Subcooling device, shell-and-tube condenser and water-cooled unit

Abstract

The present invention provides a subcooling device, a shell-and-tube condenser and a water-cooled unit, which relate to the technical field of heat exchangers and solve the technical problem in the prior art that the subcooling device in a traditional condenser has a relatively low heat exchange efficiency. The device is used to be arranged in the shell-and-tube condenser and includes a device body. Wherein, a throttle hole is arranged on the device body, the liquid refrigerant in the condenser shell tube can pass through the throttle hole and the throttle hole is used for the liquid refrigerant to flash into a gas-liquid mixed refrigerant, and the generated gaseous refrigerant can be discharged from the liquid outlet in the condenser shell tube after being condensed by the condensation structure. The present invention is used to increase the subcooling degree of the liquid refrigerant discharged from the shell-and-tube condenser.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of heat exchangers, and more particularly to a subcooling device, a shell-and-tube condenser provided with the subcooling device, and a water-cooled unit. Background Art

[0002] In today's society, air conditioners have become an essential equipment for improving residents' living conditions and regulating the environment. The energy consumption of air conditioning systems also accounts for an increasing proportion of the total energy consumption in our country. Improving the energy efficiency level of air conditioning systems is of great significance for the current "green and efficient" development strategy advocated in our country. In an air conditioning system, increasing the subcooling of the liquid refrigerant can improve the coefficient of performance of the system. Design schemes for enhancing the system energy efficiency by increasing subcooling have been widely adopted by major equipment manufacturers.

[0003] Shell-and-tube condensers are commonly used in large water chiller air conditioning systems. The high-temperature superheated gaseous refrigerant at the inlet exchanges heat with the cooling medium inside the heat exchange tubes, and after cooling and condensation, it becomes a saturated liquid refrigerant. The saturated liquid refrigerant enters the subcooling device to further reduce the temperature (i.e., increase its subcooling degree), and finally passes through the throttle and enters the evaporator to exchange heat with the chilled water, reducing the temperature of the chilled water for supply to users.

[0004] In traditional condensers, the built-in subcooling area adopts a baffle form, that is, the liquid refrigerant passes through the baffle on the outer side of the tube and horizontally crosses the heat exchange tube bundle in the subcooling area to exchange heat with the cooling medium inside the tube. This form has a simple structure, but its heat exchange form is "liquid-liquid" heat transfer. Restricted by the fact that the flow rate on the refrigerant side cannot be too high, the heat exchange efficiency is relatively low; when using the above baffle form for subcooling, to obtain a larger subcooling degree, a sufficient amount of heat exchange area is required, that is, the cost is increased. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a subcooling device, a shell-and-tube condenser, and a water-cooled unit, which solve the technical problem of relatively low heat exchange efficiency in the subcooling device of traditional condensers in the prior art. The many technical effects that can be produced by the preferred technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0007] A subcooling device provided by the present invention is used to be arranged in a shell-and-tube condenser and includes a device body. Wherein, a throttle hole is arranged on the device body, and the liquid refrigerant in the condenser shell tube can pass through the throttle hole, and the throttle hole is used for the liquid refrigerant to flash into a gas-liquid mixed refrigerant, and the generated gaseous refrigerant can be discharged from the liquid outlet on the condenser shell tube after being condensed by the condensation structure.

[0008] Further, the subcooling device further includes a gas-liquid separation section, and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle holes can flow to the gas-liquid separation section to separate the gaseous refrigerant and the liquid refrigerant.

[0009] Further, the total area of the throttle holes is not greater than 80% of the cross-sectional area of the intake pipe of the shell-and-tube condenser.

[0010] Further, the device body includes a central baffle, the central baffle divides the interior of the condenser shell tube into a condensation area and a subcooling area, the condensation tubes of the shell-and-tube condenser are arranged in the condensation area, the condensation structure is arranged in the subcooling area, and the throttle holes are arranged on the central baffle.

