Peripheral adhesive for improved reliability and reduced stress non-uniformity in curved displays with cover glass

Abstract

Embodiments of a curved display assembly, a vehicle interior system, and a vehicle are disclosed herein. The assembly includes a glass sheet having a first major surface and a second major surface. The second major surface defines a first curvature of the glass sheet, and the first curvature has a bending axis. The assembly also includes a curved display having a second thickness between the first display surface and the second display surface. The display has a display area and two extended edges, the two extended edges being adjacent to the display area and parallel to the bending axis. A first adhesive bonds the second display surface to the second major surface in the display area. A second adhesive is disposed between each of the two extended edges and the second major surface. The second adhesive has a higher elastic modulus than the first adhesive. The extended edges each extend a distance outside the display area that is at least three times the second thickness of the curved display.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority under the patent laws of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62 / 916,660, filed on October 17, 2019, the contents of which are relied upon and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to curved display assemblies including glass and methods for forming the same, and more particularly to curved display assemblies and methods for forming the same having reduced stress non-uniformities associated with a bent display. Background Art

[0004] Vehicle interior equipment, household appliances, and consumer electronic devices include curved surfaces and may incorporate displays into such curved surfaces. Materials used to form such curved surfaces are generally limited to polymers, which do not exhibit the durability and optical properties of glass. Thus, curved glass sheets are desirable, especially when used as a cover for a display. Existing methods of forming such curved display assemblies have disadvantages including optical defects associated with light leakage from backlit displays. Therefore, applicants have identified a need for a curved display assembly that may incorporate a curved glass sheet and a curved display that do not experience light leakage issues. Summary of the invention

[0005] According to one aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a curved display assembly. The curved display assembly includes a glass sheet having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface. The glass sheet has a first thickness measured between the first major surface and the second major surface. The second major surface defines a first radius of curvature of the glass sheet, and the first radius of curvature has a bending axis. The curved display assembly also includes a curved display having a second thickness between the first display surface and the second display surface. The display has a display area and two extended edges, the two extended edges are adjacent to the display area and parallel to the bending axis. The curved display assembly includes a first adhesive, the first adhesive bonding the second display surface of the curved display to the second major surface of the glass sheet in the display area. The curved display assembly further includes a second adhesive bonding the two extended edges to the second major surface of the glass sheet. The second adhesive has a higher elastic modulus than the first adhesive. The extended edges each extend a distance outside the display area that is at least three times the second thickness of the curved display.

[0006] In one embodiment, the curved display is at least one of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED (OLED) display, a quantum dot LED (QLED) display, or a plasma display.

[0007] In an implementation, the curved display assembly further includes a backlight disposed on the second display surface such that the curved display is arranged between the backlight and the glass sheet.

[0008] In one embodiment, the curved display assembly further comprises a frame, wherein the frame is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet around the curved display.

[0009] In one embodiment, the curved display is an LCD, which includes a first polarizer defining the first display surface, a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate disposed on the first polarizer, a liquid crystal layer disposed on the TFT substrate, a color filter (CF) substrate disposed on the liquid crystal layer, and a second polarizer disposed on the CF substrate, wherein the second polarizer defines the second display surface.

[0010] In one implementation, the TFT substrate includes the two protruding edges.

[0011] In one embodiment, the TFT substrate and the CF substrate each include a glass material.

[0012] In one embodiment, the elastic modulus of the second adhesive is at least 0.5 MPa.

[0013] In one embodiment, the elastic modulus of the first adhesive is from 10 kPa to 100 kPa.

[0014] In one embodiment, the display area has no more than 1x10 -4 The light leakage fraction.

[0015] In one embodiment, the glass flakes comprise at least one of soda-lime silicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, or alkali aluminosilicate glass.

[0016] In one embodiment, the glass flake comprises a thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of at most 2 mm.

[0017] In one embodiment, the first radius of curvature is from 30 mm to 5 m.

[0018] According to another aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a vehicle interior system including the aforementioned curved display assembly, wherein the vehicle interior system is at least one of a center console, an instrument panel, or an instrument panel.

[0019] According to another aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a vehicle comprising the vehicle internal system.

[0020] In one embodiment, the vehicle is a motor vehicle, an airplane, a sea vessel or a train.

[0021] According to another aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method for forming a curved display assembly. In the method, a glass sheet having a first major surface and a second major surface is provided. The second major surface is opposite to the first major surface. A display is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet. The display includes a display area and two extended edges, the two extended edges being adjacent to the display area. The display area is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a first adhesive, and the two extended edges are bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a second adhesive. The second adhesive has a higher modulus than the first adhesive. In addition, in the method, the glass sheet and the display are bent at a temperature less than the glass transition temperature of the glass sheet to form a curvature having a bending axis in the glass sheet and the display. The two extended edges are parallel to the bending axis, and each of the two extended edges extends beyond the display area by at least one distance, the at least one distance being three times the thickness of the display.

[0022] According to another aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method for forming a curved display assembly. In the method, a curved glass sheet having a first major surface and a second major surface is provided. The second major surface is opposite to the first major surface and defines a curvature having a bending axis. A display is bent on the curvature of the glass sheet. The display includes a display area portion and two extended edges adjacent to the display area portion, the two extended edges being parallel to the bending axis. In addition, in the method, the display is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet. The display area portion is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a first adhesive, and the two extended edges are bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a second adhesive. The second adhesive has a higher modulus than the first adhesive. Each of the two extended edges extends beyond the display area portion by at least one distance, the at least one distance being three times the thickness of the display.

[0023] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the following detailed description, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description and recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein, including the following detailed description, the claims, and the accompanying drawings.

[0024] It will be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary only, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The accompanying drawings illustrate one or more embodiments (multiple) and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles and operation of the various embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a vehicle interior setup with a vehicle interior system according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0026] Figure 2 A curved glass assembly is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0027] Figure 3 A close-up view depicting an LCD bonded to a glass sheet according to one exemplary embodiment.

[0028] Figure 4 Depicted is a rear view of a curved glass assembly according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0029] Figure 5 Depicted is the directional deformation of a cylindrically bent glass sheet according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0030] Figure 6 Describes a cross-sectional view according to an exemplary embodiment Figure 5 Stress distribution in a cylindrically bent glass sheet.

[0031] Figure 7 and Figure 8 Provides for conventional display components ( Figure 7 ) and a curved display assembly according to the present disclosure ( Figure 8 )’s light leakage fraction.

[0032] Fig. 9 The maximum light leakage fraction is depicted as a function of adhesive modulus according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0033] Fig.10 A glass flake having exemplary dimensions is depicted according to one exemplary embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of curved display assemblies, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The curved display assembly includes a cover glass sheet, an outer frame to which the cover glass is attached, a display panel bonded to the cover glass, and a backlight module attached to the outer frame. In an embodiment, both the cover glass sheet and the outer frame have a cylindrical shape in the display area, but may have other shapes and curvatures outside the display area. In addition, the curved display assembly may include more than one display, including having different radii of curvature and axes for each display. As will be discussed herein, the display panel is bonded to the cover glass using an optically clear adhesive, and at the outer edge of the display, a second adhesive having a higher elastic modulus is used to bond the edge of the display to the cover glass. The second adhesive generates a bending moment at the edge of the display, which reduces the appearance of stress non-uniformity (e.g., light leakage from the backlight module generated by the stress in the glass layer). Various aspects and advantages of the curved display assembly and the method for forming the curved display assembly will be described with respect to the exemplary embodiments described herein and shown in the figures.

