Method and collider system for production of graphene

Abstract

The present disclosure describes systems and methods for producing graphene. A method for producing graphene may include dispersing a graphite starting material in an aqueous solution to form a graphite solution; performing a collision treatment on the graphite solution to form a graphene foam; and separating the graphene foam to isolate graphene. A system for producing graphene may include an inlet for introducing a solution; a collider including a core for accelerating the solution; an ultrasonic mixer operatively connected to the collider such that the solution is passed from the collider to the ultrasonic mixer; and a foam separator operatively connected to the ultrasonic mixer such that the solution is passed from the ultrasonic mixer to the foam separator.

Description

METHOD AND COLLIDER SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION OF GRAPHENE

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of US provisional patent application 63 / 709,782 filed on October 21st, 2024.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to methods and collider systems for producing graphene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates a method of producing graphene of high quality and uniformity using waste materials, and collider systems in which such methods can be performed.BACKGROUND

[0003] Graphene is a versatile material, finding utility in numerous fields, and is thus one of the most sought-after materials in contemporary materials science. Currently available methods of producing graphene include exfoliation, laser-induced graphene production, and chemical vapor deposition. These methods often require significant costs in terms of starting materials and equipment required. The synthesis of graphene, therefore, remains intricate and costly, with limited scability to industrial applications.

[0004] An additional challenge is the production of graphene having high uniformity, which is desirable for many applications which use graphene. The content of oxidized graphene can lead to differing properties, and careful control of this content is therefore preferred. Mixtures single-layer and multi-layer graphene may be inferior to relatively pure single-layer graphene in terms of performance, and obtaining pure single-layer graphene is traditionally associated with increased costs and difficulty. The synthesis and purification of graphene produced by traditional methods, such as exfoliation, suffers from drawbacks including inefficiency and high cost.

[0005] There remains a need for scalable and effective methods of producing graphene having desired properties. The present disclosure provides systems and methods which allowgraphene to be produced with specificity between graphene and oxidized graphene, as well as efficient separation of single-layer and multi-layer graphene.SUMMARY

[0006] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method for producing graphene, including: dispersing a graphite starting material in an aqueous solution to form a graphite solution; performing a collision treatment on the graphite solution to form a graphene foam; and separating the graphene foam to isolate graphene.

[0007] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the graphite starting material includes graphite produced from plant matter, animal-derived tissue, or a combination thereof.

[0008] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the graphite starting material includes graphite produced from cotton, hemp, algae, seaweed, wood, cellulose, fungus, animal-derived fat, animal-derived muscle tissue, or combinations thereof.

[0009] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the aqueous solution is acidic.

[0010] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the aqueous solution is alkaline.

[0011] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the graphite solution includes 0.5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of the graphite starting material.

[0012] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the collision treatment includes transferring the graphite solution to a collider including: a core for accelerating the graphite solution, the core including a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc, and one or more drives for rotating the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof; an ultrasonic mixer; and a foam separator.

[0013] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the method further includes applying an ultrasonic frequency to the graphene foam.

[0014] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein separating the graphene foam includes gravitational separation, centrifugal separation, or a combination thereof.

[0015] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein separating the graphene foam includes gravitational separation.

[0016] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the graphene includes single-layer graphene, multi-layer graphene, or combinations thereof.

[0017] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the graphene includes oxidized graphene.

[0018] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the graphene does not include oxidized graphene.

[0019] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a method, further including producing hydrogen during the collision treatment.

[0020] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for producing of graphene, including: an inlet for introducing a solution; a collider including a core for accelerating the solution, wherein the core is operatively connected to the inlet such that the solution is introduced to the core through the inlet, and wherein the core includes a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc, and one or more drives for rotating the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof; an ultrasonic mixer operatively connected to the collider such that the solution is passed from the collider to the ultrasonic mixer; and a foam separator operatively connected to the ultrasonic mixer such that the solution is passed from the ultrasonic mixer to the foam separator.

[0021] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the inlet further includes a pump.

[0022] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the first disc and the second disc include a plurality of concentric rings and a plurality of concentric channels interleaved between the plurality of concentric rings.

[0023] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the first disc and the second disc include a plurality of holes.

[0024] In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, wherein the ultrasonic mixer includes an ultrasonic bath, an ultrasonic horn, or a combination thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Aspects, features, benefits, and advantages of the embodiments described herein will be apparent with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:

[0026] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for producing graphene, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure

[0027] FIG. 2. is an illustrative depiction of a system for producing graphene, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The present disclosure describes methods and systems for producing graphene using a collider which allows the use of waste materials and water, rather than costly or sensitive starting materials.