[0011] Further, the central baffle includes a top area and side areas, the two side areas are respectively arranged on both sides of the top area, and the extending directions of the top area and the side areas are parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube, and the throttle holes are distributed on the side areas.

[0012] Further, the top area has a structure that is higher in the middle and lower at both ends in the cross-section perpendicular to the axis of the condenser shell tube.

[0013] Further, the device body further includes a gas-liquid separation plate, the gas-liquid separation plate is arranged on the lower plate surface of the top area, there is a gap between the lower end of the gas-liquid separation plate and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube, the two side areas are located below the top area, and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle holes can flow to the gas-liquid separation plate.

[0014] Further, the number of the gas-liquid separation plates is two, the two gas-liquid separation plates are spaced apart and distributed on the top area, and the extending directions of the two gas-liquid separation plates are parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube, and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle holes can respectively flow to the corresponding side gas-liquid separation plates.

[0015] Further, the throttle holes on the side areas extend along the length direction of the side areas, and the lower edge of the gas-liquid separation plate is not higher than the lower edge of the corresponding side throttle holes.

[0016] Further, the device body further includes a spoiler plate, the spoiler plate is arranged between the two gas-liquid separation plates, and the condensation structure is arranged in the area where the spoiler plate is located.

[0017] Further, the spoiler includes a lower spoiler. The two lower spoilers are arranged at intervals and the extending direction is parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube. The bottom end of the lower spoiler is arranged on the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube, and there is a liquid flow channel between the bottom end of the lower spoiler and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube. There is a spacing between the top end of the lower spoiler and the top area, and the top end of the lower spoiler is not lower than the bottom end of the gas-liquid separation plate on the corresponding side. The condensation structure is arranged between the two lower spoilers.

[0018] Further, the spoiler further includes an upper spoiler. The upper spoiler is arranged between the two lower spoilers and the extending direction is parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube. The top end of the upper spoiler is connected to the lower plate surface of the top area. There is a spacing between the bottom end of the upper spoiler and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube. The height of the bottom end of the upper spoiler is not greater than the height of the top ends of the two lower spoilers.

[0019] Further, welding feet are arranged at both ends of the bottom of the lower spoiler, and a liquid passing notch is arranged on the bottom end of the lower spoiler.

[0020] Further, the condensation structure is a condensing tube, and the extending direction of the condensation structure is parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube.

[0021] A shell-and-tube condenser includes the subcooling device described above.

[0022] A water-cooled unit includes the subcooling device described above.

[0023] The present invention provides a subcooling device, which includes a device body. A throttle hole is arranged on the device body. The saturated liquid refrigerant flashes into a gas-liquid mixed refrigerant after passing through the throttle hole. The gaseous refrigerant undergoes phase change heat transfer after passing through the condensation structure and is condensed into a liquid refrigerant again. By utilizing the characteristic of high phase change heat transfer efficiency of the refrigerant, the subcooling degree can be increased without increasing the heat exchange area.

[0024] The preferred technical solution of the present invention can at least further produce the following technical effects:

[0025] The subcooling device further includes a gas-liquid separation part. The gas-liquid mixed refrigerant realizes the gas-liquid separation effect through the gas-liquid separation part. The separated liquid refrigerant is discharged from the liquid outlet in the condenser shell tube. The separated gaseous refrigerant is condensed into a liquid refrigerant after heat exchange through the condensation structure and is discharged from the liquid outlet.

[0026] The device body further includes a spoiler. The spoiler guides the flow direction of the gaseous refrigerant, which is beneficial to the uniform distribution of the air flow and is beneficial to the heat exchange between the gaseous refrigerant and the condensation structure. Description of the Drawings

[0027] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the accompanying drawings required for the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, other accompanying drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0028] Figure 1 is the main view sectional schematic diagram of the shell-and-tube condenser provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 2 is the left view sectional schematic diagram of the shell-and-tube condenser provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 3 is the sectional schematic diagram of the subcooling device provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 4 is the structural schematic diagram of the subcooling device provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 5 is the structural schematic diagram of the central baffle provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 6 is the structural schematic diagram of the lower spoiler provided by the embodiment of the present invention.