[0035] The curved display assembly described herein is suitable for use in a variety of different contexts, including consumer electronic devices (such as computer monitors, televisions, etc.), home appliances, and in various vehicle interiors. To illustrate one possible context for the use of a curved display assembly, Figure 1Exemplary vehicle interior equipment 1000 is shown, which includes three different embodiments of vehicle interior systems 100, 200, 300, in which one or more curved display components may be incorporated. Vehicle interior system 100 includes a substrate shown as a center console substrate 110, wherein a curved surface 120 includes a curved display 130. Vehicle interior system 200 includes a substrate shown as an instrument panel substrate 210, wherein a curved surface 220 includes a curved display 230. The instrument panel substrate 210 generally includes an instrument panel 215, which may also include a curved display. Vehicle interior system 300 includes a substrate shown as a steering wheel substrate 310, having a curved surface 320 and a curved display 330. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a substrate that is an armrest, a column, a seat back, a floor, a headrest, a door panel, or any portion of the interior equipment of a vehicle that includes a curved surface. In other embodiments, the substrate is part of a housing for a stand-alone display (i.e., a display that is not permanently attached to a portion of a vehicle). As will be described herein, the curved display assembly is assembled to a frame that can be joined to any of the aforementioned substrates to provide a curved display within, in particular, any of the aforementioned substrates. Thus, the curved display assembly described herein can be used in, in particular, each of the vehicle interior systems 100, 200, and 300.

[0036] Furthermore, the glass material of the curved display assembly can be selected based on its weight, aesthetic appearance, etc., and can be provided with a decorative coating (e.g., an ink or pigment coating) having a pattern (e.g., a brushed metal look, a wood grain look, a leather look, a colored look, etc.) to visually match the glass component to adjacent non-glass components. In certain embodiments, such an ink or pigment coating can have a level of transparency that provides air interface functionality. Additionally or alternatively, the glass material can be provided with a functional coating, such as a coating that provides touch functionality.

[0037] Figure 2 Depicted is a curved display assembly 10, such as a cover glass for a curved display 130, 230, 330 according to an exemplary embodiment. It should be understood that although Figure 2 is described in terms of forming a curved display 130, 230, 330, but Figure 2 The curved display assembly 10 may be used in any suitable curved glass application, including Figure 1 Any curved glass component of any vehicle interior system in the vehicle interior system or other curved glass surface of the vehicle interior equipment 1000. Such curved glass components can be display areas or non-display areas, for example, a flat panel display area and a curved non-display area, a curved display, and a curved display and a curved non-display area.

[0038] Figure 2 1 depicts a cross-sectional view of a curved display assembly 10 according to one exemplary embodiment. Figure 2 As shown in FIG. 1 , the curved display assembly 10 includes a curved glass sheet 12 bonded to a frame 14 by an adhesive layer 16. The glass sheet 12 has a first major surface 18 and a second major surface 20 opposite the first major surface 18. The distance between the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 defines a thickness T1 therebetween. In addition, the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 pass through a minor surface 22 extending around the perimeter of the glass sheet 12.

[0039] The glass flake 12 has a curved shape so that the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 each include at least one curved segment with a radius of curvature R1. In an embodiment, R1 is between 30mm and 5m. In addition, in an embodiment, the glass flake 12 has a thickness T1 (e.g., the average thickness measured between surfaces 18, 20) in the range from 0.05mm to 2mm. In a specific embodiment, T1 is less than or equal to 1.5mm, and in a more specific embodiment, T1 is 0.3mm to 1.3mm. The applicant has found that this type of thin glass flake can be cold-formed into various curved shapes without breaking using cold forming, while providing a high-quality cover layer for various vehicle interior applications. In addition, this type of thin glass flake 12 can be more easily deformed, which may potentially compensate for shape mismatches and gaps that may exist relative to the frame 14.

[0040] In various embodiments, the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12 include one or more surface treatments or layers. The surface treatment may cover at least a portion of the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20. Exemplary surface treatments include anti-glare surfaces / coatings, anti-reflective surfaces / coatings, and easy-to-clean surface coatings / treatments. In one or more embodiments, at least a portion of the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20 may include any one, any two, or all three of the anti-glare surfaces, anti-reflective surfaces, and easy-to-clean coatings / treatments. For example, the first major surface 18 may include an anti-glare surface, and the second major surface 20 may include an anti-reflective surface. In another example, the first major surface 18 includes an anti-reflective surface, and the second major surface 20 includes an anti-glare surface. In yet another example, the first major surface 18 includes an easy-to-clean coating, and the second major surface 20 includes any one or both of the anti-glare surface and the anti-reflective surface. In one or more embodiments, the anti-glare surface includes an etched surface. In one or more embodiments, the anti-reflective surface includes a multilayer coating.

[0041] In an embodiment, the glass flake 12 may further include a pigment design on the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20. The pigment design may include any aesthetic design formed by a pigment (e.g., ink, paint, etc.), and may include, for example, a wood grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, or a trademark. The pigment design may be printed onto the glass flake.

[0042] Generally, the glass sheet 12 can be cold formed or cold bent into a desired curved shape by applying a bending force to the glass sheet 12 while it is on a chuck having a curved surface. Advantageously, it is easier to apply a surface treatment to the flat glass sheet 12 before creating a curvature in the glass sheet 12, and cold forming allows the treated glass sheet 12 to be bent without damaging the surface treatment. In an embodiment, the cold forming process is performed at a temperature less than the glass transition temperature of the glass sheet 12. Specifically, the cold forming process can be performed at room temperature (e.g., about 20°C) or at a slightly elevated temperature, for example, at 200°C or less, 150°C or less, 100°C or less, or at 50°C or less. Nevertheless, the teachings of the present disclosure regarding reducing stress non-uniformities in displays are also applicable to hot formed glass sheets 12 used in curved display assemblies 10.

[0043] like Figure 2 , an adhesive layer 16 is disposed on the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12. The adhesive layer 16 includes a first adhesive 24 and a second adhesive 26 that bond one or more displays 28 to the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12. The adhesive layer 16 includes a third adhesive 30 to bond the frame 14 to the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12. In one embodiment, the first adhesive 24 is an optically clear adhesive, and the second adhesive 26 and the third adhesive 30 are structural adhesives. In an embodiment, the second adhesive 26 and the third adhesive 30 are the same adhesive, and in other embodiments, the second adhesive 26 and the third adhesive are different adhesives.

[0044] In an embodiment, the second adhesive 24 and the third adhesive 30 provide long-term strength after curing at ambient temperature, for example, over the course of about one hour. In an embodiment, exemplary adhesives for the second adhesive 24 and the third adhesive 30 include toughened epoxies, flexible epoxies, acrylics, silicones, urethanes, polyurethanes, or silane-modified polymers. In a specific embodiment, the second adhesive 24 and the third adhesive 30 include one or more toughened epoxies, such as EP21TDCHT-LO (available from Hackensack, NJ), 3M TM Scotch-Weld TMEpoxy DP460 Off-White (available from 3M, St. Paul, MN). In other embodiments, the second adhesive 24 and the third adhesive 30 include one or more flexible epoxies, such as Masterbond EP21TDC-2LO (available from Hackensack, NJ), 3MTM Scotch-Weld TM Epoxy 2216B / A Gray (available from 3M, St. Paul, MN) and 3M™ Scotch-Weld™ Epoxy DP125. In other embodiments, the second adhesive 24 and the third adhesive 30 include one or more acrylic resins, such as Adhesive 410 / Accelerator AP 134 primer, Adhesive Accelerator 25GB (the first two were obtained from LORD Corporation, Cary, NC), DELO PUR SJ9356 (obtained from DELO Industrial Adhesives, Windach, Germany), AA4800, HF8000, MS 9399 and MS 647-2C (the latter four are available from Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany), etc. In other embodiments, the second adhesive 24 and the third adhesive 30 include one or more urethanes, such as 3M TM Scotch-Weld TM Urethane DP640 Brown and 3M TM Scotch-Weld TM Urethane DP604, and in further embodiments, the second adhesive 24 and the third adhesive 30 include one or more silicone resins, such as Dow 995 (available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI). First adhesive 24 can be any of a variety of suitable (ie, optically clear) epoxy, urethane, silicone, or acrylic resins.

