Utilization of mxenes in bioanalytical applications

Abstract

MXenes are nanostructures with unique characteristics for bioanalytical applications, such as hydrophilicity, large surface area, strong metallic conductivity, strong ion transport capabilities, biocompatibility, minimal diffusion barrier, and easy functionalization. These materials are formed of transition metallic nitrides, carbides, or carbonitrides. This invention is the innovative of using MXenes in electrochemical and optical biosensors, identifying future requirements and potential in this sector, particularly in the development of wearable sensors and platforms with integrated biomolecule detection.

Description

[0001] Utilization of MXenes in Bioanalytical Applications

[0002] Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to the field of bioanalytical sensors, specifically focusing on the use of MXenes — two-dimensional nanostructures composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides — in the development of advanced electrochemical and optical biosensors. MXenes have gained interest in various disciplines, including sustainable energy generation, fuel cells, supercapacitors, electronics, and catalysis due to their unique properties. MXenes are particularly appealing for biosensing applications due to their composition and layered structure. In electrochemical biosensors, their high conductivity and multilayered design are essential, as these features ensure that biomolecules remain active and stable when immobilized, making them valuable in medical applications.

[0004] Prior Art

[0005] "MXene-Based Electrochemical Sensors"

[0006] This patent details the development of electrochemical sensors utilizing MXenes for the detection of biomolecules. The invention emphasizes the advantages of MXenes, such as enhanced conductivity and surface area, which lead to higher sensitivity and faster response times. The focus is on various functionalization techniques to improve specificity for target analytes.

[0007] "Wearable Biosensors Incorporating MXenes"

[0008] This patent describes a wearable biosensor system that integrates MXenes for realtime monitoring of physiological parameters. The document highlights the biocompatibility of MXenes and their ability to maintain sensor performance during prolonged wear. The patent claims innovations in sensor design that leverage MXenes’ unique properties for non-invasive biomolecule detection.

[0009] "Optical Sensors Using MXenes for Biomolecule Detection" This patent outlines the use of MXenes in optical sensing applications. It discusses the materials' ability to enhance light absorption and improve signal amplification in biosensors. The claims include methods for detecting specific biomolecules through changes in optical properties when interacting with MXenes.

[0010] "Functionalization of MXenes for Targeted Biosensing"

[0011] This patent focuses on methods for functionalizing MXenes to achieve selective binding with various biomolecules. The document covers a range of chemical modifications that enhance the interaction between MXenes and target analytes, thereby improving the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors.

[0012] "Integrated Platforms for Health Monitoring Using MXenes"

[0013] This patent discusses the creation of integrated platforms that combine MXenes with other sensing technologies for comprehensive health monitoring. It emphasizes the potential for real-time data collection and transmission, making it suitable for wearable health devices. The invention aims to provide holistic monitoring solutions by incorporating multiple biomolecule detection capabilities.

[0014] The reviewed patents illustrate the growing interest in MXenes for various biosensing applications, particularly in the fields of wearable technology and biomolecule detection. They highlight the unique properties of MXenes, such as their hydrophilicity, conductivity, and ease of functionalization, which contribute to advancements in sensor performance and application versatility. The innovations presented in these patents align with the current trends in bioanalytical technology, indicating a promising future for MXene-based solutions.

[0015] Description

[0016] The invention centers on the innovative application of MXenes, a class of two- dimensional materials, specifically tailored for enhancing the performance of electrochemical biosensors. While the general advantages of MXenes, such as high hydrophilicity, large surface area, and exceptional electrical conductivity, are well- known, this invention distinguishes itself by detailing how these properties contribute to unique functionalities in biosensing applications (Amani et al., 2024a). Traditional biosensing technologies often face challenges such as limited sensitivity, prolonged response times, and difficulties in targeting specific biomolecules. The integration of MXenes into biosensing platforms addresses these limitations by leveraging their unique properties, including high hydrophilicity, large surface area, exceptional electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility.

[0017] 1.- Unique Properties of MXenes:

[0018] High Hydrophilicity: This property not only facilitates effective biomolecule adsorption but also promotes rapid binding kinetics, which is crucial for achieving faster response times in biosensors.

[0019] Large Surface Area: The high surface area allows for increased loading of biomolecules, leading to enhanced sensitivity. This is particularly important for detecting low-abundance biomarkers in complex biological samples.