[0034] In the figure, 1 - throttle orifice; 2 - condenser shell tube; 21 - liquid outlet; 22 - intake pipe; 23 - condenser tube; 24 - condensation zone; 25 - subcooling zone; 26 - water chamber one; 27 - water chamber two; 3 - central baffle; 31 - top zone; 32 - side zone; 4 - gas-liquid separation plate; 5 - lower spoiler; 51 - welding support leg; 52 - liquid passing notch; 6 - upper spoiler. Detailed Embodiments

[0035] To make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the following will describe the technical solutions of the present invention in detail. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other implementation manners obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts fall within the scope protected by the present invention.

[0036] See Figures 1-6, the present invention provides a subcooling device for being disposed in a shell-and-tube condenser, including a device body. Wherein, a throttling orifice 1 is provided on the device body, and the liquid refrigerant in the condenser shell tube 2 can pass through the throttling orifice 1, and the throttling orifice 1 is used for the liquid refrigerant to flash into a gas-liquid mixed refrigerant, and the generated gaseous refrigerant can be discharged from the liquid outlet 21 on the condenser shell tube 2 after being condensed by the condensation structure. Refer to Figure 2 , which shows the position of the subcooling device disposed in the shell-and-tube condenser near the bottom. The gaseous refrigerant discharged from the compressor enters the interior of the condenser through the inlet pipe 22 on the shell, and the high-temperature gaseous refrigerant exchanges heat with the cooling water inside the condensing tube 23 and condenses into a saturated liquid refrigerant. The saturated liquid refrigerant flashes into a gas-liquid mixed refrigerant after passing through the throttling orifice 1 (there is a pressure loss when the saturated refrigerant passes through the throttling orifice 1, and thus a pressure difference is generated before and after the throttling orifice 1. In the case of a pressure difference, a part of the saturated refrigerant passing through the throttling orifice 1 will flash into a gaseous state to form a gas-liquid mixed refrigerant). The gaseous refrigerant undergoes a phase change heat exchange after passing through the condensation structure and is condensed into a liquid refrigerant again. This condensation process will further increase the subcooling degree of the saturated liquid refrigerant, and the condensed liquid refrigerant is discharged from the liquid outlet 21 inside the condenser shell tube 2. The subcooling device provided by the present invention can utilize the characteristic of high phase change heat exchange efficiency of the refrigerant to improve the subcooling degree without increasing the heat exchange area.

[0037] As an optionally implemented manner of an embodiment of the present invention, the subcooling device further includes a gas-liquid separation part, and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttling orifice 1 can flow to the gas-liquid separation part to realize the separation of the gaseous refrigerant and the liquid refrigerant. The gas-liquid mixed refrigerant can achieve a gas-liquid separation effect through the gas-liquid separation part. The separated liquid refrigerant is discharged from the liquid outlet 21 inside the condenser shell tube 2, and the separated gaseous refrigerant is condensed into a liquid refrigerant after heat exchange through the condensation structure and is discharged from the liquid outlet 21.

[0038] As an optionally implemented manner of an embodiment of the present invention, to enable the throttling orifice 1 to achieve a throttling and flashing effect on the condensed liquid refrigerant, the total area of the throttling orifices 1 is not greater than 80% of the cross-sectional area of the inlet pipe 22 of the shell-and-tube condenser.

[0039] As an optionally implemented manner of an embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figures 2-4 , the device body includes a central baffle 3. The central baffle 3 divides the interior of the condenser shell tube 2 into a condensation area 24 and a subcooling area 25. The condensing tube 23 of the shell-and-tube condenser is disposed in the condensation area 24, a condensation structure is disposed in the subcooling area 25, and the throttling orifice 1 is provided on the central baffle 3.