[0029] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for producing graphene, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In embodiments, there is provided a method 100 for producing graphene which includes steps of dispersing a graphite starting material in an aqueous solution to form a graphite solution 102, performing a collision treatment on the graphite solution to form a graphene foam 104, and separating the graphene foam to isolate graphene 106.

[0030] In embodiments, the graphite starting material used in step 102 can include graphite produced from plant matter, animal-derived tissue, or a combination thereof. For example, in embodiments, the graphite starting material may include graphite produced from cotton, hemp, algae, seaweed, wood, cellulose, fungus, animal-derived fat, animal-derived muscle tissue, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the graphite starting material may be derived from a waste product, which may include material from any of the categories described herein. The present method may, therefore, provide a way to dispose of waste materials while producing obtaining a desirable end product. The materials described herein may be carbonized to graphite so as to function as a graphite starting material for the present method.

[0031] In embodiments, the aqueous solution used in step 102 can be acidic, wherein the aqueous solution can have a pH of about 1 to about 3. In embodiments, using an acidic solution in step 102 can result in the production of primarily graphene, such as pristine graphene without functionalization. In other embodiments, the aqueous solution can be alkaline, wherein the aqueous solution can have a pH of about 11 to about 14. In embodiments, using an alkalinesolution in step 102 can result in the production of primarily oxidized graphene. In embodiments, oxidized graphene, or graphene oxide, may be desired because the oxygenized functional groups can provide reactive sites for further chemical derivatization. This chemical derivatization can allow the tailoring of graphene to accommodate the needs of different applications. In embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution used in step 102 can be adjusted by the addition of acid or base, or by performing a water treatment which is capable of changing the pH of the solution, such as electrodialysis. It is contemplated that the aqueous solution, which can be an oxygen-rich solution, facilitates the bonding of oxygen between the graphite layers, which in turn aids in expanding the graphite layers to induce separation.

[0032] In embodiments, the graphite solution formed in step 102 of the present method can include about 0.5 wt. % to about 50 wt % graphite starting material, wherein the remainder of the weight percentage of the graphite solution is attributed to the aqueous solution, such that the total weight percentage equals 100 wt. %. For example, the graphite solution can include about 0.5 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, about 35 wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50 wt. % of the graphite starting material, or any value contained within a range formed by any two of the preceding values. In embodiments, step 102 of dispersing a graphite starting material in an aqueous solution to form a graphite solution can be performed in a collider as described herein, or step 102 can be performed in a mixing container and the graphene solution can be transferred to the collider.

[0033] In embodiments, performing a collision treatment on the graphite solution to form a graphene foam 104 can include transferring the the graphite solution to a collider which includes a core for accelerating the graphite solution, the core comprising a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc, and one or more drives for rotating the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof, an ultrasonic mixer, and a foam separator. Further embodiments describing the collider are also disclosed herein.

[0034] In embodiments, the collision treatment of step 104 can include varying parameters including flow rate, rotations per minute, the like, or combinations thereof. The collision process, which can be a high-speed process, further separates and exfoliates the graphite layers, which were previously expanded due to dispersal in the aqueous solution. The collision process itself allows the graphite to collide in such a way that single-layer or multi-layer graphene is produced. It is contemplated that adjusting the parameters of the collision process (as described herein)allows the production of single-layer or multi-layer graphene with specificity. For example, in embodiments, the graphene produced can include single layer graphene having one layer, or can include few- or multi-layer graphene having two layers, three layers, four layers, five layers, six layers, or combinations thereof. It is contemplated that using a lower concentration, that is, a lower weight percentage, of the graphite starting material in the aqueous solution can result in more single-layer graphene being obtained.

[0035] In embodiments, the method 100 can further include applying an ultrasonic frequency to the graphene foam. In embodiments, the ultrasonic frequency can be applied to the graphite solution before the collision treatment, during the collision treatment, or after the collision treatment. It is contemplated that higher frequencies may improve the yield of graphene obtained by the present method.

[0036] In embodiments, the graphene foam can include large bubbles, small bubbles, or a combination thereof. It is contemplated that large bubbles contain predominantly single layer graphene, while small bubbles contain predominantly multi-layer graphene.

