Method for manufacturing a super-high-speed transport complex and super-high-speed transport complex

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of ultra-high-speed transport, in particular to a mainline transport system for transporting passengers and goods, which provides for the movement of vehicles along a track structure in a closed overpass. The proposed method for manufacturing and arranging an ultra-high-speed transport complex in Unitsky comprises installing supports (2) on a foundation (1), arranging and fastening at least one trussed overpass (4) in a span (3) between the supports (2), the trussed overpass (4) being prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction, the trussed overpass (4) being in the form of a series of longitudinal trussed track structures (5) for self-propelled vehicles (6). Subsequently, an annular frame (7) is formed and fastened on the trussed overpass (4) transversely to the trussed track structure (5). An inner row (Р1) and an outer row (Р2) of load-bearing elements (Р) are arranged and fixed on the inner surface (A) and the outer surface (в) of the annular frame (7), respectively, and subsequently the load-bearing elements (Р) are tensioned in the longitudinal direction. An inner layer (8.1) and an outer layer (8.2) of a wall (10) of a sealed evacuated tunnel (9) are formed with a circular cross-sectional profile. A space (V) formed between the inner layer (8.1) and the outer layer (8.2) of the wall (10) of the sealed evacuated tunnel (9) is filled with a hardened material (11.1) of an intermediate layer (12). On the inner layer (8.1) of the wall (10) of the sealed evacuated tunnel (9) are arranged rail cables (13) of a tunnel track structure (14) for a super high speed vehicle (15), the rail cables (13) being prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction, the super high speed vehicle (15) comprising a vehicle body (16) with a power unit (17), the vehicle body (16) providing a compartment seal during movement.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of very high speed transportation (speeds greater than 700 km / h), in particular to mainline transportation systems for transporting passengers and goods, which provide for the movement of vehicles along a track structure in an enclosed overpass. Background Art

[0002] Metro-type transport systems are known, which represent a cable track with a track structure and tunnels for suitable vehicles located therein [1].

[0003] The disadvantages of this transportation system are the significant restrictions on vehicle speeds in conventional subways and the huge cost of building such a transportation system.

[0004] Yansufin's supersonic ground transport system is also known, which consists of a vehicle with a carriage equipped with a linear motor rotor, super electromagnets and super permanent magnets at the bottom of the carriage. On the support there is an all-metal gas-tight main pipe consisting of individual pipes tightly connected to each other by annular bellows. Boarding gates are located at the terminal and intermediate stations of the vehicle. The carriages are equipped with doors that open outwards. Vacuum pumps adjusted for automatic operation are installed on the main pipe along the entire length of the track, and wind turbines are installed on the top of the main pipe, mainly at the joints of the individual pipes. [2].

[0005] The disadvantages of this transport system are the inefficiency and high costs of the infrastructure ensuring that the vehicles are suspended over extended sections of the track structure.

[0006] Very rapid transit systems are also known, in which the guideway tracks are located on a closed reinforced concrete overpass in an above-ground or underground location. The car represents the fuselage of the aircraft, and for the lateral stability of the car on the curved section of the guideway track above the car in the overpass, special guides are provided, which are gripped by rollers mounted on the top of the car. At the beginning of the movement, the guideway tracks point downhill, while when moving back, the guideway tracks point uphill, which helps to achieve more effective braking at the end of the track; for the same purpose, air is sucked from the overpass on the destination station side and pumped on the departure station side [3].

[0007] However, the transport system of the above construction does not fully exploit the possibilities of reducing airflow resistance at the higher speeds of the proposed vehicle. Moreover, a significant disadvantage of the above transport system is the limitation of the smoothness and softness of the ride due to the lack of flatness and straightness of the track structure, which does not allow the development of high speeds.

[0008] Hyperloop transport systems are known which consist of an elevated tube on a support in which individual transport capsules move. Special guides and ventilators located in the nose of the capsule redirect the oncoming airflow from below the bottom, which allows the creation of an air cushion under pre-vacuum conditions under the capsule. The capsule is driven by a linear electric motor, in which the stator is an aluminum guide installed at certain intervals in the tube. A rotor is located in each capsule. Since the stator performs not only acceleration but also deceleration, in the latter case the kinetic energy of the capsule is also converted into electrical energy [4].

[0009] The disadvantages of this transport system are the complexity of controlling, ensuring the stability of the transport capsule and preventing it from rotating around its own axis, and the inefficiency and high cost of the infrastructure that ensures the levitation of the transport capsule during its movement.

[0010] Among the pipeline transport systems with closed overpasses widely used in the world, a system is known in which the outer shell design of the transport structure includes a rigid composite reinforced pipe made of several materials. Each multi-layer pipe comprises an inner protective layer made of wear-resistant material, an intermediate layer made of composite material and an outer protective layer, which are interconnected, and a flange for connecting adjacent pipes or pipe fittings. The inner protective layer and the intermediate layer are attached to each other. The intermediate layer is made of polymer concrete reinforced with longitudinal rods, which are rigidly attached to the reinforcement frame together with the flange [5].

[0011] However, this transportation system does not provide its use as a closed track structure within which self-propelled vehicles move, thereby providing for the transportation of passengers and goods.

[0012] Also known is a railway transportation system comprising: a rectangular underground reinforced concrete tunnel with a shallow foundation (made in a temporarily open trench); guide rails welded at the ends and laid on the tunnel bottom with shock-absorbing strips providing vibration and sound insulation protection; and a shuttle train having an electric drive and carriages mounted on silent wheels on the tunnel rails [6].

[0013] The disadvantages of this transport system are the significant restrictions on the speed of vehicle movement and the huge cost of building such a transport system.

[0014] It is known that in 1969, the dean of the Faculty of Science and Technology of Majo University from Nagoya, Kenoya Ozawa (English: Kyunojo Ozawa or Hisanojo Ozawa), built a vacuum tunnel in which he placed a jet train that could reach a speed of 2,300 km / h. The train was 220 meters long and 5 meters in diameter. The following year, Ozawa transported experimental animals on this train.[7]

[0015] However, due to the high costs of vacuum tunnels and track structures, this transport system was not developed further.

