Method and reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, and cementitious material

Abstract

A method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization is disclosed, the method comprising: providing a first reactor (30) having a first reactor housing (31) and a first reaction chamber (32) provided in the first reactor housing (31); and providing an agglomerated feed-stock (14), comprising providing a moist material (12) of solid particles (11) of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron; receiving the moist material (12) in the first reaction chamber (32) of the first reactor (30) through a first reaction chamber input (33); and producing an agglomerated feedstock (14) comprising agglomerates (13) of the solid particles (11) for carbon mineralization in the first reaction chamber (32), wherein the producing comprises applying vibration to the moist material (12) by a vibration device (34) in the first reaction chamber (32). The method is further comprising performing a reaction of carbon mineralization of the agglomerated feedstock (14) for sequestration of carbon dioxide, comprising contacting the agglomerated feedstock (14) with carbon dioxide in the first reactor (30) or a second reactor receiving the agglomerated feedstock (14) produced in the first reactor (30) in a second reaction chamber of the second reactor for producing carbonated agglomerates. Further, a reactor (30) for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, and a cementitious material are provided.

Description

[0001] Technische Universitat Berlin

[0002] T75388WO

[0003] Method and reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, and cementitious material

[0004] The present disclosure refers to a method and a reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, and a cementitious material.

[0005] Background

[0006] Carbon mineralization has been proposed as a method for reducing carbon emission for different industries. In carbon mineralization carbon dioxide is reacted with activated minerals to form stable carbonates. The carbon mineralization process is performed in reactors, with a distinction being made between wet and dry carbon mineralization processes. The resulting mineralization products can be used for multiple purposes, such as filler in paper and rubber applications, as supplementary cementitious materials in cement or as filler in concrete.

[0007] In wet mineralization processes, water and sometimes additives are added to the minerals building a reaction slurry, which is placed into a reactor, where it is heated to temperatures between 130 °C and 170 °C and compressed to the pressures between 40 bar and150 bar. The wet mineralization processes are either performed in batch reactors (BR) or continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) as well as plug flow reactors (PFTR). A major costs driver for operating wet mineralization processes is the post processing, where water needs to be separated from reaction products. In the absence of water or high pressures of carbon dioxide (calcium looping processes are commonly run at atmospheric pressure) high temperatures of at least 500°C to 700°C are necessary to facilitate a dry carbonation. To run such a process either fixed bed reactors or fluidized bed reactors can be used.

[0008] Another process, especially for very active mineral feeds such as bottom ash, which can react with carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure and temperature, is to use simple reactor designs such as rotating drum reactors. These reactor designs require larger spaces and are difficult to run continuously under increased pressure because rotational design makes stationary feed difficult to pressure seal.

[0009] In document WO 2021 I 228979A1 a system and a method for enriching concrete granulate with carbon dioxide is disclosed. A vessel which is gas-tight at least in some regions is included, where gas comprising carbon dioxide is fed, continuously or non-continuously into the reactor. Multiple carbon-dioxide sensors are used to detect how much carbon dioxide is BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0010] - 2 - absorbed by the concrete granulate and only feed according to the level of carbon dioxide absorption.

[0011] Summary

[0012] It is an object to provide improved technology for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization. Specifically, it is an object to provide an efficient method and reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization. Additionally, it is an object to provide a cementitious material.

[0013] For solving the problem, a method and a first reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization are provided according to claim 1 and claim 14, respectively. Moreover, a cementitious material according to claim 15 is provided. Additional embodiments are disclosed in dependent claims.

[0014] According to an aspect, a method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization comprises providing a first reactor having a first reactor housing and a first reaction chamber provided in the first reactor housing and an agglomerated feedstock. Providing the agglomerated feedstock comprises providing a moist material of solid particles of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron, and receiving the moist material in the first reaction chamber of the first reactor through a first reaction chamber input. Providing the agglomerated feedstock further comprises producing an agglomerated feedstock comprising agglomerates of the solid particles for carbon mineralization in the first reaction chamber, wherein the producing comprises applying vibration to the moist material in the first reaction chamber by a vibration device. The method further comprises performing a reaction of carbon mineralization of the agglomerated feedstock for sequestration of carbon dioxide, wherein the agglomerated feedstock is contacted with carbon dioxide in the first reactor or a second reactor receiving the agglomerated feedstock produced in the first reactor in a second reaction chamber of the second reactor for producing carbonated agglomerates.

[0015] According to another aspect, a reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization comprises a first reactor housing, a first reaction chamber provided in the first reactor housing, and a first reaction chamber input operable to receive a moist material of solid particles of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline- BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0016] - 3 - earth metals, and iron. The first reactor further comprises a vibration device operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the moist material received in the reaction chamber for producing an agglomerated feedstock of the solid particles for carbon mineralization, wherein the agglomerated feedstock comprises agglomerates of the solid particles of the moist material, and a supply device operable to supply carbon dioxide to the first reaction chamber and contact the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization, thereby, producing carbonated agglomerates. The first reactor further comprises a first reaction chamber output operable to output the carbonated agglomerates.

[0017] According to a further aspect, a cementitious material, comprising carbonated agglomerates produced according to a method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization.

[0018] Improved technology is provided in the field of sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization. Sequestration of carbon can be employed in a more effective, individually configurable, industrially applicable and inexpensive way.

[0019] By applying vibration to the moist material in the reaction chamber, a monolayer of the agglomerated feedstock may be produced in the reaction chamber. This may provide for a gentle production of the agglomerates. Therefore, the method is suitable for production of soft agglomerates.

[0020] Using the agglomerated feedstock in the process of sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization instead of solid particles has the advantage that the agglomerated feedstock is heavier and is not blown out of the reactor when carbon dioxide is supplied to the reactor chamber.

[0021] The cementitious material may comprise carbonated agglomerates produced according to the method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization.

