A lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system and riveting method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to an automatic riveting system for a lead frame and a heat sink, comprising a frame, a turntable connected to the frame, four riveting positioning seats arranged on the turntable, a heat sink positioning groove provided on the riveting positioning seats, the frame being located around the turntable and connected to a heat sink feeding mechanism, a lead frame feeding mechanism, a riveting mechanism and a discharging mechanism, a riveting method of the automatic riveting system comprising four steps: 1) heat sink feeding, 2) lead frame feeding, 3) automatic riveting, and 4) discharging, the automatic riveting system for the lead frame and the heat sink and the riveting method thereof can continuously and automatically perform the riveting operation between the heat sink and the lead frame, thereby improving the riveting efficiency and the quality of the riveted products and reducing the labor cost.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to automation equipment, and in particular to an automatic riveting system for a lead frame and a heat sink and a riveting method thereof. Background Art

[0002] Lead frame is one of the most critical semiconductor materials for microelectronics back-end packaging. The finished frame needs to be riveted to the heat sink. The lead frame and the heat sink of the traditional finished frame are manually riveted, which has low riveting efficiency, inconsistent riveted product quality and high labor costs. Summary of the invention

[0003] In view of the above shortcomings, the applicant has conducted research and improvement, and provides a lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system and riveting method.

[0004] The technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0005] A lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system comprises a frame, a turntable is connected to the frame, four riveting positioning seats are arranged on the turntable, heat sink positioning grooves are formed on the riveting positioning seats, and the frame is located around the turntable and connected to a heat sink feeding mechanism, a lead frame feeding mechanism, a riveting mechanism and a discharging mechanism.

[0006] As a further improvement of the above technical solution:

[0007] The heat sink feeding mechanism includes a vibrating feed tray, a heat sink transfer mechanism and a heat sink feeding robot, the heat sink transfer mechanism includes a heat sink transfer robot and a heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform, the heat sink transfer robot includes a heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup, the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup is arranged above the rear end of the vibrating feed tray, and the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup is connected to the heat sink transverse shift seat through a lifting seat, the heat sink transverse shift seat is connected to the transfer transverse shift bracket, the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform is located below the transfer transverse shift bracket, the heat sink feeding robot includes a longitudinal shift seat arranged above the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform, and the longitudinal shift seat is connected to the heat sink feeding grabbing suction cup through a lifting seat.

[0008] The frame is located at the tail end of the vibrating feed plate and connected to the heat sink conveyor line. A positioning baffle is arranged at one end of the heat sink conveyor line close to the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform. The heat sink transverse movement seat and the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup are located at the upper end of the heat sink conveyor line.

[0009] The heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform is provided with a heat sink clamping strip, a heat sink fixed positioning column and a heat sink movable positioning column, and the heat sink movable positioning column is inserted into a waist-shaped hole opened on the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform.

[0010] The lead frame loading mechanism comprises a lead frame lifting conveyor line, a lead frame loading robot and a lead frame transfer positioning platform, the lead frame lifting conveyor line is connected to a plurality of positioning seats for positioning lead frames, the lead frame loading robot comprises a lead frame loading bracket, the lead frame loading bracket is connected to a lead frame moving seat, the lead frame moving seat is connected to a lifting seat, and the lifting seat is connected to a lead frame loading clamp and a lead frame transfer clamp via a mounting plate.

[0011] The lead frame transfer positioning platform is provided with a lead frame front positioning seat, a lead frame rear positioning seat, a lead frame side fixed positioning seat and a lead frame side movable positioning seat.

[0012] The riveting mechanism comprises a riveting head located above the riveting positioning seat of the turntable, the riveting head is connected to a riveting driving component, and the riveting driving component is connected to a frame via a riveting bracket.

[0013] The discharging mechanism includes a discharging robot and a discharging conveyor line. The discharging robot includes a discharging suction cup. The discharging suction cup is arranged above the riveted positioning seat of the turntable. The discharging suction cup is connected to a suction cup movement mechanism that delivers the riveted heat sink and lead frame to the discharging conveyor line. The discharging conveyor line is connected to a positioning plate for positioning the riveted heat sink and lead frame.