[0016] A method for constructing a highway for high-speed electric freight and passenger transport is known, according to which an extended reinforced concrete overpass with guide rails laid on longitudinal and transverse beams is erected on piles. The main line passes through a tunnel and is equipped with passenger platforms and transmission line pylons [8].

[0017] However, in the transport system according to the above method, the airflow resistance of the proposed vehicle at high speed is not reduced. In addition, a significant disadvantage of this transport system is the limitation of smoothness and softness due to the lack of flatness and straightness of the track structure, which hinders the high-speed development of the vehicle.

[0018] From the economic and technical aspects, the above-mentioned technical solutions for the construction of transport complexes are characterized by increased costs and insufficiently straight track structures used therein, due to the presence in their structure of joints of guide rail tracks and intersections between elements of closed overpasses, which prevent the creation of a "velvety" track for vehicles and means that it is impossible to achieve high speeds with corresponding transport reliability on the track structures of this type of transport complex.

[0019] High-speed transport complexes have evolved further with the development and creation of transport systems based on the Unitsky tandem track structure, which is based on the use of load-bearing tandem rod components as the main structural elements of the guide rail and track structure as a whole, which are prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction.

[0020] The method of manufacturing and designing a super-high-speed transport complex of Unitsky is the closest in technical essence to the proposed method and achieves the same positive effects as the proposed method. According to Unitsky's method, a tunnel (made in the form of a pipe prestressed in the longitudinal direction by tension) is installed in the span between the supports located on the foundation. The tunnel is equipped with a prestressed track structure and a movable self-propelled vehicle installed on the track structure, which self-propelled vehicle includes a body with a power unit [9].

[0021] The transport complex with the described track structure ensures its high load-bearing capacity, however, the significant material and labor intensity and low workability caused by the design of the track structure, as well as the difficulties in transporting large-sized extended span structures in the form of large-diameter seamless pipes to the installation site and their installation in sites with complex terrain, as well as the unfavorable efficiency of the construction process of such transport complexes, and their limited possibility of covering large spans between adjacent intermediate supports are constraints on the widespread use of such transport complexes.

[0022] The technical goal that a group of inventions united by a single inventive design aims to achieve is to create a method of manufacture and arrangement of a super-fast transport complex, whereby, by improving them, creating new design schemes and production sequences, as well as by using modern materials, a simplification of the technological process of manufacturing the complex and an expansion of its functional capabilities is achieved.

[0023] The purpose of the present invention is to achieve the following technical goals:

[0024] – Improve the technical results of the manufacturing process and design of the hypersonic transport complex as a whole.

[0025] – Increase the specific load-bearing capacity of the track structure;

[0026] - Improvement of operational and technical characteristics of the transport complex;

[0027] - Increase the rigidity of the structure and the flatness of the guide rail track. Summary of the invention

[0028] The technical goal according to the object of the present invention is achieved by a method for manufacturing a super-high-speed transport complex in Unitsky, wherein supports are installed on a foundation; at least one trussed overpass (prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction) is made and fastened in the span between them, the trussed overpass being in the form of a series of longitudinal trussed track structures for self-propelled vehicles; an annular frame is formed, which is fastened to the trussed overpass transversely to the trussed track structure; inner and outer rows of load-bearing elements (tensioned in the longitudinal direction) are arranged and fastened to the inner and outer surfaces of the annular frame, respectively; at least one close-fitting overpass is formed. The invention relates to an inner layer and an outer layer of a sealed evacuated tunnel, wherein the sealed evacuated tunnel has an annular cross-sectional profile, wherein the sealed evacuated tunnel wall is made of a hardening composition, wherein the inner layer and the outer layer are formed by applying the hardening composition to the inner row and the outer row of load-bearing elements respectively, and the space between the formed inner layer and the outer layer of the sealed evacuated tunnel is filled with the hardening material of the intermediate layer, and at least one rail cable of the tunnel-type track structure is located on the inner layer of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall, and the rail cable is prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction, and the tunnel-type track structure is used for a super-high-speed vehicle, which includes a body with a power unit, and the body provides sealing of the compartment during movement.

[0029] Achievement of this result is also ensured by the fact that the design of the ultra-high-speed transport complex of Unitsky is manufactured according to the method according to the proposed technical solution and comprises: at least one overpass type truss-type tandem track structure, at least one overpass type truss-type tandem track structure is installed in the span between supports located on the foundation; at least one self-propelled vehicle installed on the track structure; the track structure is connected to at least one tunnel-type track structure, the tunnel-type track structure comprises a sealed evacuated tunnel, the wall of which has a circular cross-sectional profile; the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel comprises an inner layer, an outer layer and an intermediate layer, and at least one rail cable located in a sealed evacuated tunnel, the sealed evacuated tunnel being used for a very high-speed vehicle having a body and a power unit providing compartment sealing during movement, wherein the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel is provided with an annular frame connected to each layer of the wall layer; and the inner and outer layers of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall are made of a hardening composition and are reinforced by prestressing corresponding load-bearing elements tensioned in the longitudinal direction; the load-bearing elements are fastened to the inner and outer surfaces of the annular frames, respectively; and wherein the middle layer of the wall is made of a hardening material, which fills the space between the inner and outer layers of the wall.

[0030] This can also be achieved if the hardened material of the intermediate layer sealing the evacuated tunnel wall comprises a load-bearing element of the intermediate layer which is prestressed to the nominal design force by tensioning in the longitudinal direction and fastened to the annular frame.

[0031] A solution to this problem is also ensured in case concrete is used as hardening material for the intermediate layer sealing the evacuated tunnel wall.

[0032] The technical object can also be achieved if the inner and outer layers of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall are made of a reinforced polymer hardening composition in the form of polyurethane, and / or polyurea, and / or polyetheretherketone, and / or a combination thereof.