[0022] With respect to supplying or providing carbon dioxide to the reaction chamber in the step of carbon mineralization, carbon dioxide may be supplied by a gas stream or flow of at least one of a carbon dioxide gas stream and a gaseous mixture containing carbon dioxide. The gaseous mixture may have a content of carbon dioxide between about 5 percent and <100 percent. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0023] - 4 -

[0024] With respect to the sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, the carbon dioxide may be provided in a gaseous stream comprising one or more other gaseous components in addition to carbon dioxide. For example, an industrial (waste) gas comprising, in addition to carbon dioxide, one or more additional gaseous components may be provided for sequestration of carbon dioxide.

[0025] With respect to the method for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization, ambient or atmospheric pressure may be applied in at least one of the first and second reaction chamber. With respect to sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, a pressure between about 1 bar and about 30, preferably between about 2 bar and about 20 bar, and especially between about 5 bar and about 15 bar may be applied in the reaction chamber.

[0026] The first and I or second reactor may further comprise at least one pressure lock or port configured to receive the moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock in a material chamber or space. The pressure lock or port may be operable to pressurize the moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock received to a pressure between about 1 bar and about 20 bar, and, following, feed the moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock into the reaction chamber. The pressure lock or port may be operable to periodically receive, pressurize, and feed the moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock.

[0027] The pressure lock or port may be operable to feed a continuous flow of moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock. A continuous production of carbonated agglomerates under high pressure may be provided, resulting in a cost-effective and efficient method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization. Alternatively or in addition, one or more rotary valves may be provided.

[0028] The pressure lock or port may comprise an inlet material valve and the material chamber, wherein the moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock is received through the inlet material valve into the material chamber. The moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock may be pressurized in the material chamber and periodically fed through an outlet material valve, for example, to the first or second reaction chamber.

[0029] With respect to pressurizing the reaction chamber, the gaseous stream containing carbon dioxide is pressurized for establishing the pressure in the reaction chamber. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0030] - 5 -

[0031] With respect to the method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, a temperature in between about 50 °C and about 170 °C may be applied in the reaction chamber.

[0032] A heating device may be assigned to the reactor, wherein the heating device is operable to heat the reaction chamber by heating, for example, the reactor wall and I or the gas stream received in the reaction chamber. For example, the heating device may comprise at least one of one or more flow heater heating the gas stream received in the reaction chamber and a heating jacket heating a reactor wall of the reactor, wherein the reaction chamber, at least in part, is surrounded by the reactor wall.

[0033] The performing the reaction of carbon mineralization of the agglomerated feedstock for sequestration of carbon dioxide may further comprise performing a semi-dry carbon mineralization of the agglomerated feedstock for sequestration of carbon dioxide. For example, the semidry carbon mineralization may apply an agglomerated feedstock containing about 10 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of water.

[0034] In an embodiment, the solid particles of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material may comprise at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals such as magnesium and calcium, and iron.

[0035] In some embodiments, a reactor system may be provided, comprising the reactor for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization which may be referred to as first reactor and the reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization which may be referred to as second reactor. The agglomerated feedstock provided through the reaction chamber output may provide for an input of the second reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide. With respect to the reactor system, the reaction chamber output of the first reactor for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization may be functionally connected to the reaction chamber input of the second reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization for receiving the agglomerated feedstock.

[0036] With respect to the reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, a fixed bed reactor may be provided. The fixed bed reactor may comprise a surface in a reaction chamber in a fixed bed reactor housing, wherein the agglomerated feedstock can be attached to. A supply device may be operable to supply carbon dioxide to the reaction chamber and contact the immobilized agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization, thereby, producing carbonated agglomerates. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0037] - 6 -

[0038] With respect to different types of reactors, the supply device may be arranged next to the carbon dioxide input, which may be arranged at a bottom of the reactor housing. The carbon dioxide output may be arranged at a top of the fixed bed reactor housing. In an alternative embodiment, the carbon dioxide input may be laterally attached to the fixed bed reactor housing or may be at the top of the fixed bed reactor housing. The carbon dioxide output may be laterally attached to the fixed bed reactor housing or may be arranged at the bottom of the fixed bed reactor housing.

[0039] The cementitious material may contain carbonated agglomerates, comprising at least one of amorphous silicon dioxide, and silicon bound in silicate. The carbonated agglomerates may be comminuted or, in particular, may be milled to the size of the cementitious-material particles before being added to the cementitious ground material causing additional strength of the cementitious material.

[0040] The cementitious material may be produced by a method comprising the following steps: providing a cementitious ground material, providing carbonated agglomerates, and mixing the cementitious ground material, and the carbonated agglomerates.

[0041] The providing of the moist material may comprise providing a moist material of solid particles having a particle diameter of about 3 pm to about 100 pm, preferably about 3 pm to about 50 pm, and further preferably about 3 pm to about 30 pm.

[0042] Before providing the moist material of solid particles, the metal-oxide bearing mineral material may be comminuted or be milled to solid particles having a particle diameter of about 3 pm to about 100 pm, preferably about 3 pm to about 50 pm, and further preferably about 3 pm to about 30 pm. With respect to the size of the solid particles of the moist material, there may be a distribution of particles having different sizes. For example, at least 50% of the solid particles may have a particle diameter of about 3 pm to about 100 pm, preferably about 3 pm to about 50 pm, and further preferably about 3 pm to about 30 pm. In such case the particle diameter d may be referred to as dso.

[0043] The providing of the moist material may comprise providing a moist material comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent of water, preferably about 10 to about 40 weight percent of water. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0044] - 7 -

[0045] In some embodiments, the providing of the moist material may comprise adding additives such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride to the solid particles.

[0046] The performing of the reaction of carbon mineralization may comprise contacting the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide in the first reactor while producing the carbonated agglomerates.

[0047] The applying of vibration to the moist material may comprise adjusting at least one of an amplitude and a frequency of the vibration applied to the moist material.

[0048] By adjusting the amplitude and I or the frequency, movement of the moist material and I or the agglomerated feedstock in the gaseous stream and I or the production of the agglomerated feedstock may be controlled. Different frequencies may be combined, wherein the frequencies are between 10 Hz and 100 Hz, in particular between 20 Hz and 60 Hz, and preferably between 35 Hz and 45 Hz.