[0040] The specific structure of the central baffle 3 is as follows: The central baffle 3 includes a top region 31 and side regions 32. The two side regions 32 are respectively arranged on both sides of the top region 31, and the extending directions of the top region 31 and the side regions 32 are parallel to the axis direction of the condenser shell-and-tube 2. Throttle holes 1 are distributed on the side regions 32. The central baffle 3 preferably has a symmetric structure with respect to the center line parallel to the axis of the condenser shell-and-tube 2.

[0041] The cross-section of the top region 31 perpendicular to the axis of the condenser shell-and-tube 2 has a structure that is higher in the middle and lower at both ends. The structure of the top region 31 can guide the saturated liquid refrigerant condensed in the condensation region 24, causing the refrigerant to flow towards the two side regions 32 on both sides, and the liquid refrigerant flashes through the throttle holes 1.

[0042] As an optional implementation manner of the embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figures 2-4 , the device body further includes a gas-liquid separation plate 4. The gas-liquid separation plate 4 is arranged on the lower plate surface of the top region 31. There is a spacing between the lower end of the gas-liquid separation plate 4 and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell-and-tube 2. The two side regions 32 are located below the top region 31, and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle holes 1 can flow towards the gas-liquid separation plate 4.

[0043] Refer to Figures 2-4 , the number of the gas-liquid separation plates 4 is two. The two gas-liquid separation plates 4 are spaced apart and distributed on the top region 31, and the extending direction of the two gas-liquid separation plates 4 is parallel to the axis direction of the condenser shell-and-tube 2. The gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle holes 1 can respectively flow towards the gas-liquid separation plates 4 on the corresponding sides. Refer to Figure 3 , which shows that the refrigerant flowing in from the throttle holes 1 on both sides respectively flows towards the corresponding gas-liquid separation plates 4. After the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant impacts the gas-liquid separation plate 4, under the action of gravity, the liquid refrigerant will gather on the surface of the gas-liquid separation plate 4 and flow towards the bottom of the condenser shell-and-tube 2, while the gaseous refrigerant, due to its smaller density and lighter mass, will flow in the upper region, thus achieving the effect of a gas-liquid separator.

[0044] Refer to Figure 4 , the throttle holes 1 on the side regions 32 extend along the length direction of the side regions 32, and the throttle holes 1 are evenly spaced, and the lower edge of the gas-liquid separation plate 4 is not higher than the lower edge of the throttle holes 1 on the corresponding side (refer to Figure 3 , the throttle holes 1 on the side corresponding to the gas-liquid separation plate 4 on the left are the throttle holes 1 on the left side region 32; the throttle holes 1 on the side corresponding to the gas-liquid separation plate 4 on the right are the throttle holes 1 on the right side region 32).

[0045] As an optional implementation manner of the embodiment of the present invention, the device body further includes a spoiler, the spoiler is arranged between two gas-liquid separation plates 4, and a condensation structure is arranged in the area where the spoiler is located. The spoiler guides the flow direction of the gaseous refrigerant, which is beneficial to the uniform distribution of the air flow and is conducive to heat exchange between the gaseous refrigerant and the condensation structure.

[0046] The specific structure of the spoiler is as follows: Refer to Figure 3 and Figure 4 , the spoiler includes a lower spoiler 5, two lower spoilers 5 are arranged at intervals and the extending direction is parallel to the axis direction of the condenser shell tube 2, the bottom end of the lower spoiler 5 is arranged on the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube 2, and there is a liquid flow channel between the bottom end of the lower spoiler 5 and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube 2. There is a distance between the top end of the lower spoiler 5 and the top area 31, and the top end of the lower spoiler 5 is not lower than the bottom end of the corresponding gas-liquid separation plate 4. Preferably, the top end of the lower spoiler 5 is flush with the middle position of the throttle hole 1 (the throttle hole 1 on the corresponding side) (refer to Figure 3 , the throttle hole 1 on the corresponding side of the lower spoiler 5 on the left side is the throttle hole 1 on the left side part area 32; the throttle hole 1 on the corresponding side of the lower spoiler 5 on the right side is the throttle hole 1 on the right side part area 32), and the condensation structure is arranged between the two lower spoilers 5.