[0020] Exceptional Electrical Conductivity: The strong metallic conductivity of MXenes enables superior signal transduction in electrochemical sensors, resulting in improved signal-to-noise ratios and better detection limits.

[0021] 2.- Innovative Functionalization Techniques:

[0022] The invention introduces novel methods for functionalizing MXenes with specific biomolecules, enhancing the selectivity of sensors. This customization allows for targeted detection of specific analytes, addressing a common limitation in traditional biosensing technologies.

[0023] 3.- Integration into Wearable Platforms:

[0024] A key innovation of this invention is the development of MXene-based sensors that can be seamlessly integrated into wearable devices. This integration is facilitated by the biocompatibility of MXenes, which minimizes adverse reactions with biological tissues. Such wearable sensors can provide real-time monitoring of biomolecules, significantly advancing the field of personalized medicine.

[0025] 4.- Stability and Performance Under Varied Conditions: Unlike many traditional biosensors that suffer from performance degradation under varying environmental conditions, MXenes exhibit remarkable stability, making them suitable for diverse applications, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. This invention specifically addresses the challenges of sensor stability and reliability, thereby broadening the applicability of biosensing technologies.

[0026] 5.- Scalable Production Methods:

[0027] The invention also emphasizes scalable production techniques for MXene-based sensors, which are essential for commercial viability. This aspect is critical for translating laboratory innovations into practical, widely-used biosensing solutions.

[0028] This invention not only utilizes MXenes in biosensing but also leverages their unique properties in innovative ways to overcome the limitations of existing technologies. By enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and stability, this approach represents a significant step forward in the development of next-generation biosensors, particularly for applications requiring real-time monitoring and early disease detection (Amani et al., 2024b).

[0029] MXenes are a groundbreaking class of two-dimensional nanostructures that exhibit exceptional properties, making them ideal for bioanalytical applications. Their hydrophilicity, large surface area, strong metallic conductivity, and biocompatibility enhance their performance in electrochemical and optical biosensors. These materials facilitate efficient ion transport and can be easily functionalized for targeted interactions with biomolecules. The innovative application of MXenes in biosensors is particularly promising for the development of wearable sensors capable of real-time biomolecule monitoring, as well as integrated platforms that combine detection and data transmission for comprehensive health monitoring (Aslam et al., 2023; Amani et al., 2023).

[0030] To fully harness the potential of MXenes in biosensing, research should focus on expanding the range of detectable biomolecules, enhancing the stability and performance of sensors under various environmental conditions, and exploring scalable production methods for commercial applications. The integration of MXenes into bioanalytical technologies represents a significant advancement, addressing both current and emerging needs in the field and paving the way for innovative solutions in wearable sensor development and biomolecule detection (Hantanasirisakul., 2018).

[0031] Moreover, the versatility of MXenes allows for their application across various sectors, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. As researchers continue to explore the diverse functionalities of MXenes, their incorporation into nextgeneration biosensing systems could lead to breakthroughs in early disease detection and personalized medicine. The ability to customize MXenes for specific applications further enhances their utility, making them a valuable resource in the ongoing quest for more efficient and effective biosensing technologies (Naguib et al., 2012).

[0032] This invention marks a significant advancement in biosensing technology by utilizing the unique properties of MXenes to enhance sensitivity, specificity, and integration into wearable platforms. MXene-based biosensors are poised to revolutionize biomolecule detection and monitoring, addressing critical challenges faced by traditional biosensing methods (Sun, 2012). Further research and development in this area can lead to innovative solutions in various applications, ultimately improving health outcomes and safety standards (Hadi et al., 2021).

[0033] This invention provides a novel approach to biosensing by utilizing MXenes to enhance the performance of electrochemical and optical sensors. The invention encompasses the following key aspects:

[0034] 1. MXene Composition and Structure:

[0035] The invention utilizes MXenes, which can be tailored in composition (e.g., Ti3C2, Nb2C) and structure to optimize their interaction with biomolecules. The tunability of MXenes allows for specific modifications to suit various sensing applications.

[0036] 2. Functionalization Techniques:

[0037] The invention includes methods for functionalizing MXenes with specific chemical groups or biomolecules to improve selectivity and binding affinity for target analytes. This functionalization can enhance sensor specificity and sensitivity, enabling the detection of low-concentration biomolecules. 3. Sensor Design and Integration:

[0038] The invention describes the design of electrochemical and optical biosensors that incorporate MXenes as the sensing element. These sensors can be miniaturized and integrated into wearable devices for real-time monitoring of physiological parameters, such as glucose levels or biomarkers for diseases.

