Automatic feeding and spraying equipment for pipe fittings

Abstract

The present invention discloses an automatic feeding and spraying equipment for pipe fittings, comprising a pipe fitting conveying chain, an electrostatic spraying chamber and a baking and curing chamber, wherein the pipe fitting conveying chain passes through the electrostatic spraying chamber and the baking and curing chamber, wherein the pipe fitting conveying chain comprises at least two conveying shafts driven by a main power machine and arranged horizontally, wherein conveying sprockets are mounted on the conveying shafts, and conveying chains are mounted on a plurality of conveying sprockets, wherein a plurality of pipe fitting hanging plates arranged vertically and arranged at intervals are mounted on the chain plate side of the conveying chain, wherein each pipe fitting hanging plate is equipped with at least one supporting rod extending outward and capable of being inserted into the pipe fitting to be sprayed, and an automatic feeding machine capable of automatically inserting the pipe fitting into the supporting rod is arranged on one side of the front end of the pipe fitting conveying chain. The present invention has the advantages of simple structure, and improved efficiency and quality of spraying of batch pipe fittings.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to automatic spraying equipment, in particular to automatic pipe-feeding spraying equipment. Background Art

[0002] When spraying pipe fittings, it is necessary to use a separate hanging piece to hang the pipe fittings for spraying, that is, to use a transmission structure of a suspension chain. However, in the spraying process of some thin-walled pipe fittings, the suspension fixture is difficult to design, and it is easy to slip during the spraying process. In addition, it is difficult to achieve automatic loading with such a suspension fixture. Therefore, currently, the pipe fittings are mainly hung on the suspension fixture manually, and then sprayed. After the spraying is completed, the material is unloaded. At the front of the spraying, a large number of workers are required to continuously hang the pipe fittings one by one, which has high labor intensity and low labor efficiency. Summary of the invention

[0003] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an automatic feeding and spraying device for pipe fittings, which changes the original hanging spraying mode, can realize automatic feeding and prevent the problem of pipe fittings slipping during the spraying process.

[0004] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides an automatic feeding and spraying equipment for pipes with the following structure, including a pipe conveyor chain, an electrostatic spraying chamber and a baking and curing chamber. The pipe conveyor chain passes through the electrostatic spraying chamber and the baking and curing chamber, and its structural characteristics are: the pipe conveyor chain includes at least two conveying shafts driven by a main power machine and arranged horizontally, the conveying shafts are provided with conveying sprockets, and multiple conveying sprockets are provided with conveying chains. The chain plate side of the conveying chain is provided with multiple pipe hanging plates arranged vertically and arranged at intervals, each pipe hanging plate is provided with at least one support rod extending outward and capable of being inserted into the pipe to be sprayed, and an automatic loader is provided on one side of the front end of the pipe conveyor chain, which can automatically insert the pipe onto the support rod.

[0005] The automatic feeding machine includes a feeding frame, on which a feeding box is mounted, the feeding box has a supporting frame which is tilted forward and backward and can support multiple pipe fittings, a discharge port for only one pipe fitting to extend out is provided on the side wall of the feeding box close to the conveying chain, the discharge port is located at the bottom of the supporting frame and the height of the discharge port corresponds to the height of the supporting rod, a laterally sliding pushing rod is mounted on the feeding frame and the pushing rod can push the pipe fittings on the supporting frame out of the discharge port and insert them onto the supporting rod under the power of the pushing cylinder.

[0006] The feeding machine frame is provided with a pipe guide device for guiding the pipe to be inserted and sleeved on the supporting rod.

[0007] The pipe guiding device includes a guide groove plate connected to the feeding frame, the guide groove plate is provided with a horizontally arranged and laterally extending guide groove, both lateral ends of the guide groove are provided with horn openings, the front end guide groove of the guide groove plate is a slot hole that passes through the front and back, the guide groove plate is connected with a support rod in place detector for detecting the support rod, and the guide groove plate is also connected with an electromagnetic absorber for adsorbing the pipe fittings so that the pipe fittings are tightly attached to the guide groove.

