Systems and methods for making hydrocarbon compositions derived from pyrolysis of post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics

Abstract

Disclosed herein are systems for pyrolysis of plastic feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics and method of using the same. In various implementations, the systems include a reactor having a reactor vessel for receiving and pyrolyzing the plastic feedstock, and a solids separation system configured for separating at least a portion of the solids present in the reactor bath from the reactor bath.

Description

[0001] SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MAKING HYDROCARBON COMPOSITIONS DERIVED FROM PYROLYSIS OF POST-CONSUMER AND / OR POST-INDUSTRIAL PLASTICS

[0002] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0003] This application claims the benefit of priority to U. S. Provisional Application No.

[0004] 63 / 710,395, filed October 22, 2024, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0005] BACKGROUND

[0006] Single use plastic waste is a pressing environmental issue. There are currently few options for recycling a mixed polyolefin stream comprised of a broad range of compositions and physical forms of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene waste plastics to value-added chemical and refinery feedstock products. Improved processes are needed for recycling such plastics at an industrially significant scale and for producing improved products therefrom. The compositions and methods discussed herein address these and other needs.

[0007] SUMMARY

[0008] In accordance with the purposes of the disclosed compositions and methods as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosed subject matter relates to hydrocarbon-based compositions derived from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or postindustrial plastics and methods of making and use thereof.

[0009] For example, disclosed herein is a wax derived from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, wherein from 60% to 80% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C45 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; or a combination thereof. In some examples, the wax has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 950°F to 1,300°F; a pour point of 30°F to 60°F; a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; or a combination thereof.

[0010] In some examples, the wax has a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 250 to 450 Daltons. In some examples, the wax has a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 300 to 400 Daltons.

[0011] In some examples of the wax, from 70% to 75% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C45 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, from 80 to 90% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C33 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, 75 %- or more, 85% or more, or 95% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C46 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, from 75% to 100%, from 85% to 100%, or from 95% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C46 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, from 95 to 99% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C46 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, the mixture comprises: 20-30%’ (e.g., 25-30%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, 20-30% (e.g., 20-25%) C20-C24 hydrocarbons, 20-30% (e.g., 20-25%) C24-C28 hydrocarbons, and 10-20% (e.g., 10-15%) C28-C32 hydrocarbons.

[0012] In some examples of the wax, the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the wax, the mixture is substantially free of Ci-Cs hydrocarbons.

[0013] In some examples of the wax, the mixture comprises: 80 - 100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 85 - 90 wt.% or 95 to 99 wt.%); 0 - 5 wt.% unsaturated (non -aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0-2.5 wt.%, or 0-1.5 wt.%); and 0 - 15 wt.% aromatics (e.g., 0-2.5 wt.%, or 12-14 wt.%).

[0014] In some examples, the wax has a melting point of from 30°C to 70°C, for example as determined by ASTM D 127. In some examples, the wax has a melting point of from 40°C to 55°C (e.g., from 40°C to 50°C, or from 43°C to 48°C), for example as determined by ASTM D 127. In some examples, the wax has a congealing point of 30°C to 55°C (e.g., from 45°C to 51°C), for example as determined using ASTM D 938. In some examples, the wax has a congealing point of 40°C to 55°C (e.g., from 45°C to 51°C), for example as determined using ASTM D 938. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 300°F to l,300°F (e.g., from 650°F to l,300°F, from 750°F to l,300°F, or from 950°F to l,300°F), for example as determined using ASTM D 7169. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 950°F to l,300°F (e.g., from 950°F to l,250°F, from l,100°F to l,250°F, or from 995°F to 1,235°F), for example as determined using ASTM D 7169. In some examples, the wax has a pour point of from 30°F to 150°F (e.g., from 50°F to 100°F, from 30°F to 100°F, from 30°F to 80°F, or from 30°F to 60 F, for example as determined using ASTM D 97. In some examples, the wax has a pour point of from 30°F to 60°F (e.g., from 30°F to 55°F, from 33°F to 52°F, or from 45°F to 60°F, for example as determined using ASTM D 97.

[0015] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 7359. In some examples, the wax has a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4629. In some examples, the wax has a silicon content of 125 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4185. In some examples, the wax has a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 30 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4294. In some examples, the wax has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a nickel content of 100 ppm or less (e.g., 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the wax has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185.

[0016] In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 125 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 150 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; a copper content of 10 ppm or less; a nickel content of 100 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0017] In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 100 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 10 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; a calcium content of 5 ppm or less; a copper content of 10 ppm or less; a nickel content of 100 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0018] In some examples, the wax has a Gardner color of from 2 to 8 (e.g., from 2.5 to 8, or from 6.5 to 8), for example as determined according to ASTM D 1500. In some examples, the wax has an oil content of from 5-50% (e.g., from 25 to 45%, or from 40 to 45%) by weight, for example as determined according to ASTM D 721. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less, or from 7 to 10 psig), for example as determined using ASTM D 191. In some examples, the wax has a water by distillation amount of 0.5 vol.%’ or less (e.g., 0.1 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 95. In some examples, the wax has a total sediment content of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.1 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 4870. In some examples, the wax has an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.5 wt.% or less (e.g., 0.1 wt.% or less, 0.05 wt.% or less, 0.01 wt.% or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 3279. In some examples, the wax has a total acid number of 1 mg KOH / g or less (e.g., 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 664.

[0019] In some examples, the wax has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 950°F to l,300°F; and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, the wax has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 995°F to 1,235°F; and a pour point of from 33°F to 52°F. In some examples, the wax has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 950°F to l,300°F; apour point of 30°F to 60°F; a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 995°F to 1,235°F; a pour point of from 33°F to 52°F; a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

[0020] In some examples, the wax is produced at an industrial scale. In some examples, the wax is produced via pyrolysis in a volume of from 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

[0021] Also disclosed herein is an oil derived from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising postconsumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, wherein 55% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C20 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; or a combination thereof. In some examples, the oil has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 750°F to l,000°F; a pour point of 0°F to 20°F; a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; or a combination thereof.

[0022] In some examples, the oil has a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 50 to 350 Daltons, such as from 50 to 300 Daltons or from 50 to 250 Daltons.

[0023] In some examples of the oil, from 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C20 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, from 90% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C20 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, from 92% to 96% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C20 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, from 70% to 100%, from 80% to 100%, or from 90% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, 0-10% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) Ci-Cs hydrocarbons, 50-75% (e.g., 55-65%, or 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) Ci-Cs hydrocarbons, 55-65% (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C1-C8 hydrocarbons, 50-75% (e.g., 55-65%, or 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the oil, the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons, 55-65% (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons.

[0024] In some examples of the oil, the mixture is substantially free of hydrocarbons comprising 30 or more carbons. In some examples of the oil, wherein the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

[0025] In some examples of the oil, the mixture comprises: 80-100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 90-100 wt.%, 94-96 wt.%); 0-5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5-4.5 wt.%); and 0-15 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0-2.5 wt.%, or 1-2 wt.%). In some examples of the oil, the mixture comprises: 90-100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 94-96 wt.%); 0-5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5-4.5 wt.%); and 0-2.5 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 1-2 wt.%).

[0026] In some examples, the oil has a final boiling point of from 400°F to l,000°F (e.g., from 400°F to 850°F), for example as determined using ASTM D 7169. In some examples, the oil has a final boiling point of from 750°F to l,000°F (e.g., from 900°F to 950°F, from 920°F to 950°F, or from 935°F to 950°F), for example as determined using ASTM D 7169. In some examples, the oil has a pour point of from -200°F to 100°F, for example as determined using ASTM D 97. In some examples, the oil has a pour point of from 0°F to 20°F (e.g., from 5°F to 15°F, from 8°F to 15°F, or from 10°F to 15°F), for example as determined using ASTM D 97.

[0027] In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 7359. In some examples, the oil has a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or I ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4629. In some examples, the oil has a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less (e.g., 1,000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4185. In some examples, the oil has a sodium content of 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4294. In some examples, the oil has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less, for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a nickel content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the oil has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185.

[0028] In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 100 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; a copper content of 10 ppm or less; a nickel content of 250 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0029] In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 250 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 25 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; a calcium content of 5 ppm or less; a copper content of 1 ppm or less; a nickel content of 50 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 1 ppm or less.

[0030] In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less, or from 7-10 psig), for example as determined using ASTM D 5191. In some examples, the oil has a water by distillation amount of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.1 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less) for example as determined by ASTM D 95. In some examples, the oil has a total sediment content of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.1 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 4870. In some examples, the oil has an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.1 wt.% or less (e.g., 0.05 wt.% or less, 0.01 wt.% or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 3279. In some examples, the oil has a total acid number of 1 mg KOH / g or less, 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less, for example as determined according to ASTM D 664.

[0031] In some examples, the oil has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 750°F to l,000°F; and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some examples, the oil has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 935°F to 950°F; and a pour point of from 10°F to 15°F. In some examples, the oil has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 750°F to 1,000°F; a pour point of 0°F to 20°F; a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 935°F to 950°F; a pour point of from 10°F to 15°F; a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil is produced at an industrial scale. In some examples, the oil is produced via pyrolysis in a volume of from 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

[0032] Also disclosed herein are compositions derived from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, wherein 70% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C46 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the composition has: a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; or a combination thereof.

[0033] In some examples, composition has a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 50 to 450 Daltons. In some examples, the composition has a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 100 to 400 Daltons.

[0034] In some examples of the composition, from 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C46 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the composition, 70% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C33 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the composition, 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C33 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the composition, the mixture comprises: 7.5-25% (e.g., 10-20%) Ch-Cs hydrocarbons, 30-55% (e.g., 35-55%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, 15-40% (e.g., 20-40%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons, and 0-15% (e.g., 5-15%) C30-C46 hydrocarbons. In some examples of the composition, the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

[0035] In some examples of the composition, the mixture comprises: 80 - 100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons; 0 - 5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons; and 0 - 15 wt.% aromatics.

[0036] In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 7359. In some examples, the composition has a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4629. In some examples, the composition has a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less (e.g., 1,000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 30 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 250 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4294. In some examples, the composition has a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, or 0.01 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185. In some examples, the composition has a nickel content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 4185. In some examples, the composition has a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 10 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, or 1 ppm or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 5185.

[0037] In some examples, the composition has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 150 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the composition has: a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; a copper content of 10 ppm or less; a nickel content of 250 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0038] In some examples, the composition has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 10 psig or less, or from 7 to 10 psig), for example as determined using ASTM D 5191. In some examples, the composition has a water by distillation amount of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.1 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 95. In some examples, the composition has a total sediment content of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.1 vol.%’ or less, or 0.01 vol.%’ or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 4870. In some examples, the composition has an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.5 wt.% or less (e.g., 0.1 wt.% or less, 0.05 wt.% or less, 0.01 wt.% or less), for example as determined by ASTM D 3279. In some examples, the composition has a total acid number of 1 mg KOH / g or less (e.g., 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.2 mg KOH / g or less), for example as determined according to ASTM D 664.

[0039] In some examples, the composition is produced at an industrial scale. In some examples, the composition is produced via pyrolysis in a volume of from 10,000 to 1,000, 000 gallons per 5 to 90 days.

[0040] In some examples, the compositions can comprise any of waxes disclosed herein and any of the oils disclosed herein.

[0041] Also disclosed herein are compositions comprising any of waxes disclosed herein and any of the oils disclosed herein. In some examples, the composition comprises 50-70% of the oil and 30-50% of the wax by volume. In some examples, the composition comprises a blend of the wax and the oil. In some examples, the composition comprises 65% oil and 35% wax by volume. In some examples, the composition comprises 50% oil and 50% wax by volume.

[0042] Also disclosed herein are methods of making any of the compositions disclosed herein, any of tire waxes disclosed herein, and / or any of the oils disclosed herein. In some examples, the method comprises pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the method comprises thermal depolymerization of the feedstock. In some examples, the pyrolysis is substantially free of any added catalyst. In some examples, the pyrolysis includes a catalyst. In some examples, the method produces the composition, the oil, and / or the wax at an industrial scale. In some examples, the method produces the composition, the oil, and / or the wax in a volume of from 10,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per 5 to 90 days. In some examples, the method produces the composition, the oil, and / or the wax at a yield of 60% or more, 75% or more, 80% or more, or 83% or more. In some examples, the composition, the oil, and / or the wax produced by the method is a raw pyrolysis product, meaning method substantially excludes any hydrotreatment or further refining steps after the pyrolysis.

[0043] In some examples, the feedstock comprises 50% or more, 60% or more, or 70% or more by weight post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the feedstock comprises 50% or more, 60% or more, or 70% or more by weight post-consumer plastics. In some examples, the post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics comprise polyethylene (e.g., LDPE, LLDPE, HOPE), polypropylene, polystyrene, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the feedstock comprises 90% or more (e.g., 93% or more) by weight of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the feedstock comprises moisture at an amount of 20%’ or less (e.g., 10% or less, 15% or less, 5% or less, or 3% or less) by weight. In some examples, the feedstock comprises 5% or less (e.g., 2.5% or less, or 1% or less) by weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), rubber, thermosets, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the feedstock comprises 15% by weight or less (e.g., 10% by weight or less, 5% by weight or less, or 3% by weight or less) non-plastic materials such as metal, glass, wood, cotton, paper, cardboard, dirt, inorganics, etc. In some examples, the feedstock comprises films, such as single and / or multi-layered films. In some examples, the feedstock includes plastics with a plastic type classification # 2, 4, 5, 6, or a combination thereof.

[0044] Also disclosed herein are compositions comprising any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, the product of any of the methods disclosed herein, or a combination thereof.

[0045] Also disclosed herein are methods of use of any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, the product of any of the methods disclosed herein, or a combination thereof.

[0046] Also disclosed herein are articles of manufacture comprising any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, the product of any of the methods disclosed herein, or a combination thereof.

[0047] Also disclosed herein are compositions deri ved from any of the waxes disclosed herein, any of the oils disclosed herein, any of the compositions disclosed herein, the product of any of the methods disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of making said compositions. For example, the method can comprise additional processing of the composition, such as refining, filtering, cracking, hydrotreating, etc. in the production of chemicals and / or polymers. In some examples, the composition comprises a lubricating oil, a mineral oil, a group III base oil, a fully refined paraffin wax, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition comprises a binder, a processing aid, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition comprises kerosene including cosmetic kerosene, white oils, high value paraffin and purified liquid fuels, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition comprises naphtha. In some examples, the composition comprises fuel. In some examples, the composition comprises liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, diesel and gas oil, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition comprises lube oil, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, or a combination thereof. Also disclosed here are articles of manufacture comprising any of the compositions. In some examples, the article comprises packaging, film, and / or fibers for carpets and clothing, molded articles, and extruded pipes, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the article comprises a medical device. In some examples, the article comprises lubricant, candles, adhesives, packaging, rubber, cosmetics, fire logs, bituminous mixtures, superficial wear coatings, asphalt, sealing coatings, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition or article comprises asphalt, automotive fuel, aviation fuels, base oil, bitumen, cadalene, cutting fluid, diesel fuel, fuel oil, gasoline, heating oil, heavy fuel oil, hydrocarbon solvents, jet fuel, kerosene, ligroin, lubricant, mazut, microcrystalline wax, mineral oil, motor fuel, motor oil, naphtha, naphthenic acid, paraffin wax, petroleum benzine, petroleum ether, petroleum jelly, petroleum naphtha, petroleum resin, retene, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition or article comprises gasoline, jet fuel, diesel and other fuels, asphalt, heavy fuel oil, lubricants, paraffin wax, tar, asphalt, fertilizer, flooring, perfume, insecticide, petroleum jelly, soap, vitamin, amino acid, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition or article comprises wood-based composites such as oriented-strand board (OSB), particleboard, hardboard, medium density fiberboard, gypsum board, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition or article comprises fully refined paraffin which is used to produce candles, cosmetics, crayons, food packaging, paper and carton coatings, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the composition or article comprises a hydrocarbon feedstock for a petroleum refinery, a catalytic cracking system, a thermal cracking system, a polymerization system, or a combination thereof, for example used in the production of chemicals and / or polymers. Also disclosed herein are methods of use of any of the compositions disclosed herein, for example, wherein the method comprises using the composition as a hydrocarbon feedstock for a petroleum refinery, a catalytic cracking system, a thermal cracking system, a polymerization system, or a combination thereof, for example used in the production of chemicals and / or polymers.

[0048] Additional advantages of the disclosed compositions and methods will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description. The advantages of the disclosed compositions and methods will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosed systems and methods, as claimed.

[0049] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

[0050] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0051] The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

[0052] Figure 1. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0053] Figure 2. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0054] Figure 3. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0055] Figure 4. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0056] Figure 5. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0057] Figure 6. UV-Vis spectrum of wax product in hexane with a 100x dilution factor.

[0058] Figure 7. UV-Vis spectrum of wax product in hexane with a l,000x dilution factor.

[0059] Figure 8. FTIR-ATR spectrum of wax product.

[0060] Figure 9. Gas chromatogram of wax product.

[0061] Figure 10. Gas chromatogram of wax product.

[0062] Figure 11. ¹H-NMR spectrum of wax product.

[0063] Figure 12.1H-NMR spectrum of wax product with annotations.

[0064] Figure 13.13C-NMR spectrum of wax product.

[0065] Figure 14.13C-NMR spectrum of wax product with annotations.

[0066] Figure 15. UV-Vis spectrum of oil product in hexane with a 100x dilution factor.

[0067] Figure 16. UV-Vis spectrum of oil product in hexane with a l,000x dilution factor.

[0068] Figure 17. FTIR-ATR spectrum of oil product.

[0069] Figure 18. GC-FID chromatogram of oil product.

[0070] Figure 19. GC-FID chromatogram of oil product.

[0071] Figure 20. ‘H-NMR spectrum of oil product.

[0072] Figure 21.1H-NMR spectrum of oil product with annotations.

[0073] Figure 22.13C-NMR spectrum of oil product.

[0074] Figure 23.13C-NMR spectrum of oil product with annotations. Figure 24. Schematic perspective side view of an example single-screw extruder with an electrically heated barrel.

[0075] Figure 25. Cross-sectional view of the example single-screw extruder of Figure 24.

[0076] Figure 26. Schematic perspective side view of an example dual-screw extruder with an electrically heated barrel.

[0077] Figure 27. Cross-sectional view of the example dual-screw extruder of Figure 26.

[0078] Figure 28. Schematic perspective side view of an example single-screw extruder with a gas / flame heated barrel.

[0079] Figure 29. Schematic perspective side view of an example single-screw extruder with an oil heated barrel.

[0080] Figure 30. Schematic perspective side view of an example single-screw extruder with an electrically heated barrel and a single vent.

[0081] Figure 31. Schematic perspective side view of an example single-screw extruder with an electrically heated barrel and two vents.

[0082] Figure 32. Schematic perspective side view of an example single-screw extruder with an electrically heated barrel and four vents.

[0083] Figure 33. Schematic perspective side view of an example single-screw extruder with an electrically heated barrel, two vents, and a vent stuffer.

[0084] Figure 34. Schematic perspective front view of an example vent stuffer.

[0085] Figure 35. Schematic side view of an example rotary kiln reactor.

[0086] Figure 36. Schematic top view of the example rotary kiln reactor of Figure 34.

[0087] Figure 37. Schematic side view of an example screw reactor.

[0088] Figure 38. Schematic top view of the example screw reactor of Figure 37.

[0089] Figure 39. Schematic side view of an example fluidized bed reactor.

[0090] Figure 40. Schematic top view of the example fluidized bed reactor of Figure 39.

[0091] Figure 41. Schematic side view of an example batch reactor.

[0092] Figure 42. Schematic top view of the example batch reactor of Figure 41.

[0093] Figure 43. Schematic side view of an example continuously stirred reactor with external gas heating.

[0094] Figure 44. Schematic top view of the example continuously stirred reactor of Figure 43. Figure 45. Schematic side view of an example continuously stirred reactor with external gas heating and internal electric heating.

[0095] Figure 46. Schematic top view of the example continuously stirred reactor of Figure 45. Figure 47. Schematic side view of an example continuously stirred reactor with external electrical heating and internal electric heating.

[0096] Figure 48. Schematic top view of the example continuously stirred reactor of Figure 47. Figure 49. Schematic side view of an example molten material reactor.

[0097] Figure 50. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with a solids separation system as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0098] Figure 51. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with a solids separation system as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0099] Figure 52. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with a solids separation system as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0100] Figure 53. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with a solids separation system as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0101] Figure 54. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with a solids separation system as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0102] Figure 55. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with a solids separation system as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0103] Figure 56. Schematic diagram of an example solids separation system as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0104] Figure 57. Schematic diagram of an example solids separation system as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0105] Figure 58. Schematic diagram of an example solids separation system as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0106] Figure 59. Schematic side view of an example filter pot.

[0107] Figure 60. Schematic side view of an example rotary drum filter.

[0108] Figure 61. Schematic top view of an example rotary pan filter.

[0109] Figure 62. Schematic side view of an example candle-style filter.

[0110] Figure 63. Schematic side view of one operational configuration of the filter candles in the candle-style filter of Figure 62.

[0111] Figure 64. Schematic side view of one operational configuration of the filter candles in the candle-style filter of Figure 62.

[0112] Figure 65. Schematic side view of an example plate-and-frame filter.

[0113] Figure 66. Schematic side view of an example sieve.

[0114] Figure 67. Schematic side view of an example self-cleaning filter.

[0115] Figure 68. Schematic side view of an example filter integrated into a pyrolysis reactor. Figure 69. Schematic side view of an example disc stack filter. Figure 70. Schematic side view of one operational configuration of a decanter centrifuge. Figure 71. Schematic side view of another operational configuration of a decanter centrifuge.

[0116] Figure 72. Schematic side view of an example horizontal screen centrifuge.

[0117] Figure 73. Schematic side view of an example rotary calciner.

[0118] Figure 74. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with multiple solids separation systems as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0119] Figure 75. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with multiple solids separation systems as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0120] Figure 76. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with multiple solids separation systems as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0121] Figure 77. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with multiple solids separation systems as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0122] Figure 78. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with multiple solids separation systems as disclosed herein according to another implementation.

[0123] Figure 79. Schematic side view of an example ice crusher.

[0124] Figure 80. Schematic diagram of an example system and / or method with a pre-treatment system and a solids separation system as disclosed herein according to one implementation.