[0014] The suction cup movement mechanism comprises a swivel seat connected to the discharge suction cup, the swivel seat is connected to the discharge moving seat through the discharge lifting seat, and the discharge moving seat is connected to the frame through the discharge bracket.

[0015] A riveting method for a lead frame and a heat sink automatic riveting system, comprising the following steps:

[0016] 1) Heat sink loading: The rotation of the turntable drives the riveted positioning seat on it to rotate to the side of the heat sink loading mechanism. The heat sink is sent to the riveted positioning seat of the turntable through the heat sink loading mechanism, and the heat sink is positioned through the heat sink positioning groove on the riveted positioning seat;

[0017] 2) Lead frame loading: The rotation of the turntable drives the riveted positioning seat on it to rotate, so that the riveted positioning seat with the heat sink positioned is rotated to the side of the lead frame loading mechanism, and the lead frame is sent to the heat sink positioned by the riveted positioning seat through the lead frame loading mechanism. The rivets on the heat sink are inserted into the riveted holes on the lead frame, and the lead frame is positioned through the heat sink;

[0018] 3) Automatic riveting: The rotation of the turntable drives the riveting positioning seat on it to rotate, so that the riveting positioning seat with the heat sink and the lead frame is rotated to one side of the riveting mechanism, and the heat sink and the lead frame are riveted together through the riveting mechanism;

[0019] 4) Discharging: The rotation of the turntable drives the riveting positioning seat on it to rotate, and the riveting positioning seat rotates the riveted heat sink and lead frame to one side of the discharging mechanism. The discharging mechanism takes the riveted heat sink and lead frame out of the riveting positioning seat.

[0020] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system can continuously and automatically perform the riveting operation of the heat sink and the lead frame, improve the riveting efficiency and the quality of the riveted products, and reduce the labor cost. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Figure 1 A schematic structural diagram of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system provided by the present invention.

[0022] Figure 2 A top view of the turntable of the automatic riveting system for lead frames and heat sinks provided by the present invention.

[0023] Figure 3 A structural schematic diagram of the front half of a heat sink feeding mechanism of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system provided by the present invention.

[0024] Figure 4 This is a structural schematic diagram of the rear half of the heat sink feeding mechanism of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system provided by the present invention.

[0025] Figure 5 A top view of the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system provided by the present invention.

[0026] Figure 6 A structural schematic diagram of a lead frame feeding mechanism of the automatic riveting system for lead frames and heat sinks provided by the present invention.

[0027] Figure 7 A top view of the lead frame transfer positioning platform of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system provided by the present invention.

[0028] Figure 8 A structural schematic diagram of the riveting mechanism of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system provided by the present invention.

[0029] Fig. 9 A structural schematic diagram of a discharge mechanism of an automatic riveting system for a lead frame and a heat sink provided by the present invention.