[0049] In an example, it is operated at different frequencies in sinusoidal motion. By combining frequencies and I or operating at different frequencies, dead spaces of moist material and I or agglomerated feedstock on the vibrating transport surface can be avoided and therefore contacting the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide can be improved. The improved contacting may enhance the production of carbonated agglomerates by increasing reaction rates of the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide and I or decreasing residence times of the agglomerated feedstock in the first or second reaction chamber.

[0050] The applying of vibration may comprise providing a plate member in the first reaction chamber, receiving the moist material on the plate member, and vibrating the plate member. The applying of vibration may further comprise providing a vibration device which may be assigned to the first reactor and may be operable to vibrate the plate member. In some examples, the vibration device may comprise a vibration motor operable to provide vibration having a vibration amplitude at a vibration frequency. At least one of the amplitude and the frequency may be adjustable. The vibration generated by the vibration device is provided to the plate member. The vibration device may be arranged inside the reaction housing, for example, at a bottom of the reaction housing. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0051] - 8 -

[0052] The vibration device is operable to generate vibration applied to the moist material received inside the first reaction chamber.

[0053] The frequency of vibration, for example, may be adjusted by adjusting the rpm of an unbalance motor of the vibration device. The amplitude of vibration may be adjusted changing weights or distance of weights to center of a rotating shaft of the unbalance motors.

[0054] The applying of vibration may further comprise receiving the moist material on a vibrating transport surface of the plate member, and, while the agglomerated feedstock is produced, transporting the moist material along the vibrating transport surface from a first surface area range of the vibrating transport surface to a second surface area range of the vibrating transport surface. In an embodiment, the moist material may be transported along the vibrating transport surface from the first surface area range of the vibrating transport surface to the second surface area range of the vibrating transport surface in a downstream direction.

[0055] The plate members may form a stair-like or spiral like arrangement of plate members operable to move or transport the particles in horizontal or downstream direction of movement.

[0056] Alternatively or additionally, vibration decoupling may be provided to ensure that only an interior component received in the reaction chamber, such as the plate member and I or the vibrating transport surface, is vibration in operation. Because of such vibration decoupling the interior component will conduct movement relative to the reactor housing if vibration is applied.

[0057] Vibration decoupling may support feasibility of use of sensors and other components that are not vibration-resistant in the reactor. This can support full automation of the method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization by means of the first or second reactor.

[0058] The transporting of the moist material along the vibrating transport surface may comprise building up a material flow of the moist material within the first reaction chamber. Thereby, the overall direction of transport or movement of the moist material in the first reaction chamber is a vertical direction.

[0059] In an embodiment, the receiving of the moist material on the vibrating transport surface of the plate member may comprise receiving the moist material on one or more spiral plate members provided within the first reaction chamber. The one or more plate members may be provided BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0060] - 9 - with a single spiral plate member or a plurality of spiral plate members. By means of the one or more spiral plate members the moist material may be guided along a transport route within the reaction chamber between the first reaction chamber input and the first reaction chamber output. The one or more spiral plate members may be operable to vibrate the moist material for transporting. At the same time, the agglomerated feedstock is produced from the moist material of solid particles. The vibration device may be operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the single spiral plate member or the plurality of spiral plate members.

[0061] In some embodiments, the receiving of the moist material on the vibrating transport surface of the plate member may comprise receiving the moist material on one or more inclined ramp plate members provided within the first reaction chamber. The one or more inclined ramp plate members may be provided with a single inclined ramp plate member or a plurality of inclined ramp plate members. By means of the one or more inclined ramp plate members the moist material may be guided along a transport route within the first reaction chamber between the first reaction chamber input and the first reaction chamber output. The one or more inclined ramp plate members may be operable to vibrate the moist material for transporting. At the same time, the agglomerated feedstock is produced from the moist material of solid particles while the moist material is transported. The vibration device may be operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the single inclined ramp plate member or the plurality of inclined ramp plate members.

[0062] The one or more inclined ramp plate members and I or the one or more spiral plate members may provide a large surface area in a small space for producing the agglomerated feedstock. Therefore, even if the agglomerated feedstock is transported and produced in monolayers, a substantial quantity of agglomerated feedstock can be produced due to the arrangement of the plate members in the first reaction chamber.

[0063] Vibration decoupling may comprise mounting or receiving the one or more inclined ramp plate members and I or the one or more spiral plate members on one or more spring members. Alternatively or additionally, a steel and / or a polymer compensator may be provided which is operable to damp vibrations to the outside of the reaction chamber I the reactor housing but still allows transmission of vibration of the vibration device (vibration motors) mounted outside of the reaction chamber to the inclined ramp plate members and / or spiral plate members. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0064] - 10 -

[0065] The metal-oxide bearing material may be selected from the following group of materials: silicate (rocks); alkaline industrial residues; wollastonite; incineration ashes such as municipal solid waste, coal, and I or biomass; industrial slags such as BOF (Basic oxygen furnace), BF (Blast furnace), and I or EAF (Electric arc furnace); recycled concrete fines; and ultramafic rocks such as olivine, and I or basalt; or a combination of these.

[0066] The receiving of the moist material may comprise receiving a continuous stream of the moist material in the first reaction chamber. Alternatively, receiving of the moist material may comprise receiving a semi-continuous stream of the moist material in the first reaction chamber.

[0067] The producing of the agglomerated feedstock may comprise providing the continuous stream of moist material through the first reaction chamber.

[0068] The outputting of the agglomerated feedstock may comprise outputting a continuous stream of the agglomerated feedstock through the first reaction chamber output. In some embodiments, the first reaction chamber output may be functionally connected to the second reaction chamber input of the second reactor operable for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization.

[0069] The providing of the moist material may comprise providing of a moist material of solid particles comprising at least one of amorphous silicon dioxide, silicon bound in silicate, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide.

[0070] The agglomerated feedstock may be contacted with carbon dioxide in a gaseous stream comprising carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the agglomerated feedstock, for contacting with carbon dioxide, may be moving in a stream of the agglomerates, wherein the stream of the agglomerated feedstock may be revers to the fluid stream and in vertical direction downstream or upstream.