[0125] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0126] The compositions, methods, and systems described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the Examples included therein.

[0127] Before the present compositions, methods, and systems are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific synthetic methods or specific reagents, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting.

[0128] Also, throughout this specification, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which the disclosed matter pertains. The references disclosed are also individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein for the material contained in them that is discussed in the sentence in which the reference is relied upon.

[0129] General Definitions

[0130] In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings.

[0131] Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word “comprise” and other forms of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means including but not limited to, and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or steps.

[0132] As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a composition” includes mixtures of two or more such compositions, reference to “an agent” includes mixtures of two or more such agents, reference to “the component” includes mixtures of two or more such components, and the like.

[0133] “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

[0134] Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. By “about” is meant within 5% of the value, e.g., within 4, 3, 2, or 1% of the value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

[0135] Values can be expressed herein as an “average” value. “Average” generally refers to the statistical mean value.

[0136] By “substantially” is meant within 5%, e.g., within 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%.

[0137] “Exemplary” means “an example of’ and is not intended to convey an indication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used in a restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes.

[0138] It is understood that throughout this specification the identifiers “first” and “second” are used solely to aid in distinguishing the various components and steps of the disclosed subject matter. The identifiers “first” and “second” are not intended to imply any particular order, amount, preference, or importance to the components or steps modified by these terms.

[0139] References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular' element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.

[0140] A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.

[0141] The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof’ is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CAB ABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

[0142] The expressions “ambient temperature” and “room temperature” as used herein are understood in the art and refer generally to a temperature from 0°C to 30°C, such as from 20°C to 30°C.

[0143] The expressions “ambient pressure” and “room pressure” as used herein are understood in the art and refer generally to a pressure from 14.5 to 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi).

[0144] Chemical Definitions

[0145] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0146] The organic moieties mentioned when defining variable positions within the general formulae described herein (e.g., the term “halogen”) are collective terms for the individual substituents encompassed by the organic moiety. The prefix Cn-Cmpreceding a group or moiety indicates, in each case, the possible number of carbon atoms in the group or moiety that follows.

[0147] The term “ion,” as used herein, refers to any molecule, portion of a molecule, cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom that contains a charge (positive, negative, or both at the same time within one molecule, cluster of molecules, molecular complex, or moiety (e.g., zwitterions)) or that can be made to contain a charge. Methods for producing a charge in a molecule, portion of a molecule, cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom are disclosed herein and can be accomplished by methods known in the art, e.g., protonation, deprotonation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, acetylation, esterification, de-esterification, hydrolysis, etc.

[0148] The term “anion” is a type of ion and is included within the meaning of the term “ion.” An “anion” is any molecule, portion of a molecule (e.g., zwitterion), cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom that contains a net negative charge or that can be made to contain a net negative charge. The term “anion precursor” is used herein to specifically refer to a molecule that can be converted to an anion via a chemical reaction (e.g., deprotonation).

[0149] The term “cation” is a type of ion and is included within the meaning of the term “ion.” A “cation” is any molecule, portion of a molecule (e.g., zwitterion), cluster of molecules, molecular complex, moiety, or atom, that contains a net positive charge or that can be made to contain a net positive charge. The term “cation precursor” is used herein to specifically refer to a molecule that can be converted to a cation via a chemical reaction (e.g., protonation or alkylation).

[0150] As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and / or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms “substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.

[0151] “Z1,” “Z2,” “Zd,” and “Z4” are used herein as generic symbols to represent various specific substituents. These symbols can be any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein, and when they are defined to be certain substituents in one instance, they can, in another instance, be defined as some other substituents.

[0152] The term “aliphatic” as used herein refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon group and includes branched and unbranched, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups.

[0153] As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to saturated, straight-chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon moieties. Unless otherwise specified, C1-C24 (e.g., C1-C22, C1-C20, Ci-CTs, C1-C16, Ci-C14, C1-C12, C1-C10, Ci-Cg, Ci-Ce, or C1-C4) alkyl groups are intended. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methyl-ethyl, butyl, 1-methyl-propyl, 2-methyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, pentyl, 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, hexyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1 -methyl -pentyl, 2-methyl-pentyl, 3-methyl -pentyl, 4-methyl-pentyl, 1,1 -dimethyl -butyl, 1,2-dimethyl-butyl, 1,3-dimethyl-butyl, 2,2- dimethyl-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-butyl, 1 -ethyl -butyl, 2-ethyl-butyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propyl, 1, 2, 2-trimethyl -propyl, 1-ethyl-l-niethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. Alkyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. The alkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, hydroxyl, halogen, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol, as described below, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied.

[0154] Throughout the specification “alkyl” is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups; however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group. For example, the term “halogenated alkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halides (halogens; e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine). The term “alkoxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below. The term “alkylamino” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more amino groups, as described below, and the like. When “alkyl” is used in one instance and a specific term such as “alkylalcohol” is used in another, it is not meant to imply that the term “alkyl” does not also refer to specific terms such as “alkylalcohol” and the like.

[0155] This practice is also used for other groups described herein. That is, while a term such as “cycloalkyl” refers to both unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl moieties, the substituted moieties can, in addition, be specifically identified herein; for example, a particular substituted cycloalkyl can be referred to as, e.g., an “alkylcycloalkyl.” Similarly, a substituted alkoxy can be specifically referred to as, e.g., a “halogenated alkoxy,” a particular substituted alkenyl can be, e.g., an “alkenylalcohol,” and the like. Again, the practice of using a general term, such as “cycloalkyl,” and a specific term, such as “alkylcycloalkyl,” is not meant to imply that the general term does not also include the specific term.

[0156] As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to unsaturated, straight-chained, or branched hydrocarbon moieties containing a double bond. Unless otherwise specified, C2-C24 (e.g., C2-C22, C2-C20, C2-C18, C2-C16, C2-C14, C2-C12, C2-C10, C2-C8, C2-C6, or C2-C4) alkenyl groups are intended. Alkenyl groups may contain more than one unsaturated bond. Examples include ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1 -methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, l-methyl-l-propenyl, 2-methyl-1 -propenyl, l-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1 -pentenyl, 2 -pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1 -methyl- 1-butenyl, 2-methyl- 1-butenyl, 3-methyl- 1-butenyl, 1 -methyl -2-butenyl, 2- methyl -2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, l-methyl-3-butenyI, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1 -di methyl -2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-l -propenyl, l,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-l-propenyl, 1 -ethyl -2-propenyl, 1 -hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-l-pentenyl, 2-methyl-l -pentenyl, 3-methyl- 1 -pentenyl, 4-methyl- 1 -pentenyl, l-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, l-methyI-3 -pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1 -methyl -4-pentenyl, 2-methyl -4-pentenyl, 3-methyl -4-pentenyl, 4-methyl -4-pentenyl, l,l-dimethyl-2-butenyl, l,l-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl- 1-butenyl, l,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, l,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3 -dimethyl -1-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 3, 3 -di methyl -1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl- 1-butenyl, l-ethyl-2-butenyl, l-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl- 1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1, 1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1 -ethyl- 1 -methyl-2-propenyl, 1 -ethyl-2-methyl- 1 -propenyl, and l-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl. The term “vinyl” refers to a group having the structure -CH=CH2; 1 -propenyl refers to a group with the structure -CH=CH-CH3; and 2-propenyl refers to a group with the structure -CH2-CH=CH2. Asymmetric structures such as (ZlZ2)C=C(Z3Z4) are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This can be presumed in structural formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it can be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C=C. Alkenyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol, as described below, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied.

[0157] As used herein, the term “alkynyl” represents straight-chained or branched hydrocarbon moieties containing a triple bond. Unless otherwise specified, C2-C24 (e.g., C2-C24, C2-C20, C2-C18, C2-C16, C2-C14, C2-C12, C2-C10, C2-C8, C2-C6, or C2-C4) alkynyl groups are intended. Alkynyl groups may contain more than one unsaturated bond. Examples include C2-Ce-alkynyl, such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl (or propargyl), 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, l-methyl-2-propynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-methyl- 1-butynyl, l-methyl-2-butynyl, 1 -methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, l,l-dimethyl-2-propynyl, l-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1 -hexynyl, 2 -hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 3-methyl- 1-pentynyl, 4-methyl- 1-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2 -pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, l-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1 -methyl -4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, l,l-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 3,3-dimethyl-l-butynyl, l-ethyl-2-butynyl, l-ethyl-3- butynyl, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl, and 1 -ethyl- l-methyl-2-propynyl. Alkynyl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol, as described below.

[0158] As used herein, the term “aryl,” as well as derivative terms such as aryloxy, refers to groups that include a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of from 3 to 50 carbon atoms. Aryl groups can include a single ring or multiple condensed rings. In some examples, aryl groups include Ce-Cio aryl groups. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, phenylcyclopropyl, phenoxybenzene, and indanyl. The term “aryl” also includes “heteroaryl,” which is defined as a group that contains an aromatic group that has at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. The term “non-heteroaryl,” which is also included in the term “aryl,” defines a group that contains an aromatic group that does not contain a heteroatom. The aryl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more chemical moieties. Examples of suitable substituents include, for example, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol as described herein. The term “biaryl” is a specific type of aryl group and is included in the definition of aryl. Biaryl refers to two aryl groups that are bound together via a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or are attached via one or more carbon-carbon bonds, as in biphenyl.

[0159] The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. The term “heterocycloalkyl” is a cycloalkyl group as defined above where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. 'The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol as described herein.

[0160] The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least one double bound, i.e., C=C. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and the like. The term “heterocycloalkenyl” is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkenyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, aldehyde, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxyl, ketone, nitro, phosphonyl, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, or thiol as described herein.

[0161] The term “cyclic group” is used herein to refer to either aryl groups, non-aryl groups (i.e., cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl groups), or both. Cyclic groups have one or more ring systems (e.g., monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic, etc.) that can be substituted or unsubstituted. A cyclic group can contain one or more aryl groups, one or more non-aryl groups, or one or more aryl groups and one or more non-aryl groups.

[0162] The term “acyl” as used herein is represented by the formula -C(O)Z1where Z1can be a hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above. As used herein, the term “acyl” can be used interchangeably with “carbonyl.” Throughout this specification “C(O)” or “CO” is a shorthand notation for C=O.

[0163] The term “acetal” as used herein is represented by the formula (Z1Z2)C(=OZ3)(=OZ4), where Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4can be, independently, a hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0164] The term “alkanol” as used herein is represented by the formula Z’OH. where Z1can be an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0165] As used herein, the term “alkoxy” as used herein is an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group can be defined as to a group of the formula Z1-()-, where Z1is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl as defined above. Unless otherwise specified, alkoxy groups wherein Z1is aCi-C24(e.g., C1-C22, C1-C20, Ci-C18, Ci-C16, C1-C14, C1-C12, C1-C10, Ci-C8, Ci-Cg, or C1-C4) alkyl group are intended. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1 -methyl-ethoxy, butoxy, 1-methyl-propoxy, 2-methyl-propoxy, 1,1 -dimethyl-ethoxy, pentoxy, 1 -methylbutyloxy, 2-methyl-butoxy, 3-methyl-butoxy, 2, 2-di-methyl -propoxy, 1 -ethyl -propoxy, hexoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-propoxy, 1,2-dimethyl -propoxy, 1 -methyl -pentoxy, 2-methyl-pentoxy, 3-methyl- pentoxy, 4-methyl-penoxy, 1,1 -dimethyl -butoxy, 1,2-dimethyl -butoxy, 1,3-dimethyl -butoxy, 2,2-di methyl -butoxy, 2,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 3,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 1-ethyl-butoxy, 2-ethylbutoxy, 1,1,2-trimethyl -propoxy, 1,2,2-trimethyl-propoxy, 1 -ethyl- 1 -methyl -propoxy, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propoxy.

[0166] The term “aldehyde” as used herein is represented by the formula -C(O)H. Throughout this specification “C(O)” is a shorthand notation for C=O.

[0167] The term “amino” as used herein are represented by the formula — NZ1Z2Z3, where Z1, Z2, and Z3can each be substitution group as described herein, such as hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0168] The terms “amide” or “amido” as used herein are represented by the formula — C(O)NZ‘Z2, where Z1and Z2can each be substitution group as described herein, such as hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0169] The term “anhydride” as used herein is represented by the formula Z1C(O)OC(O)Z2where Z1and Z2, independently, can be an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0170] The term “cyclic anhydride” as used herein is represented by the formula:

[0171]

[0172] where Z!can be an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0173] The term “azide” as used herein is represented by the formula -N=N=N.

[0174] The term “carboxylic acid” as used herein is represented by the formula -C(O)OH.

[0175] A “carboxylate” or “carboxyl” group as used herein is represented by the formula

[0176] — C(O)O - The term “cyano” as used herein is represented by the formula — CN.

[0177] The term “ester” as used herein is represented by the formula — OC(O)Z!or

[0178] — C(O)OZi, where Z1can be an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0179] The term “ether” as used herein is represented by the formula Z’ OZ2, where Z1and Z2can be, independently, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloal kenyl group described above. The term “epoxy” or “epoxide” as used herein refers to a cyclic ether with a three atom ring and can represented by the formula:

[0180]

[0181] where Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4can be, independently, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloal kenyl group described above

[0182] The term “ketone” as used herein is represented by the formula Z1C(O)Z2, where Z1and Z can be, independently, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0183] The term “halide” or “halogen” or “halo” as used herein refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0184] The term “hydroxyl” as used herein is represented by the formula -OH.

[0185] The term “nitro” as used herein is represented by the formula — NO2.

[0186] The term “phosphonyl” is used herein to refer to the phospho-oxo group represented by the formula —P(O)(OZ1)2, where Z1can be hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0187] The term “silyl” as used herein is represented by the formula — SiZ1Z2Z3, where Z1, Z, and Z3can be, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0188] The term “sulfonyl” or “sulfone” is used herein to refer to the sulfo-oxo group represented by the formula — S(O)2Z1, where Z1can be hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkenyl group described above.

[0189] The term “sulfide” as used herein comprises the formula — S —.

[0190] The term “thiol” as used herein is represented by the formula — SH.

[0191] “R!,” “R2,” “R3,” “R“,” etc,, where n is some integer, as used herein can, independently, possess one or more of the groups listed above. For example, if R1is a straight chain alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can optionally be substituted with a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an amino group, an alkyl group, a halide, and the like, Depending upon the groups that are selected, a first group can be incorporated within a second group or, alternatively, the first group can be pendant (i.e„ attached) to the second group. For example, with the phrase “an alkyl group comprising an amino group,” the amino group can be incorporated within the backbone of the alkyl group. Alternatively, the amino group can be attached to the backbone of the alkyl group. The nature of the group(s) that is (are) selected will determine if the first group is embedded or attached to the second group. Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible stereoisomer or mixture of stereoisomer (e.g., each enantiomer, each diastereomer, each meso compound, a racemic mixture, or scalemic mixture).

[0192] Compositions

[0193] Disclosed herein are hydrocarbon-based compositions deri ved from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. Pyrolysis depolymerizes plastics into products comprised of building block molecules. Contaminants are introduced during plastic formulation and manufacturing processes during the first life of plastic in conjunction with the source and collection method of the plastics. Recycling of plastics via pyrolysis is a technology that generates products with a broad range of quality dependent upon a variety of factors, including the feedstock and manufacturing process.

[0194] “Post-industrial” or “Pre-consumer” plastics include materials derived from waste streams during a plastic manufacturing process.

[0195] “Post-consumer” plastics include materials generated by households or by commercial, industrial, and / or institutional facilities in their roles as end-users of the product which can no longer be used for its intended purpose. This includes returns of material from the distribution chain.

[0196] Sources of post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics include, but are not limited to, plastic resin producers: packaging converters; industrial, commercial, retail, and institutional facilities; households; and waste collectors.

[0197] In some examples, the compositions disclosed herein can comprise a wax, an oil, or a combination thereof.

[0198] Wax

[0199] For example, disclosed herein are waxes derived from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the wax can be produced via pyrolysis at an industrial scale.

[0200] In some examples, tire wax is a solid or semi-solid at ambient temperature and ambient pressure.

[0201] In some examples, the wax comprises relatively long-chain hydrocarbons that are solid or semi-solid at ambient temperature and ambient pressure.

[0202] The wax can, for example, have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of 250 Daltons or more (e.g., 255 Daltons or more, 260 Daltons or more, 265 Daltons or more, 270 Daltons or more, 275 Daltons or more, 280 Daltons or more, 285 Daltons or more, 290 Daltons or more, 295 Daltons or more, 300 Daltons or more, 305 Daltons or more, 310 Daltons or more, 315 Daltons or more, 320 Daltons or more, 325 Daltons or more, 330 Daltons or more, 335 Daltons or more, 340 Daltons or more, 345 Daltons or more, 350 Daltons or more, 355 Daltons or more, 360 Daltons or more, 365 Daltons or more, 370 Daltons or more, 375 Daltons or more, 380 Daltons or more, 385 Daltons or more, 390 Daltons or more, 395 Daltons or more, 400 Daltons or more, 405 Daltons or more, 410 Daltons or more, 415 Daltons or more, 420 Daltons or more, 425 Daltons or more, 430 Daltons or more, 435 Daltons or more, or 440 Daltons or more). In some examples, the wax can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of 400 Daltons or less (e.g., 395 Daltons or less, 390 Daltons or less, 385 Daltons or less, 380 Daltons or less, 375 Daltons or less, 370 Daltons or less, 365 Daltons or less, 360 Daltons or less, 355 Daltons or less, 350 Daltons or less, 345 Daltons or less, 340 Daltons or less, 335 Daltons or less, 330 Daltons or less, 325 Daltons or less, 320 Daltons or less, 315 Daltons or less, 310 Daltons or less, 305 Daltons or less, 300 Daltons or less, 295 Daltons or less, 290 Daltons or less, 285 Daltons or less, 280 Daltons or less, 275 Daltons or less, 270 Daltons or less, 265 Daltons or less, or 260 Daltons or less). The number average molecular weight and / or weight average molecular weight of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above io any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 250 to 450 Daltons (e.g., from 250 to 350 Daltons, from 350 to 450 Daltons, from 250 to 300 Daltons, from 300 to 350 Daltons, from 350 to 400 Daltons, from 400 to 450 Daltons, from 250 to 425 Daltons, from 250 to 400 Daltons, from 250 to 375 Daltons, from 250 to 325 Daltons, from 250 to 275 Daltons, from 275 to 450 Daltons, from 300 to 450 Daltons, from 325 to 450 Daltons, from 375 to 450 Daltons, from 425 to 450 Daltons, from 275 to 425 Daltons, or from 300 to 400 Daltons). In some examples, the wax can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 300 to 400 Daltons (e.g., from 300 to 350 Daltons, from 350 to 400 Daltons, from 300 to 320 Daltons, from 320 to 340 Daltons, from 340 to 360 Daltons, from 360 to 380 Daltons, from 380 to 400 Daltons, from 300 to 380 Daltons, from 300 to 360 Daltons, from 300 to 340 Daltons, from 320 to 400 Daltons, from 340 to 400 Daltons, from 360 to 400 Daltons, from 310 to 390 Daltons, from 320 to 380 Daltons, from 325 to 375 Daltons, or from 325 to 350 Daltons).

[0203] The wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 60% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C45 hydrocarbons (e.g., 61% or more, 62% or more, 63% or more, 64% or more, 65% or more, 66% or more, 67% or more, 68% or more, 69% or more, 70% or more, 71% or more, 72% or more, 73%’ or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, or 78% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 80% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C45 hydrocarbons (e.g., 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, 71% or less, 70% or less, 69% or less, 68% or less, 67% or less, 66% or less, 65% or less, 64% or less, 63% or less, or 62% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C20-C45 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 60% to 80% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C45 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 60% to 70%, from 70% to 80%, from 60% to 65%, from 65% to 70%, from 70% to 75%, from 75% to 80%, from 60% to 75%, from 65% to 80%, or from 65% to 75%).

[0204] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 80%’ or more of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, or 88% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 90% or less of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, or 82% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C9-C33 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 80% to 90% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 80% to 85%, from 85% to 90%, from 80% to 82%, from 82% to 84%, from 84% to 86%, from 86%’ to 88'4, from 88% to 90%, from 80% to 88%, from 80%’ to 86%, from 80% to 84%, from 82% to 90%, from 84% to 90%, from 86% to 90%, from 81% to 89%, or from 82% to 88%).

[0205] In some examples, tire wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 75 ’ or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 91% or more, 92% or more, 93% or more, 94% or more, 95%’ or more, 95.5%’ or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, or 98% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 100% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5%’ or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, or 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94% or less, 93% or less, 92% or less, 91% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, or 77% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C9-C46 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 75% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 75% to 87.5%, from 87.5% to 100%, from 75% to 80%, from 80% to 85%, from 85% to 90%, from 90% to 95%, from 95% to 100%, from 75% to 95%, from 75% to 90%, from 75% to 85%, from 80% to 100%, from 85% to 100%, from 90% to 100%, or from 80% to 95%). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 95% to 99% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 95% to 97%, from 97% to 99%, from 95% to 96%, from 96% to 97%’, from 97%’ to 98%, from 98% to 99%, from 95% to 98%, from 96% to 99%, or from 96% to 98%).

[0206] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 20% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 21% or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, 24% or more, 25% or more, 26% or more, 27% or more, or 28% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 30% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 29%’ or less, 28% or less, 27%’ or less, 26% or less, 25%’ or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, or 22% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C9-C20 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 20% to 30% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 20% to 25%, from 25% to 30%, from 20% to 22%, from 22% to 24%, from 24% to 26%, from 26%’ to 28%, from 28% to 30%, from 20% to 28%, from 20% to 26%, from 20% to 24%, from 22%’ to 30%, from 24% to 30%, from 26% to 30%, from 21% to 29%, or from 22% to 28%).

[0207] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 20% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C24 hydrocarbons (e.g., 21%’ or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, 24%’ or more, 25% or more, 26% or more, 27%’ or more, or 28% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 30% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C24 hydrocarbons (e.g., 29% or less, 28% or less, 27% or less, 26% or less, 25% or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, or 22%’ or less ). The amount of the mixture comprising C20-C24 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 20%’ to 30% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C20-C24 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 20% to 25%, from 25% to 30%, from 20% to 22%, from 22% to 24%, from 24% to 26%, from 26% to 28%, from 28% to 30%, from 20% to 28%, from 20% to 26%, from 20%’ to 24%, from 22% to 30%, from 24% to 30%, from 26%> to 30%, from 21% to 29%, or from 22% to 28%).