[0045] In an embodiment, the first adhesive 24 has an elastic modulus less than the elastic modulus of the second adhesive 26. In an embodiment, the first adhesive 24 has an elastic modulus less than 0.5 MPa, specifically an elastic modulus in the range of 10 kPa to 100 kPa. In an embodiment, the second adhesive 26 has an elastic modulus of at least 0.5 MPa, for example, an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 20 MPa. In addition, in an embodiment, the third adhesive 30 has an elastic modulus of at least 2.0 MPa, for example, an elastic modulus in the range of 2.0 MPa to 20 MPa.

[0046] In the depicted embodiment, the display 28 is curved and provided on the curved section 32 of the second glass sheet 12. In an embodiment, the glass article 10 can be any of a variety of curved shapes, such as a V-shape (e.g., with flat sections on either side of the curved section 32), a C-shape (a continuously curved curved section 32 between the ends of the curved display assembly 10), a J-shape (one flat section and one curved section 32), an S-shape (two curved sections 32 with opposite curvatures), and other possible configurations. Each display 28 can be any of a variety of suitable display types, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED), an organic LED (OLED), a quantum dot LED (QLED), or a plasma display. In addition, the display 28 or the glass sheet 12 can include touch functionality for interacting with the display 28 and / or with the system into which the display is incorporated.

[0047] To illustrate the bonding of display 28 to glass sheet 12, Figure 3 An LCD 28 bonded to a glass sheet 12 is depicted, and the following discussion will be defined in terms of an LCD. However, this discussion is illustrative in nature, and is not intended to imply that the concepts discussed therein apply only to LCDs. Instead, the concepts also apply to LEDs, OLEDs, QLEDs, and plasma displays, among others.

[0048] In conventional LCDs, non-uniformity can appear as a result of stress in the glass layer of the display (i.e., "stress non-uniformity"). In such LCDs, stress in the glass layer can cause birefringence, which changes the polarization of light transmitted through the glass. In conventional LCDs, this polarization change can allow some light to be transmitted through the display when it is desired that no light be transmitted. Light transmitted through the display when darkness is desired is called light leakage. Although there are other sources of light leakage, stress in the glass layer of an LCD is the most popular one. However, not all stress in the glass layer of an LCD causes light leakage. When the principal axis of stress in the glass layer is aligned perpendicularly and parallel to the polarization of the transmitted light, the polarization does not change and therefore no light leakage is caused. For this reason, curved LCDs typically have a front polarizer and a rear polarizer aligned parallel and perpendicular to the axis of curvature. In that case, as long as the glass is bent into a cylindrical shape, the polarization axis is aligned with the principal axis of stress in the glass layer.

[0049] Nevertheless, the deviation from the cylindrical shape causes the principal axis of stress in the glass to rotate from the nominal axis of curvature. In this regard, it is difficult to force a large display panel to conform to a cylindrical shape, where the principal axis of stress remains parallel and perpendicular to the polarization of the transmitted light. According to the present disclosure and as will be described below, the use of a second adhesive 26 having a higher modulus than the optically transparent first adhesive 24 substantially reduces light leakage along the edge of the display 28, which would otherwise be caused by the deviation associated with bending the display 28 into a cylindrical shape. Specifically, the second adhesive 26 applies a moment along the edge of the display to maintain the cylindrical shape. Conventionally, a soft, optically transparent adhesive is used to apply a moment, and the resulting deformation causes a stress distribution in the display panel that causes a light leakage optical defect (i.e., stress non-uniformity) in the display assembly. By using a second adhesive 26 having a higher modulus at least along the edge of the display 28 parallel to the bending axis, such stress non-uniformity defects can be substantially reduced or eliminated.

[0050] refer to Figure 3 , depicts an exemplary embodiment of an LCD 28 bonded to a glass sheet 12. The LCD 28 includes a plurality of layers, including a first polarizer 34, a thin-film-transistor (TFT) substrate 36, a color filter (CF) substrate 38, and a second polarizer 40. Although Figure 3 36 and CF substrate 38. Also not depicted is a backlight for LCD 28, which would be disposed above first polarizer 34 (relative to the substrate 38). Figure 3As can be seen, the TFT substrate 36 extends at least a distance D beyond the peripheral edge 42 of the CF substrate 38. Figure 3 In the drawing of , the peripheral edge 42 is not aligned with the edge of the first polarizer 34 or the second polarizer 40, and the edge of the CF substrate 38 is indicated by a dotted line. In an embodiment, the extension distance D is at least three times the thickness T2 of the display 28 (i.e., D ≥ 3*T2), and the display 28 includes the first polarizer 34 and the second polarizer 40, the TFT substrate 36, the CF substrate 38, and the liquid crystal layer and the sealant. In an embodiment, the display 28 has a thickness T2 from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm. Thus, in an embodiment, the extension distance D is at least 0.75 mm, at least 1.0 mm, at least 1.5 mm, at least 2.0 mm, at least 2.5 mm, etc.

[0051] When LCD 28 is bent to curve the display, a bending moment is applied to TFT substrate 36 and transferred to CF substrate 38 through the sealant around the edge of the liquid crystal layer, particularly because the sealant bonds TFT substrate 36 to CF substrate 38. Advantageously, extending TFT substrate 36 beyond peripheral edge 42 of CF substrate 38 provides a mounting surface for display driver electronics on the overhanging edge 44 of TFT substrate 36. Specifically, electronic chips cannot be located on the curved edge of display 28 because the silicon chips add rigidity to TFT substrate 36, which causes non-uniformity from light leakage when the edge is bent.

[0052] In addition, the second adhesive 26 is applied on the side of the protruding edge 44 opposite to the side where the electronic device is mounted. That is, the second adhesive 26 is disposed between the protruding edge 44 of the TFT substrate 36 and the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12. Figure 4 A rear view of the glass sheet 12 with the LCD 28 mounted thereon is depicted. As can be seen, in an embodiment, the overhanging edge 44 of the TFT substrate 36 extends beyond the CF substrate 38 around the perimeter of the LCD 28, and in an embodiment, the second adhesive 26 is applied to the overhanging edge 44 around the entire perimeter of the LCD 28. However, in other embodiments, the second adhesive 26 is applied only to the lateral sides 46 of the TFT substrate 36 that are parallel to the bending axis α of the glass article 10. Figure 4 As shown in , the glass article 10 has a single bending axis α about which the glass sheet 12 and LCD 28 are bent. In other embodiments, each curved display 28 of the glass article 10 has a bending axis, and the glass sheet 12 may have multiple bending axes, including a bending axis without positioning the display 28. In an embodiment, the display 28 is bent only about a single axis, so that the bend is cylindrical. In addition, although Figure 3The embodiment depicts an extended edge 44 having a uniform extended distance D around the perimeter of display 28, but in an embodiment, the extended distance D is at least three times greater than the thickness T2 of display 28 only in the area where the second adhesive is applied. That is, in an embodiment, the extended distance D of extended edge 44 is at least three times greater than the thickness T2 of display 28 only along the lateral side 46 parallel to the bending axis α.

[0053] Although an LCD 28 has been described, the display 28 may be another type of display, and in such other displays 28, one layer of the display 28 is extended beyond other layers of the display 28 to provide the protruding edge 44, or another layer may be added to the display 28 to provide the protruding edge 44. In addition, in the LCD embodiment, the TFT substrate 36 provides the protruding edge 44 due to the synergistic effect of also providing a mounting location for the electronic device, but in other embodiments, another layer or an added layer may be used to provide the protruding edge 44.

