A quantum random number generator chip and design method

Abstract

The present invention discloses a quantum random number generator chip and design method. The chip includes: an optical chip, a transimpedance amplifier chip, and a microcontroller chip connected in sequence, wherein: the optical chip includes a continuous laser, an optical beam splitter, a first optical attenuator, a second optical attenuator, a first photodetector, and a second photodetector; the microcontroller chip includes a first digital-to-analog converter, a second digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter, and a processor; the transimpedance amplifier chip includes a transimpedance amplifier; wherein the optical chip, the transimpedance amplifier chip, and the microcontroller chip are packaged to obtain a quantum random number generator chip. The present invention packages the optical chip and the microcontroller chip into a single chip through a systematic packaging method, significantly reducing the size of the quantum random number system, greatly improving the stability of the system and structure, while reducing power consumption and cost, and expanding the scope and application scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of quantum random number generation, and in particular relates to a quantum random number generator chip and a design method. Background Art

[0002] Random numbers are a widely used fundamental resource, with extensive and important applications in fields such as quantum communication, cryptography, Monte Carlo simulation, numerical computing, random sampling, neural network computing, and traditional information security. The randomness guaranteed by quantum random number generators stems from the principles of quantum physics. By measuring the inherent random properties of quantum physical systems, they generate true random numbers that are unpredictable, non-repeatable, and unbiased. Their randomness is guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, making them superior to other random number generation technologies, offering greater security and making them particularly suitable for applications requiring high randomness.

[0003] A variety of schemes can be used to implement quantum random number generators, such as photon path selection schemes, photon arrival time schemes, laser phase fluctuation schemes, and measurement device-independent quantum random number schemes. Currently, quantum random number systems based on discrete optoelectronic devices generally have disadvantages such as high cost, large size, high power consumption, poor stability, and low reliability, making it difficult to meet the needs of widespread application of quantum random numbers. For example, the single-photon path selection scheme and the photon arrival time scheme mentioned above have bit rates on the order of Mbps. Single-photon detectors are used in the system, resulting in a large system size and high cost. The laser phase fluctuation scheme has a bit rate of over 10Gbps, but because it contains an optical interferometer, the system is large and sensitive to vibration and temperature, making it difficult to implement in practice.

[0004] At present, the light source and reading circuit of another existing random number scheme are independent external structures, and the reading circuit is a field programmable array, which is large in size and has high power consumption; at the same time, the light source and optical chip of the above technical solution are fixed by bonding, and the structural stability is poor.

[0005] From the above examples, it can be seen that the application scenarios of quantum random numbers require random number solutions with low cost, low power consumption, small size, high stability and reliability.

[0006] To sum up, the defects of the existing technology are: the current quantum random number system is expensive, bulky, power-intensive, unstable, and has low reliability, making it difficult to meet the needs of popular application of quantum random numbers. Summary of the Invention

[0007] Therefore, in the existing technology, the quantum random number system built based on discrete optoelectronic devices is expensive, bulky, power-hungry, unstable, and has low reliability, making it difficult to meet the needs of popular application of quantum random numbers.

[0008] To this end, there is a great need for an improved quantum random number generator chip and design method, so that a real-time quantum random number generator can be realized through a single chip. Through hybrid integration and system-level packaging methods, the optical chip and the back-end reading circuit chip can be integrated into one package. Ultimately, the single-chip real-time quantum random number generator can meet the practical application requirements of low cost, low power consumption, small size, high stability and reliability.

[0009] In this context, embodiments of the present invention are intended to provide a quantum random number generator chip and a design method.

[0010] In a first aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a quantum random number generator chip is provided, comprising: an optical chip, a transimpedance amplifier chip, and a microcontroller chip connected in sequence, wherein: the optical chip comprises a continuous laser, an optical beam splitter, a first optical attenuator, a second optical attenuator, a first photodetector, and a second photodetector; the microcontroller chip comprises a first digital-to-analog converter, a second digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter, and a processor; the transimpedance amplifier chip comprises a transimpedance amplifier;

[0011] In one embodiment of the present invention, the two output ends of the optical beam splitter are independently connected to the first optical attenuator and the second optical attenuator respectively; the output end of the first optical attenuator is connected to the first photodetector, and the output end of the second optical attenuator is connected to the second photodetector.

[0012] In another embodiment of the present invention, the optical beam splitter is provided with two input ends, one input end of the optical beam splitter is connected to the continuous laser, and the other input end is left vacant and serves as a vacuum state light input end.

[0013] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the output ends of the first photodetector and the second photodetector of the optical chip are connected to the transimpedance amplifier of the transimpedance amplifier chip.