[0208] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 20% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C24-C28 hydrocarbons (e.g., 21%’ or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, 24%’ or more, 25% or more, 26% or more, 27%’ or more, or 28% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 30% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C24-C28 hydrocarbons (e.g., 29%’ or less, 28% or less, 27%’ or less, 26% or less, 25%’ or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, or 22% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C24-C28 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 20% to 30% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C24-C28 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 20% to 25%, from 25% to 30%, from 20% to 22%, from 22% to 24%, from 24% to 26%, from 26% to 28%, from 28% to 30%, from 20% to 28%, from 20% to 26%, from 20%’ to 24%, from 22% to 30%, from 24% to 30%, from 26%> to 30%, from 21% to 29%, or from 22% to 28%).

[0209] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 10% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C28-C32 hydrocarbons (e.g., 11% or more, 12% or more, 13% or more, 14% or more, 15% or more, 16% or more, 17% or more, or 18% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 20% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C28-C32 hydrocarbons (e.g., 19%’ or less, 18% or less, 17%’ or less, 16% or less, 15%’ or less, 14% or less, 13% or less, or 12% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C2.8-C32 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 10% to 20% of the mixture (w / w) comprises C2.8-C32 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 10% to 15%, from 15% to 20%, from 10% to 12%, from 12% to 14%, from 14% to 16%, from 16% to 18%, from 18% to 20%, from 10% to 18%, from 10% to 16%, from 10% to 14%, from 12% to 20%, from 14% to 20%, from 16% to 20%, from 11% to 19%, or from 12% to 18%).

[0210] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 20-30%’ (e.g., 25-30%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, 20-30% (e.g., 20-25%) C20-C24 hydrocarbons, 20-30% (e.g., 20-25%) C24-C28 hydrocarbons, and 10-20% (e.g., 10-15%) C28-C32 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 25-30% C9-C20 hydrocarbons, 20-25% C20-C24 hydrocarbons, 20-25% C24-C28 hydrocarbons, and 10-15% C2.8-C32 hydrocarbons.

[0211] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of Ci-Cs hydrocarbons.

[0212] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkanes), unsaturated (non -aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkenes and / or alkynes), and aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 80 wt.% or more saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 81 wt.% or more, 82 wt.% or more, 83 wt.% or more, 84 wt.% or more, 85 wt.% or more, 86 wt.% or more, 87 wt.% or more, 88 wt.% or more, 89 wt.% or more, 90 wt.%’ or more, 91 wt.%’ or more, 92 wt.% or more, 93 wt.% or more, 94 wt.% or more, 95 wt.% or more, 96 wt.% or more, 97 wt.% or more, 98 wt.% or more, or 99 wt.% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 100 wt.% or less saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 99 wt.% or less, 98 wt.% or less, 97 wt.% or less, 96 wt.% or less, 95 wt.% or less, 94 wt.% or less, 93 wt.% or less, 92 wt.% or less, 91 wt.% or less, 90 wt.% or less, 89 wt.% or less, 88 wt.% or less, 87 wt.% or less, 86 wt.% or less, 85 wt.% or less, 84 wt.% or less, 83 wt.% or less, or 82 wt.%’ or less). The amount of the mixture comprising saturated hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 80 wt.% to 100 wt.%’ of the mixture can comprise saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., from 80 wt.% to 90 wt.%, from 90 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 85 wt.%, from 85 wt.% to 90 wt.%, from 90 wt.% to 95 wt.%, from 95 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 98 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 96 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 94 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 92 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 88 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 86 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 84 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 82 wt.%, from 82 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 84 to 100 wt.%, from 86 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 88 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 92 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 94 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 96 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 98 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 82 wt.% to 98 wt.%, from 85 wt.% to 99 wt.%, from 85 wt.%’ to 87 wt.%, or from 97 wt. ’ to 99 wt.%).

[0213] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 0 wt.%’ or more unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1 wt.% or more, 0.2 wt.% or more, 0.3 wt.% or more, 0.4 wt.% or more, 0.5 wt.% or more, 0.6 wt.% or more, 0.7 wt.% or more, 0.8 wt.% or more, 0.9 wt.% or more, 1 wt.% or more, 1.25 wt.% or more, 1.5 wt.% or more, 1.75 wt.% or more, 2 wt.% or more, 2.25 wt.% or more, 2.5 wt.% or more, 3 wt.%’ or more, 3.5 wt.% or more, or 4 wt.% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 5 wt.% or less unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 4.5 wt.% or less, 4 wt.%> or less, 3.5 wt.% or less, 3 wt.% or less, 2.5 wt.%’ or less, 2.25 wt.% or less, 2 wt.% or less, 1.75 wt.% or less, 1.5 wt.% or less, 1.25 wt.% or less, 1 wt.% or less, 0.9 wt.% or less, 0.8 wt.% or less, 0.7 wt.% or less, 0.6 wt.% or less, 0.5 wt.% or less, 0.4 wt.% or less, 0.3 wt.% or less, or 0.2 wt.% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 0 to 5 wt.% of the mixture can comprise unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0 to 2.5 wt.%’, from 2.5 to 5 wt.%’, from 0 to 1 wt.%, from 1 to 2 wt.%, from 2 to 3 wt.%, from 3 to 4 wt.%, from 4 to 5 wt.%, from 0 to 4 wt.%, from 0 to 3 wt.%, from 0 to 2 wt.%, from 1 to 5 wt.%, from 2 to 5 wt.%, from 3 to 5 wt.%, from 0.5 to 4.5 wt.%, or from 0.5 to 1.5 wt.%).

[0214] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 0 wt.% or more aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1 wt.% or more, 0.2 wt.%’ or more, 0.3 wt.% or more, 0.4 wt.% or more, 0.5 wt.% or more, 0.6 wt.%’ or more, 0.7 wt.% or more, 0.8 wt.% or more, 0.9 wt.% or more, 1 wt.% or more, 1.25 wt.%> or more, 1.5 wt.% or more, 1.75 wt.% or more, 2 wt.% or more, 2.25 wt.% or more, 2.5 wt.% or more, 3 wt.% or more, 3.5 wt.% or more, 4 wt.% or more, 4.5 wt.% or more, 5.5 wt.%? or more, 6 wt.% or more, 6.5 wt.%’ or more, 7 wt.% or more, 7.5 wt.%’ or more, 8 wt.% or more, 8.5 wt.%’ or more, 9 wt.% or more, 9.5 wt.% or more, 10 wt.% or more, 10.5 wt.%> or more, 11 wt.% or more, 11.5 wt.% or more, 12 wt.% or more, 12.5 wt.% or more, 13 wt.% or more, 13.5 wt.% or more, or 14 wt.% or more). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 15 wt.% or less aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 14.5 wt.% or less, 14 wt.% or less, 13.5 wt.% or less, 13 wt.% or less, 12.5 wt.% or less, 12 wt.% or less, 11.5 wt.% or less, 11 wt.% or less, 10.5 wt.% or less, 10 wt.% or less, 9.5 wt.%’ or less, 9 wt.% or less, 8.5 wt.% or less, 8 wt.%> or less, 7.5 wt.% or less, 7 w't.% or less, 6.5 wt.% or less, 6 wt.% or less, 5.5 wt.% or less, 5 wt.% or less, 4.5 wt.% or less, 4 wt.% or less, 3.5 wt.% or less, 3 wt.% or less, 2.5 wt.% or less, 2.25 wt.% or less, 2 wt.% or less, 1.75 wt.% or less, 1.5 wt.%’ or less, 1.25 wt.% or less, 1 wt.% or less, 0.9 wt.%’ or less, 0.8 wt.% or less, 0.7 wt.%’ or less, 0.6 wt.% or less, 0.5 wt.% or less, 0.4 wt.% or less, 0.3 wt.% or less, or 0.2 wt.% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising aromatic hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 0 to 15 wt.% of the mixture can comprise aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0 to 7.5 wt.%, from 7.5 to 15 wt.%, from 0 to 5 wt.%, from 5 to 10 wt.%, from 10 to 15 wt.%, from 0 to 14 wt.%, from 0 to 12 wt.%, from 0 to 10 w't.%, from 0 to 8 wt.%, from 0 to 6 wt.%’, from 0 to 4 wt.%>, from 0 to 2.5 wt.%, from 0 to 2 wt.%, from 0 to 1 wt.%, from 1 to 15 wt.%, from 2 to 15 wt.%, from 4 to 15 wt.%, from 6 to 15 wt.%, from 8 to 1 wt.%, from 12 to 15 wt.%, from 0.5 to 14.5 wt.%, from 1 to 14 wt.%, or from 12 to 14 wt.%).

[0215] In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 80 - 100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 85 - 90 wt.% or 95 to 99 wt.%); 0 - 5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0 -2.5 wt.%, or 0-1.5 wt.%); and 0 - 15 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0-2.5 wt.%’, or 12-14 w't.%). In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 85 - 90 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons; 0 - 2.5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons; and 12 - 14 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons. In some examples, the wax comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 95 - 99 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons; 0 - 1.5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons; and 0 - 2.5 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons.

[0216] The wax can, for example, have a melting point of 30°C or more (e.g., 31 °C or more, 32°C or more, 33°C or more, 34°C or more, 35°C or more, 36°C or more, 37°C or more, 38°C or more, 39 (' or more, 40°C or more, 41 °C or more, 42°C or more, 43°C or more, 44°C or more, 45°C or more, 46°C or more, 47°C or more, 48°C or more, 49°C or more, 50°C or more, 51°C or more, 52°C or more, 53°C or more, 54°C or more, 55°C or more, 56°C or more, 57°C or more, 58°C or more, 59°C or more, 60°C or more, 61°C or more, 62°C or more, 63°C or more, 64°C or more, 65°C or more, 66°C or more, 67°C or more, or 68°C or more). In some examples, the wax can have a melting point of 70°C or less (e.g., 69°C or less, 68°C or less, 67°C or less, 66°C or less, 65°C or less, 64°C or less, 63°C or less, 62°C or less, 61 °C or less, 60°C or less, 59°C or less, 58°C or less, 57°C or less, 56°C or less, 55°C or less, 54°C or less, 53°C or less, 52°C or less, 1 °C or less, 50°C or less, 49°C or less, 48°C or less, 47°C or less, 46°C or less, 4 °C or less, 44°C or less, 43°C or less, 42°C or less, 41°C or less, 40°C or less, 39°C or less, 38°C or less, 37°C or less, 36°C or less, 35 °C or less, 34°C or less, 33°C or less, or 32 °C or less). The melting point of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a melting point of from 30°C to 70°C (e.g., from 30°C to 50°C, from 50°C to 70°C, from 30°C to 40°C, from 40°C to 50°C, from 50°C to 60°C, from 60°C to 70°C, from 30°C to 65°C, from 30°C to 60°C, from 30°C to 55°C, from 30°C to 45°C, from 30°C to 35°C, from 35°C to 70°C, from 40°C to 70°C, from 45°C to 70°C, from 55°C to 70°C, from 65°C to 70°C, from 35°C to 65°C, or from 40°C to 55°C). In some examples, the wax can have a melting point of from 40°C to 55°C (e.g., from 40°C to 48°C, from 48°C to 55°C, from 40°C to 45°C, from 45°C to 50°C, from 50°C to 55°C, from 40°C to 54°C, from 40°C to 52°C, from 40°C to 50°C, from 40°C to 46°C, from 42°C to 55°C, from 44°C to 55°C, from 46°C to 55°C, 41 °C to 54°C, from 42 °C to 50°C, or from 43 °C to 48°C). The melting point of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the melting point of the wax is determined using ASTM D 127.

[0217] The wax can, for example, have a congealing point of 30°C or more (e.g., 31°C or more, 32°C or more, 33°C or more, 34°C or more, 35°C or more, 36°C or more, 37°C or more, 38°C or more, 39°C or more, 40°C or more, 41°C or more, 42°C or more, 43°C or more, 44°C or more, 45°C or more, 46 °C or more, 47°C or more, 48°C or more, 49°C or more, 50°C or more, 51 °C or more, 52°C or more, or °C or more). In some examples, the wax can have a congealing point of 55°C or less (e.g., 54°C or less, 53°C or less, 52°C or less, 1°C or less, 50°C or less, 49°C or less, 48°C or less, 47°C or less, 46°C or less, 45 °C or less, 44°C or less, 43 °C or less, 42°C or less, 41°C or less, 40°C or less, 39°C or less, 38°C or less, 37°C or less, 36°C or less, 35 °C or less, 34°C or less, 33°C or less, or 32°C or less). The congealing point of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a congealing point of from 30°C to 55°C (e.g., from 30°C to 42.5 °C, from 42.5°C to 55°C, from 30°C to 35°C, from 35°C to 40°C, from 40°C to 45°C, from 45 ( ' to 50°C, from 50°C to 55°C, from 30°C to 50°C, from 30°C to 45°C, from 30°C to 40°C, from 35°C to 55°C, from 40°C to 55°C, from 45°C to 55°C, or from 35°C to 50°C). In some examples, the wax can have a congealing point of from 40°C to 55°C (e.g., from 40°C to 48°C, from 48°C to 55°C, from 40°C to 45°C, from 45°C to 50°C, from 50°C to 55°C, from 40°C to 54°C, from 40°C to 52°C, from 40°C to 50°C, from 40°C to 46°C, from 42°C to 55°C, from 44°C to 55°C, from 46°C to 55°C, 41 °C to 54°C, from 42°C to 52°C, or from 45°C to 51°C). The congealing point of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the congealing point of the wax is determined using ASTM D 938.

[0218] The wax can, for example, have a final boiling point of 300°F or more (e.g., 325 °F or more, 350°F or more, 375°F or more, 400°F or more, 425°F or more, 450°F or more, 475°F or more, 500°F or more, 525°F or more, 550°F or more, 575°F or more, 600°F or more, 625°F or more, 650°F or more, 675°F or more, 700°F or more, 725°F or more, 750°F or more, 775°F or more, 800°F or more, 825°F or more, 850°F or more, 875°F or more, 900°F or more, 925°F or more, 950°F or more, 975°F or more, l,000°F or more, 1025°F or more, 1050°F or more, 1075°F or more, l,100°F or more, 112 °F or more, 1150°F or more, 1175°F or more, l,200°F or more, 122 °F or more, or l,250°F or more). In some examples, the wax can have a final boiling point of l,300°F or less (e.g., I275°Forless, l,250°F or less, 1225 °F or less, l,200°F or less, 1175 °F or less, 1150°For less, 1125 °F or less, l,100°F or less, 1075°F or less, 1050°F or less, 1025 °F or less, l,000°F or less, 975°F or less, 950°F or less, 925°F or less, 900°F or less, 875°F or less, 850°F or less, 825°F or less, 800°F or less, 775°F or less, 750°F or less, 725°F or less, 700°F or less, 675 °F or less, 650°F or less, 625°F or less, 600°F or less, 575°F or less, 550°F or less, 525°F or less, 500°F or less, 475°F or less, 450°F or less, 425°F or less, 400°F or less, 375°F or less, or 350°F or less). The final boiling point of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a final boiling point of from 300°F to l,300°F (e.g., from 300°F to 800°F, from 800°F to l,300°F, from 300°F to 500°F, from 500°F to 700°F, from 700°F to 900°F, from 900°F to l,100°F, from l,100°F to l,300°F, from 350°F to l,300°F, from 450°F to l,300°F, from 550°F to l,300°F, from 650°F to l,300°F, from 750°F to l,300°F, from 850°F to l,300°F, or from 950°F to 1,300°F). In some examples, the wax can have a final boiling point of from 950°F to l,300°F (e.g., from 950°F to 1125°F, from 1125°F to l,300°F, from 950°F to l,000°F, from l,000°F to 1050°F, from 1050°F to l,100°F, from l,100°F to 1150°F, from 1150°F to l,200°F, from l,200°F to l,250°F, from l,250°F to l,300°F, from 950°F to l,250°F, from 950°F to l,200°F, from 950°F to 1150°F, from 950°F to l,100°F, from 950°F to 1050°F, from l,000°Fto l,300°F, from 1050°F to 1,300°F from l,100°Fto l,300°F, from 1150°F to l,300°F, from l,200°F to l,300°F, from 975°F to 1275°F, from 950°Fto l,250°F, from l,100°F to l,250°F, or from 995 °F to 1,235°F). The final boiling point of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the final boiling point of the wax is determined using ASTM D 7169.

[0219] The wax can, for example, have a pour point of 30°F or more (e.g., 31°F or more, 32°F or more, 33°F or more, 34°F or more, 35°F or more, 36°F or more, 37°F or more, 38°F or more, 39°F or more, 40°F or more, 41°F or more, 42°F or more, 43°F or more, 44°F or more, 45 °F or more, 46°F or more, 47 °F or more, 48°F or more, 49°F or more, 50°F or more, 51 °F or more, 52°F or more, 53°F or more, 54°F or more, 55°F or more, 56°F or more, 57°F or more, or 58°F or more, 59°F or more, 60°F or more, 65°F or more, 70°F or more, 75°F or more, 80°F or more, 85°F or more, 90°F or more, 95°F or more, 100°F or more, 105°F or more, 110°F or more, 115°F or more, 120°F or more, 125°F or more, 130°F or more, 135°F or more, or 140°F or more). In some examples, the wax can have a pour point of 150°F or less (e.g., 145°F or less, 140°F or less, 135 °F or less, 130°F or less, 125°F or less, 120°F or less, 115°F or less, 110°F or less, 105°F or less, 100°F or less, 95 °F or less, 90°F or less, 85 °F or less, 80°F or less, 75°F or less, 70°F or less, 65 °F or less, 60°F or less, 59°F or less, 58°F or less, 57°F or less, 56°F or less, 55°F or less, 54°F or less, 53°F or less, 52°F or less, 51°F or less, 50°F or less, 49°F or less, 48°F or less, 47°F or less, 46°F or less, 45 °F or less, 44°F or less, 43°F or less, 42°F or less, 41°F or less, 40°F or less, 39 °F or less, 38°F or less, 37°F or less, 36°F or less, 35 °F or less, 34°F or less, 33 °F or less, or 32°F or less). The pour point of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a pour point of from 30°F to 150°F (e.g., from 30°F to 90°F, from 90°F to 150°F, from 30°F to 60°F, from 60°F to 90°F, from 90°F to 120°F, from 120°F to 150°F, from 30°F to 120°F, from 30°F to 100°F, from 30°F to 80°F, from 30°F to 60°F, from 50°F to 150°F, from 70°F to 150°F, from 110°F to 150°F, from 40°F to 140°F, or from 50°F to 130°F). In some examples, the wax can have a pour point of from 30°F to 60°F (e.g., from 30°F to 45°F, from 45°F to 60°F, from 30°F to 40°F, from 40°F to 50°F, from 50°F to 60°F, from 30°F to 55°F, from 30°F to 50°F, from 35°F to 60°F, from 40°F to 60°F, from 32°F to 58°F, from 33°F to 52°F, or from 45°F to 60°F). The pour point of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the pour point of the wax is determined using ASTM D 97.

[0220] In some examples, the wax can include one or more contaminants. Contaminants can, for example, comprise an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a basic metal, a semimetal, a nonmetal, a halogen, a salt or compound thereof, or a combination thereof. Examples of contaminants include, but are not limited to, lithium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, titanium, silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, compounds thereof, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the wax includes a contaminant comprising chloride, nitrogen, silicon, sodium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, nickel, copper, vanadium, or a combination thereof.

[0221] Contaminants are introduced during plastic formulation and manufacturing processes during the first life of plastic in conjunction with the source and collection method of the plastics.

[0222] For example, chlorine sources in used plastics can comprise PVDC layers. PVDC is often used as a layer or coating in food and pharmaceutical packaging applications because it provides excellent barrier properties against moisture, LTV light, acids, salts, and detergents as well as having good transparency. Despite design for recyclability formulation changes, PVDC is forecasted to increase at 3.2% annually through 2028 in the US. Packaging converters produce a range of monolayer and multi-layer packaging. Both types can become mixed in recycled streams. Postconsumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing chlorine sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0223] Nitrogen sources in used plastics can, for example, be derived from depolymerization of nylon (e.g., Nylon 6 (PA-6), Nylon-66 (PA-66) in used plastic sources, often from food and industrial packaging materials. Nylon is used in multi-layer flexible packing films to protect oxygen-sensitive foods or when excellent oil and grease resistance and high mechanical strength are required, such as for processed meats and fish, and cheese and other dairy products. Nylon also provides a wide cold to hot temperature range (e.g., -60°C to 150 C), which enables foods to move through freezer to the micro wave / o ven without packaging degradation. In industrial packaging, nylon is often used as a reinforcing layer to provide high mechanical strength and excellent abrasion and puncture resistance (for example, in polypropylene supersacks that contain a nylon interlayer or straps). Nitrogen can also come from protein (food) residue on plastics that arises from the amino acids in decomposed protein. Post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing nitrogen sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0224] Silicon sources in used plastics can, for example, comprise silica desiccant packages. In food packaging and processing plants, silicon products are widely used as release agents in a wide variety of materials and equipment, leaving residue on plastic surfaces. Silicon is also an additive that can be added to a wide range of materials to change the appearance, extrusion properties, and / or end-product characteristics; this applies to films as well as two-dimensional plastics. Postconsumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing silicon sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0225] Silicon dioxide can be applied in a very thin coating to plastics, specifically polyethylene, polypropylene, and / or polystyrene, to act as a barrier layer to improve the shelflife of oxygen and moisture sensitive food. This thin coating can be applied by a vacuum or plasma deposition process; the barrier layer and the plastic forms a covalent bond. The SiCh barrier coatings are chemically inert and enable benefits in rigid and flexible food packaging applications, including, but not limited to, reducing oxygen and moisture permeability of plastics, ensuring aroma protection and retention of the smell and taste of contents, not sensitive to fluctuations in temperature and humidity, well-suited for pasteurization and sterilization processes, and can increase shelflife of foods without the addition of preservatives. The SiCh coatings are thin, e.g. significantly thinner than a human hair, and therefore have a negligible impact on tire packing weight. For this reason, coated packaging is considered a mono-material that can be mechanically recycled. Recyclability initiatives are promoting the use of SiO? coatings as a replacement for PVDC and Nylon barriers in flexible and rigid packaging. Although these guidelines are intended for mechanically recycled plastics, several packaging forms and formulations are better suited for pyrolysis-based advanced recycling. SiO 2 coatings have the potential to be the “gift that keeps on giving”, especially when used in rigid and flexible polyethylene and polypropylene plastics that are mechanically recycled initially, which, after a few cycles, will then eventually become the used plastic feedstocks for advanced recycling; the silicon is predicted to accumulate and carry forward into each successive application.