[0071] The reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization may be operable to produce the agglomerated feedstock according to a method for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization. In such embodiment, the reactor is operable for both producing of the agglomerated feedstock and contacting the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide in the gaseous stream for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0072] - 11 -

[0073] With respect to different types of reactors, the reactor housing, and the reaction chamber may have a cylindrical shape. The reaction chamber input may be arranged at a top of the reactor housing, and the reaction chamber output may be laterally arranged adjacent to a lower edge of the reactor housing.

[0074] In an alternative embodiment, the reactor housing, and the reaction chamber may have a cuboid shape, a cubical shape, a conical shape or a spherical shape. Further, the reactor housing, and the reaction chamber may have different shape. The reaction chamber input may be arranged at the bottom of the reactor housing or may be laterally attached to the reactor housing. The reaction chamber output may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing, or the bottom of the reactor housing, or may be laterally attached to the reactor housing. The vibration device may be laterally attached to the reactor housing or may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing.

[0075] In an example, a method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization may comprise providing a reactor operable for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization. The method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization may further comprise providing an agglomerated feedstock, comprising agglomerates of the solid particles of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron in the reactor. The method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization may further comprise performing a reaction of carbon mineralization of the agglomerated feedstock for sequestration of carbon dioxide, comprising contacting the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide in the reactor for producing carbonated agglomerates.

[0076] In a further example, a reactor for producing the feedstock for carbon mineralization may be provided, the reactor comprising: a reactor housing, a reaction chamber provided in the reactor housing, and a reaction chamber input operable to receive a moist material of solid particles of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron. The reactor for producing the feedstock for carbon mineralization may further comprise the vibration device operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the moist material received in the reaction chamber for producing an agglomerated feedstock of the solid particles for carbon mineralization, wherein the agglomerated feedstock comprises agglomerates of the solid particles of the moist material. The reactor for producing the feedstock for carbon mineralization may further comprise a reaction chamber output operable to output the agglomerated feedstock. The reactor may be referred to as first reactor. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0077] - 12 -

[0078] With respect to another example, a method for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization may be provided, which comprises providing a reactor having a reactor housing and the reaction chamber provided in the reactor housing, and providing a moist material of solid particles of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron. The method may further comprise receiving the moist material in the reaction chamber of the reactor through a reaction chamber input and producing an agglomerated feedstock comprising agglomerates of the solid particles for carbon mineralization in the reaction chamber. The producing of the agglomerates may comprise applying vibration to the moist material received in the reaction chamber for producing the agglomerated feedstock of the solid particles, wherein the vibration is generated by a vibration device assigned to the reactor. The method may further comprise outputting the agglomerated feedstock through a (first) reaction chamber output.

[0079] In still another example, a reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization may be provided, the reactor comprising a reactor housing; a reaction chamber provided in the reactor housing; and a reaction chamber input operable to receive an agglomerated feedstock comprising agglomerates of the solid particles of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron in the reactor. The reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization may further comprise the supply device operable to supply carbon dioxide to the reaction chamber and contact the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization, thereby, producing carbonated agglomerates, and a reaction chamber output operable to output the carbonated agglomerates. The reactor may be referred to as second reactor. of embodiments

[0080] Following, further embodiments are described by referring to figures. In the figures, show:

[0081] Fig. 1 a schematic representation of solid particles in water and agglomerated feedstock;

[0082] Fig. 2 a schematic representation of different agglomerated feedstocks having different composition;

[0083] Fig. 3 a schematic representation of a reactor for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization comprising a vibrating device and at least one spiral plate member; BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0084] - 13 -

[0085] Fig. 4 a schematic representation of a reactor for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization comprising a vibrating device and at least one inclined ramp plate member;

[0086] Fig. 5 a schematic representation of sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization;

[0087] Fig. 6 a schematic representation of a reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization;

[0088] Fig. 7 a schematic representation of a reactor system for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization and sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization;

[0089] Fig. 8 a schematic representation of a fixed bed reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization using agglomerated feedstock;

[0090] Fig. 9 a graphical representation of bar plots of carbon mineralization results for different solid-liquid ratios;

[0091] Fig. 10 a graphical representation of plots of calorimetry test results of different carbonated agglomerates replacing 50% of a cement ground material; and

[0092] Fig. 11 a graphical representation of mortar test results, following mortar tests according to DIN EN 196-1.

[0093] Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a moist material 12, and feedstock of agglomerates 14 prepared from the moist material 12. In this example, the moist material 12 providing for a starting or basic material comprises water 10 and solid particles 11 . The feedstock 14 produced from the moist material 12 and which may also be referred to as agglomerated feedstock comprises some water 10 and agglomerates 13 produced from the solid particles 11 by agglomeration. In another example (not shown), at least one of the moist material 12 and the agglomerated feedstock 14 may also contain one or more additives such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride.

[0094] Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of a plurality of agglomerated feedstock of different type having different composition. Each agglomerated feedstock of the plurality of agglomerated feedstocks is applicable for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization: wollastonite agglomerated feedstock 200, municipal solid waste incineration ash agglomerated feedstock 201 , BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag agglomerated feedstock 202, recycled concrete fines agglomerated feedstock 203, and olivine agglomerated feedstock 204.

[0095] In this example, the wollastonite agglomerated feedstock 200 contains agglomerates of solid particles of wollastonite 205 and water 10, wherein 50% of the solid particles may have a BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0096] - 14 - particle diameter of about 5 pm to about 7 pm (dso= 5 pm to 7 pm). The solid-liquid (s / 1) ration, here the ratio between the weight of agglomerates 13 and the weight of water 10, may equal 2 (s / 1 = 2).

[0097] In this example, the municipal solid waste incineration ash agglomerated feedstock 201 contains agglomerates of solid particles, which include magnesium oxide 206, silicon dioxide 207 and calcium oxide 208, and water 10, wherein 50% of the solid particles may have a particle diameter of about 5 pm to about 7 pm (dso = 5 pm to 7 pm). The solid-liquid ration may equal 5 (s / 1 = 5).

[0098] In this example, the BOF slag agglomerated feedstock 202 contains agglomerates of solid particles, which include magnesium oxide 206, silicon dioxide 207 and calcium oxide 208, water 10 and sodium bicarbonate 214, which is dissolved in the water 10 resulting in a 5%- sodium bicarbonate solution. 50% of the solid particles may have a particle diameter of about 20 pm (dso = 20 pm). The solid-liquid ration may equal 3 (s / 1 = 3).