[0008] The pipe hanging plate is connected to a plurality of supporting rods arranged vertically, a plurality of loading boxes are arranged at intervals above and below, and the loading frame is connected to an automatic feeding device that can respectively assemble pipes into the upper loading boxes.

[0009] The automatic feeding device includes a feeding box vertically slidably connected to a feeding rack, a feeding cylinder for driving the feeding box to slide is installed on the feeding rack, a feeding gap is arranged between the inner side of the feeding box and the feeding rack, an end wall of the feeding box connected to the high end of the supporting rack is openly arranged, a feeding plate vertically slidably connected to the feeding rack from the feeding gap, a pushing cylinder for driving the feeding plate to slide is connected to the feeding rack, and the feeding plate can push the pipe fittings in the feeding box when sliding upward.

[0010] The electrostatic spraying room is equipped with a spraying chain bracket supporting a conveying chain, the electrostatic spraying room includes a spraying room body, the front and rear end walls of the spraying room body are provided with passages for the conveying chain to pass through, the side walls of the spraying room body are connected with a spraying gun that can extend into the spraying room body and spray the pipe fittings, the bottom wall of the spraying room body is connected with a dust exhaust pipe, the other side wall of the spraying room body is connected with a powder recovery machine, and the air inlet pipe of the powder recovery machine is connected with the dust exhaust pipe.

[0011] A spraying bracket driven by a spraying power machine to slide laterally is connected to the side wall of the spraying room body. Two spraying brackets are symmetrically arranged up and down, and when the spraying brackets slide and extend into the spraying room body, the two spraying brackets are respectively located above and below the same section of the conveyor chain. The spraying gun is connected to the inner extending end of the spraying bracket and the powder spraying ports of the two spraying guns are arranged opposite to each other.

[0012] The baking and curing chamber is provided with a baking chain bracket for supporting a conveying chain. The baking and curing chamber is divided into a baking section and a curing section from front to back. A hot air supply pipe and a hot air exhaust pipe are installed on the baking section.

[0013] The baking chain bracket is arranged to be inclined laterally and can make the pipe fittings mounted on the support rod gradually tilt upward from the insertion end to the outwardly extending end. The baking chain bracket is connected to a plurality of pressure shafts which are arranged at intervals, extend laterally and can rotate freely. The pressure shafts are arranged parallel to the baking chain bracket, and are connected to a pressure sprocket which can press against the conveying chain.

[0014] After adopting the above structure, the pipe conveying chain realizes the circular conveying of pipes, that is, the automatic feeder continuously feeds the pipes, the electrostatic spraying chamber electrostatically sprays the pipes, and the baking and curing chamber plasticizes and cures the pipes. Since the conveying chain is provided with a vertical pipe hanging plate and a supporting rod extending outward, the pipes are in a horizontal state during the conveying process and the spraying process, and the hanging spraying is no longer used, which improves the work efficiency, and does not form a hanging point on the outer wall of the pipe (that is, some parts cannot be sprayed), and there will be no slipping problem due to loose hanging, which improves the spraying quality of the pipes. The present invention is particularly suitable for pipes with smaller diameters. The automatic feeder is simple in structure and the pipes can be automatically and accurately inserted into the supporting rod, which improves the labor efficiency while ensuring the spraying quality of the pipes.

[0015] In summary, the present invention has the advantages of simple structure and improved efficiency and quality of plastic spraying of batch pipe fittings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The specific embodiments of the present invention are further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:

[0017] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of the automatic feeder in the embodiment;

[0019] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the structure from a bird's-eye view;

[0020] Figure 4 is along Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the structure viewed from the middle AA line;

[0021] Figure 5 yes Figure 2 A three-dimensional schematic diagram of

[0022] Figure 6 yes Figure 2 A three-dimensional schematic diagram in another direction;

[0023] Figure 7 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of the electrostatic spraying room in the embodiment;

[0024] Figure 8 yes Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the structure from a bird's-eye view;

[0025] Fig. 9 is along Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the BB line section;

[0026] Fig.10 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of the baking and curing chamber in the embodiment;

[0027] Fig.11 is along Fig.10 Schematic diagram of the structure viewed from the CC line;

[0028] Fig.12 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of the conveyor chain in the embodiment;