[0033] The technical goal can also be achieved if the distance between the annular frames is L,m defined by the following relationship:

[0034] 0.1≤ L / D ≤ ​​5,

[0035] Where D,m is the outer diameter of the sealed evacuation tunnel.

[0036] The set technical objectives are also achieved due to the fact that the intermediate layer sealing the evacuated tunnel wall is made with a thickness h0, m defined by the following ratio:

[0037] 0.025≤ h0 / D ≤ 0.25

[0038] This result can also be achieved if the thickness of the inner and outer layers of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall are h1,m and h2,m respectively defined by the following ratios:

[0039] 0.01≤ h1 / h0 ≤ 0.1,

[0040] 0.01≤ h2 / h0 ≤ 0.1

[0041] The technical object can also be achieved if the load-bearing elements of the inner and outer layers of the sealing evacuated tunnel wall are made with diameters d0, m defined by the following ratio:

[0042] 0.25 ≤ d0 / h1 ≤ 0.95,

[0043] 0.25 ≤ d0 / h2 ≤ 0.95

[0044] The solution of the given task is also achieved due to the fact that adjacent load-bearing elements of the inner and outer layers of the sealing evacuated tunnel wall have a gap δ, m located between each other defined by the following ratio:

[0045] 0 ≤ δ / d0 ≤ 5

[0046] This result can also be achieved if adjacent layers of the sealed evacuation tunnel wall are connected to each other in the transverse direction along their entire length.

[0047] The proposed innovatively modified embodiment of the transport complex - with a combination of truss-type and tunnel-type track structures prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction of the corresponding load-bearing elements, allows achieving significant advantages compared to known technical solutions. In particular, it makes it possible to achieve the required straightness of the track structures of the ultra-high-speed transport complex, increase their rigidity, reduce the material density and ensure compensation of temperature expansions with an increase in specific load-bearing capacity, processability and overall operating efficiency.

[0048] The above-mentioned features characterizing the proposed technical solution are distinctive, since, in general, they are sufficient to solve the given technical task and achieve the expected technical result, and each of them is independent - it is necessary to identify and distinguish the claimed method of manufacturing and arranging the ultra-high-speed transport complex of Unitsky from similar technical solutions known in the art.

[0049] This set of general and unique features characterizing the claimed method of manufacturing and arranging the ultra-high-speed transport complex of Unitsky is unknown in the art and is novel and sufficient in all cases to be covered by the scope of legal protection. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] In the following, reference will be made to the accompanying drawings ( Figure 1-13 ) The essence of a group of inventions connected with a single inventive concept is explained by a detailed description of the method for manufacturing and arranging a super-fast transport complex in Unitsky, the attached drawings of which are shown below:

[0051] Figure 1 - Layout of the ultra-high-speed transport complex in Unitsky - front view (example);

[0052] Figure 2 - Layout of the ultra-high-speed transport complex in Unitsky - side view (example);

[0053] Figure 3 - Layout of the track structure of the Unitsky ultra-high-speed transport complex with the corresponding vehicles - front view (embodiment);

[0054] Figure 4 - Layout of the track structure of the Unitsky hypersonic transport complex with six truss track structures - front view (example);

[0055] Figure 5 - Layout of the transport complex with mounted and suspended vehicles of maximum dimensions on truss tracks on spans - front view (example);

[0056] Figure 6- Layout of a transport complex with medium-sized mounted and suspended vehicles on truss tracks on a straddle - front view (embodiment);

[0057] Figure 7 - Layout of the transport complex with mounted and suspended vehicles of minimum dimensions on truss tracks on spans - front view (example);

[0058] Figure 8 -Layout diagram (embodiment) arranged on the annular frame bearing elements of the inner and outer layers of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall;

[0059] Fig. 9 - Layout diagram of schematic view of the ring frame column base of the tunnel track structure on the truss overpass - axonometric diagram (embodiment);

[0060] Fig.10 - Layout of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall structure - cross-sectional fragment (embodiment);

[0061] Fig.11 - Layout of the outer structure of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel - cross-sectional fragment (Example);

[0062] Fig.12 - Sealed evacuated tunnel wall inner layer structure layout diagram - cross-sectional fragment (embodiment);

[0063] Fig.13 - Layout of a station with a track structure equipped with appropriate boarding platforms - Axonometric drawing (example).

[0064] Location on the map:

[0065] 1 – Basics;

[0066] 2 – Support;

[0067] 2а – anchor support;

[0068] 2b – intermediate support;

[0069] 3 – span between supports;

[0070] 4- Truss type overpass;

[0071] 5–truss track structure;

[0072] 5.1 – Upper chord plate of trussed track structure;

[0073] 5.2 – Bottom chord plate of trussed track structure;

[0074] 6 – Self-driving vehicles;

[0075] 6.1-Mounted self-propelled vehicles;

[0076] 6.2 – Suspended self-propelled vehicle;

[0077] 7 – Ring frame;

[0078] 8.1- Seal the inner layer of the evacuated tunnel wall;

[0079] 8.2 – Sealing the outer layer of the evacuated tunnel wall;

[0080] 9-Seal and evacuate the tunnel;

[0081] 10 – Sealing and evacuating the tunnel wall;

[0082] 11 – inner and outer hardening compositions for sealing evacuated tunnel walls;

[0083] 11.1 – Hardened material for sealing the middle layer of the evacuated tunnel wall;

[0084] 12 – sealing the intermediate layer of the evacuated tunnel wall;

[0085] 13 – rail cable;

[0086] 14 – Tunnel track structure;

[0087] 15 – very high speed vehicle;

[0088] 16 – the body of a very high-speed vehicle;

[0089] 17- Power units for ultra-high-speed vehicles;

[0090] 18 – Reinforced shell for sealing the evacuated tunnel wall;

[0091] 19 – Station;

[0092] 20-Boarding platform.