[0039] 4. Performance Advantages:

[0040] The use of MXenes in biosensors offers several advantages, including:

[0041] 5. Rapid Response Times:

[0042] The strong ion transport capabilities of MXenes reduce the diffusion barriers in sensing processes.

[0043] 6. High Sensitivity:

[0044] The large surface area and conductivity of MXenes facilitate enhanced electron transfer, resulting in improved detection limits.

[0045] 7. Versatility:

[0046] The ability to modify MXenes allows for a wide range of applications across different biomolecules, making the sensors adaptable for various diagnostic needs.

[0047] 8. Applications:

[0048] The invention is applicable in diverse fields, including healthcare for disease diagnostics, environmental monitoring for pollutant detection, and food safety for pathogen identification. The potential for wearable sensors opens new avenues for continuous health monitoring and personalized medicine.

[0049] This invention represents a significant advancement in biosensing technology by harnessing the unique properties of MXenes. By improving sensitivity, specificity, and integration into wearable platforms, MXene-based biosensors have the potential to revolutionize the detection and monitoring of biomolecules, addressing key challenges faced by traditional biosensing methods. The present invention leverages the unique properties of MXenes — two-dimensional nanostructures composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides — to create advanced electrochemical and optical biosensors. This detailed description outlines the composition, functionalization, design, performance advantages, and potential applications of MXene-based biosensors.

[0050] 1. MXene Composition and Structure

[0051] MXenes possess a distinctive layered structure that contributes to their exceptional properties. The general formula for MXenes is M(n+1)X(n), where M represents a transition metal and X is either carbon or nitrogen. Common examples include Ti3C2and Nb2C. The tunability of MXenes enables the adjustment of their composition and structure, allowing for optimization in various biosensing applications. The unique arrangement of atoms within the MXenes facilitates strong interactions with biomolecules, enhancing their potential as sensing elements.

[0052] 2. Functionalization Techniques

[0053] To improve the selectivity and binding affinity of MXenes for target analytes, specific functionalization techniques are employed. These techniques involve attaching various chemical groups or biomolecules to the surface of MXenes. Functionalization can include:

[0054] Covalent Bonding: Utilizing reactive groups to form stable covalent bonds with the MXene surface.

[0055] Non-covalent Interactions: Employing electrostatic forces or van der Waals forces for biomolecule attachment.

[0056] Layered Functionalization: Creating multilayered structures by sequentially adding different functional groups to tailor sensor performance for specific biomolecules.

[0057] The choice of functionalization method is crucial for enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of the biosensors, enabling the detection of biomolecules at low concentrations. 3. Sensor Design and Integration

[0058] The design of MXene-based biosensors integrates the unique properties of MXenes into electrochemical and optical sensing platforms. Key design elements include:

[0059] Electrode Configuration: The conductive nature of MXenes allows for the development of electrodes that facilitate efficient electron transfer during sensing.

[0060] Miniaturization: The thin, layered structure of MXenes enables the miniaturization of biosensors, making them suitable for integration into wearable devices.

[0061] Real-time Monitoring Capabilities: The design supports the continuous monitoring of physiological parameters, such as glucose levels or disease biomarkers, enabling timely health assessments.

[0062] The integration of MXenes into sensor architectures provides a platform for developing compact, efficient, and responsive biosensing devices.

[0063] 4. Performance Advantages

[0064] The incorporation of MXenes into biosensors presents several performance advantages:

[0065] Rapid Response Times: The high ion transport capabilities of MXenes significantly reduce diffusion barriers, leading to quicker responses in detecting target biomolecules.

[0066] High Sensitivity: The large surface area and excellent conductivity of MXenes enhance electron transfer, allowing for lower detection limits and improved sensitivity.

[0067] Versatility: The ability to modify MXenes for different target biomolecules makes these sensors adaptable across various diagnostic needs, from healthcare to environmental monitoring.

[0068] 5. Applications

[0069] The MXene-based biosensing technology is applicable in several fields, including: Healthcare: For disease diagnostics through the detection of specific biomarkers, and continuous monitoring of health indicators via wearable sensors.

[0070] Environmental Monitoring: Detecting pollutants or pathogens in environmental samples, ensuring safety and compliance with health regulations.

[0071] Food Safety: Identifying pathogens or contaminants in food products, contributing to public health initiatives.

[0072] The potential for real-time data collection and transmission from wearable sensors enhances the scope of applications, leading to personalized medicine and proactive health management.