[0014] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the processor is connected to the first digital-to-analog converter, the second digital-to-analog converter, and the analog-to-digital converter respectively.

[0015] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the output end of the first digital-to-analog converter is connected to the first optical attenuator, and the output end of the second digital-to-analog converter is connected to the second optical attenuator.

[0016] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, an input terminal of the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the transimpedance amplifier.

[0017] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the size of the optical chip is 2 cm x 1 cm or 5 mm x 3 mm.

[0018] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the size of the transimpedance amplifier chip is 1 mm x 1 mm; the size of the microcontroller chip is 3 mm x 4 mm.

[0019] In a second aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, a design method for the above-mentioned quantum random number generator chip is provided, comprising: integrating the above-mentioned optical beam splitter, the first optical attenuator, and the second optical attenuator onto an optical waveguide chip by a photonic integration method; hybrid integrating the above-mentioned continuous laser, the first photodetector, the second photodetector, and the optical waveguide chip by a hybrid integration method to form an optical chip; and packaging the above-mentioned optical chip, transimpedance amplifier chip, and microcontroller chip by a system packaging method to form a quantum random number generator chip.

[0020] According to the quantum random number generator chip and design method of the embodiment of the present invention, the light source, optical path design and detector in the vacuum state quantum random number scheme are integrated on an optical chip by adopting the methods of photonic integration and hybrid integration, and the microcontroller chip and optical chip are packaged in a single chip by using a systematic packaging method. This greatly reduces the volume of the quantum random number system, greatly improves the stability of the system and structure, and at the same time reduces power consumption and cost, thereby expanding the scope and application scenarios. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the structure of the quantum random number generator chip provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] In the figure: 1. Optical chip; 2. Transimpedance amplifier chip; 3. Microcontroller chip; 11. Continuous laser; 12. Vacuum light; 13. Optical beam splitter; 14. First optical attenuator; 15. First photodetector; 16. Second optical attenuator; 17. Second photodetector; 21. Transimpedance amplifier; 31. First digital-to-analog converter; 32. Analog-to-digital converter; 33. Second digital-to-analog converter; 34. Processor.

[0023] Figure 2 This is a flow chart of a design method for a quantum random number generator chip provided by an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0025] The following combination Figure 1A quantum random number generator chip according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described.

[0026] like Figure 1 As shown, the quantum random number generator chip provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes: an optical chip 1, a transimpedance amplifier chip 2, a microcontroller chip 3, a continuous laser 11, vacuum state light 12, an optical beam splitter 13, a first optical attenuator 14, a first photodetector 15, a second optical attenuator 16, a second photodetector 17, a transimpedance amplifier 21, a first digital-to-analog converter 31, an analog-to-digital converter 32, a second digital-to-analog converter 33, and a processor 34.

[0027] In one embodiment of the present invention, a quantum random number generator chip is obtained by system-level packaging of an optical chip 1, a transimpedance amplifier chip 2, and a microcontroller chip 3;

[0028] The optical chip 1 includes a continuous laser 11, an optical beam splitter 13, a first optical attenuator 14, a second optical attenuator 16, a first photodetector 15 and a second photodetector 17; the microcontroller chip 3 includes a first digital-to-analog converter 31, a second digital-to-analog converter 33, an analog-to-digital converter 32 and a processor 34; the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 includes a transimpedance amplifier 21.

[0029] In this embodiment, the two output ends of the optical beam splitter 13 are independently connected to a first optical attenuator 14 and a second optical attenuator 16. The output end of the first optical attenuator 14 is connected to a first photodetector 15, and the output end of the second optical attenuator 16 is connected to a second photodetector 17. The optical beam splitter 13 has two input ends. One input end of the optical beam splitter 13 is connected to the continuous laser 11, while the other input end is left unused and serves as the input end for the vacuum state light 12.

[0030] In this embodiment, the output ends of the first photodetector 15 and the second photodetector 17 of the optical chip 1 are connected to the transimpedance amplifier 21 of the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 .

[0031] In this embodiment, the processor 34 is connected to the first digital-to-analog converter 31, the second digital-to-analog converter 33, and the analog-to-digital converter 32. The output of the first digital-to-analog converter 31 is connected to the first optical attenuator 14, and the output of the second digital-to-analog converter 33 is connected to the second optical attenuator 16. The input of the analog-to-digital converter 32 is connected to the transimpedance amplifier 21.

