Endoscope and insertion portion of endoscope

Abstract

An endoscope includes an insertion portion having a fusion surface formed of a resin material having a fusion point of a first temperature, a bending portion formed of a resin material having a fusion point of a second temperature higher than the first temperature, clamped at a prescribed position of the insertion portion, and capable of bending in a prescribed direction, and an elastic member formed in a tubular shape of a resin material different from the fusion surface, with an end portion fused to the fusion surface.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an endoscope having a curved portion covered by an elastic member and an insertion portion of the endoscope. Background Technology

[0002] For example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007-159854, endoscopes used in medical applications have a structure in which a tubular component covers the insertion portion to maintain it watertight. Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007-159854 discloses a technique in which a rigid portion is formed at the front end of the insertion portion using thermoplastic resin, and a thermoplastic resin outer skin is fused to the rigid portion, thereby covering the insertion portion with this outer skin.

[0003] Furthermore, as a method for manufacturing endoscopes inexpensively by reducing the number of components constituting the insertion part, a technique for forming a curved portion using resin is known. For example, if the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007-159854 is applied to an endoscope having a curved portion formed of resin, the outer skin is fused to the curved portion, hindering the deformation of the curved portion.

[0004] The present invention was made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and its object is to provide an endoscope that does not hinder the movement of the curved portion and can be manufactured inexpensively. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Methods for solving problems

[0006] An endoscope according to one aspect of the present invention includes: an insertion portion having a welded surface formed of a first resin material having a melting point of a first temperature; a bending portion formed of a second resin material having a melting point of a second temperature higher than the first temperature, clamped at a predetermined position of the insertion portion and capable of bending in a predetermined direction; and an elastic member formed in a tubular shape from a third resin material different from the first resin material, covering the bending portion, with its end welded to the welded surface.

[0007] In another embodiment of the present invention, the endoscope comprises: an insertion portion having a welded surface formed of a first resin material having a first temperature melting point; a bending portion formed of a second resin material having a second temperature melting point higher than the first temperature, clamped at a predetermined position of the insertion portion and capable of bending in a predetermined direction; an elastic member being a tubular resin member having a first end and a second end, and covering the bending portion; and a front end structure portion constituting the front end of the insertion portion, integrally formed with the first end of the elastic member, the first end of the elastic member being fused to the welded surface.

[0008] An endoscope insertion portion according to one aspect of the present invention comprises: a front end structure portion formed of a first resin material having a first temperature melting point; a bending portion formed of a second resin material having a second temperature melting point higher than the first temperature, and connected to the base end side of the front end structure portion; an elastic member, which is a tubular member having a first end and a second end and covering the bending portion, the elastic member being formed of a third resin material different from the first resin material and having a third temperature melting point, the first end being fused to the front end structure portion; and a flexible tube connected to the base end side of the bending portion. Attached Figure Description

[0009] Figure 1 This is a diagram showing a schematic structure of the endoscope according to the first embodiment.

[0010] Figure 2 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the insertion part in the first embodiment.

[0011] Figure 3 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the insertion part in the second embodiment.

[0012] Figure 4 This is a partial cross-sectional view of the insertion part in the third embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0013] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, in the drawings used in the following description, in order to set each component to a size that is identifiable on the drawings, there are cases where the scale is different for each component. The present invention is not limited to the number of components, the shape of the components, the ratio of the sizes of the components, and the relative positional relationships of the components shown in these drawings.

[0014] (First Implementation)

[0015] Figure 1 This diagram schematically illustrates the structure of the endoscope 1 according to this embodiment. The endoscope 1 includes: an insertion section 2, which is inserted into a subject and is elongated in shape; an operating section 3, which is connected to the base end 2b of the insertion section 2; and a connecting cable 4 extending from the operating section 3. Furthermore, the subject into which the insertion section 2 is inserted can be a living organism such as a human, or a non-living object such as machinery or a building.