[0226] Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are widely used in plastics where its rapid oxidation consumes all the oxygen present, thereby stopping the fire. Plastics commonly containing these flame retardants include, but are not limited to, engineered plastics, polyurethane foams, polyamides (e.g., nylon) and glass-fiber reinforced nylon, polyethylene and EVA co-polymers, and intumescent coatings on foams and polypropylene textiles. Phosphate esters are also used as flame retardant plasticizers in PVC, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Phosphorus sources also include agricultural applications, such as residual glyphosate in HDPE containers and residual phosphorus fertilizers on ground-level films (e.g., mulch films). Post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing phosphorus sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0227] Sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or a combination thereof are additives, surface residues, and residual contamination of the incoming post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. A wash step can potentially remove certain surface residues, but would add cost and complexity to the advanced (e.g., pyrolysis based) recycling process. Accordingly, post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or a combination thereof that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques. Copper alloys are commonly and increasingly used to create molds for plastic injection molding processes due to their high thermal conductivity that removes hot spots, reduces warpage and reduces cycle time, ease of machining by a variety of processes, and corrosion resistance to water, cooling fluids and the plastics being injected. Copper alloys often contain nickel and silicon. Plastics manufactured in copper alloy molds can have residual amounts of copper, nickel, and silicon on their surface. In addition, the plating of plastic with nickel and copper can be an effective means of protecting a substrate against corrosion from environmental exposure and make it more resistant to damage from chemicals used in the manufacturing process. In some instances, the plating on plastic can increase the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the substrate. The presence of copper and nickel on the surface of both pre-consumer and post-consumer sources can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0228] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, or 40 ppm or more). The total chloride content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a total chloride content of from 0 ppm to 50 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 25 ppm, from 25 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 30 ppm, from 30 to 40 ppm, from 40 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax is substantially free of chlorides. The total chloride content of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the total chloride content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 7359.

[0229] In some examples, the wax has a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less (e.g., 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax has a nitrogen content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, or 250 ppm or more). The nitrogen content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a nitrogen content of from 0 to 300 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 150 ppm, from 150 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax is substantially free of nitrogen. The nitrogen content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the nitrogen content of the wax is determined using ASTM D 4629. The wax can, for example, have a silicon content of 125 ppm or less (e.g., 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax has a silicon content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, or 100 ppm or more). The silicon content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a silicon content of from 0 to 125 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 60 ppm, from 60 ppm to 125 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 25 to 50 ppm, from 50 to 75 ppm, from 75 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax is substantially free of silicon. The silicon content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the silicon content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0230] The wax can, for example, have a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (e.g., 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax has a sodium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, or 125 ppm or more). The sodium content can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a sodium content of from 0 to 150 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 75 ppm, from 75 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 50 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax is substantially free of sodium. The sodium content of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the sodium content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0231] The wax can, for example, have an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax can have an iron content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, or 9 ppm or more). The iron content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have an iron content of from 0 to 10 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 5 ppm, from 5 to 10 ppm, from 1 to 2 ppm, from 2 to 4 ppm, from 4 to 6 ppm, from 6 to 8 ppm, from 8 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 9 ppm, from 0.001 to 8 ppm, from 0.001 to 7 ppm, from 0.001 to 6 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 4 ppm, from 0.001 to 3 ppm, from 0.001 to 2 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 9 ppm, from 0 to 8 ppm, from 0 to 7 ppm, from 0 to 6 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 4 ppm, from 0 to 3 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax is substantially free of iron. The iron content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the iron content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0232] The wax can, for example, have a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax can have a phosphorus content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, or 45 ppm or more). The phosphorus content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a phosphorus content of from 0 ppm to 50 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 25 ppm, from 25 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 30 ppm, from 30 to 40 ppm, from 40 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax can be substantially free of phosphorus. The phosphorus content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the phosphorous content of the wax is determined using ASTM D 4185.

[0233] The wax can, for example, have a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax can have a sulfur content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, or 450 ppm or more). The sulfur content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a sulfur content of from 0 to 500 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 250 ppm, from 250 to 500 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 300 ppm, from 300 to 400 ppm, from 400 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 475 ppm, from 0.001 to 450 ppm, from 0.001 to 425 ppm, from 0.001 to 400 ppm, from 0.001 to 375 ppm, from 0.001 to 350 ppm, from 0.001 to 325 ppm, from 0.001 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 475 ppm, from 0 to 450 ppm, from 0 to 425 ppm, from 0 to 400 ppm, from 0 to 375 ppm, from 0 to 350 ppm, from 0 to 325 ppm, from 0 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax can be substantially free of sulfur. The sulfur content of the wax can be determined by any suitable methods, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the sulfur content of the wax is determined using ASTM D 4294.

[0234] The wax can, for example, have a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax can have a calcium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, or 40 ppm or more). The calcium content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a calcium content of from 0 to 50 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 25 ppm, from 25 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 30 ppm, from 30 to 40 ppm, from 40 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax can be substantially free of calcium. The calcium content of the wax can be determined using any suitable methods, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the calcium content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0235] The wax can, for example, have a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax can have a copper content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, or 8 ppm or more). The copper content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a copper content of from 0 ppm to 10 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 5 ppm, from 5 to 10 ppm, from 1 to 2 ppm, from 2 to 4 ppm, from 4 to 6 ppm, from 6 to 8 ppm, from 8 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 9 ppm, from 0.001 to 8 ppm, from 0.001 to 7 ppm, from 0.001 to 6 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 4 ppm, from 0.001 to 3 ppm, from 0.001 to 2 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 9 ppm, from 0 to 8 ppm, from 0 to 7 ppm, from 0 to 6 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 4 ppm, from 0 to 3 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax can be substantially free of copper. The copper content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the copper content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0236] The wax can, for example, have a nickel content of 100 ppm or less (e.g., 95 ppm or less, 90 ppm or less, 85 ppm or less, 80 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 70 ppm or less, 65 ppm or less, 60 ppm or less, 55 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax can have a nickel content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 55 ppm or more, 60 ppm or more, 65 ppm or more, 70 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 80 ppm or more, 85 ppm or more, or 90 ppm or more). The nickel content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a nickel content of from 0 to 100 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 50 ppm, from 50 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 40 ppm, from 40 to 60 ppm, from 60 to 80 ppm, from 80 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax can be substantially free of nickel. The nickel content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the nickel content can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0237] The wax can, for example, have a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the wax can have a vanadium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, or 20 ppm or more). The vanadium content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a vanadium content of from 0 to 20 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 5 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 15 ppm, from 15 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the wax can be substantially free of vanadium. The vanadium content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the vanadium content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0238] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 125 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 150 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; a copper content of 10 ppm or less; a nickel content of 100 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0239] In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 100 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 10 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has: a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; a calcium content of 5 ppm or less; a copper content of 10 ppm or less; a nickel content of 100 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0240] The wax can, for example, have a Gardner color of 2 or more (e.g., 2.5 or more, 3 or more, 3.5 or more, 4 or more, 4.5 or more, 5 or more, 5.5 or more, 6 or more, 6.5 or more, 7 or more, or 7.5 or more). In some examples, the wax can have a Gardner color of 8 or less (e.g., 7.5 or less, 7 or less, 6.5 or less, 6 or less, 5.5 or less, 5 or less, 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, or 2.5 or less). The Gardner color of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a Gardner color of from 2 to 8 (e.g., from 2 to 5, from 5 to 8, from 2 to 4, from 4 to 6, from 6 to 8, from 2 to 7, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 8, from 2.5 to 7.5, from 2.5 to 8, or from 6.5 to 8). The Gardner color of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the Gardner color of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 1500.

[0241] The wax can, for example, have an oil content of 5% or more by weight (e.g., 10% or more, 15% or more, 20%’ or more, 25% or more, 30% or more, 35%’ or more, or 40%’ or more). In some examples, the wax can have an oil content of 50% or less (e.g., 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, or 10% or less). The oil content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have an oil content of from 5% to 50% (e.g., from 5%’ to 25%, from 25% to 50%, from 5% to 15%, from 10% to 15%, from 15% to 20%, from 20% to 25%, from 25% to 30%, from 30% to 35%, from 35% to 40%, from 40% to 45%, from 45% to 50%, from 5% to 45%, from 5% to 40%’, from %’ to 35%, from 5% to 30%, from 5% to 20%, from 5% to 15%, from 10% to 50%, from 15% to 50%, from 20% to 50%, from 30% to 50%, from 35% to 50%, from 40% to 50%, from 10% to 45%, or from 25% to 45%). The oil content of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, for example those known in the art. For example, the oil content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 721.

[0242] The wax can, for example, have a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 12 psig or less, 11.5 psig or less, 11 psig or less, 10.5 psig or less, 10 psig or less, 9.5 psig or less, 9 psig or less, 8.5 psig or less, 8 psig or less, 7.5 psig or less, 7 psig or less, 6.5 psig or less, 6 psig or less, 5.5 psig or less, 5 psig or less, 4.5 psig or less, 4 psig or less, 3.5 psig or less, 3 psig or less, or 2.5 psig or less). In some examples, the wax can have a Reid Vapor Pressure of 2 psig or more (e.g., 2.5 psig or more, 3 psig or more, 3.5 psig or more, 4 psig or more, 4.5 psig or more, 5 psig or more, 5.5 psig or more, 6 psig or more, 6.5 psig or more, 7 psig or more, 7.5 psig or more, 8 psig or more, 8.5 psig or more, 9 psig or more, 9.5 psig or more, 10 psig or more, 10.5 psig or more, or 11 psig or more). The Reid Vapor Pressure of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 2 to 12.5 psig (e.g., from 5 to 7 psig, from 7 to 12.5 psig, from 2 to 4 psig, from 4 to 6 psig, from 6 to 8 psig, from 8 to 10 psig, from 10 to 12.5 psig, from 2 to 12 psig, from 2 to 11 psig, from 2 to 10 psig, from 2 to 9 psig, from 2 to 8 psig, from 2 to 6 psig, from 2 to 5 psig, from 3 to 12.5 psig, from 4 to 12.5 psig, from 5 to 12.5 psig, from 6 to 12.5 psig, from 7 to 12.5 psig, from 8 to 12.5 psig, from 9 to 12.5 psig, from 3 to 12 psig, from 5 to 11 psig, or from 7 to 10 psig). The Reid Vapor Pressure of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the Reid Vapor Pressure of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 191. The wax can, for example, have a water by distillation amount of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.45 vol.% or less, 0.4 vol.% or less, 0.35 vol.% or less, 0.3 vol.% or less, 0.25 vol.% or less, 0.2 vol.%’ or less, 0.15 vol.%’ or less, 0.1 vol.%’ or less, 0.075 vol.% or less, 0.05 vol.% or less, 0.025 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less). In some examples, the wax can have a water by distillation amount of 0 vol.% or more (e.g., 0.01 vol.% or more, 0.025 vol.% or more, 0.05 vol.% or more, 0.075 vol.% or more, 0.1 vol.%’ or more, 0.15 vol.% or more, 0.2 vol.% or more, 0.25 vol.% or more, 0.3 vol.% or more, 0.35 vol.% or more, or 0.4 vol.% or more). The amount of water by distillation in the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a water by distillation amount of from 0 to 0.5 vol.% (e.g., from 0 to 0.25 vol.%, from 0.25 to 0.5 vol.%’, from 0 to 0.1 vol.%, from 0.1 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0.2 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0.3 to 0.4 vol.%, from 0.4 to 0.5 vol.%, from 0 to 0.4 vol.%, from 0 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0 to 0.05 vol.%, or from 0 to 0.01 vol.%). The amount of water by distillation in the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the water by distillation amount in the wax can be determined using ASTM D 9.

[0243] The wax can, for example, have a total sediment content of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.45 vol.% or less, 0.4 vol.% or less, 0.35 vol.% or less, 0.3 vol.% or less, 0.25 vol.% or less, 0.2 vol.% or less, 0.15 vol.% or less, 0.1 vol.% or less, 0.075 vol.% or less, 0.05 vol.% or less, 0.025 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less). In some examples, the wax can have a total sediment content of 0 vol.% or more (e.g., 0.01 vol.% or more, 0.025 vol.% or more, 0.05 vol.% or more, 0.075 vol.% or more, 0.1 vol.% or more, 0.15 vol.% or more, 0.2 vol.% or more, 0.25 vol.% or more, 0.3 vol.% or more, 0.35 vol.% or more, or 0.4 vol.% or more). The total sediment content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a total sediment content of from 0 to 0.5 vol.% (e.g., from 0 to 0.25 vol.%, from 0.25 to 0.5 vol.%, from 0 to 0.1 vol.%, from 0.1 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0.2 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0.3 to 0.4 vol.%’, from 0.4 to 0.5 vol.%’, from 0 to 0.4 vol.%, from 0 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0 to 0.05 vol.%, or from 0 to 0.01 vol.%). The total sediment content of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the total sediment content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 4870.

[0244] The wax can, for example, have an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.5 wt.% or less (e.g., 0.45 wt.% or less, 0.4 wt.% or less, 0.35 wt.% or less, 0.3 wt.% or less, 0.25 wt.% or less, 0.2 wt.% or less, 0.15 wt.% or less, 0.1 wt.% or less, 0.075 wt.% or less, 0.05 wt.% or less, 0.025 wt.% or less, or 0.01 wt.% or less). In some examples, the wax can have an n-heptane insoluble content of 0 wt.% or more (e.g., 0.01 wt.% or more, 0.025 wt.% or more, 0.05 wt.% or more, 0.075 wt.% or more, 0.1 wt.% or more, 0.15 wt.% or more, 0.2 wt.% or more, 0.25 wt.% or more, 0.3 wt.% or more, 0.35 wt.% or more, or 0.4 wt.% or more). The n-heptane insoluble content of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have an n-heptane insoluble content of from 0 to 0.5 wt.% (e.g., from 0 to 0.25 wt.%, from 0.25 to 0.5 wt.%, from 0 to 0.1 wt.%, from 0.1 to 0.2 wt.%, from 0.2 to 0.3 wt.%, from 0.3 to 0.4 wt.%, from 0.4 to 0.5 wt.%’, from 0 to 0.4 wt. ’, from 0 to 0.3 wt.%’, from 0 to 0.2 wt.%, from 0 to 0.05 wt.%, or from 0 to 0.01 wt.%). The n-heptane insoluble content of the wax can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the n-heptane insoluble content of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 3279.

[0245] The wax can, for example, have a total acid number of 1 mg KOH / g or less (e.g., 0.9 mg KOH / g or less, 0.8 mg KOH / g or less, 0.7 mg KOH / g or less, 0.6 mg KOH / g or less, 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, 0.4 mg KOH / g or less, 0.3 mg KOH / g or less, 0.2 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.1 mg KOH / g or less). In some examples, the wax can have a total acid number of 0 mg KOH / g or more (e.g., 0.1 mg KOH / g or more, 0.2 mg KOH / g or more, 0.3 mg KOH / g or more, 0.4 mg KOH / g or more, 0.5 mg KOH / g or more, 0.6 mg KOH / g or more, 0.7 mg KOH / g or more, 0.8 mg KOH / g or more, or 0.9 mg KOH / g or more). The total acid number of the wax can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the wax can have a total acid number of from 0 to 1 mg KOH / g (e.g., from 0 to 0.5 mg KOH / g, from 0.5 to 1 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.2 mg KOH / g, from 0.2 to 0.4 mg KOH / g, from 0.4 to 0.6 mg KOH / g, from 0.6 to 0.8 mg KOH / g, from 0.8 to 1 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.8 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.6 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.4 mg KOH / g, or from 0 to 0.1 mg KOH / g). The total acid number of the wax can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the total acid number of the wax can be determined using ASTM D 664.

[0246] In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a final boiling point of 300°F to 1,300°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a final boiling point of 950°F to 1,300°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; and a final boiling point of from 995°F to 1,235°F.

[0247] In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a pour point of 30°F to 150°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; and a pour point of from 33°F to 52°F.

[0248] In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 300°F to l,300°F; and a pour point of 30°F to 1 0°F. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of 950°F to l,300°F; and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, the wax has a final boiling point of from 995°F to 1,235°F; and a pour point of from 33°F to 52°F.

[0249] In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 300°F to 1,300°F; and a pour point of 30°F to 150°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 950°F to 1,300°F; and a pour point of 30°F to 60°F. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 995°F to 1,235°F; and a pour point of from 33°F to 52°F.

[0250] In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 300°F to 1,300°F; a pour point of 30°F to 150°F; a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 950°F to 1,300°F; a pour point of 30°F to 60°F; a total chloride content of 50 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 125 ppm or less; a sodium content of 150 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 500 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the wax has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 995°F to 1,235°F; a pour point of from 33°F to 52°F; a total chloride content of 25 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 300 ppm or less; a silicon content of 100 ppm or less; a sodium content of 10 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 50 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

[0251] In some examples, the wax is a raw pyrolysis product, meaning the wax is produced by a method that substantially excludes any hydrotreatment or further refining steps after pyrolysis.

[0252] Oil

[0253] Also disclosed herein are oils derived from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising postconsumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the oil can be produced via pyrolysis at an industrial scale.

[0254] In some examples, the oil is liquid at ambient temperature and ambient pressure.

[0255] In some examples, the oil comprises relatively short-chain hydrocarbons that are a liquid at ambient temperature and ambient pressure.

[0256] The oil can, for example, have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of 50 Daltons or more (e.g., 55 Daltons or more, 60 Daltons or more, 65 Daltons or more, 70 Daltons or more, 75 Daltons or more, 80 Daltons or more, 85 Daltons or more, 90 Daltons or more, 95 Daltons or more, 100 Daltons or more, 110 Daltons or more, 120 Daltons or more, 130 Daltons or more, 140 Daltons or more, 150 Daltons or more, 160 Daltons or more, 170 Daltons or more, 180 Daltons or more, 190 Daltons or more, 200 Daltons or more, 225 Daltons or more, 250 Daltons or more, 275 Daltons or more, 300 Daltons or more, or 325 Daltons or more). In some examples, the oil can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of 350 Daltons or less (e.g., 325 Daltons or less, 300 Daltons or less, 275 Daltons or less, 250 Daltons or less, 225 Daltons or less, 200 Daltons or less, 190 Daltons or less, 180 Daltons or less, 170 Daltons or less, 160 Daltons or less, 150 Daltons or less, 140 Daltons or less, 130 Daltons or less, 120 Daltons or less, 110 Daltons or less, 100 Daltons or less, 95 Daltons or less, 90 Daltons or less, 85 Daltons or less, 80 Daltons or less, 75 Daltons or less, 70 Daltons or less, 65 Daltons or less, or 60 Daltons or less). The number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 50 to 350 Daltons (e.g., from 50 to 200 Daltons, from 200 to 350 Daltons, from 50 to 150 Daltons, from 150 to 250 Daltons, from 250 to 350 Daltons, from 50 to 300 Daltons, from 50 to 250 Daltons, from 50 to 100 Daltons, from 75 to 350 Daltons, from 100 to 350 Daltons, from 150 to 350 Daltons, from 300 to 350 Daltons, from 75 to 325 Daltons, or from 100 to 300 Daltons). In some examples, the oil can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 50 to 300 Daltons. In some examples, the oil can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 50 to 250 Daltons.

[0257] The oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 70% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C1-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82%’ or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85%’ or more, 86%’ or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89%’ or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 100% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C1-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5%’ or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91 % or less, 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75%’ or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C1-C20 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C1-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 70% to 85%, from 85% to 100%, from 70% to 80%, from 80% to 90%, from 90% to 100%, from 70% to 95%, from 70% to 90%, from 70% to 75%, from 75% to 100%, from 80% to 100%, or from 75% to 95%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 90% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C1-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 90% to 95%, from 95% to 100%, from 90% to 92%, from 92% to 94%, from 94% to 96%, from 96%’ to 98%, from 98% to 100%, from 90%’ to 98%, from 90% to 96%, from 90% to 94%, from 92% to 100%, from 94% to 100%, from 96% to 100%, from 91% to 99%, from 92% to 98%, or from 92% to 96%).

[0258] The oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 70% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 7 ’ or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5%’ or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94%’ or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 100%’ or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91%’ or less, 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71 % or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C4-C20 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 70% to 85%, from 85% to 100%, from 70% to 80%, from 80%’ to 90'7, from 90% to 100%, from 70% to 95%, from 70% to 90%, from 70% to 75%, from 75% to 100%, from 80% to 100%, or from 75% to 95%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 90% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 90% to 95%, from 95% to 100%, from 90% to 92%, from 92% to 94%, from 94% to 96%, from 96% to 98%, from 98% to 100%, from 90% to 98%, from 90% to 96%, from 90% to 94%, from 92% to 100%, from 94% to 100%, from 96% to 100%, from 91% to 99%, from 92% to 98%, or from 92% to 96%).

[0259] The oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 70% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99%’ or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 100% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98%’ or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5%’ or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91% or less, 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74%’ or less, 73% or less, 72%’ or less, or 71% or less). The amount of the mixture compri sing C4-C29 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 70% to 85%, from 85% to 100%, from 70% to 80%, from 80% to 90%, from 90% to 100%, from 70% to 95%, from 70% to 90%, from 70% to 75%, from 75% to 100%, from 80% to 100%, or from 75% to 95%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 90% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 90% to 95%, from 95% to 100%, from 90% to 92%, from 92% to 94%, from 94% to 96%, from 96% to 98%, from 98% to 100%, from 90% to 98%, from 90% to 96%, from 90% to 94%, from 92% to 100%, from 94% to 100%, from 96% to 100%, from 91% to 99%, from 92% to 98%, or from 92% to 96%).