[0032] In this embodiment, the size of the optical chip 1 is 2 cm x 1 cm or 5 mm x 3 mm, the size of the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 is 1 mm x 1 mm, and the size of the microcontroller chip 3 is 3 mm x 4 mm. It is worth noting that the sizes of the optical chip 1, the transimpedance amplifier chip 2, and the microcontroller chip 3 in the embodiment of the present invention include but are not limited to the above-mentioned specific sizes, and the size of the quantum random number generator chip can be adjusted according to usage and design requirements.

[0033] According to an embodiment of the present invention, by performing system-level packaging on the optical chip 1, the transimpedance amplifier chip 2, and the microcontroller chip 3, a single-chip real-time quantum random number generator solution is theoretically feasible, and the system-level integrated quantum random number generator reaches the 1 cm level, which greatly reduces the volume of the quantum random number system and improves the scope and application scenarios.

[0034] After introducing the chip of the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, next, reference is made to Figure 2 A design method for a quantum random number generator chip according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described.

[0035] like Figure 2 As shown, the design method of the quantum random number generator chip according to an embodiment of the present invention includes operations S101 to S103.

[0036] In operation S101 , the optical beam splitter 13 , the first optical attenuator 14 , and the second optical attenuator 16 are integrated onto an optical waveguide chip by a photonic integration method.

[0037] In operation S102 , the continuous laser 11 , the first photodetector 15 , the second photodetector 17 , and the optical waveguide chip are hybrid-integrated by a hybrid integration method to form the optical chip 1 .

[0038] In operation S103 , the optical chip 1 , the transimpedance amplifier chip 2 , and the microcontroller chip 3 are packaged by a system-in-package method to form a quantum random number generator chip.

[0039] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the light source, optical path design and detector in the vacuum state quantum random number scheme are integrated on an optical chip 1 by adopting the methods of photon integration and hybrid integration, and the microcontroller chip 3 and the optical chip 1 are packaged in a chip by a systematic packaging method, so that the integration of the quantum random number system is higher, the difficulty of structural layout and wiring between various structures is reduced, the volume of the quantum random number system is greatly reduced, the stability of the system and structure is greatly improved, and the power consumption and cost are reduced.

[0040] To further facilitate understanding, the following Figure 1The workflow and working principle of a quantum random number generator chip design method shown are introduced.

[0041] 1. Workflow

[0042] A continuous laser is input into one end of the optical beam splitter in the optical chip, while the other end of the beam splitter is left unused, serving as the vacuum-state light input. Each of the two output ports of the beam splitter has an optical attenuator. The beam splitter and attenuator split the input light into two beams with a 50 / 50 intensity ratio. These two beams then enter two photodetectors for photoelectric conversion. The optical signal is converted into two current signals, which are then subtracted (homodyne detection) before entering a transimpedance amplifier, which amplifies the weak high-frequency current signal and converts it into a voltage signal. This voltage signal is the random signal generated by quantum fluctuations. The signal enters an analog-to-digital converter and is post-processed by a processor in a microcontroller to produce a real-time quantum random number.

[0043] 2. Working Principle

[0044] Quantum fluctuations exist in coherent light fields, satisfying the principle of minimum uncertainty in both amplitude and phase. This random number scheme is essentially a coherent quantum fluctuation. In this embodiment of the present invention, a photodetector is used to perform homodyne detection on the two beams of light after being split by a beam splitter, thus embodying randomness.

[0045] One input of the beam splitter is a local oscillator light source (i.e. continuous laser), and the other is empty (i.e. vacuum state light). If we assume that the quantum states of the two inputs are After passing through the optical beam splitter and two-way attenuator, the two-way light becomes ; then the following relationship exists:

[0046] (one)

[0047] in, , corresponding to the local oscillator light source and vacuum state respectively. For a 50:50 splitting ratio optical beam splitter , at the output of the beam splitter:

[0048] (two)

[0049] (three)

[0050] In the above formula, Vacuum state;

[0051] After photoelectric conversion, the current passing through the first and second photodetectors is:

[0052] (Four)

[0053] (five)

[0054] In the above formula, is the quantum efficiency of the photodetector, Corresponding to the light intensity of the two input photoelectric detectors respectively; Added superscript "+" to represent The Hermitian conjugation of the quantum state. The current value should be equal to the product of the quantum efficiency and the light intensity. The difference between the two currents is:

[0055] (six)

[0056] It can be proved that:

[0057] (seven)

[0058] in Corresponding quantum noise , quantum noise is reflected in the result of homodyne detection. In the embodiment of the present invention, the noise distribution obtained by the electronic readout circuit is divided into two parts, quantum noise and classic noise ,Right now

[0059] (eight)

[0060] Continuous laser is a coherent light source, and its average photon number is recorded as For coherent light sources, the number of photons is It follows a Poisson distribution, and its distribution is given by the following formula:

[0061] (Nine)

[0062] Among them, the average number of photons It needs to be optimized through theoretical analysis and experimental results, and the experimental parameters are usually controlled by adjusting the luminous intensity of the light source and the adjustable attenuator.