[0029] Fig.13 yes Fig.12 Schematic diagram of the structure from a bird's-eye view;

[0030] Fig.14 It is the structural principle diagram of the conveyor chain conveying pipe fittings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] refer to Figure 1 The present invention provides an automatic feeding and spraying equipment for pipe fittings. For the convenience of description, Figure 1 The middle right part is the front part of the device. Figure 1 The direction perpendicular to the paper surface is the transverse direction of the device. The device includes a pipe conveying chain, an electrostatic spraying chamber 1 and a baking and curing chamber 2. The pipe conveying chain passes through the electrostatic spraying chamber 1 and the baking and curing chamber 2, and the pipe conveying chain is a rotary conveying chain. Figure 1 The dotted box in the middle represents the three major parts of the above-mentioned device, and the three major parts of the device are described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0032] Reference Figure 1 , Figure 12 to Figure 14 As shown, Fig.14Zone I in the dotted frame refers to the area where the automatic feeder is located, zone II refers to the area where the electrostatic spray chamber is located, and zone III refers to the area where the baking and curing chamber is located. The pipe conveying chain includes at least two conveying shafts 3 driven by a main power machine 30 and arranged horizontally, and conveying sprockets are installed on the conveying shafts 3, and conveying chains 4 are installed on multiple conveying sprockets. In this embodiment, a double-row sprocket structure is adopted, and chain plates 31 arranged at intervals are connected between the two parallel conveying chains 4 on the double-row sprockets. This structure can make the pipes more stable during transportation and ensure that the pipes can be in a horizontal state. The chain plate side of the conveying chain 4 is equipped with multiple pipe hanging plates 5 arranged vertically and arranged at intervals. Each pipe hanging The plate 5 is provided with at least one support rod 6 extending outward and capable of being inserted into the pipe to be sprayed. In the present embodiment, each pipe hanging plate 5 is provided with two rows of support rods, and each row of support rods includes four support rods arranged up and down. Other numbers of support rods 6 can be provided according to actual conditions. The pipe hanging plate 5 is only provided on one of the conveying chains 4, and the other conveying chain serves as a balancing chain, and a guide wheel 32 arranged relative to the pipe hanging plate 5 is installed on the side of the chain plate of the other conveying chain. The guide wheel 32 serves as follows: when the support rod 6 needs to be slightly tilted upward, it can be achieved through the cooperation of the guide rail and the guide wheel 32 and the structure of the pressing wheel. The specific implementation structure will be further described in the subsequent structure.

[0033] Reference Figures 1 to 6As shown, an automatic feeder capable of automatically inserting the pipe fittings onto the support rod 6 is provided at one side of the front end of the pipe conveying chain. The automatic feeder comprises a feeder frame 100, on which a feeder box 101 is mounted, the feeder box 101 has a support frame that is tilted forward and backward and can support multiple pipe fittings, a discharge port for only one pipe fitting to extend out is provided on the side wall of the feeder box 101 close to the conveying chain, the discharge port is located at the bottom of the support frame and the height of the discharge port corresponds to the height of the support rod, a push rod 102 that slides laterally is mounted on the feeder frame 100 and the push rod can push the pipe fittings on the support frame out of the discharge port and insert them onto the support rod 6 under the power of the push cylinder 103. In order to ensure that the pipe fittings can be accurately sleeved on the support rod 6 and prevent the problem of tilting during the pushing process, the feeding frame 100 is equipped with a pipe fitting guide device for guiding the pipe fittings so that they can be inserted on the support rod. The pipe fitting guide device includes a guide groove plate 104 connected to the feeding frame 100. The guide groove plate 104 is provided with a horizontally arranged and laterally extended guide groove 111. Both lateral ends of the guide groove are provided with horn openings. The front end guide groove of the guide groove plate is a slot hole that passes through the front and back. The guide groove plate 104 is connected to a support rod in-place detector 105 for detecting the support rod 6. The in-place detector 105 can adopt a structure of a proximity switch. Of course, a photoelectric switch structure can also be used, the purpose of which is to detect whether the support rod 6 is accurately in place to facilitate the insertion of the pipe fittings. The action of the main power machine 30 can be controlled by the main controller, so that the transmission chain 4 can be accurately in place. The guide groove plate 104 is also connected to an electromagnetic absorber 106 for adsorbing the pipe fittings so that the pipe fittings are tightly attached to the guide groove. The electromagnetic absorber 106 can adopt an electromagnet structure (because the pipe fittings are all iron parts). The electromagnet can absorb the pipe fittings so that they are attached to the guide groove, and then when pushed by the push rod 102, they can accurately slide along the bottom of the guide groove, thereby ensuring the accuracy of insertion on the support rod.