[0054] Applicants conducted various simulations on a curved display assembly 10 constructed according to the LCD described above, including one in which the TFT substrate 36 provided an overhanging edge 44. The curved display assembly 10 used for the simulations was given those dimensions typical for display assemblies found in automotive interior systems. Table 1 provides the materials, thicknesses, and properties of each layer in the curved display assembly 10 used in the simulations. As shown in Table 1, the second adhesive 26 was varied in the simulations to determine the effect on light leakage, and for each simulation discussed above, a detailed description of the second adhesive 26 will be provided.

[0055] Table 1. Layers, materials and properties in curved display components

[0056]

[0057] The simulations and associated data discussed herein consider curved glass assemblies produced by cold bending, where a flat panel display is first attached to a flat glass sheet, and then the flat panel display and glass sheet are cold formed to the final shape, but other simulations have shown that the perimeter adhesive will be equally effective in situations where the glass sheet is first hot-formed or cold-formed before the display above the bent glass sheet. In the simulations, the mechanical simulations calculate the deformations and stresses in the assembly, and the optical simulations calculate the light leakage of the display. For the simulations, it is assumed that the frame is completely rigid and cylindrical in shape. In addition, the frame is given a radius so that the first major surface 18 of the glass sheet 12 has a nominal radius of curvature R1 of 750 mm. Taking into account the thickness of the layer, the frame radius of curvature is calculated to be 751.7 mm. The optically active area of ​​the display is 300 mm wide and 130 mm high. Around the display, the edge of the first adhesive 24 to the edge of the CF substrate 38 is 0.3 mm on all sides. The TFT substrate 36 extends 2.0 mm beyond the CF substrate 38 on all sides, so that the extended edge 44 extends around the entire periphery of the display 28. Gap G( Figure 3 ) is provided between the protruding edge 44 of the TFT substrate 36 to the frame 14. The gap G is 5.0 mm on all sides and the frame is 5.0 mm wide. The curved glass assembly 10 is rectangular and symmetrical. In the simulation, only one quarter of the total assembly is considered, and the symmetry is imposed on both sides. For the optical calculations, only the light leakage caused by the stress is considered. For the display, when the glass layers (i.e., the TFT substrate 36 and the CF substrate 38) are stress-free, no light passes through the display 28. The stress in the glass causes a slight rotation of the polarization of the light, thereby allowing some light to pass through the second polarizer 40. The fraction of the incident intensity from the backlight unit that passes through the display 28 is called the "light leakage fraction."

[0058] Figure 5 Depicts simulation results for deformation of first major surface 18 of glass sheet 12. In the simulation, second adhesive 26 is provided around the entire perimeter of display 28, and second adhesive 26 has an initial elastic modulus of 1.0 MPa. Figure 5 As can be seen in the figure, the curvature deviates slightly from the perfect cylinder. Figure 5 This is most apparent at the top and bottom of the deformation curve shown in . Figure 6 The stress distribution across the first major surface 18 of the glass sheet 12 is depicted. Figure 6 , it can be seen that the highest stresses occur at the right and left edges of the glass sheet 12 where the bending moment is applied from the frame 14 to induce the curvature. Figure 7Depicted is the light leakage fraction of a conventional display bonded to a glass sheet using only an optically clear adhesive, ie, the display does not include the second adhesive 26 between the overhanging edge 44 and the glass sheet 12 of the curved display assembly 10 according to the present disclosure. Figure 8 Regarding other simulations depicting the light leakage fraction in display 28 as described above, where second adhesive 26 is applied around the perimeter of display 28. As may be seen in Figure 7 and Figure 8 As can be seen in a comparison of , the display without perimeter adhesive has at least an order of magnitude higher light leakage than display 28 according to the present disclosure.

[0059] The use of the second adhesive 26 to bond the overhanging edge 44 to the glass sheet 12 has been shown to reduce light leakage, taking into account the effect of display size. The results are summarized below in Table 2. The simulation used to provide the data in Table 2 considers a display constructed as discussed above (i.e., the second adhesive has a modulus of 1.0 MPa, a bend radius of 750 mm, and materials as disclosed in Table 1).

[0060] Table 2. Effect of display size on light leakage

[0061]

[0062] From Table 2, it can again be seen that the use of second adhesive 26 to bond overhanging edge 44 to glass sheet 12 reduces light leakage by approximately an order of magnitude, even as the width of the display increases from 250 mm to 350 mm.

[0063] Table 3 below considers the effect of using the second adhesive 26 only on the lateral sides 46 of the display 28 instead of around the entire perimeter of the display 28. In addition, the extent of the adhesive was varied. As can be seen in Table 3, the maximum light leakage fraction is similar in magnitude to the curved display assembly with the second adhesive 26 applied around the entire perimeter. In addition, when the adhesive reaches the full extent of the overhanging edge 44, the maximum light leakage is the same as it is for the curved display assembly with the second adhesive around the entire perimeter (8.66E-05).

[0064] Table 3. Effect of the range of the second adhesive on light leakage

[0065]

[0066] Fig. 9 Consider the effect of the modulus of the second adhesive 26 on light leakage. Fig. 9 As can be seen in , light leakage decreases rapidly as the modulus approaches 0.5 MPa and remains low as the modulus increases above 0.5 MPa.

[0067] The curved glass assembly 10 described herein can be assembled in a variety of ways. Specifically, the glass sheet 12 of the curved glass assembly can be either hot formed or cold formed. For example, according to a first method, a flat panel display 28 is bonded to a flat glass sheet 12 using a first adhesive 24 and a second adhesive 26. The glass sheet 12 with the display 28 bonded thereto is then cold formed over a chuck (such as a vacuum chuck) to provide the desired curvature to the glass sheet 12 and the display 28. While on the chuck, the frame 14 is bonded to the glass sheet 12 using a third adhesive 30, and a backlight is attached to the display 28. The adhesives 24, 26, 30 are allowed to cure, and the completed curved glass assembly is removed from the chuck.

[0068] In the second method, the glass sheet 12 is first cold formed over the chuck. The display 28 is cold bent and bonded to the glass sheet 12 using the first adhesive 24 and the second adhesive 26. Thereafter, the frame 14 is bonded to the glass sheet 12 using the third adhesive 30, the backlight unit is attached to the display 28, and after curing, the completed curved display assembly 10 is removed from the chuck.

[0069] According to a third method, the glass sheet 12 is permanently bent using a thermoforming technique. The display 28 is cold bent over the glass sheet 12 and bonded to the glass sheet using the first adhesive 24 and the second adhesive 26. The frame 14 is then bonded to the glass sheet 12 using the third adhesive 30, the backlight unit is attached to the display 28, and after curing, the completed curved display assembly 10 is removed from the chuck.

[0070] In various embodiments, the glass sheet 12 is formed of a reinforced glass sheet (e.g., a thermally reinforced glass material, a chemically reinforced glass sheet, etc.). In such embodiments, when the glass sheet 12 is formed of a reinforced glass material, the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 are under compressive stress, and thus the second major surface 20 can experience greater tensile stresses during bending into a convex shape without facing the risk of cracking. This allows the reinforced glass sheet 12 to conform to a more tightly curved surface.

[0071] Once the glass sheet 12 has been bent into a curved shape, the cold-formed glass sheet 12 is characterized by an asymmetric surface compression between the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20. In such embodiments, prior to the cold forming process or being cold formed, the respective compressive stresses in the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12 are substantially equal. After cold forming, the compressive stress on the concave first major surface 18 increases, such that the compressive stress on the first major surface 18 is greater after cold forming than before cold forming. Conversely, the convex second major surface 20 experiences tensile stress during bending, thereby causing a net decrease in surface compressive stress on the second major surface 20, such that the compressive stress in the second major surface 20 after bending is less than the compressive stress in the second major surface 20 when the glass sheet is flat.