[0260] In some examples, tire oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 0% or more of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C12-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 5.5% or more, 6% or more, 6.5% or more, 7% or more, 7.5%’ or more, 8% or more, 8.5% or more, 9% or more, 9.5% or more, 10% or more, 11%’ or more, 12% or more, 13% or more, 14% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 25% or more, 30% or more, 35% or more, 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 55% or more, 60% or more, or 65% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 70% or less of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C12-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 65% or less, 60% or less, 55% or less, 50% or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 14% or less, 13% or less, 12% or less, 11% or less, 10% or less, 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, 8% or less, 7.5% or less, 7% or less, 6.5% or less, 6% or less, 5.5% or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5% or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, or 1% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C12-C29 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 0% to 70% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C12-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0% to 35%’, from 35%’ to 70%, from 0% to 25%, from 25% to 50%, from 50% to 70%, from 0% to 60%, from 0% to 50%, from 0% to 40%, from 0% to 30%, from 0% to 20%, from 0% to 10%, from 0% to 5%, from 1% to 70%, from 5% to 70%, from 10% to 70%’, from 20% to 70%, from 30% to 70%, from 40% to 70%, from 60% to 70%, from 5% to 65%, from 10%’ to 60%, or from 40%’ to 60%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 0% to 10% of the mixture (w / w ) can comprise C12-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0% to 5%, from 5% to 10%, from 0% to 2%, from 2% to 4%, from 4% to 6%, from 6%’ to 8%’, from 8%’ to 10%, from 0% to 8%, from 0% to 6%, from 0% to 4%, from 1% to 10%, from 2% to 10%, from 4% to 10%, from 6% to 10%, from 0.5% to 9.5%, from 1% to 9%, or from 2% to 8%).

[0261] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 25% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises Ci-Cs hydrocarbons (e.g., 25.5% or more, 26% or more, 26.5% or more, 27% or more, 27.5% or more, 28% or more, 28.5% or more, 29% or more, 29.5% or more, 30% or more, 30.5% or more, 31% or more, 31.5% or more, 32% or more, 32.5% or more, 33% or more, 33.5% or more, or 34% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 35% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises Ci-Cs hydrocarbons (e.g., 34.5% or less, 34 % or less, 33.5% or less, 33% or less, 32.5%’ or less, 32% or less, 31.5% or less, 31% or less, 30.5% or less, 30% or less, 29.5% or less, 29% or less, 28.5% or less, 28% or less, 27.5% or less, 27% or less, 26.5% or less, or 26% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising Ci-Cs hydrocarbon can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 25% to 35% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise Ci-Cs hydrocarbons (e.g., from 25% to 30%, from 30% to 35%, from 25% to 27%, from 27% to 29%, from 29%’ to 31%, from 31% to 33%, from 33% to 35%’, from 25% to 33%, from 25% to 31%, from 25% to 29%, from 27% to 35%, from 29% to 35%, from 31% to 35%, from 25.5% to 34.5%, or from 26% to 34%).

[0262] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 25% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 25.5% or more, 26% or more, 26.5% or more, 27% or more, 27.5% or more, 28% or more, 28.5% or more, 29% or more, 29.5% or more, 30% or more, 30.5% or more, 31% or more, 31.5% or more, 32% or more, 32.5% or more, 33% or more, 33.5% or more, or 34% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 35% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 34.5% or less, 34% or less, 33.5% or less, 33% or less, 32.5% or less, 32% or less, 31.5% or less, 31% or less, 30.5% or less, 30% or less, 29.5% or less, 29% or less, 28.5% or less, 28% or less, 27.5% or less, 27% or less, 26.5% or less, or 26% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C4-C8 hydrocarbon can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 25% to 35% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-Cs hydrocarbons (e.g., from 25% to 30%, from 30% to 35%, from 25% to 27%, from 27% to 29%, from 29% to 31%, from 31%’ to 33%, from 33% to 35%, from 25% to 33%’, from 25%’ to 31%, from 25% to 29%, from 27% to 35%, from 29% to 35%, from 31% to 35%, from 25.5% to 34.5%, or from 26% to 34%).

[0263] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 50% or more of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 50.5% or more, 51% or more, 51.5% or more, 52% or more, 52.5% or more, 53% or more, 53.5% or more, 54% or more, 54.5% or more, 55% or more, 55.5% or more, 56% or more, 56.5% or more, 57% or more, 57.5% or more, 58% or more, 58.5% or more, 59%’ or more, 59.5%’ or more, 60% or more, 60.5% or more, 61% or more, 61.5% or more, 62% or more, 62.5% or more, 63% or more, 63.5% or more, 64% or more, 64.5% or more, 65% or more, 65.5% or more, 66% or more, 66.5% or more, 67% or more, 67.5% or more, 68%’ or more, 68.5%’ or more, 69% or more, 69.5% or more, 70% or more, 70.5% or more, 71% or more, 71.5% or more, 72% or more, 72.5% or more, 73% or more, 73.5% or more, or 74% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 75% or less of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 74.5% or less, 74% or less, 73.5% or less, 73%’ or less, 72.5% or less, 72% or less, 71.5% or less, 71% or less, 70.5% or less, 70% or less, 69.5% or less, 69% or less, 68.5 % or less, 68% or less, 67.5% or less, 67% or less, 66.5% or less, 66% or less, 65.5% or less, 65% or less, 64.5% or less, 64%’ or less, 63.5% or less, 63% or less, 62.5%’ or less, 62% or less, 61.5% or less, 61% or less, 60.5% or less, 60% or less, 59.5% or less, 59% or less, 58.5% or less, 58% or less, 57.5% or less, 57% or less, 56.5% or less, 56% or less, 55.5% or less, 55% or less, 54.5% or less, 54% or less, 53.5% or less, 53% or less, 52.5% or less, 52% or less, 51.5% or less, or 51% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C9-C20 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 50%’ to 75% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 50% to 62.5%, from 62.5% to 75%, from 50% to 55%, from 55% to 60%, from 60% to 65%, from 65% to 70%, from 70% to 75%, from 50% to 70%, from 50% to 65%, from 50% to 60%, from 55%’ to 75%?, from 60% to 75%, from 65% to 75%’, from 1%’ to 74%, from 52% to 73%, from 55% to 60%, or from 55% to 65%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 55% to 65% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 55% to 60%, from 60% to 65%, from 55% to 57%’, from 57% to 59%, from 59% to 61%, from 61% to 63%, from 63% to 65%, from 55% to 63%, from 55% to 61%, from 55% to 59%, from 57% to 65%, from 59% to 65%, from 61% to 65%, from 55.5% to 64.5%, or from 56% to 64%).

[0264] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 1% or more of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C21-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, or 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 5.5% or more, 6% or more, 6.5% or more, 7% or more, 8% or more, 8.5% or more, or 9% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 10% or less of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C21-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, 8% or less, 7.5% or less, 7% or less, 6.5% or less, 6%’ or less, 5.5%’ or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4% or less, 3.5%’ or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, or 2% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C21-C29 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 1% to 10% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C21-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 1% to 4.5%, from 4.5% to 10%, from 1% to 4%, from 4% to 7%, from 7% to 10%, from 1% to 9%, from 1% to 8%, from 1% to 7%, from 1% to 6%, from 1% to 5%, from 1% to 3%, from 2% to 10%, from 3% to 10%, from 4% to 10%, from 5% to 10%, from 6%’ to 10%, from 3% to 10%, from 1.5% to 9.5%, from 2% to 9%, or from 3% to 8%).

[0265] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) Ci-Cs hydrocarbons, 50-75% (e.g., 55-65%, or 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) Ci-Cs hydrocarbons, 55-65% (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 30-35% Ci-Cs hydrocarbons, 60-65% C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 3-8% C21-C29 hydrocarbons.

[0266] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons, 50-75% (e.g., 55-65%’, or 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10%’ (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 25-35% (e.g., 30-35%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons, 55-65%’ (e.g., 60-65%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 1-10% (e.g., 3-8%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 30-35% C4-C8 hydrocarbons, 60-65% C9-C20 hydrocarbons, and 3-8% C21-C29 hydrocarbons.

[0267] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of hydrocarbons comprising 30 or more carbons.

[0268] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons comprising 30 or more carbons.

[0269] In some examples, tire oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkanes), unsaturated (non -aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkenes and / or alkynes), and aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and tire mixture comprises 80 wt.% or more saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 80.5 wt.% or more, 81 wt.% or more, 81.5 wt.% or more, 82 wt.% or more, 82.5 wt.% or more, 83 wt.% or more, 83.5 wt.% or more, 84 wt.% or more, 84.5 wt.%’ or more, 85 wt.% or more, 85.5 wt.% or more, 86 wt.%’ or more, 86.5 wt.% or more, 87 wt.% or more, 87.5 wt.% or more, 88 wt.% or more, 88.5 wt.% or more, 89 wt.% or more, 89.5 wt.% or more, 90 wt.% or more, 90.5 wt.% or more, 91 wt.% or more, 91.5 wt.% or more, 92 wt.% or more, 92.5 wt.% or more, 93 wt.% or more, 93.5 wt.% or more, 94 wt.% or more, 94.5 wt.% or more, 95 wt.% or more, 95.5 wt.% or more, 96 wt.% or more, 96.5 wt.% or more, 97 wt.% or more, 97.5

[0270]

[0271] or more, 98 wt.% or more, 98.5 wt.% or more, or 99 wt.% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixhire comprises 100 wt.% or less saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5 wt.% or less, 99 wt.% or less, 98.5 wt.% or less, 98 wt.% or less, 97.5 wt.% or less, 97 wt.% or less, 96.5 wt.% or less, 96 wt.% or less, 95.5 wt.% or less, 95 wt.% or less, 94.5 wt.% or less, 94 wt.% or less, 93.5 wt.% or less, 93 wt.%’ or less, 92.5 wt.% or less, 92 wt.% or less, 91.5 wt.% or less, 91 wt.% or less, 90.5 wt.% or less, 90 wt.% or less, 89.5 wt.% or less, 89 wt.% or less, 88.5 wt.% or less, 88 wt.% or less, 87.5 wt.% or less, 87 wt.% or less, 86.5 wt.% or less, 86 wt.% or less, 85.5 wt.% or less, 85 wt.% or less, 84.5 wt.% or less, 84 wt.% or less, 83.5 wt.% or less, 83 wt.% or less, 82.5 wt.%’ or less, 82 wt.%’ or less, 81.5 wt.% or less, or 81 wt.% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising saturated hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises from 90 wt.% to 100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., from 80 to 90 wt.%, from 90 to 100 wt.%, from 80 to 85 wt.%, from 85 to 90 wt.%, from 90 to 95 wt.%, from 95 to 100 wt.%, from 80 to 82 wt.%, from 82 to 84 wt.%, from 84 to 86 wt.%, from 86 to 88 wt.%, from 88 to 90 wt.%, from 90 to 92 wt.%, from 92 to 94 wt.%’, from 94 to 96 wl.%, from 96 to 98 wt.%, from 98 to 100 wt.%, from 80 to 98 wt.%, from 80 to 96 wt.%, from 80 to 94 wl.%, from 80 to 92 wt.%, from 80 to 88 wt.%, from 80 to 86 wt.%, from 80 to 84 wt.%, from 82 to 100 wt.%, from 84 to 100 wl.%, from 86 to 100 wt.%, from 88 to 100 wt.%, from 92 to 100 wt.%, from 94 to 100 wt. ’, from 96 to 100 wt.%, from 80 to 95 wt.%, from 85 to 100 wt.%, from 85 to 95 wt.%, from 90 to 98 wt.%, from 90 to 96 wt.%, from 90 to 94 wt.%, from 91 to 99 wt.%, from 92 to 98 wt.%, or from 94 to 96 wt.%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises from 90 wt.% to 100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises from 94 wt.% to 96 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons.

[0272] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 0 wt.% or more unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.25 wt.% or more, 0.5 wt.% or more, 0.75 wt.% or more, 1 wt.% or more, 1.25 wt.%’ or more, 1.5 wt.% or more, 1.75 wt.%’ or more, 2 wt.% or more, 2.25 wt.%’ or more, 2.5 wt.% or more, 3 wt.% or more, 3.5 wt.% or more, or 4 wt.% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 5 wt.% or less unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 4.5 wt.% or less, 4 wt.% or less, 3.5 wt.% or less, 3 wt.% or less, 2.5 wt.% or less, 2.25 wt.% or less, 2 wt.% or less, 1.75 wt.% or less, 1.5 wt.% or less, 1.25 wt.% or less, 1 wt.% or less, 0.75 wt.% or less, or 0.5 wl.% or less). The amount of unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons in the mixture can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture can comprise from 0 wt.% to 5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0 to 2.5 wt.%’, from 2.5 to 5 wt.%’, from 0 to 1 wt.%, from 1 to 2 wt.%, from 2 to 3 wt.%, from 3 to 4 wt.%, from 4 to 5 wt.%, from 0 to 4 wt.%, from 0 to 3 wt.%, from 0 to 2 vA.%, from 1 to 5 wt.%, from 2 to 5 wl.%, from 3 to 5 wt.%, from 0.5 to 4.5 wl.%, or from 3.5 to 4.5 wt.%).

[0273] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 0 wt.% or more aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.25 wt.% or more, 0.5 wt.% or more, 0.75 wt.% or more, 1 wt.% or more, 1.25 wt.% or more, 1.5 wt.% or more, 1.75 wt.% or more, 2 wt.% or more, 2.25 wt.% or more, 2.5 wl.% or more, 3 wt.% or more, 3.5 wt.% or more, 4 wt.% or more, 4.5 wt.% or more, 5.5 wt.% or more, 6 wt.% or more, 6.5 wt.% or more, 7 wt.% or more, 7.5 wt.% or more, 8 wt.% or more, 8.5 wt.% or more, 9 wt.% or more, 9.5 wt.% or more, 10 wt.% or more, 10.5 wt.% or more, 11 wt.% or more, 11.5 wt.% or more, 12 wt.% or more, 12.5 wt.% or more, 13 wt.% or more, 13.5 wt.% or more, or 14 wt.% or more). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 15 wt.% or less aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 14.5 wt.% or less, 14 wt.%’ or less, 13.5 wt.% or less, 13 wt.% or less, 12.5 wt.% or less, 12 wt.% or less, 11.5 wt.% or less, 11 wt.% or less, 10.5 wt.% or less, 10 wt.% or less, 9.5 wt.% or less, 9 wt.% or less, 8.5 wt.% or less, 8 wt.% or less, 7.5 wt.% or less, 7 wt.% or less, 6.5 wt.% or less, 6 wt.% or less, 5.5 wt. ’ or less, 5 wt.%’ or less, 4.5 wt.% or less, 4 wl.'. or less, 3.5 wt.% or less, 3 wt.% or less, 2.5 wt.% or less, 2.25 wt.% or less, 2 wt.% or less, 1.75 wt.% or less, 1.5 wt.% or less, 1.25 wt.% or less, 1 wt.% or less, 0.75 wt.% or less, or 0.5 wt.% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising aromatic hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture can comprise from 0 to 15 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0 to 7.5 wt.%, from 7.5 to 15 wt.%, from 0 to 5 wt.%, from 5 to 10 wt.%, from 10 to 15 wt.%, from 0 to 14 wt.%, from 0 to 12 wt.%, from 0 to 10 wt.%>, from 0 to 8 wt.%, from 0 to 6 wt.%, from 0 to 4 wt.%, from 0 to 2.5 wt.%, from 0 to 2 wt.%, from 0 to 1 wt.%, from 1 to 15 wt.%, from 2 to 15 wt.%, from 4 to 15 wt.%, from 6 to 15 wt.%, from 8 to 1 wt.%, from 12 to 15 wt.%, from 0.5 to 14.5 wt.%, or from 1 to 14 wt.%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture can comprise from 0 wt.% to 2.5 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0 to 1.25 wt.%, from 1.25 to 2.5 wt.%, from 0 to 0.5 wt.%, from 0.5 to 1 wt.%, from 1 to 1.5 wt.%, from 1.5 to 2 wt.%, from 2 to 2.5 wt.%’, from 0 to 2 wt.%, from 0 to 1.5 wt.%>, from 0 to 1 w't.%, from 0.5 to 2.5 wt.%, from 1 to 2.5 wt.%, from 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, from 0.5 to 2 wt.%, or from 1 to 2 wt.%).

[0274] In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 80-100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 90-100 wt.%, or 94-96 wt.%); 0-5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3.5-4.5 wt.%); and 0-15 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0-2.5 wt.%, or 1-2 wt.%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 90-100 wt.%’ saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 94-96 wt.%); 0-5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 3. -4.5 wt.%); and 0-2.5 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 1-2 wt.%). In some examples, the oil comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 94-96 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons; 3. -4.5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons; and 1-2 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons.

[0275] The oil can, for example, have a final boiling point of 400°F or more (e.g., 410°F or more, 420°F or more, 430°F or more, 440°F or more, 450°F or more, 460°F or more, 470°F or more, 480°F or more, 490°F or more, 500°F or more, 510°F or more, 520°F or more, 530°F or more, 540°F or more, 550°F or more, 560°F or more, 570°F or more, 58O°F or more, 590°F or more, 600°F or more, 610°F or more, 620°F or more, 630°F or more, 640°F or more, 650°F or more, 660°F or more, 670°F or more, 680°F or more, 690°F or more, 700°F or more, 710°F or more, 720°F or more, 730°F or more, 740°F or more, 750°F or more, 760°F or more, 770°F or more, 780°F or more, 790°F or more, 800°F or more, 810°F or more, 820°F or more, 830°F or more, 840°F or more, 850°F or more, 860°F or more, 870°F or more, 88O°F or more, 890°F or more, 900°F or more, 910°F or more, 920°F or more, 930°F or more, 940°F or more, 950°F or more, 960°F or more, 970°F or more, or 980°F or more). In some examples, the oil can have a final boiling point of l,000°F or less (e.g., 990°F or less, 980°F or less, 970°F or less, 960°F or less, 950°F or less, 940°F or less, 930°F or less, 920°F or less, 910°F or less, 900°F or less, 890°F or less, 88O°F or less, 870°F or less, 860°F or less, 850°F or less, 840°F or less, 830°F or less, 820°F or less, 810°F or less, 800°F or less, 790 F or less, 780°F or less, 770°F or less, 760°F or less, 750°F or less, 740°F or less, 730°F or less, 720°F or less, 710°F or less, 700°F or less, 690°F or less, 680°F or less, 670°F or less, 660°F or less, 650°F or less, 640°F or less, 630°F or less, 620°F or less, 610°F or less, 600°F or less, 590°F or less, 58O°F or less, 570°F or less, 560°F or less, 550°F or less, 540°F or less, 530°F or less, 520°F or less, 510°F or less, 500°F or less, 490°F or less, 480°F or less, 470°F or less, 460°F or less, 450°F or less, 440°F or less, 430°F or less, 420°F or less, or 410°F or less). The final boiling point of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a final boiling point of from 400°F to 1,000°F (e.g., from 400°F to 700°F, from 700°F to 1,000°F, from 400°F to 600°F, from 600°F to 800°F, from 800°F to 1,000°F, from 400°F to 950°F, from 400°F to 900°F, from 400°F to 850°F, from 400°F to 800°F, from 400°F to 750°F, from 400°F to 650°F, from 400°F to 550°F, from 400°F to 500°F, from 450°F to l,00()°F, from 500°F to l,000°F, from 550°F to l,000°F, from 600°F to l,000°F, from 650°F to l,000°F, from 750°F to l,000°F, from 850°F to l,000°F, from 900°F to l,000°F, from 450°F to 950°F, or from 500°F to 900°F). In some examples, the oil can have a final boiling point of from 400°F to 850°F. In some examples, the oil can have a final boiling point of from 750°F to l,000°F (e.g., from 750°F to 875°F, from 875°F to 1.000 b. from 750°F to 800°F, from 800°F to 850°F, from 85O°F to 900°F, from 900°F to 950°F, from 950°F to l,000°F, from 750°F to 975 °F, from 750°F to 950°F, from 750°F to 925°F, from 750°F to 900°F, from 750°F to 850°F, from 750°F to 825 °F, from 775°F to l,000°F, from 800 °F to l,000°F, from 82 °F to l,000°F, from 850°F to l,000°F, from 900 °F to l,000°F, from 925°F to l,000°F, from 775°F to 975°F, from 800°F to 950°F, from 850°F to 950°F, from 920°F to 950°F, or from 935°F to 950°F). The final boiling point of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the final boiling point of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 7169.