[0016] like Figure 2 As shown, the insertion part 2 is constructed by sequentially connecting the front end structure part 11, the bending part 12, and the flexible tube 13 from the front end 2a toward the base end 2b. In addition, the bending part 12 is covered by a tubular elastic member 14. Figure 2This is a partial cross-sectional view of the elastic member 14, which is cut along the central axis of the insertion part 2, so as to facilitate observation of the front end structure 11, the bending part 12 and the flexible tube 13.

[0017] exist Figure 2 In the diagram, when facing directly, the left-right direction is the length direction of the insertion part 2. Figure 2 The left side of the middle section is the front end 2a side of the insertion part 2. Figure 2 The right side of the insertion part 2 is the base end 2b side.

[0018] An imaging device (not shown) is mounted on the front-end structure 11. The imaging device includes an image sensor (imager), an objective lens, etc. In addition, an illumination window (not shown) is provided on the front-end structure 11 for emitting illumination light to illuminate the subject of the imaging device.

[0019] The connecting cable 4 has a connector for connecting to the processor, which is an external device. The endoscope 1 has the form of a video mirror, and the image captured by the camera is displayed on an image display device connected to the processor. The light source for illumination can be disposed either within the front-end structure 11 or within the processor. The camera and illumination window disposed within the front-end structure 11 are known structures, so detailed descriptions are omitted.

[0020] The front end structure 11 is a columnar component extending along the length of the insertion part 2. A space is formed within the front end structure 11 to hold the aforementioned camera device and illumination window, etc. In other words, the front end structure 11 is a frame-shaped component that holds the camera device, illumination window, and other internal components at a predetermined position near the front end 2a of the insertion part 2. The internal components may also include tubing and electronic components.

[0021] The front end structure 11 can be composed of a single component or a combination of multiple components. At least a portion of the outer peripheral surface of the front end structure 11 has a weld surface 11c formed of a first resin material, which is a thermoplastic resin. The weld surface 11c has at least a predetermined width along the length direction of the insertion portion 2 on the outer peripheral surface of the front end structure 11, and is arranged circumferentially throughout. The melting point of the first resin material is a first temperature T1.

[0022] In this embodiment, as an example, the front end structure 11 is a single component formed from a first resin material. The front end structure 11 is a resin molded article using the first resin material. Therefore, in this embodiment, the entire outer peripheral surface of the front end structure 11 is a welded surface 11c.

[0023] The first resin material is a so-called engineering plastic, but its type is not particularly limited as long as it meets the condition of the relationship between the physical properties of the materials constituting the bending part 12 and the elastic member 14 described later.

[0024] In this embodiment, as an example, the first resin material is polycarbonate (PC). When the first resin material is polycarbonate, the first temperature T1, which is the melting point, is approximately 160°C.

[0025] It should be noted that the first resin material can be acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), or high-density polyethylene (HDPE), etc.

[0026] The bending section 12 bends in a predetermined direction according to the movement of the operating lever 30 provided in the operating section 3. The operating lever 30 is a component operated by the user of the endoscope 1. The front ends of a plurality of wires (not shown) inserted into the insertion section 2 are connected to the bending section 12. The base ends of the plurality of wires are connected to a wire traction mechanism provided in the operating section 3.

[0027] The line traction mechanism changes the traction amount of each of the multiple lines according to the movement of the operating lever 30. The bending section 12 changes the direction and angle of bending according to the change in the traction amount of the multiple lines. The structure of the bending section 12, in which the bending direction and angle change according to the change in the traction amount of the multiple lines, is known, so detailed description is omitted.

[0028] The bent portion 12 is flexible and is a columnar component extending along the length direction of the insertion portion 2. The bent portion 12 is formed of a second resin material, which is a thermoplastic resin. The second temperature T2, which is the melting point of the second resin material, is higher than the first temperature T1, which is the melting point of the first resin material.

[0029] The second resin material is a so-called engineering plastic, but its type is not particularly limited. Furthermore, the difference between the second temperature T2, which is the melting point of the second resin material, and the first temperature, which is the melting point of the first resin material, is preferably 30°C or more. In this embodiment, as an example, the second resin material is nylon 66. When the second resin material is nylon 66, the second temperature T2 is approximately 280°C.

