of the energy and an actual feedback rate of the energy.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the energy management unit is configured to adjust the operation of the electric motor based on an optimization objective function, wherein the optimization objective function maximizes overall efficiency of the electric motor based on one of electrical energy input to the electric motor, useful work output of the electric motor and energy recovered and reused through the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the electric motor is used in an electric vehicle, wherein the energy is fed back into at least one of one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and the electric motor and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle.

6. A method for improving performance of an electric motor, the electric motor comprising a main winding and one or more auxiliary windings in a stator of the electric motor, the method comprising: receiving energy harvested from the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor; monitoring at least one parameter associated with an operation of the electric motor; and adjusting feedback rate of the energy based on the at least one parameter.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one parameter comprises at least one of a state charge of a battery of the electric motor, a current power load of the electric motor and an ambient temperature.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein adjusting the feedback rate of the energy comprises minimizing a deviation between an ideal feedback rate of the energy and an actual feedback rate of the energy.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein adjusting the feedback rate of the energy comprises adjusting the operation of the electric motor based on an optimization objective function, wherein the optimization objective function maximizes overall efficiency of the electric motor based on one of electrical energy input to the electric motor, useful work output of the electric motor and energy recovered and reused through the one or more auxiliary windings of the electric motor.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the electric motor is used in an electric vehicle, wherein the energy is fed back into at least one of one or more batteries of the electric vehicle and the electric motor and / or the energy is used to power one or more auxiliary systems of the electric vehicle.

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