[0030] In the figure: 1. Rack; 11. Turntable; 12. Riveted positioning seat; 121. Heat sink positioning groove; 2. Heat sink feeding mechanism; 21. Vibrating feed plate; 22. Heat sink feeding manipulator; 221. Longitudinal shift seat; 222. Heat sink feeding grabbing suction cup; 23. Heat sink transfer manipulator; 231. Heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup; 232. Heat sink transverse shift seat; 233. Transfer transverse shift bracket; 24. Heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform; 241. Heat sink clamping strip; 242. Heat sink fixed positioning column; 243. Heat sink movable positioning column; 25. Heat sink conveyor line; 251. Positioning baffle; 3. Lead frame feeding mechanism; 31. Lead frame lifting conveyor line; 311. Positioning seat; 32. Lead frame loading robot; 321, lead frame loading bracket; 322, lead frame moving seat; 323, lead frame loading jaws; 324, lead frame transfer jaws; 33, lead frame transfer positioning platform; 341, lead frame front positioning seat; 342, lead frame rear positioning seat; 343, lead frame side fixed positioning seat; 344, lead frame side movable positioning seat; 4, riveting mechanism; 41, riveting head; 42, riveting drive component; 43, riveting bracket; 5, discharging mechanism; 51, discharging robot; 511, discharging suction cup; 52, discharging conveyor line; 521, positioning plate; 53, suction cup movement mechanism; 531, rotating seat; 532, discharging moving seat; 533, discharging bracket. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] The specific implementation of this embodiment is described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0032] like Figures 1 to 9 As shown, the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system of this embodiment includes a frame 1, a turntable 11 is connected to the frame 1, four riveting positioning seats 12 are arranged on the turntable 11, and the riveting positioning seats 12 have heat sink positioning grooves 121. The frame 1 is located around the turntable 11 and is connected to a heat sink feeding mechanism 2, a lead frame feeding mechanism 3, a riveting mechanism 4 and a discharging mechanism 5.

[0033] The heat sink feeding mechanism 2 includes a vibrating feeding tray 21, a heat sink transfer mechanism and a heat sink feeding manipulator 22. The frame 1 is located at the rear end of the vibrating feeding tray 21 and connected to the heat sink conveyor line 25. The heat sink conveyor line 25 is close to the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform 24. A positioning baffle 251 is set at one end. The heat sink transfer mechanism includes a heat sink transfer manipulator 23 and a heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform 24. The heat sink transfer manipulator 23 includes a heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup 231. The heat sink transfer The grabbing suction cup 231 is arranged above the heat sink conveyor line 25, and the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup 231 is connected to the heat sink transverse movement seat 232 through a lifting seat, the heat sink transverse movement seat 232 is connected to the transfer transverse movement bracket 233, the heat sink longitudinal movement transfer positioning platform 24 is located below the transfer transverse movement bracket 233, the heat sink loading robot 22 includes a longitudinal movement seat 221 arranged above the heat sink longitudinal movement transfer positioning platform 24, and the longitudinal movement seat 221 is connected to the heat sink loading grabbing suction cup 222 through a lifting seat.

[0034] The heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform 24 is provided with a heat sink clamping strip 241 , a heat sink fixed positioning column 242 and a heat sink movable positioning column 243 . The heat sink movable positioning column 243 is inserted into a waist-shaped hole provided on the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform 24 .

[0035] The lead frame loading mechanism 3 includes a lead frame lifting conveyor line 31, a lead frame loading robot 32 and a lead frame transfer positioning platform 33. The lead frame lifting conveyor line 31 is connected to a plurality of positioning seats 311 for positioning lead frames. The lead frame loading robot 32 includes a lead frame loading bracket 321. The lead frame loading bracket 321 is connected to a lead frame moving seat 322. The lead frame moving seat 322 is connected to a lifting seat. The lifting seat is connected to a lead frame loading clamp 323 and a lead frame transfer clamp 324 via an installation plate.

[0036] A lead frame front positioning seat 341 , a lead frame rear positioning seat 342 , a lead frame side fixed positioning seat 343 and a lead frame side movable positioning seat 344 are arranged on the lead frame transfer positioning platform 33 .

[0037] The riveting mechanism 4 includes a riveting head 41 located above the riveting positioning seat 12 of the turntable 11 . The riveting head 41 is connected to a riveting driving component 42 . The riveting driving component 42 is connected to the frame 1 via a riveting bracket 43 .

[0038] The discharging mechanism 5 includes a discharging robot 51 and a discharging conveyor line 52. The discharging robot 51 includes a discharging suction cup 511. The discharging suction cup 511 is arranged above the riveted positioning seat 12 of the turntable 11. The discharging suction cup 511 is connected to a suction cup movement mechanism 53 that sends the riveted heat sink and lead frame to the discharging conveyor line 52. The suction cup movement mechanism 53 includes a rotating seat 531 connected to the discharging suction cup 511. The rotating seat 531 is connected to the discharging movable seat 532 through a discharging lifting seat. The discharging movable seat 532 is connected to the frame 1 through a discharging bracket 533. The discharging conveyor line 52 is connected to a positioning plate 521 for positioning the riveted heat sink and lead frame.