[0030] The front end 12a of the bend 12 is connected to the base end 11b of the front end structure 11. Within the bend 12, a space is formed along the length direction for multiple wires, cables connected to the camera device, etc., to pass through.

[0031] Furthermore, a plurality of slits 12c are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the curved portion 12, with the depth direction being orthogonal to the length direction. The slits 12c are used to reduce the bending stiffness of the curved portion 12 in the specified direction.

[0032] The flexible tube 13 is flexible and is a tubular component extending along the length direction of the insertion portion 2. The front end 13a of the flexible tube 13 is connected to the base end 12b of the bend 12. That is, in this embodiment, the bend 12 is clamped at a predetermined position between the front end structure 11 of the insertion portion 2 and the flexible tube 13. Although in Figure 2 Although not shown in the diagram, the base end of the flexible tube 13 is connected to the operating part 3. Multiple wires, cables connected to the camera device, etc., are inserted inside the flexible tube 13. The outer peripheral surface near the front end 13a of the flexible tube 13 is covered with a resin material.

[0033] The elastic member 14 is a tubular component that covers the curved portion 12 and watertightly retains the outer peripheral surface of the curved portion 12. The purpose of using the elastic member 14 to watertightly retain the outer peripheral surface of the curved portion 12 is to prevent liquids or the like from seeping into the insertion portion 2 through the slit 12c.

[0034] The elastic member 14 is formed of a third resin material that is different from the first resin material and the second resin material. That is, the front end structure 11, the bending portion 12, and the elastic material 14 in this embodiment are each formed of different materials.

[0035] The inner circumferential surface of the first end 14a, which is one end of the elastic member 14, is fused to the welding surface 11c of the front end structure 11. The inner circumferential surface of the first end 14a and the welding surface 11c are fused together in a manner that prevents liquid from passing through the interface throughout the entire circumference.

[0036] That is, the third resin material constituting the elastic member 14 is a thermoplastic resin, which can be fused with the first resin material. In this embodiment, the third temperature T3, which is the melting point of the third resin material, is lower than the second temperature T2. In addition, when the third temperature T3 is a value between the first temperature T1 and the second temperature T2, the third temperature T3 is a value that is closer to the first temperature T1 than the second temperature T2.

[0037] More preferably, the third temperature T3 is the same as the first temperature T1. Here, "same" includes the case where they are substantially the same. In this case, the third temperature T3 and the first temperature T1 being substantially the same means that the difference between them is within 10 degrees.

[0038] The third resin material can be any material with a melting point of the third temperature T3, which does not allow liquid to pass through, and which can form a thin and flexible film; there are no particular limitations. In this embodiment, as an example, the third resin material is a polyether block amide copolymer.

[0039] Furthermore, the inner circumferential surface of the second end 14b, which is the other end of the elastic member 14, is fixed to the outer circumferential surface of the flexible tube 13. The inner circumferential surface of the second end 14b and the flexible tube 13 are joined in a manner that prevents liquid from passing through the interface throughout the entire circumference. There is no particular limitation on the method of fixing the inner circumferential surface of the second end 14b to the flexible tube 13. The inner circumferential surface of the second end 14b and the flexible tube 13 can be fixed by adhesive or by welding.

[0040] In this embodiment, as an example, the inner peripheral surface of the second end 14b of the elastic member 14 is joined to the outer peripheral surface of the front end 13a of the flexible tube 13 by welding. The outer peripheral surface of the front end 13a of the flexible tube 13 is covered with a fourth resin material, which is a thermoplastic resin. The fourth temperature T4, which is the melting point of the fourth resin material, is the same as the first temperature T1. Here, "same" includes cases where they are substantially the same.

[0041] As explained above, the first end 14a of the elastic member 14 is fused to the front end structure 10, which is located closer to the front end than the front end 12a of the bent portion 21. Furthermore, the second end 14b of the elastic member 14 is fixed to the flexible tube 13, which is located closer to the base end 12b of the bent portion 21. Therefore, the outer peripheral surface of the bent portion 12 is positioned within the space inside the tubular elastic member 14, which is closed at both ends, thus maintaining a watertight seal.