[0037] In embodiments, the method 100 can include repeating step 104 of performing a collision treatment a plurality of times. For example, if predominantly single-layer graphene is desired, performing multiple collision treatments can increase the amount of single-layer graphene that is present, as each collision treatment further separates the layers of the graphite to produce graphene having fewer layers.

[0038] In embodiments, separating the graphene foam to isolate graphene 106 can include gravitational separation, centrifugal separation, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, separating the graphene foam in step 106 can include using a foam separator. In embodiments, separating the graphene foam in step 106 can include applying a voltage to the graphene foam, wherein the voltage is about 1 V to about 1000 V, such as about 1 V, about 10 V, about 100 V, about 200 V, about 300 V, about 400 V, about 500 V, about 600 V, about 700 V, about 800 V, about 900 V, about 1000 V, or any value contained within a range formed by any two of the preceding values. In embodiments which apply a voltage to the graphene foam, the voltage is contemplated to separate the layers of graphene.

[0039] In embodiments, the graphene produced by the present method can include singlelayer graphene, multi-layer graphene, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the graphene produced by the present method can include single-layer graphene as up to 100 wt. % of the totalgraphene produced. In embodiments, the graphene produced by the present method can include oxidized graphene. In other embodiments, the graphene produced by the present method does not include oxidized graphene, such that less than 5 wt. % of the total graphene produced is oxidized graphene. In embodiments, the graphene produced by the present method can have a purity of at least about 99%, such as about 99.0%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, about 99.9%, and so forth, or any value contained within a range formed by any two of the preceding values. In embodiments, the purity of graphene can be quantified by measuring the total carbon content of the graphene. The purity and quality of graphene, in terms of carbon content, elemental composition, and defect levels, can be measured by techniques including but not limited to transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the like, and combinations thereof.

[0040] In embodiments, the method disclosed herein can further produce hydrogen. The collision of the graphite starting material in the aqueous solution can result in the production of hydrogen gas due to water splitting during the collision process.

[0041] There is also provided a system of producing graphene as described herein. FIG. 2. is an illustrative depiction of a system for producing graphene, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In embodiments, the system 200 can include an inlet 202 for introducing a solution to the system, a collider 204 including a core for accelerating the solution, wherein the core is operatively connected to the inlet such that the solution is introduced to the core through the inlet, and wherein the core comprises a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc, and one or more drives for rotating the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof, a connection 206 which connects the collider 204 to an ultrasonic mixer 208, such that the solution can be passed from the collider 204 to the ultrasonic mixer 208, a connection 206 which connects the ultrasonic mixer 208 to a foam separator 210, such that the solution can be passed from the ultrasonic mixer 208 to the foam separator 210.

[0042] In embodiments, the inlet 202 allows the introduction of a solution, such as a graphite starting material dispersed in an aqueous solution as disclosed herein, to the system 200. In embodiments, the inlet 202 can further include a pump to control the input of the solution to the system 200.

[0043] In embodiments, the collider 204 can include a core for accelerating the solution, wherein the core is operatively connected to the inlet such that the solution is introduced to the core through the inlet, and wherein the core comprises a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc, and one or more drives for rotating the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the first disc and the second disc can include a plurality of concentric rings and a plurality of concentric channels alternately interleave with the plurality of concentric rings. The first disc and the second disc can include a plurality of holes which allow the passage of solution through the holes. When at least one of the first disc and the second disc is rotated, it is contemplated that the solution is accelerated, and the material dispersed within the solution can be reduced in size. Further embodiments describing the collider 204 can be found in European Patent Application Nos. 23382949, 23217348, and 23217346, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0044] In embodiments, the collider 204 is operatively connected, via a connection 206, to an ultrasonic mixer 208. In the embodiments, the connection 206 allows the solution to be passed from the collider 204 to the ultrasonic mixer 208. The ultrasonic mixer 208, in embodiments, is capable of applying an ultrasonic frequency to the solution inside the ultrasonic mixer 208. The connection 206 can further allow the passage of the solution from the ultrasonic mixer 208 back to the collider 204, such that a plurality of collision treatments can be performed on the solution. In embodiments, the ultrasonic mixer 208 can include an ultrasonic bath, an ultrasonic horn, ora combination thereof.

[0045] In embodiments, the ultrasonic mixer 208 is operatively connected, via a connection 206, to a foam separator 210. In the embodiments, the connection 206 allows the solution to be passed from the ultrasonic mixer 208 to the foam separator 210.