[0276] The oil can, for example, have a pour point of -200°F or more (e.g., 190°F or more, 180°F or more, 170°F or more, 160°F or more, 150°F or more, 140°F or more, 130°F or more, 120°F or more, 110°F or more, 100°F or more, 90°F or more, 80°F or more, 70°F or more, 60°F or more, 50°F or more, 45 °F or more, 40°F or more, 35 °F or more, 30°F or more, 25 °F or more, 20°F or more, 19°F or more, 18°F or more, 17°F or more, 16°F or more, 15°F or more, 14°F or more, 13°F or more, 12°F or more, 11°F or more, 10°F or more, 9°F or more, 8°F or more, 7°F or more, 6 °F or more, 5°F or more, 4°F or more, 3°F or more, 2°F or more, 1°F or more, 0°F or more, 1°F or more, 2°F or more, 3°F or more, 4°F or more, 5°F or more, 6°F or more, 7°F or more, 8°F or more, 9°F or more, 10°F or more, 11°F or more, 12°F or more, 13°F or more, 14°F or more, 15°F or more, 16°F or more, 17°F or more, 18°F or more, 19°F or more, 20°F or more, 25°F or more, 30°F or more, 35°F or more, 40°F or more, 45°F or more, 50°F or more, 60°F or more, 70°F or more, 80°F or more, or 90°F or more). In some examples, the oil can have a pour point of 100°F or less (e.g., 90°F or less, 80°F or less, 70°F or less, 60°F or less, 50°F or less, 45°F or less, 40°F or less, 35°F or less, 30°F or less, 25 °F or less, 20°F or less, 19°F or less, 18°F or less, 17 °F or less, 16°F or less, 15°F or less, 14°F or less, 13°F or less, 12°F or less, 11 °F or less, 10°F or less, 9°F or less, 8°F or less, 7 °F or less, 6°F or less, 5 °F or less, 4°F or less, 3 °F or less, 2°F or less, 1°F or less, 0°F or less, 1°F or less, 2°F or less, 3 °F or less, 4°F or less, 5 °F or less, 6°F or less, 7°F or less, 8°F or less, 9 °F or less, 10°F or less, 11°F or less, 12°F or less, 13°F or less, 14°F or less, 15°F or less, 16°F or less, 17°F or less, 18°F or less, 19°F or less, 20°F or less, 25 °F or less, 30°F or less, 35 °F or less, 40°F or less, 45 °F or less, 50°F or less, 60°F or less, 70°F or less, 80°F or less, 90°F or less, 100°F or less, 110°F or less, 120°F or less, 130°Forless, 140°For less, 150°F orless, 160°F orless, 170°Forless, 180°F or less, or 190°F or less). The pour point of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a pour point of from 200°F to 100°F (e.g., from 200°F to 50°F, from 50°F to 100°F, from 200°F to 10()°F, from 100°F to ()°F, from 0°F to 10()°F, from 200°F to 75 °F, from 200°F to 50°F, from 200°F to 25 °F, from 200°F to 0°F, from 200°F to 25°F, from 200°F to 50°F, from 200°F to 75°F, from 200°Fto 125°F, from 200°Fto 150°F, from 175 b to 100°F, from 150°Fto 100°F, from 125°F to 100°F, from 100°F to 100°F, from 75°F to 100°F, from 50°F to 100°F, from 25°F to 100°F, from 0°F to 100°F, from 25°F to 100°F, from 50°F to 100°F, from 150°F to 75°F, from 100°F to 50°F, from 50°F to 25°F, or from 0°F to 20°F). In some examples, the oil can have a pour point of from 0°F to 20°F (e.g., from 0°F to 10°F, from 10°F to 20°F, from 0°F to 5°F, from 5 °F to 10°F, from 10°F to 15°F, from 15°F to 20°F, from 0°F to 15°F, from 5°F to 20°F, from 5°F to 15°F, or from 8 °F to 15 °F). The pour point of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the pour point of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 97.

[0277] In some examples, the oil can include one or more contaminants. Contaminants can for example, comprise an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a basic metal, a semimetal, a nonmetal, a halogen, a salt or compound thereof, or a combination thereof. Examples of contaminants include, but are not limited to, lithium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, titanium, silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, compounds thereof, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the oil includes a contaminant comprising chloride, nitrogen, silicon, sodium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, nickel, copper, vanadium, or a combination thereof.

[0278] Contaminants are introduced during plastic formulation and manufacturing processes during the first life of plastic in conjunction with the source and collection method of the plastics.

[0279] For example, chlorine sources in used plastics can comprise PVDC layers. PVDC is often used as a layer or coating in food and pharmaceutical packaging applications because it provides excellent barrier properties against moisture, UV light, acids, salts, and detergents as well as having good transparency. Despite design for recyclability formulation changes, PVDC is forecasted to increase at 3.2% annually through 2028 in the US. Packaging converters produce a range of monolayer and multi-layer packaging. Both types can become mixed in recycled streams. Postconsumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing chlorine sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0280] Nitrogen sources in used plastics can, for example, be derived from depolymerization of nylon (e.g., Nylon 6 (PA-6), Nylon-66 (PA-66) in used plastic sources, often from food and industrial packaging materials. Nylon is used in multi-layer flexible packing films to protect oxygen-sensitive foods or when excellent oil and grease resistance and high mechanical strength are required, such as for processed meats and fish, and cheese and other dairy products. Nylon also provides a wide cold to hot temperature range (e.g., -60°C to 150°C), which enables foods to move through freezer to the micro wave / o ven without packaging degradation. In industrial packaging, nylon is often used as a reinforcing layer to provide high mechanical strength and excellent abrasion and puncture resistance (for example, in polypropylene supersacks that contain a nylon interlayer or straps). Nitrogen can also come from protein (food) residue on plastics that arises from the amino acids in decomposed protein. Post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing nitrogen sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0281] Silicon sources in used plastics can, for example, comprise silica desiccant packages. In food packaging and processing plants, silicon products are widely used as release agents in a wide variety of materials and equipment, leaving residue on plastic surfaces. Silicon is also an additive that can be added to a wide range of materials to change the appearance, extrusion properties, and / or end-product characteristics; this applies to films as well as two-dimensional plastics. Postconsumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing silicon sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0282] Silicon dioxide can be applied in a very thin coating to plastics, specifically polyethylene, polypropylene, and / or polystyrene, to act as a barrier layer to improve the shelflife of oxygen and moisture sensitive food. This thin coating can be applied by a vacuum or plasma deposition process; the barrier layer and the plastic forms a covalent bond. The SiCh barrier coatings are chemically inert and enable benefits in rigid and flexible food packaging applications, including, but not limited to, reducing oxygen and moisture permeability of plastics, ensuring aroma protection and retention of the smell and taste of contents, not sensitive to fluctuations in temperature and humidity, well-suited for pasteurization and sterilization processes, and can increase shelf life of foods without the addition of preservatives. The SiCh coatings are thin, e.g. significantly thinner than a human hair, and therefore have a negligible impact on the packing weight. For this reason, coated packaging is considered a mono-material that can be mechanically recycled. Recyclability initiatives are promoting the use of SiCh coatings as a replacement for PVDC and Nylon barriers in flexible and rigid packaging. Although these guidelines are intended for mechanically recycled plastics, several packaging forms and formulations are better suited for pyrolysis-based advanced recycling. Si()2 coatings have the potential to be the “gift that keeps on giving”, especially when used in rigid and flexible polyethylene and polypropylene plastics that are mechanically recycled initially, which, after a few cycles, will then eventually become the used plastic feedstocks for advanced recycling; the silicon is predicted to accumulate and carry forward into each successive application.

[0283] Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are widely used in plastics where its rapid oxidation consumes all the oxygen present, thereby stopping the fire. Plastics commonly containing these flame retardants include, but are not limited to, engineered plastics, polyurethane foams, polyamides (e.g., nylon) and glass-fiber reinforced nylon, polyethylene and EVA co-polymers, and intumescent coatings on foams and polypropylene textiles. Phosphate esters are also used as flame retardant plasticizers in PVC, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Phosphorus sources also include agricultural applications, such as residual glyphosate in HDPE containers and residual phosphorus fertilizers on ground-level films (e.g., mulch films). Post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing phosphorus sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0284] Sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or a combination thereof are additives, surface residues, and residual contamination of the incoming post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. A wash step can potentially remove certain surface residues, but would add cost and complexity to the advanced (e.g., pyrolysis based) recycling process. Accordingly, post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or a combination thereof that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0285] Copper alloys are commonly and increasingly used to create molds for plastic injection molding processes due to their high thermal conductivity that removes hot spots, reduces warpage and reduces cycle time, ease of machining by a variety of processes, and corrosion resistance to water, cooling fluids and the plastics being injected. Copper alloys often contain nickel and silicon. Plastics manufactured in copper alloy molds can have residual amounts of copper, nickel, and silicon on their surface. In addition, the plating of plastic with nickel and copper can be an effective means of protecting a substrate against corrosion from environmental exposure and make it more resistant to damage from chemicals used in the manufacturing process. In some instances, the plating on plastic can increase the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the substrate. The presence of copper and nickel on the surface of both pre-consumer and post-consumer sources can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0286] In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 32.5 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, or 450 ppm or more). The total chloride content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a total chloride content of from 0 to 500 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 250 ppm, from 250 to 500 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 300 ppm, from 300 to 400 ppm, from 400 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 475 ppm, from 0.001 to 450 ppm, from 0.001 to 425 ppm, from 0.001 to 400 ppm, from 0.001 to 375 ppm, from 0.001 to 350 ppm, from 0.001 to 325 ppm, from 0.001 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 475 ppm, from 0 to 450 ppm, from 0 to 425 ppm, from 0 to 400 ppm, from 0 to 375 ppm, from 0 to 350 ppm, from 0 to 325 ppm, from 0 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil is substantially free of chlorides. The total chloride content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method. For example, the total chloride content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 7359.

[0287] The oil can, for example, have a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (e.g., 575 ppm or less, 550 ppm or less, 525 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a nitrogen content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 525 ppm or more, or 550 ppm or more). The nitrogen content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a nitrogen content of from 0 to 600 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 300 ppm, from 300 to 600 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 300 ppm, from 300 to 400 ppm, from 400 to 500 ppm, from 500 to 600 ppm, from 0.001 to 600 ppm, from 0.001 to 575 ppm, from 0.001 to 550 ppm, from 0.001 to 525 ppm, from 0.001 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 475 ppm, from 0.001 to 450 ppm, from 0.001 to 425 ppm, from 0.001 to 400 ppm, from 0.001 to 375 ppm, from 0.001 to 350 ppm, from 0.001 to 325 ppm, from 0.001 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 575 ppm, from 0 to 550 ppm, from 0 to 525 ppm, from 0 to 500 ppm, from 0 to 475 ppm, from 0 to 450 ppm, from 0 to 425 ppm, from 0 to 400 ppm, from 0 to 375 ppm, from 0 to 350 ppm, from 0 to 325 ppm, from 0 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of nitrogen. The nitrogen content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the nitrogen content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 4629.

[0288] The oil can, for example, have a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less (e.g., 1,900 ppm or less, 1,800 ppm or less, 1,700 ppm or less, 1,600 ppm or less, 1,500 ppm or less, 1,400 ppm or less, 1,300 ppm or less, 1,200 ppm or less, 1,100 ppm or less, 1,000 ppm or less, 950 ppm or less, 900 ppm or less, 850 ppm or less, 800 ppm or less, 750 ppm or less, 700 ppm or less, 650 ppm or less, 600 ppm or less, 550 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a silicon content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 550 ppm or more, 600 ppm or more, 650 ppm or more, 700 ppm or more, 750 ppm or more, 800 ppm or more, 850 ppm or more, 900 ppm or more, 950 ppm or more, 1,000 ppm or more, 1,100 ppm or more, 1,200 ppm or more, 1,300 ppm or more, 1,400 ppm or more, 1,500 ppm or more, 1,600 ppm or more, 1,700 ppm or more, or 1,800 ppm or more). The silicon content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a silicon content of from 0 to 2,000 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 1,000 ppm, from 1,000 to 2,000 ppm, from 0 to 500 ppm, from 500 to 1,000 ppm, from 1,000 to 1,500 ppm, from 1,500 to 2,000 ppm, from 0.001 to 2,000 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,750 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,500 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,250 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,000 ppm, from 0.001 to 750 ppm, from 0.001 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 475 ppm, from 0.001 to 450 ppm, from 0.001 to 425 ppm, from 0.001 to 400 ppm, from 0.001 to 375 ppm, from 0.001 to 350 ppm, from 0.001 to 325 ppm, from 0.001 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 1,750 ppm, from 0 to 1,500 ppm, from 0 to 1,250 ppm, from 0 to 1,000 ppm, from 0 to 750 ppm, from 0 to 500 ppm, from 0 to 475 ppm, from 0 to 450 ppm, from 0 to 425 ppm, from 0 to 400 ppm, from 0 to 375 ppm, from 0 to 350 ppm, from 0 to 325 ppm, from 0 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of silicon. The silicon content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the silicon content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0289] The oil can, for example, have a sodium content of 100 ppm or less (e.g., 95 ppm or less, 90 ppm or less, 85 ppm or less, 80 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 70 ppm or less, 65 ppm or less, 60 ppm or less, 55 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a sodium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 55 ppm or more, 60 ppm or more, 65 ppm or more, 70 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 80 ppm or more, 85 ppm or more, or 90 ppm or more). The sodium content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a sodium content of from 0 to 100 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 50 ppm, from 50 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 40 ppm, from 40 to 60 ppm, from 60 to 80 ppm, from 80 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of sodium. The sodium content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the sodium content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 4185.

[0290] The oil can, for example, have an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have an iron content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, or 8 ppm or more). The iron content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have an iron content of from 0 ppm to 10 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 5 ppm, from 5 to 10 ppm, from 1 to 2 ppm, from 2 to 4 ppm, from 4 to 6 ppm, from 6 to 8 ppm, from 8 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 9 ppm, from 0.001 to 8 ppm, from 0.001 to 7 ppm, from 0.001 to 6 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 4 ppm, from 0.001 to 3 ppm, from 0.001 to 2 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 9 ppm, from 0 to 8 ppm, from 0 to 7 ppm, from 0 to 6 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 4 ppm, from 0 to 3 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of iron. The iron content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the iron content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0291] The oil can, for example, have a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a phosphorus content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, or 20 ppm or more). The phosphorus content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a phosphorus content of from 0 to 25 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 12.5 ppm, from 12.5 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 5 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 15 ppm, from 15 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of phosphorus. The phosphorus content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the phosphorus content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0292] The oil can, for example, have a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil has a sulfur content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, or 200 ppm or more). The sulfur content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a sulfur content of from 0 ppm to 250 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 125 ppm, from 125 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 50 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 150 ppm, from 150 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of sulfur. The sulfur content of the oil can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the sulfur content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 4294.

[0293] The oil can, for example, have a calcium content of 50 ppm or less (e.g., 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a calcium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, or 40 ppm or more). The calcium content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a calcium content of from 0 to 50 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 25 ppm, from 25 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 30 ppm, from 30 to 40 ppm, from 40 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of calcium. The calcium content of the oil can be determined using any suitable methods, such as those known in the art. In some examples, the calcium content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0294] The oil can, for example, have a copper content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a copper content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, or 8 ppm or more). The copper content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a copper content of from 0 ppm to 10 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 5 ppm, from 5 to 10 ppm, from 1 to 2 ppm, from 2 to 4 ppm, from 4 to 6 ppm, from 6 to 8 ppm, from 8 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 9 ppm, from 0.001 to 8 ppm, from 0.001 to 7 ppm, from 0.001 to 6 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 4 ppm, from 0.001 to 3 ppm, from 0.001 to 2 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 9 ppm, from 0 to 8 ppm, from 0 to 7 ppm, from 0 to 6 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 4 ppm, from 0 to 3 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of copper. The copper content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the copper content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0295] The oil can, for example, have a nickel content of 250 ppm or less (e.g., 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a nickel content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, or 200 ppm or more). The nickel content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a nickel content of from 0 ppm to 250 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 125 ppm, from 125 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 50 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 150 ppm, from 150 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of nickel. The nickel content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the nickel content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0296] The oil can, for example, have a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less (e.g., 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the oil can have a vanadium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, or 20 ppm or more). The vanadium content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a vanadium content of from 0 to 25 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 12.5 ppm, from 12.5 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 5 to 10 ppm, from 10 to 15 ppm, from 15 to 20 ppm, from 20 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the oil can be substantially free of vanadium. The vanadium content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the vanadium content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0297] In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 100 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; a calcium content of 50 ppm or less; a copper content of 10 ppm or less; a nickel content of 250 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 25 ppm or less.

[0298] In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; and a silicon content of 250 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; and a sodium content of 25 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has: a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; a calcium content of 5 ppm or less; a copper content of 1 ppm or less; a nickel content of 50 ppm or less; and a vanadium content of 1 ppm or less.

[0299] The oil can, for example, have a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less (e.g., 12 psig or less, 11.5 psig or less, 11 psig or less, 10.5 psig or less, 10 psig or less, 9.5 psig or less, 9 psig or less, 8.5 psig or less, 8 psig or less, 7.5 psig or less, 7 psig or less, 6.5 psig or less, 6 psig or less, 5.5 psig or less, 5 psig or less, 4.5 psig or less, 4 psig or less, 3.5 psig or less, 3 psig or less, or 2.5 psig or less). In some examples, the oil can have a Reid Vapor Pressure of 2 psig or more (e.g., 2.5 psig or more, 3 psig or more, 3.5 psig or more, 4 psig or more, 4.5 psig or more, 5 psig or more, 5.5 psig or more, 6 psig or more, 6.5 psig or more, 7 psig or more, 7.5 psig or more, 8 psig or more, 8.5 psig or more, 9 psig or more, 9.5 psig or more, 10 psig or more, 10.5 psig or more, or 11 psig or more). The Reid Vapor Pressure of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 2 to 12.5 psig (e.g., from 5 to 7 psig, from 7 to 12.5 psig, from 2 to 4 psig, from 4 to 6 psig, from 6 to 8 psig, from 8 to 10 psig, from 10 to 12.5 psig, from 2 to 12 psig, from 2 to 11 psig, from 2 to 10 psig, from 2 to 9 psig, from 2 to 8 psig, from 2 to 6 psig, from 2 to 5 psig, from 3 to 12.5 psig, from 4 to 12.5 psig, from 5 to 12.5 psig, from 6 to 12.5 psig, from 7 to 12.5 psig, from 8 to 12.5 psig, from 9 to 12.5 psig, from 3 to 12 psig, from 5 to 11 psig, or from 7 to 10 psig). The Reid Vapor Pressure of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the Reid Vapor Pressure of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 5191. The oil can, for example, have a water by distillation amount of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.45 vol.% or less, 0.4 vol.% or less, 0.35 vol.% or less, 0.3 vol.% or less, 0.25 vol.% or less, 0.2 vol.% or less, 0.15 vol.%’ or less, 0.1 vol.% or less, 0.075 vol.% or less, 0.05 vol.% or less, 0.025 vol.% or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less). In some examples, the oil can have a water by distillation amount of 0 vol.% or more (e.g., 0.01 vol.% or more, 0.025 vol.% or more, 0.05 vol.% or more, 0.075 vol.% or more, 0.1 vol.% or more, 0.15 vol.% or more, 0.2 vol.% or more, 0.25 vol.% or more, 0.3 vol.% or more, 0.35 vol.% or more, or 0.4 vol.% or more). The amount of water by distillation in the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a water by distillation amount of from 0 to 0.5 vol.% (e.g., from 0 to 0.25 vol.%, from 0.25 to 0.5 vol.%, from 0 to 0.1 vol.%, from 0.1 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0.2 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0.3 to 0.4 vol.%, from 0.4 to 0.5 vol.%, from 0 to 0.4 vol.%, from 0 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0 to 0.05 vol.%, or from 0 to 0.01 vol.%). The amount of water by distillation in the oil can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the water by distillation amount in the oil can be determined using ASTM D 95.

[0300] The oil can, for example, have a total sediment content of 0.5 vol.% or less (e.g., 0.45 vol.% or less, 0.4 vol.% or less, 0.35 vol.% or less, 0.3 vol.% or less, 0.25 vol.% or less, 0.2 vol.% or less, 0.15 vol.% or less, 0.1 vol.% or less, 0.075 vol.% or less, 0.05 vol.% or less, 0.025 vol.%’ or less, or 0.01 vol.% or less). In some examples, the oil can have a total sediment content of 0 vol.% or more (e.g., 0.01 vol.% or more, 0.025 vol.% or more, 0.05 vol.% or more, 0.075 vol.% or more, 0.1 vol.% or more, 0.15 vol.% or more, 0.2 vol.% or more, 0.25 vol.%’ or more, 0.3 vol.% or more, 0.35 vol.% or more, or 0.4 vol.% or more). The total sediment content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a total sediment content of from 0 to 0.5 vol.% (e.g., from 0 to 0.25 vol.%, from 0.25 to 0.5 vol.%, from 0 to 0.1 vol.%, from 0.1 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0.2 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0.3 to 0.4 vol.%, from 0.4 to 0.5 vol.%, from 0 to 0.4 vol.%, from 0 to 0.3 vol.%, from 0 to 0.2 vol.%, from 0 to 0.05 vol.%, or from 0 to 0.01 vol.%). The total sediment content of the oil can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the total sediment content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 4870.

[0301] The oil can, for example, have an n-heptane insoluble content of 0.1 wt.% or less (e.g., 0.09 wt.% or less, 0.08 wt.% or less, 0.07 wt.%’ or less, 0.06 wt.% or less, 0.05 wt.% or less, 0.04 wt.% or less, 0.03 wt.% or less, 0.02 wt.% or less, or 0.01 wt.% or less). In some examples, the oil can have an n-heptane insoluble content of 0 wt.% or more (e.g., 0.01 wt.% or more, 0.02 wt.% or more, 0.03 wt.%’ or more, 0.04 wt.% or more, 0.05 wt.%’ or more, 0.06 wt.% or more, 0.07 wt.%’ or more, or 0.08 wt.%’ or more). The n-heptane insoluble content of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have an n-heptane insoluble content of from 0 to 0.1 wt.% (e.g., from 0 to 0.05 wt.%, from 0.05 to 0.1 wt.%, from 0 to 0.02 wt.%’, from 0.02 to 0.04 wt.%, from 0.04 to 0.06 wt.%, from 0.06 to 0.08 wt.%, from 0.08 to 0.1 wt.%, from 0 to 0.09 wt.%, from 0 to 0.08 wt.%, from 0 to 0.07 wt.%, from 0 to 0.06 wt.%, from 0 to 0.04 wt.%, from 0 to 0.03 wt.%, or from 0 to 0.01 wt.%). The n-heptane insoluble content of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the n-heptane insoluble content of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 3279.

[0302] The oil can, for example, have a total acid number of 1 mg KOH / g or less (e.g., 0.9 mg KOH / g or less, 0.8 mg KOH / g or less, 0.7 mg KOH / g or less, 0.6 mg KOH / g or less, 0.5 mg KOH / g or less, 0.4 mg KOH / g or less, 0.3 mg KOH / g or less, 0.2 mg KOH / g or less, or 0.1 mg KOH / g or less). In some examples, the oil can have a total acid number of 0 mg KOH / g or more (e.g., 0.1 mg KOH / g or more, 0.2 mg KOH / g or more, 0.3 mg KOH / g or more, 0.4 mg KOH / g or more, 0.5 mg KOH / g or more, 0.6 mg KOH / g or more, 0.7 mg KOH / g or more, 0.8 mg KOH / g or more, or 0.9 mg KOH / g or more). The total acid number of the oil can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the oil can have a total acid number of from 0 to 1 mg KOH / g (e.g., from 0 to 0.5 mg KOH / g, from 0.5 to 1 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.2 mg KOH / g, from 0.2 to 0.4 mg KOH / g, from 0.4 to 0.6 mg KOH / g, from 0.6 to 0.8 mg KOH / g, from 0.8 to 1 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.8 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.6 mg KOH / g, from 0 to 0.4 mg KOH / g, or from 0 to 0.1 mg KOH / g ). The total acid number of the oil can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the total acid number of the oil can be determined using ASTM D 664.