[0042] In this embodiment, the front end structure 11 and the curved portion 12 are both made of resin. Therefore, during the assembly of the endoscope 1, in the welding process where the elastic member 14 and the front end structure 11 are heated and fused together, the adjacent curved portion 12 is also heated.

[0043] If, in the welding process, the elastic member 14 is welded to the bending portion 12 in addition to the front end structure portion 11, the elastic member 14 will hinder the deformation of the bending portion 12.

[0044] In this embodiment, the melting point of the welding surface 11c of the front end structure 11, i.e. the first temperature T1, is lower than the melting point of the bending portion 12, i.e. the second temperature T2. Therefore, by controlling at least one of the heating temperature and heating time in the welding process, the welding of the elastic member 14 and the front end structure 11 can be achieved, and the welding of the elastic member 14 and the bending portion 12 can be prevented.

[0045] Control of at least one of the heating temperature and heating time in the welding process can be easily achieved by using an electronically controlled heater. In addition, the operation of fixing the elastic member 14 to the front end structure 11 by welding can be easily performed in a short time compared to the operation of fixing the tubular cover member by binding with a wire, such as in conventional endoscopes.

[0046] The endoscope 1 of this embodiment described above has a structure in which a front end structure 11 and a curved portion 12 are formed of resin, and an elastic member 14 is fixed to the front end structure 11 by welding. Therefore, the number of parts can be reduced, and assembly time can also be reduced. Furthermore, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment sets the melting points of the front end structure 11 and the elastic member 14 to be lower than the melting point of the curved portion 12. Therefore, during the welding process of fixing the elastic member 14 to the front end structure 11, welding between the elastic member 14 and the curved portion 12 can be reliably and easily prevented. Thus, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment does not obstruct the movement of the curved portion 12 and can be manufactured inexpensively.

[0047] (Second Implementation)

[0048] The second embodiment of the present invention will now be described. Hereinafter, only the differences from the first embodiment will be described; the same reference numerals will be used to denote the same constituent elements as in the first embodiment, and their descriptions will be omitted as appropriate.

[0049] The structure of the front end section 11 of the endoscope 1 in this embodiment differs from that in the first embodiment. The front end section 11 in this embodiment is constructed by combining multiple components made of different materials.

[0050] Specifically, such as Figure 3 As shown, the front end structure 11 includes an annular portion 11d formed of a first resin material and a main body portion 11e formed of a fifth resin material.

[0051] The main body 11e is a resin molded article using a fifth resin material as a thermoplastic resin. The fifth temperature T5, which is the melting point of the fifth resin material, is higher than the first temperature T1, which is the melting point of the first resin material. Alternatively, the fifth temperature may be a second temperature or higher. As explained in the first embodiment, the second temperature is the melting point of the second resin material constituting the curved portion 12.

[0052] The main body 11e is a columnar component that extends from the front end 11a of the front end structure 11 to the base end 11b along the length direction of the insertion part 2. That is, the front end 12a of the curved part 12 is connected to the main body 11e. In addition, a space for holding the camera device and the lighting window is formed in the main body 11e.

[0053] In this embodiment, as an example, the main body 11e is transparent, and a portion of the main body 11e is formed as an optical component 11f that constitutes at least a portion of the objective lens and illumination window of the imaging device. That is, the main body 11e and the optical component 11f are integrally formed.

[0054] The types of the first resin material and the fifth resin material are not particularly limited. In this embodiment, as an example, the first resin material is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS), and the fifth resin material is polycarbonate (PC).

[0055] The annular portion 11d is a ring-shaped component that surrounds the entire circumferential direction of a portion of the outer peripheral surface of the main body portion 11e. The annular portion 11d is fixed in a state of close contact with the outer peripheral surface of the main body portion 11e. The annular portion 11d and the main body portion 11e are joined in the entire circumferential direction in a manner that prevents liquid from passing through the interface. It should be noted that... Figure 3 In order to make it easier to understand, a mesh-like shading line is applied to the surface of the annular portion 11d, but the shading line does not represent the cross-section of the annular portion 11d.