[0093] A-inner surface of the annular frame;

[0094] в - the outer surface of the annular frame;

[0095] P - load-bearing elements for sealing the outer and inner layers of the evacuated tunnel wall;

[0096] P1 - inner row load-bearing components (inner layer load-bearing components);

[0097] P2-outer row load-bearing components (outer layer load-bearing components);

[0098] V-seal evacuates the space between the inner and outer layers of the tunnel wall;

[0099] N-seal and evacuate the load-bearing element of the middle layer of the tunnel wall;

[0100] D, m-outer diameter of the sealed evacuation tunnel;

[0101] L, m - distance between adjacent ring frames in a ring frame column;

[0102] h0, m - thickness of the intermediate layer of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall;

[0103] h1, m - thickness of the inner layer of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall;

[0104] h2, m - thickness of the outer layer of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall;

[0105] d0, m - diameter of the inner and outer load-bearing elements sealing the evacuated tunnel wall;

[0106] δ, m - the gap between the inner and outer load-bearing elements of the sealed evacuated tunnel wall. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0107] The method for manufacturing the ultra-high-speed transport complex of Unitsky involves installing supports 2 (anchor type 2a and intermediate type 2b) on a foundation 1, arranging and fastening at least one trussed overpass 4 in the span 3 between the supports 2 (see Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 4-7 ), the truss type overpass 4 is prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction, and the truss type overpass 4 is implemented as a string type longitudinal truss type track structure 5, with an upper chord plate 5.1 and a lower chord plate 5.2 of the truss type track structure (see Figure 1-7 and Fig. 9 ), the truss track structure is used for a self-propelled vehicle 6 (correspondingly a mounting type 6.1 or a suspension type 6.2)

[0108] Depending on the nature, installation location and functional setting of the foundation 1 , the support 2 may have different designs - in the form of towers, buildings, steel and reinforced concrete columns and frame / frame constructions and structures.

[0109] Depending on the design options and required technical parameters, the trussed overpass 4 is installed in the span 3 between the supports 2 and represents any of the known trussed structures, and in different embodiments, their common feature is that they are the main structural elements of the trussed string track structure 5, with increased rigidity and specific load-bearing capacity.

[0110] Due to the fact that, according to the proposed method, a preliminary crossing 3 is carried out (according to the manufacturing process of the transport complex), the trussed overpass 4 is made in the form of a longitudinal trussed tandem track structure 5 for a self-propelled vehicle 6; it becomes possible to provide a high-tech possibility of creating large-sized structures of a very high-speed transport complex under difficult conditions, because at this stage, in order to manufacture such large-sized structures, the trussed overpass 4 with the trussed tandem track structure 5 is used as an "installation device" for the installation of components, and if necessary, personnel also go directly to the assembly site of the main elements of the very high-speed transport complex.

[0111] A further process of manufacturing the claimed transport complex according to the invention comprises forming and fastening an annular frame 7 on at least one trussed overpass 4 transversely to the trussed track structure 5 (see Figure 8 and Fig. 9 ).

[0112] The annular frame 7 is fixed to the trussed track structure 5 by any technique known in the art, such as by welding.

[0113] Thereafter, on the inner surface A and the outer surface B of the annular frame 7 (see Figure 8 ), arrange and fix the inner row P1 and outer row P2 load-bearing elements P respectively, and then stretch them in the longitudinal direction to the calculated force.

[0114] Alternative embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in one or more truss-type spans 4 (see Figure 3-7 ) are formed with two or more rows of annular frames 7 (not shown).

[0115] In any of the non-limiting embodiments of the proposed transport complex, in the next process stage, the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 are formed, and the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel has a circular cross-sectional profile. In addition, the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 are formed by a hardening composition 11, such as a polymer.

[0116] The inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 sealing the evacuation tunnel 9 are formed by spraying or extruding, for example, the hardening composition 11 onto the inner row P1 and the outer row P2 of support elements P, respectively.

[0117] According to design options, the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 can be made of a hardening composition 11 such as polyurethane, and / or polyurea, and / or polyetheretherketone, and / or combinations thereof, which improves the physical and handling properties of the transport complex.

[0118] During the actual implementation of the proposed transport complex at a later stage of its manufacturing process, the space V formed between the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 is filled with the hardened material 11.1 of the intermediate layer 12 (see Figure 3 , Figures 10 to 12 ).

[0119] Alternatively, according to the design options and the required technical parameters, the hardened material 11.1 of the intermediate layer 12 is made into a load-bearing element N containing the intermediate layer 12, which is prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction and fastened to the annular frame 7 (see Figure 10-12 ), which provides a significant increase in rigidity and specific bearing capacity, improving the physical and operating characteristics of the transport complex.

[0120] The above-mentioned load-bearing elements P and N of the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 and the intermediate layer 12 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 are tensioned in the longitudinal direction and can be made in the form of twisted and / or non-twisted ropes, cables, lines, belts and / or other extended elements of any durable material.

[0121] Most preferably, concrete is used as hardening material 11.1 of the intermediate layer 12. The hardening material 11.1 in the form of reinforced prestressed concrete ensures at its low cost an increase in the structural rigidity and the specific bearing capacity of the entire tunnel track structure 14. In addition, the special concrete has high armor protection and ballistic protection qualities.

[0122] It is also proposed to use polymer concrete and / or foamed concrete as hardening material 11.1 of the intermediate layer 12, which will facilitate the construction of the track structure of the transport complex while maintaining its operational characteristics.

[0123] Common to all cases of practical embodiment of the proposed transport complex is that on the inner layer 8.1 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 at least one cable 13 of a tunnel track structure 14 for a very high-speed vehicle 15 is placed, the cable 13 being prestressed in the longitudinal direction (see Figure 2 , 3 ), the super high speed vehicle 15 comprises a vehicle body 16 having a power unit 17 (see Figure 2 ).

[0124] Alternatively, in the tunnel track structure 14, two or more (not shown in the figure) rail cables 13 for super high-speed vehicles 15 may be provided according to design options.

[0125] According to any of the non-limiting embodiments of the present invention, alternatively, depending on the design options and the required technical parameters, a polymer binder or cement mixture with added corrosion inhibitors, plasticizers and other additives can be used as the hardening material 11.1 of the intermediate layer 12, thereby providing a load-bearing element N (see Figure 10-13 ) provides long-term protection against corrosion and mechanical damage.

