A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation method and system

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method and system for calculating a frequency cooperative protection constant. The present invention constructs an initial relationship model between active power shortage and maximum frequency drop of the power grid based on transient simulation results of expected faults in the actual operation mode of the power grid, calculates the frequency cooperative protection constant, and judges whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled based on the frequency cooperative protection constant. For over-control or under-control situations, the frequency cooperative protection constant is recalculated by adjusting the parameters of the initial relationship model, thereby realizing frequency cooperative protection constant setting suitable for the actual operation mode of the power grid and ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power grid.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method and system for calculating a frequency coordinated control protection fixed value, and belongs to the technical field of power system automation. Background Art

[0002] Patent CN110943462A, "A Multi-Resource Frequency Emergency Coordinated Control Method," implements emergency frequency control based on the system's active power shortage through a combination of DC modulation, pumped storage and load switching, and interruptible load switching. While ensuring the grid frequency can be restored and stabilized, it maximizes the system's primary frequency regulation capabilities, fully and rationally utilizes various resources, resolves the grid's low-frequency problem, and ensures safe and stable grid operation. The calculation of the frequency coordinated control protection constants involved in this method relies on the typical grid operating mode. There is a risk of a serious mismatch between the typical grid operating mode and the actual grid operating mode, making the frequency coordinated control protection constants unsuitable for the actual grid operating mode. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The present invention provides a method and system for calculating a frequency coordinated control protection constant value, which solves the problems disclosed in the background technology.

[0004] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

[0005] A method for calculating a frequency coordinated control protection setting value, comprising:

[0006] Conduct transient simulation of anticipated faults in actual grid operation mode;

[0007] Based on the transient simulation results, an initial relationship model between the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the anticipated fault is constructed;

[0008] Calculate the initial frequency coordination protection setting value based on the initial relationship model and the control frequency of different measures;

[0009] Based on the active power shortage of the expected fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting value and the preset grid control accuracy, determine whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled;

[0010] If over-control or under-control exists, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset grid control accuracy, and the final frequency coordination protection constant is calculated based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequency of different measures.

[0011] Before performing transient simulation of anticipated faults in actual operation mode of the power grid, a step of screening anticipated faults is also included. This step includes screening anticipated faults that meet active power shortage constraints.

[0012] The initial relationship model between the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid during the anticipated fault is:

[0013] ΔP=kΔf+b

[0014] Among them, ΔP is the active power shortage, Δf is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid, and k and b are parameters of the initial relationship model.

[0015] Based on the initial relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures, the initial frequency coordination protection setting is calculated, including:

[0016] According to the initial relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures, the active power shortage corresponding to each control frequency is calculated;

[0017] The initial frequency coordination protection setting is calculated based on the active power shortage corresponding to each control frequency.

[0018] The control frequencies of different action measures include the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting action measures, the frequency control targets of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting action measures, the starting frequency of interruptible load cutting action measures, and the frequency control targets of interruptible load cutting action measures;

[0019] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pump-storage and pump-off measures is:

[0020] ΔP1=k(f-f1)+b

[0021] Where ΔP1 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures, k and b are parameters of the initial relationship model, f1 is the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures, and f is the steady-state frequency of the power grid;

[0022] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of DC modulation and pump-storage and pump-off measures is:

[0023] ΔP2=k(f-f2)+b

[0024] Wherein, ΔP2 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of DC modulation and pumping storage and pump cutting measures, and f2 is the frequency control target of DC modulation and pumping storage and pump cutting measures;

[0025] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure is:

[0026] ΔP3=k(f-f3)+b

[0027] Wherein, ΔP3 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure action, and f3 is the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure action;

[0028] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure is:

[0029] ΔP4=k(f-f4)+b

[0030] Wherein, ΔP4 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action, and f3 is the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action.

[0031] Frequency coordination protection settings include DC pumped storage action threshold, interruptible load action threshold, DC power loss load shedding threshold, DC pumped storage under-shedding value, and interruptible load under-shedding value.

[0032] The formula for calculating the DC pumped storage action threshold is:

[0033] P mk1 =ΔP1

[0034] Among them, P mk1 is the DC pumped storage action threshold;

[0035] The formula for calculating the under-cut value of DC pumped storage is:

[0036] P set1 =ΔP2

[0037] Among them, P set1 is the under-cut value of DC pumped storage;

[0038] The formula for calculating the interruptible load action threshold is:

[0039] P mk2 =ΔP3-ΔP2

[0040] Among them, P mk2 is the interruptible load action threshold;

[0041] The formula for calculating the interruptible load under-cut value is:

[0042] P set2 =ΔP4-ΔP2

[0043] Among them, P set2 is the interruptible load undercut value;

[0044] The formula for calculating the DC power loss load shedding threshold is:

[0045] P mk3 =ΔP3+P ZL,MAX +P CX,MAX -100

[0046] Among them, P mk3 P is the load shedding threshold value allowed by DC power loss, ZL,MAXP is the upper limit of the DC modulation action. CX,MAX It is the upper limit of the actionable amount of the pump-storage and cutting pump.