[0099] In the example depicted, the recycled concrete fines agglomerated feedstock 203 contains agglomerates of solid particle, which include calcium oxide 208, calcium hydride 209, dicalcium silicate 210 and tricalcium silicate 211 , water 10 and sodium bicarbonate 214, which is dissolved in the water 10 resulting in a 5%- sodium bicarbonate solution. 50% of the solid particles may have a particle diameter of about 125 pm (dso= 125 pm). The solid-liquid ration may equal 2 (s / 1 = 2).

[0100] In this example, the olivine agglomerated feedstock 204 contains agglomerates of solid particles, which include forsterite 212 and fayalite 213, water 10, sodium bicarbonate 214, and sodium chloride 215. Sodium bicarbonate 214 and sodium chloride 215 are dissolved in water 10. 50% of the solid particles may have a particle diameter of about 5 pm to about 7 pm (dso = 5 pm to 7 pm). The solid-liquid ration may equal 2 (s / 1 = 2).

[0101] Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of a (first) reactor 30 for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization. The reactor 30 comprises a vibrating device 34, and a spiral plate member 36 provided in a (first) reactor chamber 32. The reactor 30 comprises a (first) reactor housing 31 , the reaction chamber 32 provided in the reactor housing 31 , a (first) reaction chamber input 33 operable to receive a moist material 12 of solid particles 11 of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material. The vibration device 34 is operable to generate vibration and apply the BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0102] - 15 - vibration to the moist material 12 received in the reaction chamber 32 for producing an agglomerated feedstock 14 of the solid particles 11 for carbon mineralization. The reactor 30 further comprises a (first) reaction chamber output 35 operable to output the agglomerated feedstock 14. The agglomerated feedstock 14 comprises agglomerates 13 of the solid particles 11 of the moist material 12.

[0103] The reactor housing 31 and the reaction chamber 32 have a cylindrical shape. The reaction chamber input 33 is arranged at a top of the reactor housing 31 and the reaction chamber output 35 is laterally arranged adjacent to a lower edge of the reactor housing 31 . The vibration device 34 is arranged at a bottom of the reaction housing 31.

[0104] In the embodiment shown, the reactor 30 for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization comprises a spiral plate member 36 provided within the reaction chamber 32. The spiral plate member 36 is operable to guide the moist material 12 along a transport route within the reaction chamber 32 between the reaction chamber input 33 and the reaction chamber output 35. The spiral plate member 36 is operable to vibrate for transporting the moist material 12, and producing the agglomerated feedstock 14 from the moist material 12 of solid particles 11. The vibration device 34 is operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the spiral plate member 36 for transporting the moist material 12, and producing the agglomerated feedstock 14 from the moist material 12 of solid particles 11.

[0105] In an alternative embodiment (not shown), a plurality of spiral plate members may be provided in the reaction chamber 32, each of the spiral plate members being configured similar to the spiral plate member 36.

[0106] In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the reactor housing 31 and the reaction chamber 32 may have a cuboid shape, a cubical shape, a conical shape or a spherical shape. Further, the reactor housing 31 and the reaction chamber 32 must not have the same shape. The reaction chamber input 33 may be arranged at the bottom of the reactor housing 31 or may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 31 . The reaction chamber output 35 may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing 31 or the bottom of the reactor housing 31 or may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 31 . The vibration device 34 may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 31 or may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing 31 . BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0107] - 16 -

[0108] Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of a (first) reactor 40 for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization. The reactor 40 comprises the vibration device 34, and an inclined ramp plate member 46 received in a (first) reaction chamber 42. In an embodiment (not shown), at least two inclined ramp plate members may be provided within the reaction chamber 42. The reactor 40 comprises a (first) reactor housing 41 , the (first) reaction chamber 42 provided in the reactor housing 41 and a (first) reaction chamber input 43 operable to receive a moist material 12 of solid particles 11 of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material. The vibration device 34 is operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the moist material 12 received in the reaction chamber 42 for producing an agglomerated feedstock 14 of the solid particles 11 for carbon mineralization, wherein the agglomerated feedstock 14 comprises agglomerates 13 of the solid particles 11 of the moist material 12. The reactor further comprises a (first) reaction chamber output 45 operable to output the agglomerated feedstock 14.

[0109] The reactor housing 41 and the reaction chamber 42 have a cuboid shape. The reaction chamber input 43 is arranged at a top of the reactor housing 41 and the reaction chamber output 45 is laterally arranged adjacent to a lower edge of the reactor housing 41 . The vibration device 34 is arranged at a bottom of the reaction housing 41 .

[0110] The inclined ramp plate member 46 provided within the reaction chamber 42 is guiding the moist material 12 along a transport route within the reaction chamber 42 between the reaction chamber input 43 and the reaction chamber output 45. The inclined ramp plate member 46 is operable to vibrate for transporting the moist material 12. By such vibration, the agglomerated feedstock 14 is produced from the moist material 12 of solid particles 11. The vibration device 34 is operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the inclined ramp plate member 46.

[0111] In another embodiment (not shown), the reactor housing 41 and the reaction chamber 42 may have a cylindrical shape, a conical shape or a spherical shape. Further, the reactor housing 41 and the reaction chamber 42 must not have the same shape. The reaction chamber input 43 may be arranged at the bottom of the reactor housing 41 or may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 41. The reaction chamber output 35 may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing 41 or the bottom of the reactor housing 41 or may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 41. The vibration device 34 may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 41 or may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing 41 . BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0112] - 17 -

[0113] Fig. 5 shows a schematic representation of a process of sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization 50.

[0114] In this example, an agglomerated feedstock schematically depicted comprises agglomerates 13 of solid particles of wollastonite 205 in water 10. In the process of sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization 50, in a first step, the carbon dioxide 51 dissolves in water 10 resulting in a hydrogen cation and a hydrogen carbonate 52 according to the reaction scheme:

[0115] CO2+ H2O H2CO3H++ HCO3.