[0126] The hardened material 11.1 of the intermediate layer 12 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 and the related load-bearing structure of the string-type truss track structure 5 and the hardened material of the track cable 13 of the tunnel-type track structure 14 (not shown in the figure) may have the same appearance and type and the same composition, or may have different appearance and type and / or different compositions, depending on the design parameters and technical feasibility of the corresponding parts of the prescribed track structure.

[0127] At the same time, the hardened material of the load-bearing structure of the string-type truss track structure 5 and the hardened material of the track cable 13 of the tunnel-type track structure 14 can be made of the same kind and type of material and have the same composition, or be made of different types of materials and / or have a composition different from the hardened composition 11 of the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9.

[0128] As a result, due to the unification of the materials used, an increase in the process of manufacture of the ultra-high-speed transport complex was achieved.

[0129] Furthermore, in order to increase the reliability and rigidity of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9, it is recommended to bond adjacent layers of its wall 10 to each other in the transverse direction along its entire length. To this end, according to design options, a reinforcing shell 18, for example in the form of a corresponding sleeve or a belt, for example a glass fiber fabric, can be fixed to the outer surface of the inner layer 8.1 of the wall 10 and the inner surface of the outer layer 8.2 (see Figure 10-12 ). These reinforcing shells 18 are designed to occupy the bordering parts of the space V of the intermediate layer 12 and are impregnated with the hardening material 11 . 1 of this intermediate layer 12 during the finishing operation forming the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 .

[0130] An alternative embodiment of the method of manufacturing a hypersonic transport complex is to form and fasten several rows (two or more rows) of annular frames 7 (not shown in the figures) on the trussed overpass 4, and to place two, three, four or more trussed overpasses 4 (see Figure 1 , 3 and 7), a desired number of tandem truss track structures 5 for self-propelled vehicles 6 and a desired number of tunnel track structures 14 for ultra-high-speed vehicles are formed, along which the corresponding vehicles can be driven by any known type of drive device. Since various modifications and sizes of suspended self-propelled vehicles 6.1 and suspended self-propelled vehicles 6.2 (see Figure 5-7 ), which embodiment makes it possible to significantly improve the performance (capacity) of the ultra-high-speed transport complex in all traffic directions (including oncoming traffic) and its trussed track structure 5 (its upper chord 5.1 and lower chord 5.2).

[0131] Thus, the essence of the manufacturing process of a transport complex in which the number of truss track structures 5 and tunnel track structures 14 is not equal to one corresponds to the above-mentioned stage of the manufacturing process of a very high-speed transport complex.

[0132] It is proposed that the power unit 17 of the very high-speed vehicle 15 (as well as the self-propelled vehicle 6) represents any type of engine of known types, for example a rotary engine, a flywheel accumulator of mechanical energy (e.g. a gyroscope), a linear electric motor, a propeller, a gas turbine, or a combination thereof, with appropriate operational life support and a drive system for driving (traction) wheels.

[0133] In the prior art, it is most preferred that the power unit 17 is an electric motor in the form of a motor wheel (not shown in the figure).

[0134] Due to the use of high-tech ingredients and components in the form of mixtures, blocks, rolls and / or similar materials in the creation of the tunnel structure 14 of the ultra-high-speed transport complex, the manufacture of the ultra-high-speed transport complex can be carried out using special small-scale construction machines / tunnel boring machines (not shown in the figures), which during construction can be installed on one and / or several truss track structures 5 instead of the corresponding self-propelled vehicles 6 prescribed by the design options, which significantly improves the workability of the manufacturing process of the complex.

[0135] At the same time, during the formation of the tunnel track structure 14 , the machine simulates the natural loads on the trussed overpass 4 , which allows taking into account its deformations and ensures the required straightness of the tunnel track structure 14 of the ultra-high-speed transport complex thus created.

[0136] The implement moving along the path of the trussed overpass 4 provides a tunnel-type track structure 14 for a very high-speed vehicle 15 installed according to a design option.

[0137] At the final stage of manufacturing the ultra-high-speed transport system, the track structure (the tandem longitudinal truss track structure 5 for the self-propelled vehicle 6 and the tunnel track structure 14 for the ultra-high-speed vehicle 15) is equipped with a station 19 with a corresponding boarding platform 20 (see Fig.13 ). Buildings or various structures may be used as stations, including train stations, anchor supports and / or other building structures.

[0138] At the station 19 , it is proposed to provide a boarding gate (not shown) for the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 of the tunnel track structure 14 for the very high-speed vehicles 15 .

[0139] For a person skilled in the art it should be understood that the presented concept of the claimed invention allows using multiple combinations of embodiments of the proposed method of manufacturing an ultra-high speed transmission system in different, non-exclusive combinations of all the above-described embodiments.

[0140] The ultra-high-speed transport complex of Unitsky according to the method of the invention comprises at least one tandem truss track structure 5 (see Figure 1 and Figure 2 ), which are mounted on supports 2 (anchor type 2a and intermediate type 2b, installed from the soil and distributed along the foundation 1) and fastened in the spans 3 between these supports 2. The string truss track structure 5 is made in the form of a truss upper span 4, which is prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction. Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figures 5 to 7 and Fig.13 As shown, the truss overpass 4 together with the serial truss track structure 5 is provided with a self-propelled vehicle 6 (mounted vehicle 6.1 or suspended vehicle 6.2).

[0141] Depending on the topography, design parameters and engineering feasibility / technical possibilities, the structure of the trussed upper overpass 4 in span 3 may be different.

[0142] It is recommended to position 1 to 6 trussed overpasses 4 in the span 3 (depending on the length of the span 3 and the design parameters of the transport complex), for example Figure 4 shown.

[0143] exist Figure 1 , a layout view of a super-high-speed transport complex having two trussed overpasses 4 and corresponding two serial trussed track structures 5 is shown.