[0046] In embodiments, the system 200 as described herein can be used to produce graphene, and optionally hydrogen, using the methods also described herein. The system 200 can, in embodiments, be used to produce single-layer graphene, multi-layer graphene, or a combination thereof from waste materials, and allow the efficient separation of the different types of graphene produced. The presently disclosed methods and systems can allow the production of economically valuable graphene from low-cost starting materials in an efficienct and commercially favorable process.EXAMPLES

[0047] The following non-limiting example was carried out according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0048] A graphite solution is prepared including about 0.5 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a graphite starting material dispersed in an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution can have a pH of about 1 to about 3, or a pH of about 11 to about 14. When the aqueous solution has a pH of about 1 to about 3, the method disclosed herein can produce primarily graphene. When the aqueous solution has a pH of about 11 to about 14, the method disclosed herein can produce primarily oxidized graphene.

[0049] In the above detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be used, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein.

[0050] This disclosure is not limited to the particular systems, devices and methods described, as these may vary. The terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope.

[0051] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds, compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to beunderstood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0052] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0053] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (for example, bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (for example, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” et cetera). While various compositions, methods, and devices are described in terms of “comprising” various components or steps (interpreted as meaning “including, but not limited to”), the compositions, methods, and devices can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps, and such terminology should be interpreted as defining essentially closed-member groups. It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present.

[0054] For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (for example, “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

[0055] In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (for example, the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, et cetera” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (for example, “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but notbe limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, et cetera). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, et cetera” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (for example, “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, et cetera). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

[0056] As used in this document, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Nothing in this disclosure is to be construed as an admission that the embodiments described in this disclosure are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. As used in this document, the term “comprising” means “including, but not limited to.”

[0057] As used herein, the term “about” means plus or minus 10% of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used. For example, “about 50%” means in the range of 45-55%, and also includes exactly 50%. That is, any value herein modified by “about” also discloses the value itself.

[0058] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0059] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, et cetera. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, et cetera. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges that can be subsequently broken downinto subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 compounds refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 compounds. Similarly, a group having 1-5 compounds refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 compounds, and so forth.

[0060] Various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, each of which is also intended to be encompassed by the disclosed embodiments.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A method for producing graphene, comprising:dispersing a graphite starting material in an aqueous solution to form a graphite solution;performing a collision treatment on the graphite solution to form a graphene foam; andseparating the graphene foam to isolate graphene.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphite starting material comprises graphite produced from plant matter, animal-derived tissue, or a combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the graphite starting material comprises graphite produced from cotton, hemp, algae, seaweed, wood, cellulose, fungus, animal-derived fat, animal-derived muscle tissue, or combinations thereof.

4. The method of any of claims 1 - 3, wherein the aqueous solution is acidic or alkaline.

5. The method of any of claims 1 - 4, wherein the graphite solution comprises 0.5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of the graphite starting material.

6. The method of any of claims 1 - 5, wherein the collision treatment comprises transferring the graphite solution to a collider comprising:a core for accelerating the graphite solution, the core comprising a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc, and one or more drives for rotating the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof;an ultrasonic mixer; anda foam separator.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises applying an ultrasonic frequency to the graphene foam.

8. The method of any of claims 1 - 7, wherein separating the graphene foam comprises gravitational separation, centrifugal separation, ora combination thereof.

9. The method of any of claims 1 - 8, wherein the graphene comprises single-layer graphene, multi-layer graphene, or combinations thereof.

10. The method of any of claims 1 - 9, wherein the graphene comprises oxidized graphene.

11. The method of any of claims 1 - 9, wherein the graphene does not comprise oxidized graphene.

12. The method of any of claims 1 - 11, further comprising producing hydrogen during the collision treatment.

13. A system for producing of graphene, comprising:an inlet for introducing a solution;a collider comprising a core for accelerating the solution,wherein the core is operatively connected to the inlet such that the solution is introduced to the core through the inlet, andwherein the core comprises a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc, and one or more drives for rotating the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof; an ultrasonic mixer operatively connected to the collider such that the solution is passed from the collider to the ultrasonic mixer; anda foam separator operatively connected to the ultrasonic mixer such that the solution is passed from the ultrasonic mixer to the foam separator, and optionallywherein the ultrasonic mixer comprises an ultrasonic bath, an ultrasonic horn, or a combination thereof.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the inlet further comprises a pump.

15. The system of claim 13 or 14, wherein the first disc and the second disc comprise a plurality of concentric rings and a plurality of concentric channels interleaved between the plurality of concentric rings or a plurality of holes.

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