[0039] The riveting method of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system of this embodiment includes the following steps:

[0040] 1) Loading of heat sink: The turntable 11 rotates to drive the riveted positioning seat 12 thereon to rotate to one side of the heat sink loading mechanism 2, and the vibrating feeding plate 21 feeds the heat sink to the heat sink conveyor line 25, and the heat sink is conveyed through the heat sink conveyor line 25, and the heat sink is blocked by the positioning baffle 251, and then the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup 231 descends to grab the heat sink on the heat sink conveyor line 25, the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup 231 grabs the heat sink and rises, and then the heat sink transverse shift seat 232 drives the heat sink to move transversely, and at the same time, the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform 24 longitudinally moves to the bottom of the transfer transverse shift bracket 233, and the heat sink transverse shift seat 232 moves to the top of the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform 24, and the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup 231 places the grabbed heat sink on the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform 24, and the heat sink is adjusted to the front and rear positions by the heat sink clamping strip 241. The fixed positioning column 242 and the heat sink movable positioning column 243 adjust the left and right positions to realize the positioning of the heat sink on the heat sink longitudinal movement transfer positioning platform 24. After positioning, the heat sink longitudinal movement transfer positioning platform 24 is longitudinally moved to the lower end of the longitudinal movement seat 221 of the heat sink feeding manipulator 22, and the lifting seat on the longitudinal movement seat 221 drives the heat sink feeding grabbing suction cup 222 to descend and grab the heat sink positioned on the heat sink longitudinal movement transfer positioning platform 24, and the lifting seat drives the heat sink feeding grabbing suction cup 222 to rise and reset, and then the longitudinal movement seat 221 drives the heat sink feeding grabbing suction cup 222 and the heat sink grabbed by it to longitudinally move to above the riveted positioning seat 12 of the turntable 11, and the lifting seat drives the heat sink feeding grabbing suction cup 222 to descend again, and the heat sink grabbed by the heat sink feeding grabbing suction cup 222 is placed in the heat sink positioning groove 121 of the riveted positioning seat 12 to position the heat sink.

[0041] 2) Lead frame loading: the turntable 11 rotates again to drive the riveted positioning seat 12 thereon to rotate, so that the riveted positioning seat 12 with the heat sink positioned thereon rotates to one side of the lead frame loading mechanism 3, and the lead frame is placed on the positioning seat 311 of the lead frame lifting and conveying line 31, and the lead frame is positioned, and the lead frame can be conveyed through the lead frame lifting and conveying line 31, and at the same time, the lead frame moving seat 322 of the lead frame loading manipulator 32 drives the lifting and conveying seat and the mounting plate to move, and can drive the lead frame transfer clamp 324 connected to the mounting plate to move above the positioning seat 311 of the lead frame lifting and conveying line 31, and the lifting and conveying seat drives the mounting plate to descend, and the lead frame transfer clamp 324 descends to clamp the lead frame on the positioning seat 311, and then the lifting and conveying seat drives the mounting plate to rise and reset, and the lead frame moving seat 322 is reset, and the lead frame transfer clamp 324 can be sent to the top of the lead frame transfer positioning platform 33, and the lifting and conveying seat drives the mounting plate to descend, and the lead frame transfer clamp 324 can be placed on The clamped lead frame is placed on the lead frame transfer positioning platform 33, and the lead frame is positioned front and rear by the lead frame front positioning seat 341 and the lead frame rear positioning seat 342, and is positioned left and right by the lead frame side fixed positioning seat 343 and the lead frame side movable positioning seat 344, so as to realize the lead frame transfer positioning. While the lead frame is being transferred and positioned, the loading operation is also performed. When the lead frame transfer clamp 324 grabs the lead frame on the positioning seat 311, the lead frame loading clamp 323 also Grab the lead frame positioned on the lead frame transfer positioning platform 33, the lifting seat drives the mounting plate to rise and reset, the lead frame moving seat 322 is reset, the lead frame feeding clamp 323 moves to the top of the riveting positioning seat 12 where the heat sink is positioned, the lifting seat drives the mounting plate to descend, and the lead frame clamped by the lead frame feeding clamp 323 is placed on the heat sink of the riveting positioning seat 12, the rivets on the heat sink are inserted into the riveting holes of the lead frame, and the lead frame can be positioned and connected through the heat sink;