[0063] After the two photodetectors perform homodyne detection on the results of photodetection, the number of photons obeys the Skellam distribution, which is given by the following formula:

[0064] (ten)

[0065] in, is the modified Bessel function; 、 The two parameters corresponding to the average number of photons in the two light paths are also the two parameters of the Skellam distribution, which determine the shape of this distribution.

[0066] In the embodiment of the present invention, the quantum noise distribution can be obtained through the above calculation.

[0067] Classical noise in the system follows a Gaussian distribution, so we only need to measure the classical noise when there is no light input. , we can calculate the proportion of quantum noise.

[0068] The minimum entropy is calculated by calculating the quantum noise distribution. Randomness is quantified by the minimum entropy, which is defined as:

[0069] (eleven)

[0070] in The probability of the most likely result is . The random number of vacuum state fluctuations obeys the Skellam distribution, which is obtained by the aforementioned quantum noise variance. , you can get , and thus calculate the minimum entropy.

[0071] In the final random number post-processing, the Toeplitz matrix algorithm based on fast Fourier transform is used, and the matrix size is , that is, from The original quantum random number data of bits can be extracted The final random number of bits satisfies the following relationship: According to the minimum entropy result, the above process can obtain the final quantum random number, whose randomness comes from the basic principles of quantum physics and can be verified by information theory.

[0072] In this scheme, the minimum entropy of the raw data is calculated based on the measurement results, which can be obtained within the microcontroller, thus achieving a precise estimation of the minimum entropy. After post-processing the raw data, the final quantum random number of the vacuum state fluctuations can be obtained in real time. This scheme can produce high-speed and stable quantum random numbers.

[0073] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the objectives, technical solutions and beneficial effects of the present invention in detail. It should be understood that the above are only specific embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A quantum random number generator chip, characterized in that: include: An optical chip, a transimpedance amplifier chip, and a microcontroller chip are connected in sequence, wherein: The optical chip includes a continuous laser, an optical beam splitter, a first optical attenuator, a second optical attenuator, a first photodetector, and a second photodetector; wherein the optical chip is obtained by integrating the continuous laser, the optical waveguide chip, the first photodetector, and the second photodetector through a hybrid integration method; wherein the optical waveguide chip is obtained by integrating the optical beam splitter, the first optical attenuator, and the second optical attenuator through a photonic integration method; The microcontroller chip includes a first digital-to-analog converter, a second digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter and a processor; The transimpedance amplifier chip includes a transimpedance amplifier; The optical chip, the transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip are packaged to obtain a single-chip quantum random number generator chip of the order of 1 cm.

2. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The two output ends of the optical beam splitter are independently connected to the first optical attenuator and the second optical attenuator respectively; the output end of the first optical attenuator is connected to the first photodetector, and the output end of the second optical attenuator is connected to the second photodetector.

3. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The optical beam splitter is provided with two input ends, one input end of the optical beam splitter is connected to the continuous laser, and the other input end is left vacant and serves as a vacuum state light input end.

4. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The output end of the first photodetector and the output end of the second photodetector of the optical chip are respectively connected to the transimpedance amplifier of the transimpedance amplifier chip.

5. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The processor is connected to the first digital-to-analog converter, the second digital-to-analog converter and the analog-to-digital converter respectively.

6. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The output end of the first digital-to-analog converter is connected to the first optical attenuator, and the output end of the second digital-to-analog converter is connected to the second optical attenuator.

7. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The input end of the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the transimpedance amplifier.

8. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The size of the optical chip is 2 cm x 1 cm or 5 mm x 3 mm.

9. The quantum random number generator chip according to claim 1, wherein: The size of the transimpedance amplifier chip is 1 mm x 1 mm; the size of the microcontroller chip is 3 mm x 4 mm.

10. A method for designing a quantum random number generator chip according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: include: Integrating the optical beam splitter, the first optical attenuator, and the second optical attenuator onto an optical waveguide chip by a photonic integration method; The continuous laser, the first photodetector, the second photodetector and the optical waveguide chip are hybrid-integrated by a hybrid integration method to form the optical chip; The optical chip, the transimpedance amplifier chip and the microcontroller chip are packaged by a systematic packaging method to form a quantum random number generator chip.

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