[0144] Figure 3 and Fig. 9 A layout view of a very high-speed transport complex with three trussed overpasses 4 is shown.

[0145] When six trussed overpasses 4 are implemented in span 3, additional economies are achieved (see Figure 4-7 ), which is achieved by combining and sharing the use of various sizes of mounted 6.1 and suspended 6.2 self-propelled vehicles from the largest to the smallest size and various combinations thereof (see Figure 5-7 ), and as a result of more intensive operation of the transport complex.

[0146] The structure of the proposed transport complex provides for forming and fixing annular frames 7 on at least one trussed overpass 4 transverse to the trussed track structure 5, the annular frames 7 being positioned in at least one row (see Fig. 9On the inner surface A and the outer surface B of the annular frame 7, an inner row P1 and an outer row P2 of load-bearing elements P are arranged and fastened, respectively, which are subsequently stressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction (see Figure 8 ).

[0147] In a limited embodiment of the arrangement according to the present invention (not shown in the figures), an overpass-type truss-type string track structure 5 is connected to a tunnel-type track structure 14, which includes a sealed evacuated tunnel 9 having an annular cross-sectional profile, and a wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 includes an inner layer 8.1, an outer layer 8.2 and an intermediate layer 12.

[0148] Therefore, the annular frames 7 are positioned at a distance L,m from each other defined by the following relationship:

[0149] 0.1≤ L / D ≤ ​​5, (1)

[0150] Where D,m is the outer diameter of the sealed evacuation tunnel.

[0151] By arranging the annular frames 7 at a distance L, m from each other as shown in the relation (1), it is possible to simply ensure the rigidity and strength required for the arrangement of the tunnel track structure 14 and optimize its material density.

[0152] If the ratio (1) is less than 0.1, structural materials may be unduly overused, resulting in increased track structure costs.

[0153] If the ratio (1) is greater than 5, ensuring the rigidity and straightness required for the arrangement of the tunnel track structure 14 becomes problematic.

[0154] Therefore, the annular frame 7 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 is connected to each of its layers (inner layer 8.1, outer layer 8.2 and middle layer 12), and together with the corresponding rows P1 and P2 of the bearing elements P of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 and the bearing elements N of the middle layer 12, forms a reinforced framework of the tunnel-type track structure 14.

[0155] The fixing of the inner row P1 and outer row P2 load-bearing elements P to the annular frame 7, as well as the fixing of the load-bearing elements N of the intermediate layer 12, can be carried out in any known manner, for example by gluing, or kinematic locking (not shown in the figures), for example by wedging into corresponding holes (and / or grooves).

[0156] By applying the polymer hardening composition 11 to the inner row P1 and outer row P2 of load-bearing elements P, inner 8.1 and outer 8.2 reinforcing integral layers of the wall 10 sealing the evacuation tunnel 9 are formed, between which spaces V for the hardening material 11.1 of the intermediate layer 12 appear.

[0157] As hardening composition 11 , for example polyurethane, and / or polyurea, and / or polyetheretherketone, and / or a combination thereof is used, which ensures structural durability and high processability during the manufacturing process of the claimed transport complex.

[0158] As a result, the space V formed by the intermediate layer 12 is filled with the hardening material 11 . 1 .

[0159] As hardening material 11.1 concrete is preferably used to fill the space V of the intermediate layer 12. This will ensure the required strength, safety and rigidity of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9, with high processability and optimized costs in the manufacturing process of the tunnel track structure 14.

[0160] Alternatively, as hardening material 11 . 1 of the intermediate layer 12 , advantageously use is made of, for example, polymer concrete and / or foamed concrete, which will facilitate the construction of the track structure of the transport complex while maintaining its on-site properties.

[0161] As indicated above, by reinforcing its volume with the load-bearing elements N, an improvement in the operating characteristics of the intermediate layer 12 and of the sealed evacuation tunnel 9 as a whole is ensured.

[0162] Thus, the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuation tunnel 9 have thicknesses h1,m and h2,m, respectively, defined by the following ratios:

[0163] 0.01≤ h1 / h0 ≤ 0.1, (2)

[0164] 0.01≤ h2 / h0 ≤ 0.1 (3)

[0165] When the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 have thicknesses h1,m and h2,m respectively as shown in the relationships (2) and (3), the required strength can be provided simply at the minimum material density designed for it (see Figure 10-12 ).

[0166] If the ratios (2) and (3) are less than 0.01, it is generally difficult to ensure the rigidity specified by the design options, as well as the durability and shape of the inner layer 8.1 and outer layer 8.2 and the wall 10 of the sealed evacuation tunnel 9 as a whole, when the space V of the intermediate layer 12 formed between the inner layer and the outer layer is subsequently filled with hardening material 11.1.

[0167] If the ratios (2) and (3) are greater than 0.1, the structural materials (including the hardening composition 11) may be unduly oversized, resulting in increased track structure costs.

[0168] At the same time, the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 sealing the evacuation tunnel 9 are made of the carrier element P (see Figure 10-12) has a diameter d0, m defined by the following ratio:

[0169] 0.25 ≤ d0 / h1 ≤ 0.95, (4)

[0170] 0.25 ≤ d0 / h2 ≤ 0.95 (5)

[0171] The required strength and geometry can be ensured very simply if the load-bearing elements P of the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 are designed with diameters d0, m respectively represented by the ratios (4) and (5).

[0172] If the ratios (4) and (5) are less than 0.25, when the space V formed in the intermediate layer 12 between the inner and outer layers is subsequently filled with hardening material 11.1, it is difficult to ensure the rigidity, strength and shape required for the inner layer 8.1 and outer layer 8.2 of the sealed evacuation tunnel 9 and the wall 10 as a whole.

[0173] If the ratios (4) and (5) are greater than 0.95, the structural material (including the load-bearing element P) may be unreasonably oversized, resulting in an increased cost of the track structure.