[0047] Based on the active power shortage of the anticipated fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting, and the preset grid control accuracy, determine whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlling or under-controlling, including:

[0048] Determine the safety and control actions for each anticipated fault based on the active power shortage of the anticipated fault and the initial frequency coordination protection setting;

[0049] Perform transient simulation of each anticipated fault based on the safety and control action to obtain the lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault;

[0050] If the lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (k max -k)*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is over-control; where f Δ is the frequency control accuracy, η is the active power control accuracy, k is the parameter of the initial relationship model, k max =max{ΔP i / Δf i}, ΔP i is the active power shortage of the anticipated fault i, Δf i is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the anticipated fault i;

[0051] If the lowest frequency of the power grid after any fault is lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (kk min )*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is under-control; where k min =min{ΔP i / Δf i}.

[0052] If over-control or under-control exists, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset grid control accuracy. Based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures, the final frequency coordination protection setting is calculated, including:

[0053] Get N parameters k1, k2, ..., k N ; Among them, in the case of over-control, from (k,k max ] to obtain the N parameter, N=(k max -k)*f Δ / η; In the case of under-control, from [k min ,k) to obtain the N parameter, N=(kk min )*f Δ / η;

[0054] Use k1, k2, ..., k respectively N Replace k in the initial relational model and calculate k1, k2, ..., k N Corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0055] According to the active power shortage of the expected fault and k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is determined by k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding safety and control actions for each anticipated fault;

[0056] According to the safety control action situation, transient simulation of each expected fault is carried out to obtain k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault;

[0057] According to k1, k2, …, k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting.

[0058] According to k1, k2, …, k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting, including:

[0059] If k n The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and k n-1 or k n+1 Among the corresponding grid minimum frequencies after each expected fault, at least one grid minimum frequency is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k n The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; wherein, n∈(1,N), n is an integer;

[0060] If k1, k2, …, k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k max The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0061] If k1, k2, …, k N Among the corresponding minimum frequencies of the power grid after each expected fault, there is at least one minimum frequency of the power grid that is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k min The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting is the final frequency coordination protection setting.

[0062] The method further includes: if there is no overcontrol or undercontrol, using the initial frequency coordinated control protection constant as the final frequency coordinated control protection constant.

[0063] A frequency coordinated control protection fixed value calculation system, comprising:

[0064] Simulation module: performs transient simulation of anticipated faults in the actual operation mode of the power grid;

[0065] Initial relationship model construction module: Based on the transient simulation results, it constructs the initial relationship model of the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid during the expected fault;

[0066] Initial setting value calculation module: calculates the initial frequency coordination protection setting value based on the initial relationship model and the control frequency of different measures;

[0067] Judgment module: Determines whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled based on the active power shortage of the expected fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting value, and the preset grid control accuracy;

[0068] Second final setting module: If there is over-control or under-control, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset grid control accuracy, and the final frequency coordination protection setting is calculated based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequency of different measures.

[0069] The judgment module includes:

[0070] The first safety and control action module: determines the safety and control action of each anticipated fault based on the active power shortage of the anticipated fault and the initial frequency cooperative protection setting;

[0071] The first minimum frequency module: performs transient simulation of each anticipated fault according to the safety and control action situation, and obtains the minimum frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault;

[0072] The first judgment module: If the lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (k max -k)*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is over-control; where f Δ is the frequency control accuracy, η is the active power control accuracy, k is the parameter of the initial relationship model, k max =max{ΔP i / Δf i}, ΔP i is the active power shortage of the anticipated fault i, Δf i is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the anticipated fault i;

[0073] Second judgment module: If the lowest frequency of the power grid after any fault is lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (kk min )*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is under-control; where k min=min{ΔP i / Δf i}.

[0074] The second final value module includes:

[0075] Replace parameter acquisition module: Get N parameters k1, k2, ..., k N ; Among them, in the case of over-control, from (k,k max ] to obtain the N parameter, N=(k max -k)*f Δ / η; In the case of under-control, from [k min ,k) to obtain the N parameter, N=(kk min )*f Δ / η;

[0076] Fixed value recalculation module: use k1, k2, ..., k N Replace k in the initial relational model and calculate k1, k2, ..., k N Corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0077] The second safety control action module: According to the active power shortage of the expected fault and k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is determined by k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding safety and control actions for each anticipated fault;

[0078] The second lowest frequency module: according to the safety control action situation, the transient simulation of each expected fault is performed to obtain k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault;

[0079] Final confirmation module: According to k1, k2, ..., k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting.