[0116] In a second step, the hydrogen carbonate 52 may deprotonate according to the following reaction scheme:

[0117] HC03COl~ + H+.

[0118] In a third step, in case of the example of hydrolysis of wollastonite 205, a calcium cation 53, silicon dioxide, and water are provided. The corresponding reaction scheme may read:

[0119] CaSiO3+ 2H+Cct2++ SiO2+ H2O.

[0120] With respect to such example of application of wollastonite 205, in a fourth step, the hydrogen carbonate 52 and the calcium cation 53 react according to the following reaction scheme:

[0121] Ca2++ CO ~ <- CaC03.

[0122] Finally, the carbon mineralization 50 is given by the following reaction scheme:

[0123] CaSiO3+ CO2+ H2O Ca,C03+ SiO2+ H2O.

[0124] Referring to Fig. 6, a schematic representation of a (second) reactor 600 for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization is shown. The reactor 600 comprises a (second) reactor housing 601 and a (second) reaction chamber 602 provided in the reactor housing 601 .The reactor further comprises a (second) reaction chamber input 603 operable to receive the agglomerated feedstock 14 comprising agglomerates 13 of the solid particles of a metal- oxide bearing mineral material comprising one or more alkaline-earth metals such as BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0125] - 18 - magnesium and calcium in the reactor. The reactor further comprises a supply device 607 operable to supply carbon dioxide to the reaction chamber 602 and contact the agglomerated feedstock 14 with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization, thereby, producing carbonated agglomerates 612. The reactor further comprises a (second) reaction chamber output 605 operable to output the carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0126] The supply device 607 is operable to supply a carbon dioxide rich gas 608 through a carbon dioxide input 609 to the reaction chamber 602. The carbon dioxide rich gas 608 is flowing through to the reaction chamber 602 contacting the agglomerated feedstock 14 with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization. Thereby, the carbon dioxide of the carbon dioxide rich gas 608 will react with the agglomerated feedstock 14 producing carbonated agglomerates 612, and resulting in carbon dioxide lean gas 611 , which may be discharged through the carbon dioxide output 610.

[0127] The reactor housing 601 and the reaction chamber 602 have a cylindrical shape. The reaction chamber input 603 is arranged at a top reactor housing 601 and the reaction chamber output 605 is arranged adjacent to a lower edge of the reactor housing 601. The carbon dioxide input 609 is laterally arranged adjacent to the lower edge of the reactor housing 601 and the carbon dioxide output 610 is arranged at the top of the reactor housing 601 .

[0128] In the embodiment shown, the reactor 600 for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization 600 further comprises the spiral plate member 36 provided within the reaction chamber 602. The spiral plate member 36 is configured to guide or transport the agglomerated feedstock 14 along a transport route within the reaction chamber 602 between the reaction chamber input 603 and the reaction chamber output 605. The spiral plate member 36 is operable to vibrate the agglomerated feedstock 14 and the carbonated agglomerates 612 for transporting within the reaction chamber 602.

[0129] The reactor 600 for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization 600 comprises the vibration device 34, which is operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the spiral plate member 36 for transporting the agglomerated feedstock 14 and the carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0130] In an embodiment (not shown), the reactor housing 601 and the reaction chamber 602 may have a cuboid shape, a cubical shape, a conical shape or a spherical shape. Further, the BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0131] - 19 - reactor housing 601 and the reaction chamber 602 must not have the same shape. The reaction chamber input 603 may be arranged at the bottom of the reactor housing 601 or may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 601 . The reaction chamber output 35 may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing 601 or the bottom of the reactor housing. The carbon dioxide input 609 may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing 601 or the bottom of the reactor housing 601. The carbon dioxide output 610 may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 601 or may be arranged at the bottom of the reactor housing 601 . The vibration device 34 may be laterally attached to the reactor housing 601 or may be arranged at the top of the reactor housing 601.

[0132] In another embodiment (not shown), the reactor 600 may comprise the inclined ramp plate member 46 provided within the reaction chamber 602. The inclined ramp plate member 46 is configured to guide or transport the agglomerated feedstock 14 along a transport route within the reaction chamber 602 between the reaction chamber input 603 and the reaction chamber output 605. The inclined ramp plate member 46 may be operable to vibrate for transporting the agglomerated feedstock 14 and the carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0133] The vibration device 34 is operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the inclined ramp plate member 46 for transporting the agglomerated feedstock 14 and the carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0134] Fig. 7 shows a schematic representation of a reactor system 700 for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization and sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization.

[0135] The reactor system (first reactor) 700 comprises a reactor system housing (first reactor housing) 701 , a reactor system chamber (first reaction chamber) 702 provided in the reactor system housing 701 , a reactor system input (first reaction chamber input) 703 operable to receive the moist material 12 of solid particles 11. The reactor system further comprises the vibration device 34 operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the moist material 12 received in the reactor system chamber for producing an agglomerated feedstock of the solid particles 11 for carbon mineralization, the agglomerated feedstock comprising agglomerates of the solid particles 11 of the moist material 12 and a supply device 607 operable to supply carbon dioxide to the reactor system chamber 702 and contact the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization, thereby, producing carbonated agglomerates 612. The reactor BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0136] - 20 - system further comprises a reactor system output (first reaction chamber output) 705 operable to output the carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0137] The supply device 607 supplies a carbon dioxide rich gas 608 through the carbon dioxide input 709 to the reactor system chamber 702. The carbon dioxide rich gas 608 is flowing through to the reactor system chamber 702 contacting the agglomerated feedstock with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization. Thereby, the carbon dioxide of the carbon dioxide rich gas 608 is reacting with the agglomerated feedstock producing carbonated agglomerates 612, and resulting in carbon dioxide lean gas 611 , which may be discharged through the carbon dioxide output 710.

[0138] The reactor system housing 701 and the reactor system chamber 702 have a cylindrical shape. The reactor system input 703 is arranged at a top of the reactor system housing 701 and the reactor system output 605 is laterally arranged adjacent to a lower edge of the reactor system housing 701. The carbon dioxide input 709 is laterally arranged adjacent to the lower edge of the reactor system housing 701 and the carbon dioxide output 710 is arranged at the top of the reactor housing 701 .