[0303] In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a final boiling point of 400°F to l,000°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a final boiling point of 750°F to l,000°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; and a final boiling point of from 935°F to 950°F.

[0304] In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a pour point of -200°F to 100°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; and a pour point of from 10°F to 15 °F.

[0305] In some examples, the oil has a final boiling point of 400°F to l,000°F; and a pour point of -200°F to 100°F. In some examples, the oil has a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F; and a pour point of 200°F to 100°F. In some examples, the oil has a final boiling point of 750°F to l,000°F; and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some examples, the oil has a final boiling point of from 935°F to 950°F; and a pour point of from 10°F to 15°F.

[0306] In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 400°F to l,000°F; and a pour point of 200°F to 100°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F; and a pour point of 200°F to 100°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 750°F to l,000°F; and a pour point of 0°F to 20°F. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 935°F to 950°F; and a pour point of from 10°F to 15°F;

[0307] In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 400°F to 1,000°F; a pour point of 200°F to 100°F; a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 400°F to 850°F; a pour point of 200°F to 100°F; a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.5 psig or less; a final boiling point of 750°F to l,000°F; a pour point of 0°F to 20°F; a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less; a sodium content of 100 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 25 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 250 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 50 ppm or less. In some examples, the oil has a Reid Vapor Pressure of from 7 to 10 psig; a final boiling point of from 935°F to 950°F; a pour point of from 10°F to 15°F; a total chloride content of 100 ppm or less; a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less; a silicon content of 250 ppm or less; a sodium content of 25 ppm or less; an iron content of 10 ppm or less; a phosphorus content of 10 ppm or less; a sulfur content of 10 ppm or less; and a calcium content of 5 ppm or less.

[0308] In some examples, the oil is a raw pyrolysis product, meaning the oil is produced by a method that substantially excludes any hydrotreatment or further refining steps after pyrolysis.

[0309] Compositions, such as Compositions Comprising the Oil and the Wax, such as Blends

[0310] Also disclosed herein are compositions derived from pyrolysis of a feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. In some examples, the compositions can be produced via pyrolysis at an industrial scale.

[0311] The compositions can, for example, have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of 50 Daltons or more (e.g., 55 Daltons or more, 60 Daltons or more, 65 Daltons or more, 70 Daltons or more, 75 Daltons or more, 80 Daltons or more, 85 Daltons or more, 90 Daltons or more, 95 Daltons or more, 100 Daltons or more, 110 Daltons or more, 120 Daltons or more, 130 Daltons or more, 140 Daltons or more, 150 Daltons or more, 160 Daltons or more, 170 Daltons or more, 180 Daltons or more, 190 Daltons or more, 200 Daltons or more, 225 Daltons or more, 250 Daltons or more, 275 Daltons or more, 300 Daltons or more, 325 Daltons or more, 350 Daltons or more, 375 Daltons or more, 400 Daltons or more, or 425 Daltons or more). In some examples, the compositions can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of 450 Daltons or less (e.g., 425 Daltons or less, 400 Daltons or less, 375 Daltons or less, 350 Daltons or less, 325 Daltons or less, 300 Daltons or less, 275 Daltons or less, 250 Daltons or less, 225 Daltons or less, 200 Daltons or less, 190 Daltons or less, 180 Daltons or less, 170 Daltons or less, 160 Daltons or less, 150 Daltons or less, 140 Daltons or less, 130 Daltons or less, 120 Daltons or less, 110 Daltons or less, 100 Daltons or less, 95 Daltons or less, 90 Daltons or less, 85 Daltons or less, 80 Daltons or less, 75 Daltons or less, 70 Daltons or less, 65 Daltons or less, or 60 Daltons or less). The number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of the composition can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can have a number average molecular weight and / or a weight average molecular weight of from 50 to 450 Daltons (e.g., from 50 to 250 Daltons, from 250 to 450 Daltons, from 50 to 150 Daltons, from 150 to 250 Daltons, from 250 to 350 Daltons, from 350 to 450 Daltons, from 50 to 400 Daltons, from 50 to 350 Daltons, from 50 to 300 Daltons, from 50 to 200 Daltons, from 100 to 450 Daltons, from 150 to 250 Daltons, from 200 to 450 Daltons, from 300 to 450 Daltons, from 75 to 425 Daltons, or from 100 to 400 Daltons).

[0312] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc. ), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 70% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises

[0313]

[0314] hydrocarbons (e.g., 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77% or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80% or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91%’ or more, 91.5%’ or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95%’ or more, 95.5%’ or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 100% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5% or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91 % or less, 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C4-C46 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 70% to 85%, from 85% to 100%, from 70% to 80%, from 80% to 90%, from 90% to 100%, from 70% to 95%, from 70% to 90%, from 70% to 75%, from 75% to 100%, from 80% to 100%, or from 75% to 95%). In some examples, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 90% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 90% to 95%, from 95% to 100%, from 90% to 92%, from 92% to 94%, from 94% to 96%, from 96% to 98%, from 98% to 100%, from 90% to 98%, from 90% to 96%, from 90% to 94%, from 92%’ to 100%, from 94% to 100%’, from 96%’ to 100%, from 91% to 99%, from 92%’ to 98%, or from 93% to 97%).

[0315] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 70% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., 71% or more, 72% or more, 73% or more, 74% or more, 75% or more, 76% or more, 77%’ or more, 78% or more, 79% or more, 80%’ or more, 81% or more, 82% or more, 83% or more, 84% or more, 85% or more, 86% or more, 87% or more, 88% or more, 89% or more, 90% or more, 90.5% or more, 91% or more, 91.5% or more, 92% or more, 92.5% or more, 93% or more, 93.5% or more, 94% or more, 94.5% or more, 95% or more, 95.5% or more, 96% or more, 96.5% or more, 97% or more, 97.5% or more, 98% or more, 98.5% or more, or 99% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 100%’ or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., 99.5% or less, 99% or less, 98.5%’ or less, 98% or less, 97.5% or less, 97% or less, 96.5% or less, 96% or less, 95.5% or less, 95% or less, 94.5% or less, 94% or less, 93.5% or less, 93% or less, 92.5% or less, 92% or less, 91.5% or less, 91% or less, 90.5% or less, 90% or less, 89% or less, 88% or less, 87% or less, 86% or less, 85% or less, 84% or less, 83% or less, 82% or less, 81% or less, 80% or less, 79% or less, 78% or less, 77% or less, 76% or less, 75% or less, 74% or less, 73% or less, 72% or less, or 71% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C4-C33 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 70% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 70% to 85%, from 85% to 100%, from 70% to 80%, from 80% to 90%, from 90% to 100%’, from 70% to 95%, from 70% to 90%, from 70%’ to 75%, from 75% to 100%, from 80% to 100%, or from 75% to 95%). In some examples, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 90% to 100% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 90% to 95%, from 95% to 100%, from 90% to 92%, from 92% to 94%, from 94% to 96%, from 96% to 98%, from 98% to 100%, from 90% to 98%, from 90% to 96%, from 90% to 94%, from 92% to 100%, from 94% to 100%, from 96% to 100%, from 91% to 99%, from 92% to 98%, or from 93% to 97%).

[0316] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc. ), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 7.5% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 8% or more, 8.5% or more, 9% or more, 9.5% or more, 10% or more, 11% or more, 12% or more, 13% or more, 14% or more, 15% or more, 16% or more, 17% or more, 18% or more, 19% or more, 20% or more, 21% or more, 22% or more, 23% or more, or 24% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 25% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., 24% or less, 23% or less, 22% or less, 21% or less, 20% or less, 19%’ or less, 18% or less, 17 ’ or less, 16% or less, 15% or less, 14% or less, 13% or less, 12% or less, 11% or less, 10% or less, 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, or 8% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C4-C8 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 7.5% to 25% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C8 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 7.5% to 16%, from 16%’ to 25%’, from 7.5%’ to 10%, from 10% to 15%’, from 15%> to 20%, from 20% to 25%, from 7.5% to 20%, from 7.5% to 15%, from 10% to 25%, from 15% to 25%, from 8% to 24%, from 9% to 22%, or from 10% to 20%). In some examples, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 10%’ to 20% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C4-C8 hydrocarbons.

[0317] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear’, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc. ), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 30% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 31% or more, 32% or more, 33% or more, 34% or more, 35% or more, 36% or more, 37% or more, 38% or more, 39% or more, 40% or more, 41% or more, 42%’ or more, 43% or more, 44% or more, 45% or more, 46% or more, 47% or more, 48% or more, 49% or more, 50% or more, 51 % or more, 52% or more, 53% or more, or 54% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 55% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., 54% or less, 53% or less, 52% or less, 51% or less, 50% or less, 49% or less, 48% or less, 47% or less, 46% or less, 45% or less, 44% or less, 43% or less, 42% or less, 41% or less, 40% or less, 39% or less, 38% or less, 37% or less, 36%’ or less, 35% or less, 34%’ or less, 33% or less, 32%’ or less, or 31% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C9-C20 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 30% to 55% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C20 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 30% to 42.5%, from 42.5% to 55%, from 30% to 35%, from 35% to 40%, from 40% to 45%, from 45% to 50%, from 50% to 55%, from 30% to 50%, from 30% to 45%, from 30% to 40%, from 35% to 55%, from 40% to 55%, from 45% to 55%, from 31% to 54%, from 32% to 53%, or from 35% to 50%). In some examples, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 35% to 55% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C9-C20 hydrocarbons.

[0318] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 15% or more of the mixture (w / w) comprises C21-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 16% or more, 17% or more, 18% or more, 19% or more, 20% or more, 21% or more, 22%’ or more, 23% or more, 24% or more, 25%’ or more, 26% or more, 27% or more, 28%’ or more, 29%’ or more, 30% or more, 31% or more, 32%’ or more, 33% or more, 34% or more, 35%’ or more, 36% or more, 37% or more, 38% or more, or 39% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 40% or less of the mixture (w / w) comprises C21-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., 39% or less, 38% or less, 37% or less, 36% or less, 35% or less, 34% or less, 33% or less, 32% or less, 31% or less, 30% or less, 29% or less, 28% or less, 27% or less, 26% or less, 25% or less, 24% or less, 23% or less, 22% or less, 21% or less, 20% or less, 19% or less, 18% or less, 17% or less, or 16% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C21-C29 hydrocarbons can range from any of tire minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 15% to 40% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C21-C29 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 15% to 27.5%, from 27.5% to 40%, from 15% to 20%, from 20% to 25%, from 25% to 30%, from 30% to 35%, from 35% to 40%, from 15% to 35%, from 15% to 30%, from 15% to 25%, from 20%’ to 40%, from 25% to 40%, from 30% to 40%, from 16% to 39%, from 17% to 38%, or from 20% to 35%). In some examples, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 20% to 40% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C21-C29 hydrocarbons.

[0319] The composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, cyclic, acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, non-aromatic, etc.), any of which can optionally be substituted. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 0% or more of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C30-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 2% or more, 2.5% or more, 3% or more, 3.5% or more, 4% or more, 4.5% or more, 5% or more, 5.5% or more, 6% or more, 6.5% or more, 7% or more, 7.5% or more, 8% or more, 8.5% or more, 9% or more, 9.5% or more, 10% or more, 10.5% or more, 11% or more, 11.5% or more, 12% or more, 12.5% or more, 13% or more, 13.5% or more, or 14% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and 15 % or less of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C30-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., 14.5% or less, 14%’ or less, 13.5%’ or less, 13 % or less, 12.5% or less, 12% or less, 11.5% or less, 11% or less, 10.5% or less, 10% or less, 9.5% or less, 9% or less, 8.5% or less, 8% or less, 7.5% or less, 7% or less, 6.5% or less, 6% or less, 5.5% or less, 5% or less, 4.5% or less, 4%’ or less, 3.5%’ or less, 3% or less, 2.5% or less, 2% or less, 1.5% or less, 1% or less, or 0.5% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising C30-C46 hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 0% to 15% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C30-C46 hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0% to 7.5%, from 7.5% to 15%, from 0% to 5%, from 5% to 10%, from 10% to 15%, from 0% to 14%, from 0% to 12%, from 0% to 10%, from 0% to 8%, from 0% to 6%’, from 0%’ to 4%, from 0%’ to 2%, from 1% to 15%, from 3% to 15%, from 5% to 15%’, from 7% to 15%, from 9% to 15%, from 11% to 15%, from 13% to 15%, from 1% to 14%, from 2% to 13%, or from 3% to 12%). In some examples, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 5% to 15% of the mixture (w / w) can comprise C30-C46 hydrocarbons.

[0320] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 7.5-25% (e.g., 10-20%) C4-C8 hydrocarbons, 30-55% (e.g., 35-55%) C9-C20 hydrocarbons, 15-40% (e.g., 20-40%) C21-C29 hydrocarbons, and 0-15% (e.g., 5-15%) C30-C46 hydrocarbons. In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises: 10-20% C4-C8 hydrocarbons, 35-55% C9-C20 hydrocarbons, 20-40% C21-C29 hydrocarbons, and 5-15% C30-C46 hydrocarbons.

[0321] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture is substantially free of C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

[0322] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkanes), unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkenes and / or alkynes), and aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 80 wt.% or more saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 81 wt.% or more, 82 wt.% or more, 83 wt.% or more, 84 wt.% or more, 85 wt.% or more, 86 wt.% or more, 87 wt.% or more, 88 wt.% or more, 89 wt.% or more, 90 wt.% or more, 91 wt.% or more, 92 wt.% or more, 93 wt.% or more, 94 wt.% or more, 95 wt.% or more, 96 wt.% or more, 97 wt.% or more, 98 wt.% or more, or 99 wt.% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 100 wt.% or less saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., 99 wt.% or less, 98 wt.% or less, 97 wt.% or less, 96 wt.% or less, 95 wt.% or less, 94 wt.% or less, 93 wt.% or less, 92 wt.% or less, 91 wt.% or less, 90 wt.% or less, 89 wt.% or less, 88 wt.% or less, 87 wt.% or less, 86 wt.% or less, 85 wt.% or less, 84 wt.% or less, 83 wt.% or less, or 82 wt.% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising saturated hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 80 wt.% to 100 wt.%’ of the mixture can comprise saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., from 80 wt.% to 90 wt.%, from 90 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 85 wt.%, from 85 wt.% to 90 wt.%, from 90 wt.% to 95 wt.%, from 95 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 98 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 96 wt.%’, from 80 wt.% to 94 wt.%, from 80 wt.%’ to 92 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 88 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 86 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 84 wt.%, from 80 wt.% to 82 wt.%, from 82 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 84 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 86 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 88 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 92 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 94 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 96 wt.% to 100 wt.%’, from 98 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 82 wt.% to 98 wt.%, or from 85 wt.% to 95 wt.%).

[0323] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 0 wt.% or more unsaturated (nonaromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1 wt.% or more, 0.2 wt.% or more, 0.3 wt.% or more, 0.4 wt.% or more, 0.5 wt.% or more, 0.6 wt.% or more, 0.7 wt.% or more, 0.8 wt.% or more, 0.9 wt.% or more, 1 wt.% or more, 1.25 wt.% or more, 1.5 wt.% or more, 1.75 wt.% or more, 2 wt.% or more, 2.25 wt.% or more, 2.5 wt.% or more, 3 wt.% or more, 3.5 wt.% or more, or 4 wt.% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 5 wt.% or less unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., 4.5 wt.% or less, 4 wt.% or less, 3.5 wt.% or less, 3 wt.% or less, 2.5 wt.% or less, 2.25 wt.% or less, 2 wt.% or less, 1.75 wt.% or less, 1.5 wt.% or less, 1.25 wt.% or less, 1 wt.% or less, 0.9 wt.% or less, 0.8 wt.% or less, 0.7 wt.% or less, 0.6 wt.% or less, 0.5 wt.% or less, 0.4 wt.% or less, 0.3 wt.%’ or less, or 0.2 wt.% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 0 to 5 wt.% of the mixture can comprise unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0 to 2.5 wt.%, from 2.5 to 5 wt.%, from 0 to 1 wt.%, from 1 to 2 wt.%, from 2 to 3 wt.%, from 3 to 4 wt.%, from 4 to 5 wt.%, from 0 to 4 wt.%, from 0 to 3 wt.%, from 0 to 2 wt.%, from 1 to 5 wt.%, from 2 to 5 wt.%, from 3 to 5 wt.%, from 0.5 to 4.5 wt.%’, or from 1 to 4 wt.%).

[0324] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 0 wt.% or more aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 0.1 wt.% or more, 0.2 wt.%’ or more, 0.3 wt.% or more, 0.4 wt.% or more, 0.5 wt.% or more, 0.6 wt.% or more, 0.7 wt.% or more, 0.8 wt.% or more, 0.9 wt.% or more, 1 wt.% or more, 1.25 wt.% or more, 1.5 wt.% or more, 1.75 wt.% or more, 2 w't.% or more, 2.25 wt.% or more, 2.5 wt.%’ or more, 3 wt.% or more, 3.5 wt.%’ or more, 4 wt.% or more, 4.5 wt.% or more, 5.5 wt.%’ or more, 6 wt.% or more, 6.5 wt.%’ or more, 7 wt.% or more, 7.5 wt.%’ or more, 8 wt.% or more, 8.5 wt.% or more, 9 wt.% or more, 9.5 wt.% or more, 10 wt.% or more, 10.5 wt.% or more, I 1 wt.% or more, 11.5 wt.% or more, 12 wt.% or more, 12.5 wt.% or more, 13 wt.% or more, 13.5 wt.% or more, or 14 wt.% or more). In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 15 wt.% or less aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 14.5 wt.% or less, 14 wt.% or less, 13.5 wt.% or less, 13 wt.% or less, 12.5 wt.% or less, 12 wt.% or less, 11.5 wt.% or less, 11 wt.% or less, 10.5 wt.% or less, 10 wt.% or less, 9.5 wt.% or less, 9 wt.% or less, 8.5 wt.% or less, 8 wt.% or less, 7.5 wt.% or less, 7 wt.% or less, 6.5 wt.% or less, 6 wt.% or less, 5.5 wt.% or less, 5 wt.% or less, 4.5 wt.% or less, 4 wt.% or less, 3.5 wt.% or less, 3 wt.% or less, 2.5 wt.% or less, 2.25 wt.% or less, 2 wt.% or less, 1.75 wt.% or less, 1.5 wt.% or less, 1.25 wt.% or less, 1 wt.% or less, 0.9 wt.% or less, 0.8 wt.% or less, 0.7 wt.% or less, 0.6 wt.% or less, 0.5 wt.% or less, 0.4 wt.% or less, 0.3 wt.% or less, or 0.2 wt.% or less). The amount of the mixture comprising aromatic hydrocarbons can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can comprise a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and from 0 to 15 wt.% of the mixture can comprise aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., from 0 to 7.5 wt.%, from 7.5 to 15 wt.%, from 0 to 5 wt.%, from 5 to 10 wt.%, from 10 to 15 wt. ’, from 0 to 14 wt.%, from 0 to 12 wt.%, from 0 to 10 wt.%, from 0 to 8 wt.%, from 0 to 6 wt.%, from 0 to 4 wt.%, from 0 to 2.5 wt.%, from 0 to 2 wt.%, from 0 to 1 wt.%, from 1 to 15 wt.%, from 2 to 15 wt.%, from 4 to 15 wt.%, from 6 to 15 wt.%, from 8 to 15 wt.%, from 12 to 15 wt.%, from 0.5 to 14.5 wt. ’, or from 1 to 14 wt.%>).

[0325] In some examples, the composition comprises a mixture of different hydrocarbons, any of which can optionally be substituted, and the mixture comprises 80 - 100 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons; 0 - 5 wt.% unsaturated (non-aromatic) hydrocarbons; and 0 - 15 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons.

[0326] In some examples, the composition can include one or more contaminants. Contaminants can, for example, comprise an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a basic metal, a semimetal, a nonmetal, a halogen, a salt or compound thereof, or a combination thereof. Examples of contaminants include, but are not limited to, lithium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, titanium, silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, compounds thereof, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the composition includes a contaminant comprising chloride, nitrogen, silicon, sodium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, nickel, copper, vanadium, or a combination thereof.

[0327] Contaminants are introduced during plastic formulation and manufacturing processes during the first life of plastic in conjunction with the source and collection method of the plastics.

[0328] For example, chlorine sources in used plastics can comprise PVDC layers. PVDC is often used as a layer or coating in food and pharma packaging applications because it provides excellent barrier properties against moisture, UV light, acids, salts, and detergents as well as having good transparency. Despite design for recyclability formulation changes, PVDC is forecasted to increase at 3.2% annually through 2028 in the US. Packaging converters produce a range of monolayer and multi-layer packaging. Both types can become mixed in recycled streams. Post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing chlorine sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0329] Nitrogen sources in used plastics can, for example, be derived from depolymerization of nylon (e.g., Nylon 6 (PA-6), Nylon-66 (PA-66) in used plastic sources, often from food and industrial packaging materials. Nylon is used in multi-layer flexible packing films to protect oxygen-sensitive foods or when excellent oil and grease resistance and high mechanical strength are required, such as for processed meats and fish, and cheese and other dairy products. Nylon also provides a wide cold to hot temperature range (e.g., -60°C to 150°C), which enables foods to move through freezer to the microwave / oven without packaging degradation. In industrial packaging, nylon is often used as a reinforcing layer to provide high mechanical strength and excellent abrasion and puncture resistance (for example, in polypropylene supersacks that contain a nylon interlayer or straps). Nitrogen can also come from protein (food) residue on plastics that arises from the amino acids in decomposed protein. Post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing nitrogen sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0330] Silicon sources in used plastics can, for example, comprise silica desiccant packages. In food packaging and processing plants, silicon products are widely used as release agents in a wide variety of materials and equipment, leaving residue on plastic surfaces. Silicon is also an additive that can be added to a wide range of materials to change the appearance, extrusion properties, and / or end-product characteristics; this applied to films as well as two-dimensional plastics. Postconsumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing silicon sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0331] Silicon dioxide can be applied in a very thin coating to plastics, specifically polyethylene, polypropylene, and / or polystyrene, to act as a barrier layer to improve the shelflife of oxygen and moisture sensitive food. This thin coating can be applied by a vacuum or plasma deposition process; the barrier layer and the plastic form a covalent bond. The SiO2 barrier coatings are chemically inert and enable benefits in rigid and flexible food packaging applications, including, but not limited to, reducing oxygen and moisture permeability of plastics, ensuring aroma protection and retention of the smell and taste of contents, not sensitive to fluctuations in temperature and humidity, well-suited for pasteurization and sterilization processes, and can increase shelflife of foods without the addition of preservatives. The SiO2 coatings are thin, e.g. significantly thinner than a human hair, and therefore have a negligible impact on the packing weight. For this reason, coated packaging is considered a mono-material that can be mechanically recycled. Recyclability initiatives are promoting the use of SiCh coatings as a replacement for PVDC and Nylon barriers in flexible and rigid packaging. Although these guidelines are intended for mechanically recycled plastics, several packaging forms and formulations are better suited for pyrolysis-based advanced recycling. SiCh coatings have the potential to be the “gift that keeps on giving”, especially when used in rigid and flexible polyethylene and polypropylene plastics that are mechanically recycled initially, which, after a few cycles, will then eventually become the used plastic feedstocks for advanced recycling; the silicon is predicted to accumulate and carry forward into each successive application.