[0056] The method for fixing the annular portion 11d to the main body portion 11e is not particularly limited. In this embodiment, as an example, the annular portion 11d and the main body portion 11e are formed and fixed by two-color molding. Alternatively, the annular portion 11d may also be fixed to the main body portion 11e by bonding or pressing.

[0057] The outer peripheral surface of the annular portion 11d forms the welded surface 11c. That is, the inner peripheral surface of the first end 14a of the elastic member 14 is welded to the outer peripheral surface of the annular portion 11d.

[0058] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the main body 11e has a wall portion 11g that protrudes outward from the front end structure 11 at a position closer to the base end 11b than the annular portion 11d. The outer peripheral surface of the wall portion 11g is the same as the outer peripheral surface of the annular portion 11d. That is, the outer peripheral surface of the wall portion 11g is the same as the welding surface 11c.

[0059] As explained above, in this embodiment, the endoscope 1 utilizes a welded surface 11c formed of a first resin material to form part of the outer surface of the front end structure 11, and utilizes a fifth resin material with a higher melting point than the first resin material to form the main body 11e, which serves as the other part.

[0060] During the welding process of assembling endoscope 1, in which the elastic member 14 and the welding surface 11c are heated and welded together, heat is also transferred to the main body 11e formed of thermoplastic resin. However, the main body 11e has a higher melting point than the elastic member 14 and the welding surface 11c, so deformation of the main body 11e caused by heating during the welding process can be reliably prevented.

[0061] Preventing deformation in the main body 11e is preferable, as it helps improve the positioning accuracy of the imaging device. Furthermore, as in this embodiment, when the main body 11e and the optical component 11f are integrally formed, preventing deformation in the main body 11e helps achieve the desired optical performance during shooting or illumination, which is therefore even more preferable.

[0062] Furthermore, in this embodiment, on the outer surface of the front end structure 11, at a position closer to the base end 11b than the welding surface 11c (which is the first part), a wall portion 11g, which is the second part, has a higher melting point than the welding surface 11c. By providing the wall portion 11g, it is possible to prevent a portion of the annular portion 11d, which softens due to heating during the welding process, from flowing out to the periphery of the bent portion 12. If a portion of the annular portion 11d flows out to the periphery of the bent portion 12 during the welding process, it may hinder the deformation of the bent portion 12, but this situation can be prevented in this embodiment.

[0063] The endoscope 1 of this embodiment has the same other structures as the first embodiment. Therefore, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment has a structure in which the front end structure 11 and the curved portion 12 are formed of resin, and the elastic member 14 is fixed to the front end structure 11 by welding. This reduces the number of parts and assembly time. Furthermore, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment sets the melting point of the welding surface 11c of the front end structure 11 and the melting point of the elastic member 14 to be lower than the melting point of the curved portion 12. Therefore, during the welding process of fixing the elastic member 14 to the front end structure 11, welding between the elastic member 14 and the curved portion 12 can be reliably and easily prevented. Therefore, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment does not obstruct the movement of the curved portion 12 and can be manufactured inexpensively.

[0064] (Third Implementation)

[0065] The third embodiment of the present invention will now be described. Hereinafter, only the differences from the first embodiment will be described, and the same reference numerals will be used to denote the same constituent elements as in the first embodiment, with appropriate descriptions omitted.

[0066] like Figure 4 As shown, in this embodiment, the elastic member 14 is integrally formed with the front end structure 11. That is, the first end 14a of the annular elastic member 14 is integral with the outer peripheral surface of the front end structure 11.

[0067] A welding surface 13c is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the front end 13a of the flexible tube 13. The welding surface 13c is formed of a fourth resin material, which is a thermoplastic resin. The fourth temperature T4, which is the melting point of the fourth resin material, is approximately the same as the first temperature T1. The second end 14b of the elastic member 14 is joined to the welding surface 13c provided on the flexible tube 13 by welding.

[0068] In this embodiment, the first end 14a of the elastic member 14 is integrally formed with the front end structure 10, which is disposed at a position closer to the front end 12a of the bent portion 21. Furthermore, the second end 14b of the elastic member 14 is fused to the flexible tube 13, which is disposed at a position closer to the base end 12b of the bent portion 21. Therefore, the outer peripheral surface of the bent portion 12 is disposed within the space inside the tubular elastic member 14, which is closed at both ends, thus maintaining a watertight seal.