[0047] The spoiler further includes an upper spoiler 6, the upper spoiler 6 is arranged between the two lower spoilers 5 and the extending direction is parallel to the axis direction of the condenser shell tube 2. The top end of the upper spoiler 6 is connected to the lower plate surface of the top area 31, and there is a distance between the bottom end of the upper spoiler 6 and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube 2. The height of the bottom end of the upper spoiler 6 is not greater than the height of the top ends of the two lower spoilers 5. Refer to Figure 3 , which shows the flow situation of the separated gaseous refrigerant under the spoiler action of the lower spoiler 5 and the upper spoiler 6. The condensation structure is a condensation pipe 23, and the extending direction of the condensation structure is parallel to the axis direction of the condenser shell tube 2. Refer to Figure 3 , which shows that the condensation pipe 23 is distributed between the two lower spoilers 5. After the separated gas refrigerant is disturbed, it flows to the condensation pipe 23 between the lower spoilers 5, is condensed into a liquid refrigerant after heat exchange with the condensation pipe 23, and is discharged from the liquid outlet 21.

[0048] As an optional implementation manner of the embodiment of the present invention, refer to Figure 6, which shows the lower spoiler 5. Welding feet 51 are provided at both bottom ends of the lower spoiler 5, and a liquid passing notch 52 is provided at the bottom end of the lower spoiler 5. The lower spoiler 5 is spot-welded and fixed to the inner wall of the condenser shell tube 2 through the welding feet 51 at both ends; through the liquid passing notch 52, a liquid passing channel is formed between the lower spoiler 5 and the inner wall of the condenser shell tube 2. After the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant impacts the gas-liquid separation plate 4, under the action of gravity, the liquid refrigerant will gather on the surface of the gas-liquid separation plate 4 and flow towards the bottom of the condenser shell tube 2, and flow towards the liquid outlet 21 through the liquid passing channel formed between the lower spoiler 5 and the inner wall of the condenser shell tube 2.

[0049] A shell-and-tube condenser includes the subcooling device provided by the present invention. The flash subcooling device causes the saturated liquid refrigerant condensed inside the condenser to flash into a low-temperature saturated gas-liquid two-phase refrigerant. After the gaseous refrigerant is separated, it exchanges heat with the condensation structure, and the gaseous refrigerant condenses into a liquid refrigerant, so that the liquid refrigerant discharged from the liquid outlet 21 has a lower outlet temperature, improving the subcooling degree of the liquid refrigerant.

[0050] A water-cooled unit includes the subcooling device provided by the present invention.

[0051] The above is only the specific implementation manner of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention can easily think of changes or substitutions, which should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. An undercooling device for being arranged inside a shell-and-tube condenser, characterized in that, including a device body, wherein, a throttle orifice (1) is provided on the device body, and the liquid refrigerant in the condenser shell-and-tube (2) can pass through the throttle orifice (1), and the throttle orifice (1) is used for flashing the liquid refrigerant into a gas-liquid mixed refrigerant, and the generated gaseous refrigerant can be discharged from the liquid outlet (21) on the condenser shell-and-tube (2) after being condensed by the condensation structure; the device body includes a central baffle (3), the central baffle (3) divides the interior of the condenser shell-and-tube (2) into a condensation zone (24) and a subcooling zone (25), a condensation tube (23) of the shell-and-tube condenser is arranged in the condensation zone (24), the condensation structure is arranged in the subcooling zone (25), and the throttle orifice (1) is arranged on the central baffle (3); the central baffle (3) includes a top zone (31) and side zones (32), the two side zones (32) are respectively arranged on both sides of the top zone (31), and the extending directions of the top zone (31) and the side zones (32) are parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell-and-tube (2), the throttle orifice (1) is distributed on the side zones (32), and the top zone (31) has a structure that is high in the middle and low at both ends in the cross-section perpendicular to the axis of the condenser shell-and-tube (2).