[0174] Thus, adjacent load-bearing elements P of the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 sealing the evacuation tunnel 9 have a positioning (see Figure 10-12 ) with a gap δ, m, between them defined by the following ratio:

[0175] 0 ≤ δ / d0 ≤ 5 (6)

[0176] Ratio (6) cannot be less than 0 because the gap cannot be negative.

[0177] If the ratio (6) is greater than 5, when the space V of the intermediate layer 12 formed between the boundary layers (8.1 and 8.2) is subsequently filled with hardened material 11.1, the significant thickness of the hardened composition 11 in the gap δ, m between adjacent load-bearing elements 6 will not provide the strength, support capacity and geometry required for the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9.

[0178] Thus, the intermediate layer 12 of the wall 10 sealing the evacuation tunnel 9 is made with a thickness h0,m defined by the following ratio:

[0179] 0.025≤ h0 / D ≤ 0.25 (7)

[0180] When the intermediate layer 12 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 has a thickness h0, m as shown in the ratio (7), the rigidity and strength required for the arrangement of the tunnel track structure 14 with its minimum material capacity can be simply ensured (see Fig.10 ).

[0181] If the ratio (7) is less than 0.1, there is an unreasonable overuse of structural materials and thus leads to an increase in the cost of the track structure.

[0182] If the ratio (7) is greater than 2.5, ensuring the rigidity and straightness required for the arrangement of the tunnel track structure 14 becomes problematic.

[0183] What all load-bearing elements in the different embodiments have in common is that for the load-bearing structures of such elements of the transport complex, for example: the string-truss track structure 5, and / or the cables 13 of the tunnel track structure 14, and / or the load-bearing elements P of the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2, and / or the load-bearing elements of the middle layer 12, the following reinforcement elements can be used: high-strength steel wires, or twisted or untwisted steel wire ropes, as well as ropes, strands, belts, tubes or other extension elements made of known high-strength materials.

[0184] As noted above, in alternative embodiments, the reinforcing shell 18 may be fastened to the outer surface of the inner layer 8.1 and the inner surface of the outer layer 8.2 (see FIG. Figure 10-12 ). These reinforcing shells 18 are configured so that they are impregnated along the entire length of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 with the hardening composition 11 in the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 and with the corresponding hardening material 11.1 in the middle layer 12 of the wall 10.

[0185] On the inner layer 8.1 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9, at least one longitudinally prestressed rail cable 13 of a tunnel track structure 14 for a very high-speed vehicle 5 is located (see Figure 2 and 3 ).

[0186] Alternatively, in the tunnel type track structure 14, two or more rail cables 13 may be provided for the speeding vehicle 5 (not shown in the drawings) according to design options.

[0187] The super high speed vehicle 15 comprises a vehicle body 16 with a power unit 17, which ensures the sealing of the vehicle compartment during movement (see Figure 2 ).

[0188] According to the design options, the truss track structure 5 and the tunnel track structure 14 are equipped with a station 19 having a boarding platform 20 (see Fig.13 ). Stations, buildings or various structures may be used, including railway stations, anchor supports and / or other building structures.

[0189] According to the author's design, when the proposed technical solution is implemented, during the operation phase of the ultra-high-speed transport complex, at least one overpass-type truss-type string track structure 5 provides the function of a self-propelled vehicle 6 (mounted 6.1 or suspended 6.2), and during the construction phase - a sealed evacuated tunnel 9 of the tunnel-type track structure 14 for assembling the ultra-high-speed vehicle 15.

[0190] Alternatively, according to design options, after the tunnel track structure 14 is installed, the trussed overpass may be removed, which will save materials and thus reduce the overall cost of the transport complex.

[0191] Industrial Applicability

[0192] According to the invention, the construction of the ultra-high-speed transport complex proposed by Unitsky is carried out by the following technical operations.

[0193] The supports 2 (anchor supports 2a and intermediate supports 2b) are installed on a base made of soil on the foundation 1. The load-bearing members of the truss track structure 5 are suspended on the supports 2 and stretched between the supports 2, and then the ends of the load-bearing members are fastened in the anchor supports 2a. Then, the truss overpass 4 in the form of a longitudinal truss 5-tandem track structure for the self-propelled vehicle 6 is installed on the load-bearing members in the span 3 between the supports 2.

[0194] After assembly, technical equipment for manufacturing the tunnel track structure 14 (eg special construction machinery) is placed on the truss string track structure 5 along the entire track length of at least one truss 4 upper span which is tensioned and prestressed in the longitudinal direction.

[0195] The subsequent stage of the manufacturing process involves the formation and fastening of the annular frame 7, for example by welding on the trussed track structure 5. Subsequently, on the inner surface A and the outer surface B of the annular frame 7, the inner row P1 and the outer row P2 of load-bearing elements P are respectively mounted and fixed, the load-bearing elements P being tensioned between the anchoring supports 2a, and via special through-holes in the annular frame 7, the load-bearing elements N of the intermediate layer 12 of the tunnel track structure 14 are inserted and fixed in a pre-tensioned state between the same anchoring supports 2a. As a result, a reinforced framework of the tunnel structure 14 is formed. Based on the framework obtained, the inner layer 8.1 and the outer layer 8.2 of the wall 10 of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9 are first formed, and then the intermediate layer 12 thereof is formed by applying the hardening composition 11 and the hardening material 11.1 to the corresponding areas of the obtained framework, into the space V formed between the inner layer and the outer layer of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel 9.

[0196] The rail cables 13 of the tunnel-type track structure 14 are fixed in a shaped closed evacuated tunnel 9 , and a super-high-speed vehicle 15 is installed in the tunnel 9 .

[0197] In the final stage, the transport complex is equipped with stations 19 and boarding platforms 20, and the corresponding self-propelled vehicles 6 are mounted on the truss track structure.

[0198] Although the description and the drawings show a preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention for manufacturing and arranging a super-high-speed transport complex, it is obvious that the present invention is not limited thereto and can be implemented in various embodiments using other known technologies and structural elements within the scope of the multiple basic features of the present invention; it can be changed, modified and supplemented within the scope defined by the claims and the materials submitted for the invention application.