[0042] 3) Automatic riveting: The turntable 11 rotates again to drive the riveting positioning seat 12 thereon to rotate, so that the riveting positioning seat 12 with the heat sink and the lead frame positioned thereon rotates to one side of the riveting mechanism 4, and the riveting positioning seat 12 moves to the bottom of the riveting head 41 and stops, and then the riveting driving component 42 drives the riveting head 41 to press down, so that the heat sink and the lead frame on the riveting positioning seat 12 can be riveted together;

[0043] 4) Discharging: the turntable 11 rotates again to drive the riveted positioning seat 12 thereon to rotate, and the riveted positioning seat 12 rotates the riveted heat sink and lead frame to one side of the discharging mechanism 5, and the lifting seat of the discharging mechanism 5 drives the discharging suction cup 511 to suck the riveted heat sink and lead frame on the riveted positioning seat 12, and then the lifting seat drives the discharging suction cup 511 to rise and reset, and then the rotating seat 531 drives the discharging suction cup 511 and the riveted heat sink and lead frame to rotate 90°, and the discharging moving seat 532 drives the discharging suction cup 511 and the riveted heat sink and lead frame to move above the discharging conveyor line 52, and the lifting seat drives the discharging suction cup 511 to rise again, so that the riveted heat sink and lead frame sucked on the discharging suction cup 511 can be placed between the positioning plates 521 on the discharging conveyor line 52, and the riveted heat sink and lead frame can be sent out and collected through the discharging conveyor line 52.

[0044] The above description is an explanation of the present invention, not a limitation of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined in the claims. The present invention may be modified in any form without violating the basic structure of the present invention.

Claims

1. An automatic riveting system for lead frame and heat sink, characterized in that: The invention comprises a frame (1), the frame (1) is connected to a turntable (11), four riveted positioning seats (12) are arranged on the turntable (11), the riveted positioning seats (12) are provided with heat sink positioning grooves (121), the frame (1) is located around the turntable (11) and is connected to a heat sink feeding mechanism (2), a lead frame feeding mechanism (3), a riveting mechanism (4) and a discharging mechanism (5), the heat sink feeding mechanism (2) comprises a vibrating feeding plate (21), a heat sink transfer mechanism and a heat sink feeding manipulator (22), the heat sink transfer mechanism comprises a heat sink The transfer robot (23) and the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform (24), the heat sink transfer robot (23) comprising a heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup (231), the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup (231) being arranged above the rear end of the vibrating feed plate (21), and the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup (231) being connected to the heat sink transverse shifting seat (232) via a lifting seat, the heat sink transverse shifting seat (232) being connected to the transfer transverse shifting bracket (233), the heat sink longitudinal transfer transfer positioning platform (24) being located below the transfer transverse shifting bracket (233), and the heat sink feeding The manipulator (22) comprises a longitudinal shift seat (221) arranged above the heat sink longitudinal shift transfer positioning platform (24); the longitudinal shift seat (221) is connected to the heat sink feeding grasping suction cup (222) via a lifting seat; a heat sink clamping strip (241), a heat sink fixed positioning column (242) and a heat sink movable positioning column (243) are arranged on the heat sink longitudinal shift transfer positioning platform (24); the heat sink movable positioning column (243) is inserted into a waist-shaped hole provided on the heat sink longitudinal shift transfer positioning platform (24); the lead frame feeding mechanism (3) comprises a lead frame lifting and conveying mechanism A lead frame lifting and conveying line (31), a lead frame loading robot (32) and a lead frame transfer positioning platform (33); the lead frame lifting and conveying line (31) is connected to a plurality of positioning seats (311) for positioning lead frames; the lead frame loading robot (32) comprises a lead frame loading bracket (321); the lead frame loading bracket (321) is connected to a lead frame moving seat (322); the lead frame moving seat (322) is connected to a lifting seat; the lifting seat is connected to a lead frame loading clamp (323) and a lead frame transfer clamp (324) via a mounting plate.