[0080] The final confirmation module includes:

[0081] First confirmation module: If k n The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and k n-1 or k n+1 Among the corresponding grid minimum frequencies after each expected fault, at least one grid minimum frequency is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k n The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; wherein, n∈(1,N), n is an integer;

[0082] Second confirmation module: If k1, k2, ..., k NThe lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k max The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0083] The third confirmation module: If k1, k2, ..., k N Among the corresponding minimum frequencies of the power grid after each expected fault, there is at least one minimum frequency of the power grid that is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k min The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting is the final frequency coordination protection setting.

[0084] The system further includes a first final setting module; the first final setting module: if there is no overcontrol or undercontrol, the initial frequency coordinated control protection setting is used as the final frequency coordinated control protection setting.

[0085] A computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs include instructions, which, when executed by a computing device, enable the computing device to perform a frequency coordination protection setting value calculation method.

[0086] A computing device includes one or more processors, one or more memories, and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the one or more memories and are configured to be executed by the one or more processors, and the one or more programs include instructions for executing a method for calculating a frequency coordination protection constant.

[0087] The beneficial effects achieved by the present invention are as follows: the present invention constructs an initial relationship model between active power shortage and maximum frequency drop of the power grid based on transient simulation results of anticipated faults in the actual operation mode of the power grid, calculates frequency coordination protection constants, and judges whether the frequency coordination protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled based on the frequency coordination protection constants. For over-control or under-control situations, the frequency coordination protection constants are recalculated by adjusting the parameters of the initial relationship model, thereby realizing frequency coordination protection constant setting suitable for the actual operation mode of the power grid and ensuring safe and stable operation of the power grid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0088] Figure 1 Flowchart of the method of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0089] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0090] like Figure 1 As shown, a method for calculating a frequency coordinated control protection setting value includes the following steps:

[0091] Step 1: Perform transient simulation of anticipated faults in actual grid operation mode;

[0092] Step 2: Based on the transient simulation results, an initial relationship model between the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the expected fault is constructed;

[0093] Step 3: Calculate the initial frequency coordination protection setting value based on the initial relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures;

[0094] Step 4: Determine whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled based on the active power shortage of the expected fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting, and the preset grid control accuracy;

[0095] Step 5: If there is no overcontrol or undercontrol, the initial frequency coordination protection constant is used as the final frequency coordination protection constant; if there is overcontrol or undercontrol, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset power grid control accuracy, and the final frequency coordination protection constant is calculated based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequency of different measures.

[0096] The above method is implemented in the DSA server of the D5000 platform. Based on the transient simulation results of the expected fault of the actual operation mode of the power grid, this method constructs an initial relationship model between the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid, calculates the frequency coordination protection constant, and judges whether the frequency coordination protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled based on the frequency coordination protection constant. For over-control or under-control situations, the frequency coordination protection constant is recalculated by adjusting the parameters of the initial relationship model, thereby realizing the frequency coordination protection constant setting suitable for the actual operation mode of the power grid and ensuring the safe and stable operation of the power grid.

[0097] Before performing the transient simulation in step 1, it is necessary to pre-set the control frequencies of various measures according to the requirements of grid control operation, including the starting frequency f1 of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting measures, the frequency control target f2 of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting measures, the starting frequency f3 of interruptible load cutting measures, and the frequency control target f4 of interruptible load cutting measures; it is necessary to pre-set the grid control accuracy, including the frequency control accuracy f Δ and active power control accuracy η; and it is also necessary to set the expected faults of the actual operation mode of the power grid based on the real-time data of the power grid. Generally, all DC single / double-pole blocking faults and their combined faults in the power grid are set as expected faults.

[0098] Not all anticipated faults are suitable for subsequent transient simulations. They also need to be screened according to the active power shortage constraint, specifically those with active power shortage less than ΔP max The expected failure; where ΔP max It is the upper limit of active power shortage.

[0099] Without considering the safety and control actions, the transient simulation of the expected fault in the actual operation mode of the power grid is carried out, and the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid in the simulation results of each expected fault are counted. In this way, the initial relationship model of the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the expected fault can be constructed. It can be expressed as follows:

[0100] ΔP=F(Δf)=kΔf+b

[0101] Among them, ΔP is the active power shortage, Δf is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid, and k and b are parameters of the initial relationship model;

[0102] The parameters in the formula can be obtained by fitting. Specifically, when the frequency variation is small (±0.8 Hz), it can be assumed that the relationship between the grid frequency variation and the active power shortage under different faults in the same grid operation mode satisfies ΔP=kΔf+b. By simulating several DC single-pole and double-pole blocking faults and their combined faults, the active power shortage and the grid frequency drop of the fault are obtained. The parameters k and b are identified by linear fitting.