[0199] The proposed invention is industrially applicable, since the ultra-high-speed transport complex can be realized under real conditions using standard equipment, modern materials and technologies.

[0200] The method of manufacturing and arranging a super-high-speed transport complex proposed by Yunitsky makes it possible to ensure: overall improvement of the technical effectiveness of the manufacturing process and design of the super-high-speed transport complex; increase of the specific bearing capacity of the track structure; improvement of the operational and technical characteristics of the transport complex; improvement of the rigidity of the structure and the flatness of the guide rail track.

[0201] Information sources

[0202] 1. Internet page: https: / / ru.wikipedia.org / wiki / Метрополитен_(значения) – 28.01.2019.

[0203] 2. Patent RU 2252881, IPC B60L13 / 10, B60V3 / 02, published on May 57, 2005.

[0204] 3. Patent RU 2109647, IPC B61B13 / 10, published on April 27, 1998.

[0205] 4. Internet page: https: / / ru.wikipedia.org / wiki / Hyperloop – 28.01.2019.

[0206] 5. Patent RU 2288398, IPC F16L9 / 14, published on November 27, 2006.

[0207] 6. Patent RU 2503560, IPC B61B1 / 00, 13 / 10, published on October 1, 2014.

[0208] 7. Internet page: http: / / wiki-org.ru / wiki / Реактивный_поезд – January 28, 2019.

[0209] 8. Patent RU 2271291, IPC B61B5 / 02, Е01B2 / 00, published on October 3, 2006.

[0210] 9. Yunitski, AE String transport systems: on Earth and inspace. Monograph, 1995, Gomel, – 337 p.with.: ill.: 629.1.072.2:629.7.087.22, pp. 10, 11, 16 and 17, Figure 1 .12, Figure 1 .13 and Figure 2 .1. (Prototype).

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a hypersonic transport complex, the method comprising: Installing the support on the foundation; At least one trussed overpass is made and fastened in the span between the supports, the trussed overpass being prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction, the trussed overpass being in the form of a tandem longitudinal trussed track structure for a self-propelled vehicle; forming an annular frame, the annular frame being fastened to the trussed overpass transversely to the trussed track structure; inner and outer rows of load-bearing elements tensioned in the longitudinal direction being arranged and fastened on the inner and outer surfaces of the annular frame, respectively; An inner layer and an outer layer of at least one sealed evacuated tunnel are formed, the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel having an annular cross-sectional profile, the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel being made of a hardening composition, the inner layer and the outer layer being formed by applying the hardening composition to the inner and outer rows of load-bearing elements respectively and filling the space between the formed inner layer and the outer layer of the sealed evacuated tunnel with a hardening material of an intermediate layer, and at least one rail cable for a tunnel track structure of a very high-speed vehicle is positioned on the inner layer of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel, the at least one rail cable being prestressed by tensioning in a longitudinal direction, the very high-speed vehicle comprising a vehicle body with a power unit, the vehicle body providing sealing of the vehicle compartment during movement.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The hardened material of the intermediate layer of the wall of the sealing evacuated tunnel comprises load-bearing elements of the intermediate layer, which are prestressed by tensioning in the longitudinal direction to the nominal design force and are fastened to the annular frame.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that Concrete is used as hardening material for the intermediate layer of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inner and outer layers of the wall of the sealed evacuation tunnel are made of a reinforced polymer hardening composition in the form of polyurethane, and / or polyurea, and / or polyetheretherketone, and / or a combination thereof.

5. An ultra-high-speed transport complex manufactured according to the method of claim 1, the ultra-high-speed transport complex comprising at least one overpass type trussed tandem track structure installed in a span between supports located on the foundation; at least one self-propelled vehicle is installed on the track structure; the track structure is connected to at least one tunnel track structure, the tunnel track structure comprising a sealed evacuated tunnel, the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel having a circular cross-sectional profile; The wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel comprises an inner layer, an outer layer and an intermediate layer, and at least one rail cable located in the sealed evacuated tunnel, the sealed evacuated tunnel is used for a very high-speed vehicle, the very high-speed vehicle has a body and a power unit, the body provides a compartment seal during movement, wherein the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel is provided with an annular frame connected to each of the layers of the wall; and the inner layer and the outer layer of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel are made of a hardening composition and are prestressed and reinforced by tensioning corresponding load-bearing elements in the longitudinal direction; The bearing elements are fastened to the inner and outer surfaces of the annular frame, respectively; and wherein the middle layer of the wall is made of a hardened material filling the space between the inner and outer layers of the wall.

6. The ultra-high-speed transport complex according to claim 5, characterized in that: The distance between the annular frames is L, m, defined by the following relationship: 0.1≤ L / D ≤ ​​5, Where D, m is the outer diameter of the sealed evacuated tunnel.

7. The ultra-high-speed transport complex according to claim 5, characterized in that: The thickness of the intermediate layer of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel is h0, m defined by the following ratio: 0.025≤ h0 / D ≤ 0.

25.

8. The ultra-high-speed transport complex according to claim 5, characterized in that: The thicknesses of the inner and outer layers of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel are h1, m and h2, m respectively defined by the following ratios: 0.01≤ h1 / h0 ≤ 0.1, 0.01≤ h2 / h0 ≤ 0.

1.

9. The ultra-high-speed transport complex according to claim 5, characterized in that: The load-bearing elements of the inner and outer layers of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel are made with diameters d0, m defined by the following ratio: 0.25 ≤ d0 / h1 ≤ 0.95, 0.25 ≤ d0 / h2 ≤ 0.

95.

10. The ultra-high-speed transport complex according to claim 9, characterized in that: Adjacent load-bearing elements of the inner and outer layers of the wall of the sealed evacuated tunnel have a gap δ, m positioned between each other defined by the following ratio: 0 ≤ δ / d0 ≤ 5.

11. The ultra-high-speed transport complex according to claim 5, characterized in that: Adjacent layers of the wall of the sealed evacuation tunnel are connected to each other in the transverse direction along their entire length.

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