[0034] Reference Figures 1 to 6As shown, in this embodiment, a plurality of vertically arranged supporting rods 6 are connected to the pipe hanging plate 5. In order to improve work efficiency, a plurality of loading boxes 101 are arranged at intervals up and down. In this embodiment, four loading boxes are arranged, which are respectively located on both sides of the push rod 102, that is, two loading boxes 101 are arranged on the front and rear sides of the push rod, and the loading boxes 101 on both sides are arranged at intervals up and down, that is, four push rods are also arranged at the same time, which can simultaneously perform the work of inserting and sleeve pipe fittings for a row of supporting rods 6. The loading frame 100 is connected to an automatic feeding device that can respectively assemble pipe fittings in the loading 101, and the automatic feeding device includes a feeding box 107 vertically slidably connected to the loading frame 100, and the loading frame 100 is equipped with a feeding cylinder that drives the feeding box 107 to slide. 108. A feeding gap is provided between the inner side of the feeding box 107 and the loading rack 100. The end wall of the high end of the loading box 101 connected to the supporting rack is opened, that is, the rear end of the loading box located in front of the pushing rod 102 is opened, and the supporting rack of the loading box is tilted downward from front to back. The front end of the loading box located behind the pushing rod 102 is opened, and the supporting rack of the loading box is tilted downward from back to front. The pushing rod 102 only pushes the pipe fittings located at the lowest part of the supporting rack to perform the above-mentioned insertion work. The loading rack 100 is vertically slidably connected with a feeding plate 109 that vertically slides in the feeding gap. The loading rack 100 is connected with a pushing cylinder 110 that drives the feeding plate 109 to slide. When the feeding plate 109 slides upward, it can push the pipe fittings in the feeding box. When it is necessary to feed materials into the upper material box 101, the feeding cylinder 108 drives the feeding box 107 to slide up and down. When the feeding box reaches the height of one of the loading boxes 101, the pushing cylinder 110 is started to make the feeding plate 109 slide along the above-mentioned feeding gap, pushing the pipe fittings in the feeding box along the open part of the loading box into the supporting rack. The feeding box rises and falls continuously, and can supply pipe fittings to multiple loading boxes, thereby realizing continuous production and improving work efficiency.

[0035] Reference Figures 7 to 9As shown, the electrostatic spraying room 1 is equipped with a spraying chain bracket 7 supporting the conveying chain 4. In order to prevent the conveying chain from vibrating during the conveying process and affecting the spraying effect, the spraying chain bracket 7 is provided. The spraying chain bracket 7 has a slide supporting the chain plate and a long sinking groove along its length. The guide wheel 32 of the conveying chain 4 is located in the long sinking groove, thereby ensuring the stable transmission of the conveying chain 4 and the electrostatic spraying effect. The electrostatic spraying room 1 includes a spraying room body 11. The front and rear end walls of the spraying room body 10 are provided with a through hole for the conveying chain to pass through. The spraying room body 1 A spray gun 12 is connected to the side wall of the spray chamber 11, which can extend into the spray chamber body and spray the pipe fittings. Since a plurality of support rods are provided, a spray bracket 15 driven by a spray power machine 16 to slide laterally is connected to the side wall of the spray chamber body 11. Two spray brackets 15 are symmetrically arranged up and down, and when the spray bracket 15 slides into the spray chamber body, the two spray brackets are respectively located above and below the same section of the conveyor chain. The spray gun 12 is connected to the inner extension end of the spray bracket 15, and the powder spraying ports of the two spray guns 12 are arranged oppositely. The two sets of spray guns spray powder upward and downward at the same time, which can ensure the effect of electrostatic spraying. A dust exhaust pipe 13 is connected to the bottom wall of the above-mentioned spraying chamber body, and a powder recovery machine 14 is connected to the other side wall of the spraying chamber body 11. The air inlet pipe of the powder recovery machine 14 is connected to the dust exhaust pipe 13. The above-mentioned structure not only ensures the production environment, but also achieves waste recycling and saves production resources. The specific structure of the above-mentioned powder recovery machine 14 and the spraying gun is the existing technology, and the existing products of the existing manufacturers can be used. The specific structure is not described in detail here.