2. The supercooling device according to claim 1, wherein, the subcooling device further includes a gas-liquid separation part, and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle orifice (1) can flow to the gas-liquid separation part to separate the gaseous refrigerant and the liquid refrigerant.

3. The supercooling device according to claim 1, wherein, the total area of the throttle orifices (1) is not greater than 80% of the cross-sectional area of the intake pipe (22) of the shell-and-tube condenser.

4. The supercooling device according to claim 1, characterized in that, the device body further includes a gas-liquid separation plate (4), the gas-liquid separation plate (4) is arranged on the lower plate surface of the top zone (31), there is a gap between the lower end of the gas-liquid separation plate (4) and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell-and-tube (2), and the two side zones (32) are located below the top zone (31), and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle orifice (1) can flow to the gas-liquid separation plate (4).

5. The supercooling device according to claim 4, characterized in that the number of the gas-liquid separation plates (4) is two, the two gas-liquid separation plates (4) are spaced apart and distributed on the top zone (31), and the extending directions of the two gas-liquid separation plates (4) are parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell-and-tube (2), and the gas-liquid mixed refrigerant discharged from the throttle orifice (1) can respectively flow to the corresponding side gas-liquid separation plate (4).

6. The supercooling device according to claim 5, characterized in that, the throttle orifices (1) on the side zones (32) extend along the length direction of the side zones (32), and the lower edge of the gas-liquid separation plate (4) is not higher than the lower edge of the corresponding side throttle orifice (1).

7. The supercooling device according to claim 5, characterized in that, the device body further includes a spoiler, the spoiler is arranged between the two gas-liquid separation plates (4), and the condensation structure is arranged in the area where the spoiler is located.

8. The supercooling device according to claim 7, characterized in that, The spoiler includes a lower spoiler (5). The two lower spoilers (5) are arranged at intervals and the extending direction is parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube (2). The bottom end of the lower spoiler (5) is arranged on the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube (2), and there is a liquid flow channel between the bottom end of the lower spoiler (5) and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube (2). There is a spacing between the top end of the lower spoiler (5) and the top area (31), and the top end of the lower spoiler (5) is not lower than the bottom end of the gas-liquid separation plate (4) on the corresponding side. The condensation structure is arranged between the two lower spoilers (5).

9. The subcooling device according to claim 8, wherein, The spoiler further includes an upper spoiler (6). The upper spoiler (6) is arranged between the two lower spoilers (5) and the extending direction is parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube (2). The top end of the upper spoiler (6) is connected to the lower plate surface of the top area (31). There is a spacing between the bottom end of the upper spoiler (6) and the inner side surface of the bottom of the condenser shell tube (2). The height of the bottom end of the upper spoiler (6) is not greater than the height of the top ends of the two lower spoilers (5).

10. The supercooling device according to claim 9, characterized in that, Welding feet (51) are arranged at both ends of the bottom of the lower spoiler (5), and a liquid passing notch (52) is arranged on the bottom end of the lower spoiler (5).

11. The subcooling device according to claim 1 or 7, characterized in that, The condensation structure is a condensation tube (23), and the extending direction of the condensation structure is parallel to the axial direction of the condenser shell tube (2).

12. A shell-and-tube condenser, characterized in that, Comprising the subcooling device according to any one of claims 1-11.

13. A water-cooled unit, characterized in that, Comprising the subcooling device according to any one of claims 1-11.

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