[0103] Based on the above formula and the control frequencies of different measures, the active power shortage corresponding to each control frequency can be calculated, including:

[0104] 1) The active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumping storage and pump-off measures, that is, the active power shortage corresponding to the lowest acceptable frequency when DC modulation and pumping storage and pump-off measures are not in operation;

[0105] The calculation formula is:

[0106] ΔP1=k(f-f1)+b

[0107] Wherein, ΔP1 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting measures, and f is the steady-state frequency of the power grid, which is usually 50Hz.

[0108] 2) The active power deficit corresponding to the frequency control target of the DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures, that is, the grid active power deficit corresponding to the lowest acceptable grid frequency after the DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures are activated;

[0109] The calculation formula is:

[0110] ΔP2=k(f-f2)+b

[0111] Among them, ΔP2 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of DC modulation and pump-storage and pump-shedding measures;

[0112] 3) The active power shortfall corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measures, that is, the active power shortfall corresponding to the lowest acceptable grid frequency when all DC modulation and pumped storage pump cutting measures are in operation but the interruptible load cutting measures are not in operation;

[0113] The calculation formula is:

[0114] ΔP3=k(f-f3)+b

[0115] Among them, ΔP3 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure;

[0116] 4) The active power deficit corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measures, that is, the active power deficit corresponding to the lowest acceptable grid frequency when all DC modulation and pumped storage pump cutting measures are in operation and the interruptible load cutting measures are in operation;

[0117] The calculation formula is:

[0118] ΔP4=k(f-f4)+b

[0119] Wherein, ΔP4 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action, and f3 is the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action.

[0120] Based on ΔP1, ΔP2, ΔP3, and ΔP4, the initial frequency coordination protection settings can be calculated according to the following formula, including the DC pumped storage action threshold, the interruptible load action threshold, the DC power loss load shedding threshold, the DC pumped storage under-shedding value, and the interruptible load under-shedding value.

[0121] P mk1 =ΔP1

[0122] P set1 =ΔP2

[0123] P mk2 =ΔP3-ΔP2

[0124] P set2 =ΔP4-ΔP2

[0125] P mk3 =ΔP3+P ZL,MAX +P CX,MAX -100

[0126] Among them, P mk1 is the DC pumped storage action threshold, P set1 is the DC pumped storage under-cut value, P mk2 is the interruptable load action threshold, P mk3 P is the load shedding threshold value allowed by DC power loss, set2 is the interruptible load undercut value, PZL,MAX P is the upper limit of the DC modulation action. CX,MAX It is the upper limit of the actionable amount of the pump-storage and cutting pump.

[0127] Based on the active power shortage of the anticipated fault and the initial frequency coordination protection setting, the safety and control action of each anticipated fault can be determined. By taking the safety and control action into account and performing transient simulation of each anticipated fault, the lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault can be obtained.

[0128] If the lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (k max -k)*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is over-control; where k max =max{ΔP i / Δf i}, ΔP i is the active power shortage of the anticipated fault i, Δf i is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid after the expected fault i; if the minimum frequency of the power grid after any fault is lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (kk min )*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is under-control; where k min =min{ΔP i / Δf i}.

[0129] The control frequencies are f1, f2, f3, and f4 mentioned above. The corresponding control frequencies in different situations are as follows:

[0130] A) No safety control measures are activated after the anticipated fault, and the lowest frequency of the power grid after the anticipated fault is not lower than f1;

[0131] B) After the anticipated fault, only the DC modulation measures will be activated, and the lowest frequency of the power grid after the anticipated fault shall not be lower than f2;

[0132] C) After the anticipated fault, all DC modulation measures are activated, the pumped storage and pump-off measures are activated but do not reach the maximum operable amount, and the lowest frequency of the power grid after the anticipated fault is not lower than f2;

[0133] D) After the anticipated fault, all DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-cutting measures are activated, but the interruptible load cutting measures are not activated, and the minimum frequency of the power grid after the anticipated fault is not lower than f3;

[0134] E) After the anticipated fault, all DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting measures are activated and the load interruption measures are activated, and the minimum frequency of the power grid after the anticipated fault is not lower than f4.

[0135] For over-control, from (k,kmax ] to obtain the N parameter, N=(k max -k)*f Δ / η, for under-control situation, from [k min ,k) to obtain the N parameter, N=(kk min )*f Δ / η; respectively use k1, k2, ..., k N Replace k in the initial relational model and calculate k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value; according to the active power shortage of the expected fault and k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is determined by k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding safety and control actions of each expected fault; according to the safety and control actions, transient simulation of each expected fault is performed to obtain k1, k2, ..., k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault; according to k1, k2, ..., k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting.