[0036] Reference Fig.10 and Fig.11As shown, the baking and curing chamber 2 is provided with a baking chain bracket 8 for supporting the conveying chain 4. The baking and curing chamber 2 is divided into a baking section and a curing section from front to back. The baking section is equipped with a hot air supply pipe 21 and a hot air exhaust pipe 22. The hot air supply pipe 21 is connected to a heat source, and the heat source can adopt oil heating, electric heating and other structures. The heated hot air can be blown into the hot air supply pipe 21 by a fan, and the hot air exhaust pipe 22 can circulate as a heat source air supply, which can save resources and improve efficiency. Since wind flow will be generated during the baking, plasticizing and curing process, in order to prevent the pipe fittings inserted on the support rod 6 from swinging or shaking, the protruding end of the support rod 6 needs to be slightly tilted. Therefore, the above-mentioned baking chain bracket 8 is tilted laterally and can make the pipe fittings mounted on the support rod 6 gradually tilt upward from the insertion end to the outward extension end, and the baking chain bracket 8 also has a slide supporting the above-mentioned chain plate and a long sinking groove along its length direction. The guide wheel 32 of the above-mentioned conveying chain 4 is located in the long sinking groove, thereby ensuring the stable transmission of the conveying chain 4. The baking chain bracket 8 is also connected to a plurality of pressure shafts 9 that are arranged at intervals, extend laterally and can rotate freely. The pressure shaft 9 is arranged parallel to the baking chain bracket 8, and the pressure shaft 9 is connected to a pressure sprocket 10 that can press against the conveying chain 4. The above-mentioned structure is to further ensure the stability of the conveying chain when conveying pipe fittings.

[0037] Reference Figure 1 As shown, at the end of the baking and curing chamber 2, there is provided the above-mentioned conveying shaft 3 and a corresponding conveying sprocket, which can realize rotary conveying, and a discharging station can be provided on the lower half of the conveying chain, and the pipe fittings can be pulled out from the supporting rod 6 manually or by a manipulator. A chain bracket similar to the baking chain bracket 8 also needs to be provided below the lower half of the conveying chain, which can ensure the stability of the entire conveying chain. In addition, the actions of each motor and cylinder in the present invention are all controlled by the master controller, and those skilled in the art can adopt corresponding control programs according to the before and after processes of the above-mentioned actions, and the control principle and structure thereof will not be described again.