[0072] As described above, in addition to providing processing advantages such as eliminating expensive and / or slow heating steps, the cold forming processes discussed herein are believed to produce curved display assemblies having various properties superior to hot-formed glass products, particularly for vehicle interior or display cover glass applications. For example, Applicants believe that, for at least some glass materials, heating during the hot forming process degrades the optical properties of the curved glass sheets, and thus, the curved glass sheets formed utilizing the cold bending processes / systems discussed herein provide both curved glass shapes not believed to be achievable with hot bending processes as well as improved optical quality.

[0073] Furthermore, many glass surface treatments (e.g., anti-glare coatings, anti-reflective coatings, easy-to-clean coatings, etc.) are applied by deposition processes, such as sputtering processes, which are generally unsuitable for coating curved glass articles. Additionally, many surface treatments (e.g., anti-glare coatings, anti-reflective coatings, easy-to-clean coatings, etc.) also cannot withstand the high temperatures associated with hot bending processes. Thus, in the specific embodiments discussed herein, one or more surface treatments are applied to the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12 prior to cold bending, and the glass sheet 12 including the surface treatments is bent into a curved shape as discussed herein. Thus, in contrast to typical hot forming processes, Applicants believe that the processes and systems discussed herein allow for bending of the glass after one or more coating materials have been applied to the glass.

[0074] refer to Fig.10, showing and describing additional structural details of the glass flake 12. As described above, the glass flake 12 has a thickness T1 that is substantially constant and is defined as the distance between the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20. In various embodiments, T1 can represent an average thickness or a maximum thickness of the glass flake. In addition, the glass flake 12 includes a width W1 defined as a first maximum dimension of one of the first major surface 18 or the second major surface 20 that is orthogonal to the thickness T1, and a length L1 defined as a second maximum dimension of one of the first major surface 18 or the second major surface 20 that is orthogonal to both the thickness and the width. In other embodiments, W1 and L1 can be the average width and average length of the glass flake 12, respectively.

[0075] In various embodiments, the thickness T1 is 2 mm or less, and specifically 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm. For example, the thickness T1 may be from about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.15 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.2 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.25 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.35 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.4 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.45 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.55 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.6 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.65 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.7 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.4 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.3 mm, from about 0. In some embodiments, T1 is from about 0.1mm to about 1.2mm, from about 0.1mm to about 1.1mm, from about 0.1mm to about 1.05mm, from about 0.1mm to about 1mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.95mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.9mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.85mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.8mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.75mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.7mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.65mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.6mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.55mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.5mm, from about 0.1mm to about 0.4mm, or from about 0.3mm to about 0.7mm. In other embodiments, T1 belongs to any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0076] In various embodiments, the width W1 is from about 5 cm to 250 cm, from about 10 cm to about 250 cm, from about 15 cm to about 250 cm, from about 20 cm to about 250 cm, from about 25 cm to about 250 cm, from about 30 cm to about 250 cm, from about 35 cm to about 250 cm, from about 40 cm to about 250 cm, from about 45 cm to about 250 cm, from about 50 cm to about 250 cm, from about 55 cm to about 250 cm, from about 60 cm to about 250 cm, from about 65 cm to about 250 cm, from about 70 cm to about 250 cm, from about 75 cm to about 250 cm, from about 80 cm to about 250 cm, from about 85 cm to about 250 cm, from about 90 cm to about 250 cm, from about 95 cm to about 250 cm, from about 100 cm to about 250 cm, from about 110 cm to about 250 cm, from about 120 cm to about 250 cm, from about 130 cm to about 250 cm, from about 140 cm to about 250 cm, from about 150 cm to about 250 cm In the range of about 120 cm to about 250 cm, from about 130 cm to about 250 cm, from about 140 cm to about 250 cm, from about 150 cm to about 250 cm, from about 5 cm to about 240 cm, from about 5 cm to about 230 cm, from about 5 cm to about 220 cm, from about 5 cm to about 210 cm, from about 5 cm to about 200 cm, from about 5 cm to about 190 cm, from about 5 cm to about 180 cm, from about 5 cm to about 170 cm, from about 5 cm to about 160 cm, from about 5 cm to about 150 cm, from about 5 cm to about 140 cm, from about 5 cm to about 130 cm, from about 5 cm to about 120 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 100 cm, from about 5 cm to about 90 cm, from about 5 cm to about 80 cm, or from about 5 cm to about 75 cm. In other embodiments, W1 falls within any of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0077] In various embodiments, the length L1 is from about 5 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 50 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 100 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 150 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 200 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 250 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 300 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 350 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 400 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 450 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 500 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 550 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 600 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 650 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 650 cm to about 1500 cm, from about 700 cm to about 1 In some embodiments, L1 is from about 500cm to about 1500cm, from about 750cm to about 1500cm, from about 800cm to about 1500cm, from about 850cm to about 1500cm, from about 900cm to about 1500cm, from about 950cm to about 1500cm, from about 1000cm to about 1500cm, from about 1050cm to about 1500cm, from about 1100cm to about 1500cm, from about 1150cm to about 1500cm, from about 1200cm to about 1500cm, from about 1250cm to about 1500cm, from about 1300cm to about 1500cm, from about 1350cm to about 1500cm, from about 1400cm to about 1500cm, or from about 1450cm to about 1500cm in the scope. In other embodiments, L1 belongs to any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0078] In various embodiments, one or more radii of curvature (e.g., Figure 2) is about 30 mm or more. For example, R1 can be from about 30 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 50 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 70 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 90 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 110 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 150 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 200 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 250 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 300 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 350 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 400 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 450 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 500 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 600 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 650 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 700 mm to about 5000 mm, from about 8 ... From about 500mm to about 5000mm, from about 550mm to about 5000mm, from about 600mm to about 5000mm, from about 650mm to about 5000mm, from about 700mm to about 5000mm, from about 750mm to about 5000mm, from about 800mm to about 5000mm, from about 850mm to about 5000mm, from about 900mm to about 5000mm, from about 950mm to about 5000mm, from about 1000mm to about 5000mm, from about 1500mm to about 5000mm, from about 2 000mm to about 5000mm, from about 2500mm to about 5000mm, from about 3000mm to about 5000mm, from about 3500mm to about 5000mm, from about 4000mm to about 5000mm, from about 4500mm to about 5000mm, from about 30mm to about 4500mm, from about 30mm to about 4000mm, from about 30mm to about 3500mm, from about 30mm to about 3000mm, from about 30mm to about 2500mm, from about 30mm to about 2000mm, from about 30mm to about In some embodiments, R1 is from about 1500mm, from about 30mm to about 1000mm, from about 30mm to about 950mm, from about 30mm to about 900mm, from about 30mm to about 850mm, from about 30mm to about 800mm, from about 30mm to about 750mm, from about 30mm to about 700mm, from about 30mm to about 650mm, from about 30mm to about 600mm, from about 30mm to about 550mm, from about 30mm to about 500mm, from about 30mm to about 450mm, or from about 30mm to about 400mm in the scope. In other embodiments, R1 belongs to any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0079] Various embodiments of the vehicle interior system may be incorporated into vehicles such as trains, motor vehicles (e.g., cars, trucks, buses, etc.), sea vessels (ships, ships, submarines, etc.), and aircraft (e.g., drones, airplanes, jets, helicopters, etc.).

[0080] Enhanced glass properties

[0081] As described above, the glass flake 12 can be reinforced. In one or more embodiments, the glass flake 12 can be reinforced to include compressive stress extending from the surface to the depth of compression (DOC). The compressive stress region is balanced by a central portion that exhibits tensile stress. At the DOC, the stress crosses from positive (compressive) stress to negative (tensile) stress.

[0082] In various embodiments, the glass sheet 12 can be mechanically strengthened by exploiting the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between portions of the article to create regions of compressive stress and a central region that exhibits tensile stress. In some embodiments, the glass sheet can be thermally strengthened by heating the glass to a temperature above the glass transition point and then rapidly quenching.