[0136] The process of determining the final frequency coordination protection setting value can be as follows:

[0137] 1) If k n The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and k n-1 or k n+1 Among the corresponding grid minimum frequencies after each expected fault, at least one grid minimum frequency is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k n The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; wherein, n∈(1,N), n is an integer;

[0138] k1,k2,…,k N Sort by control quantity, k n The grid frequency corresponding to the scheme meets the grid frequency control requirements, while its adjacent methods do not meet them, indicating that k n The control quantity corresponding to the scheme is the minimum control quantity that can meet the grid frequency control requirements, and its control cost is also the minimum. Therefore, k n The solution is the one with the highest economic efficiency.

[0139] 2) If k1, k2, …, k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k max The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0140] If all schemes can meet the grid frequency requirements, then it is impossible to confirm that the scheme with the smallest control amount among these schemes is the most economical. Considering the limitations of time and search range, further search is impossible. The final result is the one with the smallest control amount among the searched schemes, but it cannot be guaranteed to be the optimal one. Therefore, it is described as a suboptimal constant in terms of economy.

[0141] 3) If k1, k2, …, k N Among the corresponding minimum frequencies of the power grid after each expected fault, there is at least one minimum frequency of the power grid that is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k min The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0142] If all solutions fail to meet the grid frequency requirements, a control solution must be proposed, given the urgency of grid safety. The final result is the most secure of the searched solutions, ensuring the grid frequency safety to the greatest extent possible. However, it cannot guarantee grid frequency safety after all faults, and is therefore described as a suboptimal value.

[0143] Based on actual grid operation, this method utilizes a model that models the relationship between grid frequency drops and active power shortfalls to quantify the requirements of grid regulation for safe and stable grid operation (i.e., the requirements of grid regulation for grid frequency safety). This method then generates frequency coordination protection constants that balance safety and economic efficiency. Furthermore, the constants generated by this method are validated through simulations, which improves the accuracy of grid regulation. This method optimizes the constants for overcontrol, which improves the reliability of grid regulation. It also optimizes the constants for undercontrol, achieving zero undercontrol and minimal overcontrol, which improves the economic efficiency of grid regulation.

[0144] It can improve the accuracy, reliability and economy of power grid regulation.

[0145] Based on the same technical solution, the present invention also discloses a software system of the above method, a frequency coordinated control protection fixed value calculation system, comprising:

[0146] Screening module: Screens anticipated faults that meet active power shortage constraints.

[0147] Simulation module: Based on the screened anticipated faults, perform transient simulation of anticipated faults in the actual operation mode of the power grid.

[0148] Initial relationship model construction module: Based on the transient simulation results, the initial relationship model of the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the expected fault is constructed. The formula can be expressed as follows:

[0149] ΔP=kΔf+b

[0150] Among them, ΔP is the active power shortage, Δf is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid, and k and b are parameters of the initial relationship model.

[0151] Initial setting value calculation module: calculates the initial frequency coordination protection setting value based on the initial relationship model and the control frequency of different measures.

[0152] The initial value calculation module includes:

[0153] Active power shortage calculation module: Calculates the active power shortage corresponding to each control frequency based on the initial relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures;

[0154] The control frequencies of different action measures include the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting action measures, the frequency control targets of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting action measures, the starting frequency of interruptible load cutting action measures, and the frequency control targets of interruptible load cutting action measures;

[0155] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting measures can be:

[0156] ΔP1=k(f-f1)+b

[0157] Where ΔP1 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures, k and b are parameters of the initial relationship model, f1 is the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures, and f is the steady-state frequency of the power grid;

[0158] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of DC modulation and pump-storage and pump-shedding measures can be:

[0159] ΔP2=k(f-f2)+b

[0160] Wherein, ΔP2 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of DC modulation and pumping storage and pump cutting measures, and f2 is the frequency control target of DC modulation and pumping storage and pump cutting measures;

[0161] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure can be:

[0162] ΔP3=k(f-f3)+b

[0163] Wherein, ΔP3 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure action, and f3 is the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure action;

[0164] The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure can be:

[0165] ΔP4=k(f-f4)+b

[0166] Wherein, ΔP4 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action, and f3 is the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action.

[0167] Frequency cooperative control protection constant value calculation module: calculates the initial frequency cooperative control protection constant value according to the active power shortage corresponding to each control frequency;

[0168] Frequency coordination protection settings include DC pumped storage action threshold, interruptible load action threshold, DC power loss load shedding threshold, DC pumped storage under-shedding value, and interruptible load under-shedding value.