[0038] The present invention may also have other embodiments, and other technical solutions formed in the claims will not be described one by one. The present invention is not limited by the above embodiments, and equivalent changes and component replacements based on the above embodiments of the present invention are all within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An automatic feeding and spraying equipment for pipe fittings, comprising a pipe fitting conveyor chain, an electrostatic spraying chamber (1) and a baking and curing chamber (2), wherein the pipe fitting conveyor chain passes through the electrostatic spraying chamber (1) and the baking and curing chamber (2), and is characterized in that: The pipe conveyor chain comprises at least two conveyor shafts (3) driven by a main power machine and arranged horizontally, a conveyor sprocket is mounted on the conveyor shaft (3), a plurality of conveyor sprockets are mounted on conveyor chains (4), a plurality of pipe hanging plates (5) arranged vertically and arranged at intervals are mounted on the chain plate side of the conveyor chain (4), each pipe hanging plate (5) is mounted with at least one supporting rod (6) extending outwards and capable of being inserted into the pipe to be sprayed, and an automatic loading machine capable of automatically inserting the pipe onto the supporting rod (6) is arranged on one side of the front end of the pipe conveyor chain; The automatic loading machine comprises a loading frame (100), a loading box (101) is mounted on the loading frame (100), the loading box (101) has a support frame which is tilted forward and backward and can support a plurality of pipe fittings, a discharge port for only one pipe fitting to extend out is arranged on a side wall of the loading box (101) close to the conveying chain, the discharge port is located at the bottom of the support frame and the height of the discharge port corresponds to the height of the support rod, a push rod (102) which can slide laterally is mounted on the loading frame (100) and the push rod can push the pipe fitting on the support frame out of the discharge port and insert it onto the support rod under the power of the push cylinder (103); The feeding frame (100) is provided with a pipe guide device for guiding the pipe so that the pipe can be inserted into the support rod; The pipe guide device comprises a guide slot plate (104) connected to the feeding frame (100), the guide slot plate (104) being provided with a guide slot which is arranged horizontally and extends laterally, both lateral ends of the guide slot being provided with a horn opening, the front end guide slot of the guide slot plate being a slot hole which passes through from front to back, the guide slot plate (104) being connected with a support rod in position detector (105) for detecting the support rod (6), and the guide slot plate (104) being further connected with an electromagnetic absorber (106) for adsorbing the pipe so that the pipe is tightly attached to the guide slot; The electrostatic spraying room (1) is equipped with a spraying chain bracket (7) supporting a conveying chain (4), and the electrostatic spraying room (1) comprises a spraying room body (11). The front and rear end walls of the spraying room body (11) are provided with passages for the conveying chain to pass through. The side wall of the spraying room body (11) is connected with a spraying gun (12) that can extend into the spraying room body and spray the pipe fittings. The bottom wall of the spraying room body is connected with a dust exhaust pipe (13). The other side wall of the spraying room body (11) is connected with a powder recovery machine (14), and the air inlet pipe of the powder recovery machine (14) is connected to the dust exhaust pipe (13). The baking and curing chamber (2) is provided with a baking chain bracket (8) for supporting the conveying chain (4). The baking and curing chamber (2) is divided into a baking section and a curing section from front to back. The baking section is provided with a hot air supply pipe (21) and a hot air exhaust pipe (22).

2. The automatic pipe feeding and spraying equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pipe hanging plate (5) is connected to a plurality of support rods (6) arranged vertically, a plurality of loading boxes (101) are arranged at intervals in the upper and lower parts, and the loading frame (100) is connected to an automatic feeding device capable of respectively assembling pipes in the upper loading box.

3. The automatic pipe feeding and spraying equipment according to claim 2, characterized in that: The automatic feeding device comprises a feeding box (107) vertically slidably connected to a feeding frame (100); a feeding cylinder (108) for driving the feeding box (107) to slide is installed on the feeding frame (100); a feeding gap is provided between the inner side of the feeding box (107) and the feeding frame (100); an end wall of the feeding box (101) connected to the high end of the supporting frame is open; a feeding plate (109) vertically slidably connected to the feeding frame (100) and vertically sliding in the feeding gap; a pushing cylinder (110) for driving the feeding plate (109) to slide is connected to the feeding frame (100); when the feeding plate (109) slides upward, it can push the pipe fittings in the feeding box.

4. The automatic pipe feeding and spraying equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The side wall of the spraying chamber (11) is connected to a spraying bracket (15) driven by a spraying power machine (16) to slide laterally. Two spraying brackets (15) are symmetrically arranged up and down. When the spraying brackets (15) slide and extend into the spraying chamber, the two spraying brackets are respectively located above and below the same section of the conveyor chain. The spraying gun (12) is connected to the inner extension end of the spraying bracket (15), and the powder spraying ports of the two spraying guns (12) are arranged opposite to each other.

5. The automatic pipe feeding and spraying equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The baking chain bracket (8) is arranged to be inclined transversely and can make the pipe fitting mounted on the support rod (6) gradually tilt upward from the insertion end to the outwardly extending end. The baking chain bracket (8) is connected to a plurality of pressure shafts (9) which are arranged at intervals, extend transversely and can rotate freely. The pressure shafts (9) are arranged parallel to the baking chain bracket (8). The pressure shafts (9) are connected to a pressure sprocket (10) which can be pressed against the conveying chain (4).

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