[0139] In an embodiment, the reactor system 700 may further comprise the spiral plate member 36 provided within the reactor system chamber 702. The spiral plate member 36 is configured to guide the moist material 12 along a transport route within the reactor system chamber 702 starting from the reactor system input 703. The spiral plate member 36 is operable to vibrate for transporting the moist material 12, and producing the agglomerated feedstock from the moist material 12 of solid particles 11. Further, the spiral plate member 36 is operable to vibrate for transporting the agglomerated feedstock and the carbonated agglomerates 612 to the reactor system output 705. The vibration device 34 is operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the at least one spiral plate member 36 for transporting the moist material 12, producing the agglomerated feedstock 14 from the moist material 12 of solid particles 11 , and transporting the agglomerated feedstock and the carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0140] In an embodiment (not shown), the reactor system housing 701 and the reactor system chamber 702 may have a cuboid shape, a cubical shape, a conical shape or a spherical shape. Further, the reactor system housing 701 and the reactor system chamber 702 must not have the same shape. The reactor system input 703 may be arranged at the bottom of the reactor system housing 701 or may be laterally attached to the reactor system housing 701. The BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0141] - 21 - reactor system output 705 may be arranged at the top of the reactor system housing 701 or the bottom of the reactor system housing 701 . The carbon dioxide input 709 may be arranged at the top of the reactor system housing 701 or the bottom of the reactor system housing 701. The carbon dioxide output 710 may be laterally attached to the reactor system housing 701 or may be arranged at the bottom of the reactor system housing 701. The vibration device 34 may be laterally attached to the reactor system housing 701 or may be arranged at the top of the reactor system housing 701 .

[0142] In another embodiment, the reactor system 700 may further comprise the inclined ramp plate member 46 provided within the reactor system chamber 702, and guiding the moist material 12 along a transport route within the reactor system chamber 702 starting from the reactor system input 703. The inclined plate member 46 may be operable to vibrate for transporting the moist material 12, and producing the agglomerated feedstock from the moist material 12 of solid particles 11. Further, the inclined ramp plate member 46 may be operable to vibrate for transporting the agglomerated feedstock and the carbonated agglomerates 612 to the reactor system output 705. The vibration device 34 may be operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the at least one inclined ramp plate member 36 for transporting the moist material 12, producing the agglomerated feedstock 14 from the moist material 12 of solid particles 11 , and transporting the agglomerated feedstock and the carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0143] Fig. 8 shows a schematic representation of a fixed bed reactor 800 for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization using agglomerated feedstock. The fixed bed reactor 800 comprises a fixed bed reactor housing 801 , a fixed bed reactor reaction chamber 802 provided in the fixed bed reactor housing 801 , a surface 803 in the fixed bed reactor reaction chamber 802, wherein the agglomerated feedstock 14 can be attached to, and a supply device 607 operable to supply carbon dioxide to the reaction chamber and contact the immobilized agglomerated feedstock 14 with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization, thereby, producing carbonated agglomerates 612.

[0144] The supply device 607 is operable to supply a carbon dioxide rich or containing gas 608 through the fixed bed reactor carbon dioxide input 809 to the fixed bed reactor reaction chamber 802. The carbon dioxide rich gas 608 is flowing through to the fixed bed reactor reaction chamber 802 contacting the agglomerated feedstock 14 with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization. Thereby, the carbon dioxide of the carbon dioxide rich gas 608 is reacting with the agglomerated feedstock 14 producing carbonated agglomerates 612, and resulting in carbon BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0145] - 22 - dioxide lean gas 611 , which is discharged through the fixed bed reactor carbon dioxide output 810.

[0146] The supply device 607 is arranged next to the carbon dioxide input 809, which is arranged at a bottom of the fixed bed reactor housing 801. The carbon dioxide output 810 is arranged at a top of the fixed bed reactor housing 801. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the carbon dioxide input 809 may be laterally attached to the fixed bed reactor housing 801 or may be at the top of the fixed bed reactor housing 801 . The carbon dioxide output may be laterally attached to the fixed bed reactor housing 801 or may be arranged at the bottom of the fixed bed reactor housing 801 .

[0147] Fig. 9 shows a graphical representation of bar plots of carbon mineralization results for different solid-liquid ratios 90. A sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization is performed in a reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization or in a reactor system for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization and sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization. Kilograms per ton of carbon dioxide stored in metal oxide-bearing mineral material comprising one or more alkaline earth metals, such as magnesium, is represented on the y-axis 91. Solid-liquid ratios 90 of s / 1 = 0.5, s / l = 1 , s / l = 2, and s / 1 = 5 are represented on the x-axis. The bar plot contains four bars showing carbon dioxide (CO2) stored in kg / 1 for different solid-liquid ratios 92. The bars for s / 1 = 1 , s / 1 = 2, and s / 1 = 5 are in average about 100 kg / 1 of stored carbon dioxide higher than the one for s / 1 = 0.5 showing that a semi-dry carbon mineralization process may be more efficient than a wet carbon mineralization process performed in the reactor for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization or in the reactor system for producing a feedstock for carbon mineralization and sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization.

[0148] Fig. 10 depicts a graphical representation of plots of calorimetry test results of different carbonated agglomerates replacing 50% of a cementitious ground material. Cementitious ground material may be blended with any of the forementioned carbonated agglomerates. In the present example, the cementitious ground material is ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 42.5R). Other cementitious materials which may also provide for a cementitious ground material are listed in DIN EN 197-1. Still, also other cementitious materials may be applied for blending with carbonated agglomerates. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0149] - 23 -

[0150] For testing activity of carbonated agglomerates added to the cement CEM I 42.5R for producing novel cement mixes, calorimetry can be used: Heat of an exothermic hardening reaction of the novel cement mixes over a period of days is measured. According to Fig. 10, in the example shown, a period of seven days has been observed (x-axis). The y-axis depicts heat of active component in J / g.

[0151] For comparison, lower curve 100 (dotted line) shows an expected activity of the cementitious ground material blended with 50 % of inert material.