[0169] The calculation formula for the DC pumped storage action threshold value can be:

[0170] P mk1 =ΔP1

[0171] Among them, P mk1 is the DC pumped storage action threshold;

[0172] The calculation formula of the DC pumped storage under-cut value can be:

[0173] P set1 =ΔP2

[0174] Among them, P set1 is the under-cut value of DC pumped storage;

[0175] The calculation formula for the interruptible load action threshold value can be:

[0176] P mk2 =ΔP3-ΔP2

[0177] Among them, P mk2 is the interruptible load action threshold;

[0178] The calculation formula of the interruptible load undercut value can be:

[0179] P set2 =ΔP4-ΔP2

[0180] Among them, P set2 is the interruptible load undercut value;

[0181] The calculation formula for the load shedding threshold value due to DC power loss can be:

[0182] P mk3 =ΔP3+P ZL,MAX +P CX,MAX -100

[0183] Among them, P mk3P is the load shedding threshold value allowed by DC power loss, ZL,MAX P is the upper limit of the DC modulation action. CX,MAX It is the upper limit of the actionable amount of the pump-storage and cutting pump.

[0184] Judgment module: Based on the active power shortage of the expected fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting and the preset grid control accuracy, it determines whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled.

[0185] The judgment module includes:

[0186] The first safety and control action module: determines the safety and control action of each anticipated fault based on the active power shortage of the anticipated fault and the initial frequency cooperative protection setting;

[0187] The first minimum frequency module: performs transient simulation of each anticipated fault according to the safety and control action situation, and obtains the minimum frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault;

[0188] The first judgment module: If the lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (k max -k)*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is over-control; where f Δ is the frequency control accuracy, η is the active power control accuracy, k is the parameter of the initial relationship model, k max =max{ΔP i / Δf i}, ΔP i is the active power shortage of the anticipated fault i, Δf i is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the anticipated fault i;

[0189] Second judgment module: If the lowest frequency of the power grid after any fault is lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (kk min )*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is under-control; where k min =min{ΔP i / Δf i}.

[0190] The second final value module includes:

[0191] Replace parameter acquisition module: Get N parameters k1, k2, ..., k N ; Among them, in the case of over-control, from (k,k max ] to obtain the N parameter, N=(k max -k)*f Δ / η; In the case of under-control, from [k min,k) to obtain the N parameter, N=(kk min )*f Δ / η;

[0192] Fixed value recalculation module: use k1, k2, ..., k N Replace k in the initial relational model and calculate k1, k2, ..., k N Corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0193] The second safety control action module: According to the active power shortage of the expected fault and k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is determined by k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding safety and control actions for each anticipated fault;

[0194] The second lowest frequency module: according to the safety control action situation, the transient simulation of each expected fault is performed to obtain k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault;

[0195] Final confirmation module: According to k1, k2, ..., k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting.

[0196] The final confirmation module includes:

[0197] First confirmation module: If k n The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and k n-1 or k n+1 Among the corresponding grid minimum frequencies after each expected fault, at least one grid minimum frequency is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k n The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; wherein, n∈(1,N), n is an integer;

[0198] Second confirmation module: If k1, k2, ..., k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k max The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value;

[0199] The third confirmation module: If k1, k2, ..., k N Among the corresponding minimum frequencies of the power grid after each expected fault, there is at least one minimum frequency of the power grid that is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k min The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting is the final frequency coordination protection setting.

[0200] First final setting module: If there is no over-control or under-control, the initial frequency coordinated control protection setting is used as the final frequency coordinated control protection setting.

[0201] Second final setting module: If there is over-control or under-control, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset grid control accuracy, and the final frequency coordination protection setting is calculated based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequency of different measures.

[0202] Based on the same technical solution, the present invention also discloses a computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs include instructions, which, when executed by a computing device, enable the computing device to perform a frequency coordination protection constant calculation method.

[0203] Based on the same technical solution, the present invention also discloses a computing device, including one or more processors, one or more memories and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the one or more memories and are configured to be executed by the one or more processors, and the one or more programs include instructions for executing a frequency coordination protection constant calculation method.

[0204] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Thus, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to magnetic disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0205] The present invention is described with reference to flowcharts and / or block diagrams of methods, devices (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that each process and / or block in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams, as well as combinations of processes and / or blocks in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, an embedded processor, or other programmable data processing device to produce a machine, so that the instructions executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing device generate instructions for implementing the processes in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams. Figure 1 a process or multiple processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A device that provides the functions specified in a block or multiple blocks.

[0206] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer readable memory produce an article of manufacture comprising an instruction device, which implements the process Figure 1 a process or multiple processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0207] These computer program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing device so that a series of operational steps are executed on the computer or other programmable device to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing the instructions executed on the computer or other programmable device for implementing the process. Figure 1 a process or multiple processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A step that specifies a function in one or more boxes.

[0208] The above are merely embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention are included in the scope of the claims of the present invention to be approved.