[0332] Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are widely used in plastics where its rapid oxidation consumes all the oxygen present, thereby stopping the fire. Plastics commonly containing these flame retardants include, but are not limited to, engineered plastics, polyurethane foams, polyamides (e.g., nylon) and glass-fiber reinforced nylon, polyethylene and EVA co-polymers, and intumescent coatings on foams and polypropylene textiles. Phosphate esters are also used as flame retardant plasticizers in PVC, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Phosphorus sources also include agricultural applications, such as residual glyphosate in HDPE containers and residual phosphorus fertilizers on ground-level films (e.g., mulch films). Post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing phosphorus sources that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0333] Sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or a combination thereof are additives, surface residues, and residual contamination of the incoming post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics. A wash step can potentially remove certain surface residues, but would add cost and complexity to the advanced (e.g., pyrolysis based) recycling process. Accordingly, post-consumer sources will contain higher volumes of materials containing sources of sulfur, calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, or a combination thereof that can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0334] Copper alloys are commonly and increasingly used to create molds for plastic injection molding processes due to their high thermal conductivity that removes hot spots, reduces warpage and reduces cycle time, ease of machining by a variety of processes, and corrosion resistance to water, cooling fluids and the plastics being injected. Copper alloys often contain nickel and silicon. Plastics manufactured in copper alloy molds can have residual amounts of copper, nickel, and silicon on their surface. In addition, the plating of plastic with nickel and copper can be an effective means of protecting a substrate against corrosion from environmental exposure and make it more resistant to damage from chemicals used in the manufacturing process. In some instances, the plating on plastic can increase the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the substrate. The presence of copper and nickel on the surface of both pre-consumer and post-consumer sources can be difficult to differentiate and remove through standard sorting techniques.

[0335] In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 500 ppm or less (e.g., 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 42.5 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition has a total chloride content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, or 450 ppm or more). The total chloride content of the composition can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can have a total chloride content of from 0 to 500 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 250 ppm, from 250 to 500 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 300 ppm, from 300 to 400 ppm, from 400 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 475 ppm, from 0.001 to 450 ppm, from 0.001 to 425 ppm, from 0.001 to 400 ppm, from 0.001 to 375 ppm, from 0.001 to 350 ppm, from 0.001 to 325 ppm, from 0.001 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 475 ppm, from 0 to 450 ppm, from 0 to 425 ppm, from 0 to 400 ppm, from 0 to 375 ppm, from 0 to 350 ppm, from 0 to 325 ppm, from 0 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the composition is substantially free of chlorides. The total chloride content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method. For example, the total chloride content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 7359.

[0336] The composition can, for example, have a nitrogen content of 600 ppm or less (e.g., 575 ppm or less, 550 ppm or less, 525 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition can have a nitrogen content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 525 ppm or more, or 550 ppm or more). The nitrogen content of the composition can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can have a nitrogen content of from 0 to 600 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 300 ppm, from 300 to 600 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 200 ppm, from 200 to 300 ppm, from 300 to 400 ppm, from 400 to 500 ppm, from 500 to 600 ppm, from 0.001 to 600 ppm, from 0.001 to 575 ppm, from 0.001 to 550 ppm, from 0.001 to 525 ppm, from 0.001 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 475 ppm, from 0.001 to 450 ppm, from 0.001 to 425 ppm, from 0.001 to 400 ppm, from 0.001 to 375 ppm, from 0.001 to 350 ppm, from 0.001 to 325 ppm, from 0.001 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 575 ppm, from 0 to 550 ppm, from 0 to 525 ppm, from 0 to 500 ppm, from 0 to 475 ppm, from 0 to 450 ppm, from 0 to 425 ppm, from 0 to 400 ppm, from 0 to 375 ppm, from 0 to 350 ppm, from 0 to 325 ppm, from 0 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the composition can be substantially free of nitrogen. The nitrogen content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the nitrogen content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 4629.

[0337] The composition can, for example, have a silicon content of 2,000 ppm or less (e.g., 1,900 ppm or less, 1,800 ppm or less, 1,700 ppm or less, 1,600 ppm or less, 1,500 ppm or less, 1,400 ppm or less, 1,300 ppm or less, 1,200 ppm or less, 1,100 ppm or less, 1,000 ppm or less, 950 ppm or less, 900 ppm or less, 850 ppm or less, 800 ppm or less, 750 ppm or less, 700 ppm or less, 650 ppm or less, 600 ppm or less, 550 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 475 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 425 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 375 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 325 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 275 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 225 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 175 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition can have a silicon content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, 125 ppm or more, 150 ppm or more, 175 ppm or more, 200 ppm or more, 225 ppm or more, 250 ppm or more, 275 ppm or more, 300 ppm or more, 325 ppm or more, 350 ppm or more, 375 ppm or more, 400 ppm or more, 425 ppm or more, 450 ppm or more, 475 ppm or more, 500 ppm or more, 550 ppm or more, 600 ppm or more, 650 ppm or more, 700 ppm or more, 750 ppm or more, 800 ppm or more, 850 ppm or more, 900 ppm or more, 950 ppm or more, 1,000 ppm or more, 1,100 ppm or more, 1,200 ppm or more, 1,300 ppm or more, 1,400 ppm or more, 1,500 ppm or more, 1,600 ppm or more, 1,700 ppm or more, or 1,800 ppm or more). The silicon content of the composition can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can have a silicon content of from 0 to 2,000 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 1,000 ppm, from 1,000 to 2,000 ppm, from 0 to 500 ppm, from 500 to 1,000 ppm, from 1,000 to 1,500 ppm, from 1,500 to 2,000 ppm, from 0.001 to 2,000 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,750 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,500 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,250 ppm, from 0.001 to 1,000 ppm, from 0.001 to 750 ppm, from 0.001 to 500 ppm, from 0.001 to 475 ppm, from 0.001 to 450 ppm, from 0.001 to 425 ppm, from 0.001 to 400 ppm, from 0.001 to 375 ppm, from 0.001 to 350 ppm, from 0.001 to 325 ppm, from 0.001 to 300 ppm, from 0.001 to 275 ppm, from 0.001 to 250 ppm, from 0.001 to 225 ppm, from 0.001 to 200 ppm, from 0.001 to 175 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 1,750 ppm, from 0 to 1,500 ppm, from 0 to 1,250 ppm, from 0 to 1,000 ppm, from 0 to 750 ppm, from 0 to 500 ppm, from 0 to 475 ppm, from 0 to 450 ppm, from 0 to 425 ppm, from 0 to 400 ppm, from 0 to 375 ppm, from 0 to 350 ppm, from 0 to 325 ppm, from 0 to 300 ppm, from 0 to 275 ppm, from 0 to 250 ppm, from 0 to 225 ppm, from 0 to 200 ppm, from 0 to 175 ppm, from 0 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the composition can be substantially free of silicon. The silicon content of the composition can be determined using any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the silicon content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0338] The composition can, for example, have a sodium content of 150 ppm or less (e.g., 125 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 75 ppm or less, 50 ppm or less, 45 ppm or less, 40 ppm or less, 35 ppm or less, 30 ppm or less, 25 ppm or less, 20 ppm or less, 15 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition has a sodium content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, 9 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, 15 ppm or more, 20 ppm or more, 25 ppm or more, 30 ppm or more, 35 ppm or more, 40 ppm or more, 45 ppm or more, 50 ppm or more, 75 ppm or more, 100 ppm or more, or 125 ppm or more). The sodium content can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can have a sodium content of from 0 to 150 ppm (e.g., from 0 to 75 ppm, from 75 to 150 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 50 to 100 ppm, from 100 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 150 ppm, from 0.001 to 125 ppm, from 0.001 to 100 ppm, from 0.001 to 75 ppm, from 0.001 to 50 ppm, from 0.001 to 45 ppm, from 0.001 to 40 ppm, from 0.001 to 35 ppm, from 0.001 to 30 ppm, from 0.001 to 25 ppm, from 0.001 to 20 ppm, from 0.001 to 15 ppm, from 0.001 to 10 ppm, from 0.001 to 5 ppm, from 0.001 to 1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm, from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm, from 0 to 125 ppm, from 0 to 100 ppm, from 0 to 75 ppm, from 0 to 50 ppm, from 0 to 45 ppm, from 0 to 40 ppm, from 0 to 35 ppm, from 0 to 30 ppm, from 0 to 25 ppm, from 0 to 20 ppm, from 0 to 15 ppm, from 0 to 10 ppm, from 0 to 5 ppm, from 0 to 1 ppm, from 0 to 0.1 ppm, or from 0 to 0.01 ppm). In some examples, the composition is substantially free of sodium. The sodium content of the composition can be determined by any suitable method, such as those known in the art. For example, the sodium content of the composition can be determined using ASTM D 5185.

[0339] The composition can, for example, have an iron content of 10 ppm or less (e.g., 9 ppm or less, 8 ppm or less, 7 ppm or less, 6 ppm or less, 5 ppm or less, 4.5 ppm or less, 4 ppm or less, 3.5 ppm or less, 3 ppm or less, 2.5 ppm or less, 2 ppm or less, 1.5 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.75 ppm or less, 0.5 ppm or less, 0.25 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.075 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.025 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.0075 ppm or less, or 0.005 ppm or less). In some examples, the composition can have an iron content of 0 ppm or more (e.g., 0.001 ppm or more, 0.0025 ppm or more, 0.005 ppm or more, 0.0075 ppm or more, 0.01 ppm or more, 0.025 ppm or more, 0.05 ppm or more, 0.075 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.25 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 0.75 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, 1.5 ppm or more, 2 ppm or more, 2.5 ppm or more, 3 ppm or more, 3.5 ppm or more, 4 ppm or more, 4.5 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, 6 ppm or more, 7 ppm or more, 8 ppm or more, or 9 ppm or more). The iron content of the composition can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, the composition can have an iron content of from...

Claims

1. CLAIMS2.What is claimed is:

1. A system for pyrolysis of plastic feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics, the system comprising:4.a reactor comprising:5.a reactor vessel defining an internal volume configured for receiving and pyrolyzing the plastic feedstock at industrial scale; and6.one or more heaters configured for conveying energy to a reactor bath within the reactor vessel’s internal volume, wherein the reactor bath comprises liquid and / or molten plastic feedstock, and wherein the one or more heaters are configured for maintaining an average temperature of the reactor bath between 200°C and l,000°C; and7.a solids separation system configured for separating at least a portion of the solids present in the reactor bath from the reactor bath.

2. The system of Claim 1, wherein the solids separation system is configured for receiving a reactor bath stream comprising at least a portion of the reactor bath; and9.wherein the solids separation system is further configured to generate a reduced solids output comprising liquid and / or molten plastic feedstock and having a solids concentration that is less than a solids concentration of the reactor bath stream.

3. The system of Claim 2, wherein the reduced solids output comprises a reduced solids stream.

4. The system of Claim 2, wherein the reduced solids output has a solids concentration of from 0 wt. % to 50 wt. %.

5. The system of Claim 2, wherein the solids separation system is further configured to generate a concentrated solids output comprising solids and having a solids concentration that is greater than the solids concentration of the reactor bath stream.

6. The system of Claim 5, wherein the concentrated solids output has a solids concentration of from 25 wt. % to 100 wt. %.

7. The system of Claim 5, wherein the concentrated solids output is a concentrated solids stream and further comprises liquid and / or molten plastic feedstock.

8. The system of Claim 5, wherein the concentrated solids output comprises substantially solid material.

9. The system of Claim 1, wherein the solids separation system is configured to separate solids from the reactor bath in the reactor vessel such that the solids concentration of the reactor bath is maintained at 50 wt. % or less for a period of at least 60 hours.

10. The system of Claim 2, wherein the solids separation system is located outside of the reactor vessel;17.wherein the reactor vessel further comprises a reactor bath stream outlet configured for directing the reactor bath stream out of the reactor vessel and into the solids separation system.

11. The system of Claim 2, wherein the solids separation system is located inside the reactor vessel.

12. The system of Claim 2, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one physical solids separation system.

13. The system of Claim 12, wherein the at least one physical solids separation system comprises at least one filter.

14. The system of Claim 13, wherein the least one filter comprises a barrier having a filter size of from about 1 μm to about 20 μm.

15. The system of Claim 13, wherein the filter comprises a candle-style filter, a shaker plate, a sieve, or a filler pot.

16. The system of Claim 12, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one centrifuge.

17. The system of Claim 16, wherein the centrifuge is a disc stack centrifuge or a decanter centrifuge.

18. The system of Claim 12, wherein the at least one physical solids separation system is connected to the reactor vessel outlet by a conduit.

19. The system of Claim 18, wherein the conduit is insulated.

20. The system of Claim 13, wherein the filter further comprises at least one backflush input.

21. The system of Claim 2, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one thermal solids separation system.27.The system of Claim 21, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system is configured to receive and pyrolyze the reactor bath stream; and28.wherein the thermal solids separation system includes a vapor outlet configured for directing hydrocarbon vapor generated during pyrolysis of the reactor bath stream out of the thermal solids separation system.

23. The system of Claim 21, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a reactor.

24. The system of Claim 21, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a distillation column or a flash tank.

25. The system of Claim 21, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a single-screw auger or a twin-screw auger.

26. The system of Claim 21, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a rotary calciner.

27. The system of Claim 2, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one physical separation system and at least one thermal solids separation system.

28. The system of Claim 27, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one physical separation system and at least one thermal solids separation system;35.wherein the reduced solids output comprises a first reduced solids output and a second reduced solids output, and wherein the concentrated solids output comprises a first concentrated solids output and a second concentrated solids output;36.wherein the at least one physical solids separation is configured to receive the reactor bath stream and generate the first reduced solids output and the first concentrated solids output; and wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system is configured to receive the first concentrated solids output from the at least one physical solids separation system and generate the second reduced solids output and the second concentrated solids output.

29. The system of Claim 28, wherein the second concentrated solids output has a solids concentration that is greater than the solids concentration of the first concentrated solids output.

30. The system of Claim 28, wherein the thermal solids separation system is configured for pyrolyzing the first reduced solids output received from the physical solids separation system, and wherein the thermal solids separation system includes a vapor outlet configured for directing hydrocarbon vapor generated during pyrolysis of the first reduced solids output out of the thermal solids separation system.

31. The system of Claim 28, wherein the thermal solids separation system comprises one or more heaters configured for conveying energy to the first reduced solids output received from the physical solids separation system such that the reduced solids output is maintained at a temperature between 200°C and 1,000°C.

32. The system of Claim 2, wherein the solids separation system is configured to direct the reduced solids output into the reactor vessel.

33. The system of Claim 32, wherein the solids separation system further comprises a pump configured for pumping the reduced solids output into the reactor vessel.

34. The system of Claim 32, wherein the solids separation system further comprises one or more heaters configured for conveying energy to the reduced solids output.

35. The system of Claim 32, wherein the solids separation system is configured to convey energy to the reduced solids output such that the reduced solids output enters the reactor vessel at substantially the same temperature as the temperature of the reactor bath.

36. The system of Claim 34, wherein the solids separation system’s one or more heaters comprise at least one heat exchanger.

37. The system of Claim 32, wherein the reduced solids output enters the reactor vessel at a temperature that is lower than the temperature of the reactor bath.

38. The system of Claim 1, wherein the reactor further comprises a vapor outlet configured for directing hydrocarbon vapor generated during depolymerization out of the reactor vessel.

39. The system of Claim 1, wherein the internal volume of the reactor vessel is between 100 and 20,000 gallons.

40. The system of Claim 1, wherein the reactor vessel includes an agitator configured for stirring the reactor bath during depolymerization.

41. The system of Claim 1, further comprising an extruder configured for receiving the plastic feedstock, melting the plastic feedstock to produce at least semi-molten feedstock, and directing the at least semi-molten feedstock into the reactor.

42. A method for pyrolysis of plastic feedstock comprising post-consumer and / or post-industrial plastics at an industrial scale, the method comprising:49.directing the plastic feedstock into an internal volume of a reactor vessel;50.pyrolyzing the plastic feedstock in the internal volume of the reactor vessel at industrial scale, wherein the step of pyrolyzing the plastic feedstock comprises using one or more heaters to convey energy to a reactor bath within the reactor vessel’s internal volume and maintain an average temperature of the reactor bath between 200°C and 1,000°C, wherein the reactor bath comprises liquid and / or molten plastic feedstock; and51.separating at least a portion of the solids present in the reactor bath from the reactor bath using a solids separation system.

43. The method of Claim 42, further comprising the step of directing hydrocarbon vapor generated during pyrolysis of the plastic feedstock out of the reactor vessel via a vapor outlet.

44. The method of Claim 42, wherein the step of separating at least a portion of the solids present in the reactor bath comprises:53.directing a reactor bath stream into the solids separation system, wherein the reactor bath stream comprises at least a portion of the reactor bath; and54.using the solids separation system, generating a reduced solids output comprising liquid and / or molten plastic feedstock and having a solids concentration that is less than a solids concentration of the reactor bath stream.

45. The method of Claim 44, wherein the reduced solids output comprises a reduced solids stream.

46. The method of Claim 44, wherein the reduced solids output has a solids concentration of from 0 wt. % to 50 wt. %.

47. The method of Claim 44, wherein the step of separating at least a portion of the solids present in the reactor bath further comprises using the solids separation system to generate a concentrated solids output comprising solids and having a solids concentration that is greater than the solids concentration of the reactor bath stream.

48. The method of Claim 47, wherein the concentrated solids output has a solids concentration of from 25 wt. % to 100 wt. %.

49. The method of Claim 47, wherein the concentrated solids output is a concentrated solids stream and further comprises liquid and / or molten plastic feedstock.

50. The method of Claim 47, wherein the concentrated solids output comprises substantially solid material.

1. The method of Claim 42, wherein solids are separated from the reactor bath in the reactor vessel such that the solids concentration of the reactor bath is maintained at 50 wt. % or less for a period of at least 60 hours.

52. The method of Claim 44, wherein the solids separation system is located outside of the reactor vessel;62.and wherein the reactor bath stream is directed out of the reactor vessel via a reactor vessel outlet.

53. The method of Claim 44, wherein the solids separation system is located inside the reactor vessel.

54. The method of Claim 44, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one physical solids separation system.

55. The method of Claim 54, wherein the at least one physical solids separation system comprises at least one filter.

56. The method of Claim 55, wherein the least one filter comprises a barrier having a filter size of from about 1 μm to about 20 μm.

57. The method of Claim 55, wherein the filter comprises a candle-style filter, a shaker plate, a sieve, or a filter pot.

8. The method of Claim 54, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one centrifuge.

59. The method of Claim 58, wherein the centrifuge is a disc stack centrifuge or a decanter centrifuge.

60. The method of Claim 54, wherein the at least one physical solids separation system is connected to the reactor vessel outlet by a conduit.

61. The method of Claim 60, wherein the conduit is insulated.

62. The method of Claim 55, wherein the filter further comprises at least one backflush input.

63. The method of Claim 44, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one thermal solids separation system.

64. The method of Claim 63, wherein the step of separating at least a portion of the solids present in the reactor bath comprises:74.receiving and pyrolyzing the reactor bath stream using the thermal solids separation system: and75.directing hydrocarbon vapor generated during pyrolysis of the reactor bath stream out of a vapor outlet provided on the thermal solids separation system.

65. The method of Claim 63, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a reactor.

66. The method of Claim 63, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a distillation column or a flash tank.

67. The method of Claim 63, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a single-screw auger or a twin-screw auger.

68. The method of Claim 63, wherein the at least one thermal solids separation system comprises a rotary calciner.

69. The method of Claim 44, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one physical separation system and at least one thermal solids separation system.

70. The method of Claim 69, wherein the solids separation system comprises at least one physical separation system and at least one thermal solids separation system:82.wherein the reduced solids output comprises a first reduced solids output and a second reduced solids output, and wherein the concentrated solids output comprises a first concentrated solids output and a second concentrated solids output; and83.wherein the step of separating at least a portion of the solids present in the reactor bath comprises:84.using the physical solids separation system to generate the first reduced solids output and the first concentrated solids output;85.directing the first concentrated solids output from the at least one physical solids separation system into the thermal solids separation system; and86.using the thermal solids separation system to generate the second reduced solids output and the second concentrated solids output.

71. The method of Claim 70, wherein the second concentrated solids output has a solids concentration that is greater than the solids concentration of the first concentrated solids output.

72. The method of Claim 44, further comprising the step of directing the reduced solids output into the reactor vessel.

73. The method of Claim 42, wherein the internal volume of the reactor vessel is between 100 and 20,000 gallons.

74. The method of Claim 42, wherein the step of pyrolyzing the plastic feedstock further comprises stirring the reactor bath during pyrolysis using an agitator.

75. The method of Claim 42, wherein the step of directing the plastic feedstock into an internal volume of the reactor vessel comprises:91.receiving the plastic feedstock in an extruder;92.melting the plastic feedstock using the extruder to produce at least semi-molten feedstock; and directing the at least semi-molten feedstock into the reactor vessel.

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