[0083] In various embodiments, the glass flakes 12 can be chemically strengthened by ion exchange. In the ion exchange process, ions at or near the surface of the glass flake are replaced by or exchanged with larger ions of the same atomic valence or oxidation state. In those embodiments where the glass flakes comprise an alkali aluminosilicate glass, the ions and larger ions in the surface layer of the article are monovalent alkali metal cations, such as Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+. Alternatively, the monovalent cations in the surface layer can be replaced with monovalent cations other than alkali metal cations, such as Ag+, etc. In such embodiments, the monovalent ions (or cations) exchanged into the glass flakes generate stress.

[0084] The ion exchange process is typically performed by immersing the glass flakes in a molten salt bath (or two or more molten salt baths) containing larger ions to be exchanged with smaller ions in the glass flakes. It should be noted that aqueous salt baths may also be utilized. In addition, the composition of the bath(s) may include more than one type of larger ion (e.g., Na+ and K+) or a single larger ion. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the parameters for the ion exchange process include, but are not limited to, bath composition and temperature, immersion time, number of immersions of the glass flake in the salt bath (or baths), use of multiple salt baths, additional steps such as annealing, washing, etc., and are typically determined by the composition of the glass flakes (including the structure of the article and any crystallization stages present) and the desired DOC and CS of the glass flakes resulting from the enhancement. Exemplary molten bath compositions may include nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of larger alkali metal ions. Typical nitrates include KNO3, NaNO3, LiNO3, NaSO4, and combinations thereof. The temperature of the molten salt bath is typically in the range of from about 380° C. to as high as 450° C., while the immersion time ranges from about 15 minutes to as high as 100 hours, depending on the glass sheet thickness, bath temperature, and glass (or monovalent ion) diffusivity. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above may also be used.

[0085] In one or more embodiments, the glass flakes may be immersed in a molten salt bath of 100% NaNO3, 100% KNO3, or a combination of NaNO3 and KNO3 having a temperature from about 370°C to about 480°C. In some embodiments, the glass flakes may be immersed in a molten mixed salt bath comprising from about 5% to about 90% KNO3 and from about 10% to about 95% NaNO3. In one or more embodiments, after being immersed in the first bath, the glass flakes may be immersed in a second bath. The first bath and the second bath may have different compositions and / or temperatures from each other. The immersion times in the first bath and the second bath may be different. For example, the immersion in the first bath may be longer than the immersion in the second bath.

[0086] In one or more embodiments, the glass flakes can be immersed in a molten mixed salt bath comprising NaNO3 and KNO3 (e.g., 49% / 51%, 50% / 50%, 51% / 49%) having a temperature of less than about 420°C (e.g., about 400°C or about 380°C) for less than about 5 hours, or even about 4 hours or less.

[0087] The ion exchange conditions can be adapted to provide a "spike" or increase the slope of the stress profile at or near the surface of the resulting glass flakes. The spike can result in a larger surface CS value. This spike can be achieved with a single bath or multiple baths, where the bath(s) have a single composition or a mixed composition due to the unique properties of the glass compositions used in the glass flakes described herein.

[0088] In one or more embodiments where more than one monovalent ion is exchanged into the glass flake, different monovalent ions can be exchanged to different depths within the glass flake (and produce different magnitudes of stress within the glass flake at different depths). The resulting relative depths of the stress-producing ions can be determined and result in different characteristics of the stress distribution.

[0089] CS is measured using those means known in the art, such as by using a surface stress meter (FSM) such as a commercially available instrument, such as the FSM-6000 manufactured by Orihara Industrial Co., Ltd. (Japan). Surface stress measurements rely on accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC) related to the birefringence of the glass. The SOC is in turn measured by those methods known in the art such as the fiber and four-point bend methods (two of which are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2013) entitled "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient", the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) and the bulk cylindrical method. As used herein, CS may be the "maximum compressive stress", which is the highest compressive stress value measured within the compressive stress layer. In some embodiments, the maximum compressive stress is located at the surface of the glass sheet. In other embodiments, the maximum compressive stress may occur at a depth below the surface, considering that the compression depicts the appearance of a "buried peak".

[0090] DOC can be measured by FSM or by a scattered light polariscope (SCALP) (such as the SCALP-04 scattered light polariscope available from Glasstress Ltd., Tallinn Estonia), depending on the strengthening method and conditions. When the glass flakes are chemically strengthened by ion exchange treatment, FSM or SCALP can be used depending on which ions are exchanged into the glass flakes. In the case where the stress in the glass flakes is generated by exchanging potassium ions into the glass flakes, FSM is used to measure DOC. In the case where the stress is generated by exchanging sodium ions into the glass flakes, SCALP is used to measure DOC. In the case where the stress in the glass flakes is generated by exchanging both potassium ions and sodium ions into the glass, DOC is measured by SCALP because it is believed that the exchange depth of sodium indicates the DOC and the exchange depth of potassium ions indicates the change in the magnitude of the compressive stress (rather than the stress change from compression to tension); the exchange depth of potassium ions in such glass flakes is measured by FSM. Central tension or CT is the maximum tensile stress and is measured by SCALP.

[0091] In one or more embodiments, the glass flakes can be enhanced to exhibit a DOC described as a fraction of the thickness T1 of the glass flakes (as described herein). For example, in one or more embodiments, the DOC can be equal to or greater than about 0.05T1, equal to or greater than about 0.1T1, equal to or greater than about 0.11T1, equal to or greater than about 0.12T1, equal to or greater than about 0.13T1, equal to or greater than about 0.14T1, equal to or greater than about 0.15T1, equal to or greater than about 0.16T1, equal to or greater than about 0.17T1, equal to or greater than about 0.18T1, equal to or greater than about 0.19T1, equal to or greater than about 0.2T1, equal to or greater than about 0.21T1. In some embodiments, the DOC may be in the range of from about 0.08T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.09T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.18T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.11T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.12T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.13T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.14T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.15T1 to about 0.25T1, from about 0.08T1 to about 0. In some examples, the DOC may be about 20 μm or less.In one or more embodiments, the DOC may be about 40 μm or greater (e.g., from about 40 μm to about 300 μm, from about 50 μm to about 300 μm, from about 60 μm to about 300 μm, from about 70 μm to about 300 μm, from about 80 μm to about 300 μm, from about 90 μm to about 300 μm, from about 100 μm to about 300 μm, from about 110 μm to about 300 μm, from about 120 μm to about 300 μm, from about 140 μm to about 300 μm, from about 150 μm to about 300 μm, from about 40 μm to about 290 μm, from about 40 μm to about 280 μm, from about 40 μm to about 260 μm, from about 50 μm to about 500 μm From about 40 μm to about 250 μm, from about 40 μm to about 240 μm, from about 40 μm to about 230 μm, from about 40 μm to about 220 μm, from about 40 μm to about 210 μm, from about 40 μm to about 200 μm, from about 40 μm to about 180 μm, from about 40 μm to about 160 μm, from about 40 μm to about 150 μm, from about 40 μm to about 140 μm, from about 40 μm to about 130 μm, from about 40 μm to about 120 μm, from about 40 μm to about 110 μm, or from about 40 μm to about 100 μm. In other embodiments, the DOC falls within any of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0092] In one or more embodiments, the strengthened glass flakes may have a CS (which may be seen at the surface or at depth within the glass flake) of about 200 MPa or greater, 300 MPa or greater, 400 MPa or greater, about 500 MPa or greater, about 600 MPa or greater, about 700 MPa or greater, about 800 MPa or greater, about 900 MPa or greater, about 930 MPa or greater, about 1000 MPa or greater, or about 1050 MPa or greater.