Claims

1. A method for calculating a frequency coordinated protection setting value, characterized in that: include: Conduct transient simulation of anticipated faults in actual grid operation mode; Based on the transient simulation results, an initial relationship model between the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the anticipated fault is constructed; Calculate the initial frequency coordination protection setting value based on the initial relationship model and the control frequency of different measures; Based on the active power shortage of the expected fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting value and the preset grid control accuracy, determine whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled; If over-control or under-control exists, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset grid control accuracy. The final frequency coordination protection setting is calculated based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequency of different measures. The initial relationship model between the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid in the above-mentioned anticipated fault is: ΔP=kΔf+b Among them, ΔP is the active power shortage, Δf is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid, and k and b are parameters of the initial relationship model; The above-mentioned judgment of whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-control or under-control based on the active power shortage of the expected fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting value and the preset grid control accuracy includes: Determine the safety and control actions for each anticipated fault based on the active power shortage of the anticipated fault and the initial frequency coordination protection setting; Perform transient simulation of each anticipated fault based on the safety and control action to obtain the lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault; If the lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (k max -k)*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is over-control; where f Δ is the frequency control accuracy, η is the active power control accuracy, k max =max{ΔP i / Δf i }, ΔP i is the active power shortage of the anticipated fault i, Δf i is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the anticipated fault i; If the lowest frequency of the power grid after any fault is lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (kk min )*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is under-control; where k min =min{ΔP i / Δf i }; If over-control or under-control exists, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset grid control accuracy. Based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures, the final frequency coordination protection setting is calculated, including: Get N parameters k1, k2, ..., k N ; Among them, in the case of over-control, from (k,k max ] to obtain the N parameter, N=(k max -k)*f Δ / η; In the case of under-control, from [k min ,k) to obtain the N parameter, N=(kk min )*f Δ / η; Use k1, k2, ..., k respectively N Replace k in the initial relational model and calculate k1, k2, ..., k N Corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value; According to the active power shortage of the expected fault and k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is determined by k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding safety and control actions for each anticipated fault; According to the safety control action situation, transient simulation of each expected fault is carried out to obtain k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault; According to k1, k2, …, k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting.

2. A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Before performing transient simulation of anticipated faults in actual operation mode of the power grid, a step of screening anticipated faults is also included. This step includes screening anticipated faults that meet active power shortage constraints.

3. The method for calculating a frequency coordinated protection constant value according to claim 1, wherein: Based on the initial relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures, the initial frequency coordination protection setting is calculated, including: According to the initial relationship model and the control frequencies of different measures, the active power shortage corresponding to each control frequency is calculated; The initial frequency coordination protection setting is calculated based on the active power shortage corresponding to each control frequency.

4. A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation method according to claim 3, characterized in that: The control frequencies of different action measures include the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting action measures, the frequency control targets of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump cutting action measures, the starting frequency of interruptible load cutting action measures, and the frequency control targets of interruptible load cutting action measures; The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pump-storage and pump-off measures is: ΔP1=k(f-f1)+b Wherein, ΔP1 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures, f1 is the starting frequency of DC modulation and pumped storage and pump-shedding measures, and f is the steady-state frequency of the power grid; The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of DC modulation and pump-storage and pump-off measures is: ΔP2=k(f-f2)+b Wherein, ΔP2 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of DC modulation and pumping storage and pump cutting measures, and f2 is the frequency control target of DC modulation and pumping storage and pump cutting measures; The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure is: ΔP3=k(f-f3)+b Wherein, ΔP3 is the active power shortage corresponding to the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure action, and f3 is the starting frequency of the interruptible load cutting measure action; The calculation formula for the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure is: ΔP4=k(f-f4)+b Wherein, ΔP4 is the active power shortage corresponding to the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action, and f3 is the frequency control target of the interruptible load cutting measure action.

5. A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation method according to claim 4, characterized in that: Frequency coordination protection settings include DC pumped storage action threshold, interruptible load action threshold, DC power loss load shedding threshold, DC pumped storage under-shedding value, and interruptible load under-shedding value. The formula for calculating the DC pumped storage action threshold is: P mk1 =ΔP1 Among them, P mk1 is the DC pumped storage action threshold; The formula for calculating the under-cut value of DC pumped storage is: P set1 =ΔP2 Among them, P set1 is the under-cut value of DC pumped storage; The formula for calculating the interruptible load action threshold is: P mk2 =ΔP3-ΔP2 Among them, P mk2 is the interruptible load action threshold; The formula for calculating the interruptible load under-cut value is: P set2 =ΔP4-ΔP2 Among them, P set2 is the interruptible load undercut value; The formula for calculating the DC power loss load shedding threshold is: P mk3 =ΔP3+P ZL,MAX +P CX,MAX -100 Among them, P mk3 P is the load shedding threshold value allowed by DC power loss, ZL,MAX P is the upper limit of the DC modulation action. CX,MAX It is the upper limit of the actionable amount of the pump-storage and cutting pump.