[0152] Upper curves referred to by numerals 101 , ... , 104 represent measured activity of the novel cement mixes (based on CEM I 42.5R) blended with carbonated agglomerates as follows: curve 101 - 50 weight percent waste concrete; curve 102 - 50 weight percent BOF slag; curve 103 - 50 weight percent wollastonite; and curve 104 - 50 weight percent MSWI Ash. All novel mixes are showing an increased activity compared to curve 100. Curve 105 refers to the cement CEM I 42.5R not blended.

[0153] Fig. 11 depicts a graphical representation (as box plots) of mortar test results carried out according to DIN EN 196-1 , which specifies methods for testing cement strength development by compressive strength testing of standard mortars. The y-axis 111 shows the compressive strength in N / mm2after 28 days of curing, while the x-axis lists different mortar mixes referred to by numerals 112, ... , 125.

[0154] Mix referred to by numeral 112 corresponds to ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 42.5N) as reference which was also used in the mixes referred to by numerals 113, ... , 125. Mixes referred to by numerals 113, ... , 115 correspond to mortars blended with 5%, 15%, and 25% carbonated wollastonite, respectively. Mixes referred to by numerals 116, ... , 120 correspond to mortars blended with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% carbonated wollastonite tailings, respectively. Mixes referred to by numerals 121 , ... , 125 correspond to mortars blended with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% carbonated blast furnace slag, respectively.

[0155] First results demonstrate that several of the tested mixtures exhibit compressive strengths comparable to the reference (CEM I 42.5N). In most cases, the measured compressive strengths are above the dilution line (expected strength assuming purely inert replacement), thereby indicating that the tested carbonated agglomerates display pozzolanic or latent hydraulic activity in combination with CEM I. BOEHMERT & BOEHMERT

[0156] - 24 -

[0157] The features disclosed in this specification, the figures and I or the claims may be material for the realization of various embodiments, taken in isolation or in various combinations thereof.

Claims

Technische Universitat Berlin T75388WOClaims1 . A method for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, comprising:- providing a first reactor (30; 40; 700) having a first reactor housing (31 ; 41 ; 701) and a first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) provided in the first reactor housing (31 ; 41 ; 701);- providing an agglomerated feedstock (14), comprising- providing a moist material (12) of solid particles (11) of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron;- receiving the moist material (12) in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) of the first reactor (30; 40; 700) through a first reaction chamber input (33; 43; 703); and- producing an agglomerated feedstock (14) comprising agglomerates (13) of the solid particles (11) for carbon mineralization in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702), wherein the producing comprises applying vibration to the moist material (12) in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) by a vibration device (34); and- performing a reaction of carbon mineralization of the agglomerated feedstock (14) for sequestration of carbon dioxide, comprising contacting the agglomerated feedstock (14) with carbon dioxide in the first reactor (30; 40; 700) or a second reactor (600) receiving the agglomerated feedstock (14) produced in the first reactor (30; 40; 700) in a second reaction chamber (602) of the second reactor (600) for producing carbonated agglomerates.

2. Method of claim 1 , wherein the performing of the reaction of carbon mineralization comprises contacting the agglomerated feedstock (14) with carbon dioxide in the first reactor (30; 40; 700) while producing the carbonated agglomerates.

3. Method of claim 1 or 2, wherein applying vibration to the moist material (12) comprises adjusting at least one of an amplitude and a frequency of the vibration applied to the moist material (12).

4. Method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the applying of vibration comprises providing a plate member in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) receiving the moist material (12) on the plate member, and vibrating the plate member.

5. Method of claim 4, further comprising receiving the moist material (12) on a vibrating transport surface of the plate member, and, while the agglomerated feedstock (14) isBOEHMERT & BOEHMERT- 2 - produced, transporting the moist material (12) along the vibrating transport surface from a first surface area range of the vibrating transport surface to a second surface area range of the vibrating transport surface.

6. Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein a pressure between about 1 bar and about 20 bar is applied in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) and I or the second reaction chamber (602).

7. Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the providing of the moist material (12) comprises providing a moist material of solid particles having a particle diameter of about 3 pm to about 100 pm, preferably about 3 pm to about 50 pm, and further preferably about 3 pm to about 30 pm.

8. Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the providing of the moist material (12) comprises providing a moist material comprising about 10 to about 70 weight percent of water, preferably about 10 to about 40 weight percent of water.

9. Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein a temperature between about 50 °C and about 170 °C is applied in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) and I or the second reaction chamber (602).

10. Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the metal-oxide bearing material is selected from the following group of materials: silicate (rocks); alkaline industrial residues; wollastonite; incineration ashes such as municipal solid waste, coal, and I or biomass; industrial slags such as basic oxygen furnace, blast furnace, and I or electric arc furnace; recycled concrete fines; and ultramafic rocks such as olivine, and I or basalt; or a combination of these.11 . Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the receiving of the moist material (12) comprises receiving a continuous stream of the moist material in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 700).

12. Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the providing of the moist material (12) comprises providing of a moist material of solid particles comprising at least oneBOEHMERT & BOEHMERT- 3 - of amorphous silicon dioxide, silicon bound in silicate, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide.

13. Method of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the agglomerated feedstock (14) is contacted with carbon dioxide in a gaseous stream comprising carbon dioxide.

14. A reactor (30; 40; 700) for sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbon mineralization, comprising:- a first reactor housing (31 ; 41 ; 700);- a first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) provided in the first reactor housing (31 ; 41 ; 701);- a first reaction chamber input (33; 43; 703) operable to receive a moist material (12) of solid particles (11) of a metal-oxide bearing mineral material comprising at least one of one or more alkaline-earth metals, and iron;- a vibration device (34) operable to generate vibration and apply the vibration to the moist material (12) received in the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) for producing an agglomerated feedstock (14) of the solid particles (11) for carbon mineralization, the agglomerated feedstock (14) comprising agglomerates (13) of the solid particles (11) of the moist material (12);- a supply device (607) operable to supply carbon dioxide to the first reaction chamber (32; 42; 702) and contact the agglomerated feedstock (14) with carbon dioxide for carbon mineralization, thereby, producing carbonated agglomerates; and- a first reaction chamber output (35; 45; 705) operable to output the carbonated agglomerates.

15. A cementitious material, comprising carbonated agglomerates produced according to a method of claims 1 to 13.

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