[0069] The endoscope 1 of this embodiment has the same other structures as the first embodiment. Therefore, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment has a structure in which the front end structure 11 and the elastic member 14 are integrally molded using resin, and the end of the elastic member 14 is fixed to the flexible tube 13 by welding. This reduces the number of parts and assembly time. Furthermore, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment sets the melting point of the weld surface 13c of the flexible tube 13 and the melting point of the elastic member 14 to be lower than the melting point of the bending portion 12. Therefore, during the welding process of fixing the elastic member 14 to the flexible tube 13, welding between the elastic member 14 and the bending portion 12 can be reliably and easily prevented. Therefore, the endoscope 1 of this embodiment does not obstruct the movement of the bending portion 12 and can be manufactured inexpensively.

[0070] Furthermore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and appropriate modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or idea of ​​the invention as read in its entirety from the claims and description. Endoscopes with such modifications are also included within the technical scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An endoscope, characterized in that, Include: The insertion portion has a welding surface formed of a first resin material having a first temperature melting point; The bending portion, which is formed of a second resin material having a melting point of a second temperature higher than the first temperature, is clamped at a predetermined position of the insertion portion and is capable of bending in a predetermined direction; as well as An elastic member, formed into a tubular shape from a third resin material different from the first resin material, covers the curved portion, and its ends are fused to the weld surface. in, The elastic component has a third melting point, which is the same as the first temperature.

2. The endoscope according to claim 1, characterized in that, There is a temperature difference of more than 30°C between the first temperature and the second temperature.

3. The endoscope according to claim 1, characterized in that, The welded surface is provided on the front end structure that is connected to the front end side of the bent portion.

4. The endoscope according to claim 3, characterized in that, The front end structure is formed from the first resin material.

5. The endoscope according to claim 1, characterized in that, The welded surface is the front end of the flexible tube connected to the base end side of the bend.

6. The endoscope according to claim 5, characterized in that, The outer peripheral surface of the front end of the flexible tube is covered by a fourth resin material, and the welded surface is formed in the fourth resin material.

7. The endoscope according to claim 6, characterized in that, The fourth resin material has a fourth melting point, which is the same as the first temperature.

8. The endoscope according to claim 3, characterized in that, The front end structure has a second part on the base end side, which is the first part of the welding surface, and the second part has a melting point higher than the first temperature.

9. An endoscope, characterized in that, Include: The insertion portion has a welding surface formed of a first resin material having a first temperature melting point; The bending portion, which is formed of a second resin material having a melting point of a second temperature higher than the first temperature, is clamped at a predetermined position of the insertion portion and is capable of bending in a predetermined direction; An elastic member, which is a tubular member made of resin having a first end and a second end, and covering the curved portion; as well as The front end structure, which constitutes the front end of the insertion part, is integrally formed with the first end of the elastic member. The first end of the elastic component is fused to the fusion surface.

10. An insertion portion of an endoscope, characterized in that, have: The front end structure is formed of a first resin material having a first temperature melting point; The curved portion is formed of a second resin material having a melting point of a second temperature higher than the first temperature, and is connected to the base end side of the front end structure portion; An elastic component is a tubular component having a first end and a second end and covering the bend, the elastic component being formed of a third resin material different from the first resin material and having a third melting point, the first end being fused to the front end structure. as well as A flexible tube is provided to be connected to the base end side of the bent portion.

11. The insertion portion of the endoscope according to claim 10, characterized in that, The third temperature is the same as the first temperature.

12. The insertion portion of the endoscope according to claim 10, characterized in that, The difference between the first temperature and the second temperature is more than 30°C.

13. The insertion portion of the endoscope according to claim 10, characterized in that, The first resin material is polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, polymethyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, or high-density polyethylene.

14. The insertion portion of the endoscope according to claim 10, characterized in that, The second resin material is nylon 66.

15. The insertion portion of the endoscope according to claim 10, characterized in that, The third resin material is a polyether block amide copolymer.

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