[0093] In one or more embodiments, the reinforced glass flakes may have a maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) of about 20 MPa or more, about 30 MPa or more, about 40 MPa or more, about 45 MPa or more, about 50 MPa or more, about 60 MPa or more, about 70 MPa or more, about 75 MPa or more, about 80 MPa or more, or about 85 MPa or more. In some embodiments, the maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) may be in the range from about 40 MPa to about 100 MPa. In other embodiments, CS falls within the exact numerical range set forth in this paragraph.

[0094] Glass composition

[0095] Suitable glass compositions for use in the glass sheet 12 include soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass.

[0096] Unless otherwise specified, the glass compositions disclosed herein are described in units of mole percent (mol %) as analyzed on an oxide basis.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include SiO2 in an amount within a range from about 66 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 67 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 68 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 69 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 70 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 72 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 78 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 76 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 75 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 74 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 72 mol%, or from about 65 mol% to about 70 mol% and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Al2O3 in an amount greater than about 4 mol%, or greater than about 5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Al2O3 in a range from greater than about 7 mol% to about 15 mol%, from greater than about 7 mol% to about 14 mol%, from about 7 mol% to about 13 mol%, from about 4 mol% to about 12 mol%, from about 7 mol% to about 11 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 15 mol%, from about 9 mol% to about 15 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 15 mol%, from about 11 mol% to about 15 mol%, or from about 12 mol% to about 15 mol% and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the upper limit of Al2O3 may be about 14 mol%, 14.2 mol%, 14.4 mol%, 14.6 mol%, or 14.8 mol%.

[0099] In one or more embodiments, the glass article is described as an aluminosilicate glass article or includes an aluminosilicate glass composition. In such embodiments, the glass composition or article formed thereby includes SiO2 and Al2O3 and is not a soda-lime silicate glass. In this regard, the glass composition or article formed thereby includes Al2O3 in an amount of about 2 mol% or greater, 2.25 mol% or greater, 2.5 mol% or greater, about 2.75 mol% or greater, about 3 mol% or greater.

[0100] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises B2O3 (e.g., about 0.01 mol% or greater). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises B2O3 in an amount in the range from about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of B2O3.

[0101] As used herein, the phrase "substantially free" with respect to a component of a composition means that the component was not actively or intentionally added to the composition during initial batching, but may be present as an impurity in an amount less than about 0.001 mole %.

[0102] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition optionally comprises P2O5 (e.g., about 0.01 mol% or greater). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises a non-zero amount of up to and including 2 mol%, 1.5 mol%, 1 mol%, or 0.5 mol% P2O5. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of P2O5.

[0103] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include a total amount of R2O (which is the total amount of alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, and Cs2O) greater than or equal to about 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes a total amount of R2O in a range from about 8 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 18 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 16 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 12 mol%, from about 9 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 11 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 12 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 13 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 14 mol%, or from 11 mol% to about 13 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of Rb2O, Cs2O, or both Rb2O and Cs2O. In one or more embodiments, R2O may include only the total amount of Li2O, Na2O, and KO. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include at least one alkali metal oxide selected from Li2O, Na2O, and KO, wherein the alkali metal oxide is present in an amount greater than about 8 mol% or more.

[0104] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the composition includes Na2O in a range from about 8 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 18 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 16 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 12 mol%, from about 9 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 11 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 12 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 13 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 14 mol%, or from 11 mol% to about 16 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0105] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes less than about 4 mol % K2O, less than about 3 mol % K2O, or less than about 1 mol % K2O. In some examples, the glass composition can include KO in an amount in a range from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.1 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, or from about 0.5 mol% to about 1 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can be substantially free of KO.

[0106] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Li2O.

[0107] In one or more embodiments, the amount of Na2O in the composition may be greater than the amount of Li2O. In some examples, the amount of Na2O may be greater than the combined amount of Li2O and K2O. In one or more alternative embodiments, the amount of Li2O in the composition may be greater than the amount of Na2O or the combined amount of Na2O and K2O.

[0108] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include a total amount of RO (which is the total amount of alkaline earth oxides such as CaO, MgO, BaO, ZnO, and SrO) in the range of from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes a non-zero amount of RO up to about 2 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes RO in an amount from about 0 mol% to about 1.8 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.6 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.8 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0109] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes CaO in an amount less than about 1 mol%, less than about 0.8 mol%, or less than about 0.5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of CaO.

[0110] In some embodiments, the glass composition includes MgO in an amount from about 0 mol % to about 7 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 6 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 0 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 7 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 6 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 7 mol %, from about 2 mol % to about 6 mol %, or from about 3 mol % to about 6 mol %, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0111] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises ZrO in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises ZrO in a range from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises SnO in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises SnO in a range from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0113] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include oxides that impart color or tint to the glass article. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes oxides that prevent the glass article from fading when the glass article is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Examples of such oxides include, without limitation, oxides of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ce, W, and Mo.

[0114] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Fe expressed as Fe2O3, wherein Fe is present in an amount up to (and including) about 1 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Fe. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Fe2O3 in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Fe2O3 in a range from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0115] Where the glass composition includes TiO2, TiO2 may be present in an amount of about 5 mol% or less, about 2.5 mol% or less, about 2 mol% or less, or about 1 mol% or less. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of TiO2.

[0116] Exemplary glass compositions include SiO2 in an amount ranging from about 65 mol% to about 75 mol%, Al2O3 in an amount ranging from about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, Na2O in an amount ranging from about 12 mol% to about 17 mol%, K2O in an amount ranging from about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, and MgO in an amount ranging from about 1.5 mol% to about 6 mol%. Optionally, SnO2 may be included in an amount otherwise disclosed herein. It should be understood that while the foregoing glass composition paragraphs express approximate ranges, in other embodiments, the glass sheet 12 may be made of any glass composition that falls within any of the exact numerical ranges discussed above.

[0117] Aspect (1) of the present disclosure relates to a curved display assembly, comprising: a glass sheet having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite to the first major surface, the glass sheet having a first thickness measured between the first major surface and the second major surface, wherein the second major surface defines a first radius of curvature of the glass sheet and wherein the first radius of curvature has a bending axis; a curved display having a second thickness between the first display surface and the second display surface, the display comprising a display area and two protruding edges, the two protruding edges being adjacent to the display area and parallel to the bending axis; a first adhesive, the first adhesive bonding the second display surface of the curved display to the second major surface of the glass sheet in the display area; and a second adhesive, the second adhesive bonding each of the two protruding edges to the second major surface of the glass sheet, the second adhesive having a higher elastic modulus than the first adhesive; wherein the protruding edges each extend a distance outside the display area that is at least three times the second thickness of the curved display.

[0118] Aspect (2) is about the curved display assembly of aspect (1), wherein the curved display is at least one of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED (OLED) display, a quantum dot LED (QLED) display or a plasma display.

[0119] Aspect (3) With respect to the curved display assembly of aspect (1) or aspect (2), further comprising a backlight disposed on the second display surface such that the curved display is arranged between the backlight and the glass sheet.

[0120] Aspect (4) The curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (3), further comprising a frame, wherein the frame is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet around the curved display.

[0121] Aspect (5) is a curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (4), wherein the curved display is an LCD comprising a first polarizer defining a first display surface, a thin-film-transistor (TFT) substrate disposed on the first polarizer, a liquid crystal layer disposed on the TFT substrate, a color filter (CF) substrate disposed on the liquid crystal layer, and a second polarizer disposed on the CF substrate, the second polarizer defining a second display surface.

[0122] Aspect (6) is about the curved display assembly of aspect (5), wherein the TFT substrate comprises two protruding edges.

[0123] Aspect (7) Regarding the curved display assembly of any one of aspects (1) to (3), 7. The curved display assembly of aspect (5) or aspect (6), wherein the TFT substrate and the CF substrate each comprise a glass material.