2. The lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The frame (1) is located at the rear end of the vibrating feed tray (21) and connected to the heat sink conveyor line (25). A positioning baffle (251) is provided at one end of the heat sink conveyor line (25) close to the heat sink longitudinal transfer positioning platform (24). The heat sink transverse movement seat (232) and the heat sink transfer grabbing suction cup (231) are located at the upper end of the heat sink conveyor line (25).

3. The lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system according to claim 1, characterized in that: A lead frame front positioning seat (341), a lead frame rear positioning seat (342), a lead frame side fixed positioning seat (343) and a lead frame side movable positioning seat (344) are arranged on the lead frame transfer positioning platform (33).

4. The lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The riveting mechanism (4) comprises a riveting head (41) located above the riveting positioning seat (12) of the rotating disk (11), the riveting head (41) being connected to a riveting driving component (42), and the riveting driving component (42) being connected to the frame (1) via a riveting bracket (43).

5. The lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The discharging mechanism (5) comprises a discharging robot (51) and a discharging conveyor line (52); the discharging robot (51) comprises a discharging suction cup (511); the discharging suction cup (511) is arranged above the riveting positioning seat (12) of the turntable (11); the discharging suction cup (511) is connected to a suction cup movement mechanism (53) that delivers the riveted heat sink and lead frame to the discharging conveyor line (52); and the discharging conveyor line (52) is connected to a positioning plate (521) for positioning the riveted heat sink and lead frame.

6. The lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system according to claim 5, characterized in that: The suction cup movement mechanism (53) comprises a rotating seat (531) connected to the discharge suction cup (511); the rotating seat (531) is connected to the discharge moving seat (532) via the discharge lifting seat; and the discharge moving seat (532) is connected to the frame (1) via the discharge bracket (533).

7. The riveting method of the lead frame and heat sink automatic riveting system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the following steps: 1) Heat sink loading: The turntable (11) rotates to drive the riveted positioning seat (12) thereon to rotate to one side of the heat sink loading mechanism (2), and the heat sink is delivered to the riveted positioning seat (12) of the turntable (11) through the heat sink loading mechanism (2), and the heat sink is positioned through the heat sink positioning groove (121) on the riveted positioning seat (12); 2) Lead frame loading: The turntable (11) rotates to drive the riveted positioning seat (12) thereon to rotate, so that the riveted positioning seat (12) with the heat sink positioned thereon rotates to one side of the lead frame loading mechanism (3), and the lead frame is delivered to the heat sink positioned by the riveted positioning seat (12) through the lead frame loading mechanism (3), and the rivets on the heat sink are inserted into the riveted holes on the lead frame, so that the lead frame is positioned through the heat sink; 3) Automatic riveting: the turntable (11) rotates to drive the riveting positioning seat (12) thereon to rotate, so that the riveting positioning seat (12) on which the heat sink and the lead frame are positioned rotates to one side of the riveting mechanism (4), and the heat sink and the lead frame are riveted together through the riveting mechanism (4); 4) Discharging: The turntable (11) rotates to drive the riveting positioning seat (12) thereon to rotate, and the riveting positioning seat (12) rotates the riveted heat sink and lead frame to one side of the discharging mechanism (5), and the discharging mechanism (5) takes the riveted heat sink and lead frame out of the riveting positioning seat (12).

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