6. A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: According to k1, k2, …, k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting, including: If k n The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and k n-1 or k n+1 Among the corresponding grid minimum frequencies after each expected fault, at least one grid minimum frequency is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k n The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; wherein, n∈(1,N), n is an integer; If k1, k2, …, k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k max The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; If k1, k2, …, k N Among the corresponding minimum frequencies of the power grid after each expected fault, there is at least one minimum frequency of the power grid that is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k min The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting is the final frequency coordination protection setting.

7. The method for calculating a frequency coordinated protection constant value according to claim 1, wherein: The method further includes: if there is no overcontrol or undercontrol, using the initial frequency coordinated control protection constant as the final frequency coordinated control protection constant.

8. A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation system, characterized in that: include: Simulation module: performs transient simulation of anticipated faults in the actual operation mode of the power grid; Initial relationship model construction module: Based on the transient simulation results, it constructs the initial relationship model of the active power shortage and the maximum frequency drop of the power grid during the expected fault; Initial setting value calculation module: calculates the initial frequency coordination protection setting value based on the initial relationship model and the control frequency of different measures; Judgment module: Determines whether the frequency cooperative protection strategy is over-controlled or under-controlled based on the active power shortage of the expected fault, the initial frequency cooperative protection setting value, and the preset grid control accuracy; Second final setting module: If overcontrol or undercontrol exists, the parameters of the initial relationship model are adjusted according to the preset grid control accuracy. The final frequency coordination protection setting is calculated based on the adjusted relationship model and the control frequency of different measures. In the above initial relationship model construction module, the initial relationship model is: ΔP=kΔf+b Among them, ΔP is the active power shortage, Δf is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid, and k and b are parameters of the initial relationship model; The above-mentioned judgment module includes: The first safety and control action module: determines the safety and control action of each anticipated fault based on the active power shortage of the anticipated fault and the initial frequency cooperative protection setting; The first minimum frequency module: performs transient simulation of each anticipated fault according to the safety and control action situation, and obtains the minimum frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault; The first judgment module: If the lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (k max -k)*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is over-control; where f Δ is the frequency control accuracy, η is the active power control accuracy, k max =max{ΔP i / Δf i }, ΔP i is the active power shortage of the anticipated fault i, Δf i is the maximum frequency drop of the power grid under the anticipated fault i; Second judgment module: If the lowest frequency of the power grid after any fault is lower than the corresponding control frequency, and (kk min )*f Δ <η, then the frequency coordinated protection strategy does not have over-control or under-control, otherwise there is under-control; where k min =min{ΔP i / Δf i }; The second final setting module includes: Replace parameter acquisition module: Get N parameters k1, k2, ..., k N ; Among them, in the case of over-control, from (k,k max ] to obtain the N parameter, N=(k max -k)*f Δ / η; In the case of under-control, from [k min ,k) to obtain the N parameter, N=(kk min )*f Δ / η; Fixed value recalculation module: use k1, k2, ..., k N Replace k in the initial relational model and calculate k1, k2, ..., k N Corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value; The second safety control action module: According to the active power shortage of the expected fault and k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is determined by k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding safety and control actions for each anticipated fault; The second lowest frequency module: according to the safety control action situation, the transient simulation of each expected fault is performed to obtain k1, k2, ..., k N The corresponding lowest frequency of the power grid after each anticipated fault; Final confirmation module: According to k1, k2, ..., k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is used to determine the final frequency coordination protection setting.

9. A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation system according to claim 8, characterized in that: The final confirmation module includes: First confirmation module: If k n The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, and k n-1 or k n+1 Among the corresponding grid minimum frequencies after each expected fault, at least one grid minimum frequency is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k n The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; wherein, n∈(1,N), n is an integer; Second confirmation module: If k1, k2, ..., k N The lowest frequency of the power grid after each expected fault is not lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k max The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting value is the final frequency coordination protection setting value; The third confirmation module: If k1, k2, ..., k N Among the corresponding minimum frequencies of the power grid after each expected fault, there is at least one minimum frequency of the power grid that is lower than the corresponding control frequency, then k min The corresponding frequency coordination protection setting is the final frequency coordination protection setting.

10. A frequency coordinated control protection constant value calculation system according to claim 8, characterized in that: The system further includes a first final setting module; the first final setting module: if there is no overcontrol or undercontrol, the initial frequency coordinated control protection setting is used as the final frequency coordinated control protection setting.

11. A computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, characterized in that: The one or more programs include instructions that, when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform any one of the methods according to claims 1 to 7.

12. A computing device, characterized in that include, One or more processors, one or more memories, and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the one or more memories and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs comprising instructions for performing any of the methods according to claims 1 to 7.

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