[0124] Aspect (8) The curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (7), wherein the elastic modulus of the second adhesive is at least 0.5 MPa.

[0125] Aspect (9) The curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (8), wherein the elastic modulus of the first adhesive is from 10 kPa to 100 kPa.

[0126] Aspect (10) The curved display assembly of any one of aspects (1) to (9), wherein the display portion has a width not exceeding 1×10 -4 The light leakage fraction.

[0127] Aspect (11) A curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (10), wherein the glass sheet comprises at least one of soda-lime silicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, or alkali aluminosilicate glass.

[0128] Aspect (12) A curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (11), wherein the glass sheet comprises a thickness between the first major surface and the second major surface of at most 2 mm.

[0129] Aspect (13) A curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (12), wherein the first radius of curvature is from 30 mm to 5 m.

[0130] Aspect (14) relates to a vehicle interior system, comprising a curved display assembly according to any one of aspects (1) to (13), wherein the vehicle interior system is at least one of a center console, an instrument panel, or an instrument panel.

[0131] Aspect (15) relates to a vehicle, and includes the internal system of the vehicle of aspect (14).

[0132] Aspect (16) is about the vehicle of aspect (15), wherein the vehicle is a motor vehicle, an airplane, a sea vessel or a train.

[0133] Aspect (17) is about a method for forming a curved glass product, the method comprising the following steps: providing a glass sheet, the glass sheet comprising a first main surface and a second main surface, the second main surface being opposite to the first main surface; bonding a display to the second main surface of the glass sheet, the display comprising a display area and two protruding edges adjacent to the display area, wherein the display area is bonded to the second main surface of the glass sheet using a first adhesive and the two protruding edges are bonded to the second main surface of the glass sheet using a second adhesive, the second adhesive having a higher modulus than the first adhesive; bending the glass sheet and the display at a temperature less than the glass transition temperature of the glass sheet to form a curvature having a bending axis in the glass sheet and the display; wherein the two protruding edges are parallel to the bending axis; and wherein each of the two protruding edges extends beyond the display area by at least one distance, the at least one distance being three times the thickness of the display.

[0134] Aspect (18) relates to a method for forming a curved glass product, the method comprising the following steps: providing a curved glass sheet, the curved glass sheet comprising a first major surface and a second major surface, the second major surface being opposite to the first major surface and defining a curvature having a bending axis; bending a display on the curvature of the glass sheet, the display comprising a display area and two protruding edges, the two protruding edges being adjacent to the display area and parallel to the bending axis; and bonding the display to the second major surface of the glass sheet, wherein the display area is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a first adhesive and the two protruding edges are bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a second adhesive, the second adhesive having a higher modulus than the first adhesive; wherein each of the two protruding edges extends beyond the display area by at least one distance, the at least one distance being three times the thickness of the display.

[0135] Aspect (19) The method of aspect (18), wherein the step of providing a curved glass sheet comprises thermoforming the flat glass sheet to introduce a permanent curvature into the flat glass sheet.

[0136] Aspect (20) is about the method of aspect (18), wherein the step of providing a bent glass sheet comprises cold forming the flat glass sheet by bending the flat glass sheet on a chuck at a temperature less than the glass transition temperature of the flat glass sheet.

[0137] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is not intended that any method described herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Thus, in a method claim that does not actually recite the order in which its steps are to be followed, or that the steps are not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or description to be limited to a specific order, no specific order is intended to be inferred. In addition, as used herein, the article "a" is intended to include one or more than one component or element, and is not intended to be construed as meaning only one.

[0138] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosed embodiments. Since modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and changes of the disclosed embodiments that incorporate the spirit and substance of the embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art, the disclosed embodiments should be deemed to include all matters within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A curved display assembly, comprising: a glass sheet having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, the glass sheet having a first thickness measured between the first major surface and the second major surface, wherein the glass sheet is bent about a bending axis into a cylindrical shape; A curved display having a second thickness between the first display surface and the second display surface, the curved display comprising a display region and two extended edges, the two extended edges being adjacent to the display region and parallel to the bending axis, wherein the curved display comprises a glass layer; a first adhesive bonding the second display surface of the curved display to the second major surface of the glass sheet in a display region; and a second adhesive bonding each of the two protruding edges to the second major surface of the glass sheet, the second adhesive having a higher elastic modulus than the first adhesive, wherein the second adhesive applies a bending moment along the two protruding edges to maintain the curved display in a cylindrical shape; The protruding edges each extend outside the display area by a distance that is at least three times the second thickness of the curved display.

2. The curved display assembly of claim 1, wherein the curved display is at least one of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED (OLED) display, a quantum dot LED (QLED) display, or a plasma display.

3. The curved display assembly of claim 1, further comprising a backlight disposed on the second display surface such that the curved display is disposed between the backlight and the glass sheet.

4. The curved display assembly of claim 1, further comprising a frame, wherein the frame is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet around the curved display.

5. The curved display assembly of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the curved display is an LCD, the LCD comprising a first polarizer defining the first display surface, a thin-film-transistor disposed on the first polarizer; A TFT substrate, a liquid crystal layer disposed on the TFT substrate, and a color filter disposed on the liquid crystal layer. CF) substrate, and a second polarizer disposed on the CF substrate, the second polarizer defining the second display surface.

6. The curved display assembly of claim 5, wherein the TFT substrate comprises the two protruding edges. 7 . The curved display assembly of claim 5 , wherein the TFT substrate and the CF substrate each comprise a glass material.

8. The curved display assembly of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the elastic modulus of the second adhesive is at least 0.5 MPa.

9. The curved display assembly of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the elastic modulus of the first adhesive is from 10 kPa to 100 kPa.

10. The curved display assembly of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the display area has a width not exceeding 1×10 -4 The light leakage fraction.

11. The curved display assembly of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the glass sheet comprises at least one of soda-lime silicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, or alkali aluminosilicate glass.

12. The curved display assembly of any of Claims 1-4, wherein the glass sheet comprises a thickness of at most 2 mm between the first major surface and the second major surface.

13. The curved display assembly of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the second major surface defines a first radius of curvature of the glass sheet, the first radius of curvature being from 30 mm to 5 m.

14. The curved display assembly of any one of claims 1-4, further comprising a frame, wherein the frame is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet around the curved display via a third adhesive.

15. The curved display assembly of claim 14, wherein: The elastic modulus of the first adhesive is greater than or equal to 10 kPa and less than or equal to 100 kPa; The elastic modulus of the second adhesive is greater than or equal to 0.5 MPa and less than or equal to 20 MPa; The elastic modulus of the third adhesive is greater than or equal to 2.0 MPa and less than or equal to 20 MPa.

16. The curved display assembly of claim 14, wherein the frame has a cylindrical shape and the glass sheet is attached to the frame after cold forming.

17. A method of forming a curved glass article, the method comprising the steps of: providing a curved glass sheet, the curved glass sheet comprising a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein the curved glass sheet is bent about a bending axis into a cylindrical shape; bending a display on the glass sheet, the display comprising a display portion and two protruding edges, the two protruding edges being adjacent to the display portion and parallel to the bending axis, wherein the display comprises a glass layer; and bonding the display to the second major surface of the glass sheet, wherein the display portion is bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a first adhesive and the two extended edges are bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet using a second adhesive having a higher modulus than the first adhesive, wherein the second adhesive applies a bending moment along the two extended edges to maintain the display in a cylindrical shape; Each of the two protruding edges extends beyond the display area by at least one distance, and the at least one distance is three times the thickness of the display.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of providing a curved glass sheet comprises thermoforming the flat glass sheet to introduce a permanent curvature into the flat glass sheet.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of providing a curved glass sheet comprises cold forming the flat glass sheet by bending the flat glass sheet on a chuck at a temperature less than a glass transition temperature of the flat glass sheet.

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