[0073] References:

[0074] [1] Amani. A. M. Tayebi. L. Vafa, E. Jahanbin, A. Abbasi, M. Vaez, A. Chelliapan, S. (2024a). Innovation applications of MXenes in biomedicine. Materials Today Communications, 109929.

[0075] [2] Amani. A. M. Rahbar, A. Vafa, E. Tayebi, L. Abbasi, M. Kamyab, H. Mosleh- Shirazi, S. (2024b). Exploring the Functionality of MXenes as Promising Versatile Antimicrobial Agents and Their Novel Applications. Materials Today Communications, 110774.

[0076] [3] K. Hantanasirisakul, Y. Gogotsi, Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes), Adv Mater 30(52) (2018) e 1804779.

[0077] [4] M. Naguib, O. Mashtalir, J. Carle, V. Presser, J. Lu, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, M.W. Barsoum, Two-dimensional transition metal carbides, ACS Nano 6(2) (2012) 1322-31.

[0078] [5] Z. Sun, Progress in research and development on MAX phases: a family of layered ternary compounds, International Materials Reviews 56(3) (2011) 143- 166.

[0079] [6] Amani, A. M. Tayebi, L. Abbasi, M. Vaez, A., Kamyab, H., Chelliapan, S. Vafa, E. (2023). The need for Smart materials in an Expanding Smart World: MXene-Based Wearable Electronics and their advantageous applications. ACS omega, 9(3), 3123-3142. [6] M. Hadi, N. Kelaidis, S. Naqib, A. Islam, A. Chroneos, R. Vovk, Insights into the physical properties of a new 211 MAX phase Nb2CuC, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 149 (2021) 109759.

[0080] [7] M. Mudassar Aslam, T. Noor, N. Iqbal, Advances in MXenes synthesis and MXenes derived electrocatalysts for oxygen electrode in metal-air batteries: A review, Materials Science and Engineering: B 292 (2023) 116400.

[0081] Overview of the Drawings

[0082] Figure 1 : Structure of MXenes

[0083] This drawing illustrates the layered structure of MXenes, highlighting their composition (transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides) and how this structure contributes to their unique properties relevant to biosensing applications.

[0084] Figure 2: Functionalization Process

[0085] This figure depicts the functionalization techniques applied to MXenes, showing various chemical groups or biomolecules attached to the MXene surface to enhance selectivity and binding affinity for specific biomolecules.

[0086] Figure 3: Electrochemical Sensor Design

[0087] This drawing provides a schematic of the electrochemical biosensor incorporating MXenes, detailing the sensor's components, such as electrodes and detection mechanisms, that leverage the conductivity of MXenes.

[0088] Figure 4: Optical Sensor Mechanism

[0089] This figure illustrates the optical sensing setup using MXenes, demonstrating how changes in optical properties are detected upon interaction with target biomolecules, enhancing signal amplification.

Claims

Claims1.- A biosensor comprising a sensing platform that integrates MXenes as a sensing element for the detection of biomolecules, wherein the MXenes are selected from transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides.2.- The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the MXenes are functionalized with specific chemical groups or biomolecules to enhance selectivity and binding affinity for target analytes.3.- The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensing platform is designed as an electrochemical sensor, characterized by rapid electron transfer due to the strong metallic conductivity of the MXenes.4.- The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensing platform is designed as an optical sensor, utilizing the light-absorbing properties of MXenes to detect changes in optical signals upon interaction with biomolecules.5.- The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the MXenes are incorporated into a wearable device for real-time monitoring of physiological parameters, including but not limited to glucose levels and disease biomarkers.6.- A method for detecting biomolecules using the biosensor of claim 1 , comprising the steps of:Exposing the MXene-modified sensing platform to a sample containing the target biomolecule,Measuring the electrical or optical response of the sensor to determine the presence and concentration of the biomolecule.7.- The method according to claim 6, wherein the measurement includes determining changes in current, voltage, or optical absorbance that correlate with the concentration of the target biomolecule.8.- The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the MXenes are selected to have a specific composition and structure optimized for a particular biomolecule detection application.9.- A multifunctional biosensing platform that combines the MXene-based sensor of claim 1 with additional sensing modalities to enable the simultaneous detection of multiple biomolecules.10.- The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor demonstrates enhanced performance characteristics, including improved sensitivity, reduced response time, and increased stability under varying environmental conditions.