High bandwidth constant on-time pwm control

Abstract

The invention relates to high-bandwidth constant on-time PWM control, the apparatus and related methods relate to dynamic bandwidth control of a variable-frequency modulation circuit through selective contribution of an XFTE in response to transients in the switching frequency. In an illustrative example, the XFTE can generate a transient control signal in response to a transient in a control output signal indicative of the switching frequency and received from a feedback control circuit. The XFTE can generate the transient control signal, for example, in accordance with a predetermined relationship between a crossover frequency of the modulation circuit and the switching frequency. The feedback control circuit can generate the control output signal, for example, from a predetermined reference and a control input signal. The control output signal can correspond to a pulse-width modulated output delivered through an inductor to a load, for example. An advantage of the invention is that the effective bandwidth of the modulation circuit can be advantageously increased while maintaining desired frequency response characteristics.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of variable frequency modulation, and more specifically to PWM control with high bandwidth and constant on-time. Background Technology

[0002] Electronic devices receive power in various ways. For example, consumer electronic devices can receive power from a wall outlet (e.g., a power supply) or various portable power sources (e.g., batteries, renewable energy sources, generators). The operating time of battery-powered devices depends on battery capacity and average current consumption. Manufacturers of battery-powered devices may strive to reduce the average battery current of their products to provide longer device usage time between battery replacements or charging operations. In some examples, manufacturers of AC-powered devices may strive to improve the power efficiency of their products to minimize heat load and / or maximize performance per watt.

[0003] In some electronic devices, the input voltage power supply (such as battery input, rectified power supply, intermediate DC power supply) can be converted into different voltages through various voltage conversion circuits. Switching power supplies are widely used as voltage conversion circuits due to their high efficiency, and are therefore widely used in various electronic devices.

[0004] Switch-mode power supplies use switching devices to convert voltage; these devices turn on with extremely low resistance and turn off with extremely high resistance. A switch-mode power supply can charge the output inductor for a period of time and release some or all of the inductor energy in a subsequent period. The output energy can be transferred to a set of output capacitors, which provide filtering to generate a DC output voltage. In a buck switching power supply, the steady-state output voltage can be approximated as the input voltage multiplied by a duty cycle, where the duty cycle is the on-time of one switching action divided by the total on-time and off-time of the switching action within one switching cycle. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The apparatus and related methods of the present invention relate to dynamic bandwidth control of a frequency conversion modulation circuit by means of a cross-frequency tuning engine (XFTE) responding to the selective contribution of transients in the switching frequency. In one illustrative example, the XFTE may generate a transient control signal in response to a transient in a control output signal indicating the switching frequency and received from a feedback control circuit. The XFTE may generate the transient control signal, for example, based on a predetermined relationship between the cross-frequency and the switching frequency of the modulation circuit. The feedback control circuit may generate a control output signal, for example, from a predetermined reference and a control input signal. For example, the control output signal may correspond to a pulse-width modulated output transmitted to the load via an inductor. Various embodiments can advantageously increase the effective bandwidth of the modulation circuit while maintaining the desired frequency response characteristics.

[0006] The first variable frequency modulation circuit provided by the present invention includes:

[0007] A feedback control circuit is configured to generate a control output signal from both a predetermined reference and a control input signal, wherein the control input signal corresponds to a pulse-width modulated output transmitted to the load through an inductor;

[0008] A frequency modulation circuit configured to generate a frequency control output signal corresponding to the switching frequency of at least one switching circuit in response to a frequency control input signal, wherein the switching circuit is configured to generate the pulse width modulation output.

[0009] A cross-frequency tuning engine, including a high-pass filter and a gain module, is configured to generate a transient control signal in response to a transient in the frequency control output signal; and

[0010] A gain stage circuit is configured to apply the transient control signal to the control output signal to generate the frequency control input signal.

[0011] The cross-frequency tuning engine generates the transient control signal so that the frequency control input signal causes the frequency modulation circuit to maintain a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and a cross-frequency, wherein the cross-frequency corresponds to the frequency of a unity-gain closed-loop circuit, the closed-loop circuit including at least a feedback control circuit and a frequency modulation circuit.

[0012] Preferably, the feedback control circuit includes a compensation circuit and a filter circuit operably connected, the filter circuit applying a transfer function having at least one cutoff frequency to the output of the compensation circuit and operably connected to a cross-frequency tuning engine such that the at least one cross-frequency of the filter circuit changes in response to the transient to maintain a predetermined relationship between the at least one cutoff frequency and the switching frequency.

[0013] Preferably, the predetermined relationship constrains the crossover frequency to between at least one-eighth and one-third of the switching frequency.

[0014] Preferably, the variable frequency modulation circuit is a switching regulator.

[0015] Preferably, the variable frequency modulation circuit is configured as at least one of a constant on-time regulator, a constant off-time regulator, and a constant duty cycle regulator.

[0016] Preferably, the feedback control circuit includes a quantum charge modulator.

[0017] Preferably, the feedback control circuit includes an error amplifier and a compensation network circuit.

[0018] Preferably, the cross-frequency tuning engine receives the control output signal from the error amplifier.

[0019] Preferably, the cross-frequency tuning engine receives the control output signal from the compensation network circuit.

[0020] Preferably, the compensation network circuit includes a PID circuit, and the cross-frequency tuning engine receives the control output signal as the output of the PID circuit.

[0021] Preferably, the frequency modulation circuit includes a voltage-controlled oscillator configured to generate a frequency control output signal based on a frequency control input signal.

[0022] Preferably, the switching circuits are interleaved.

[0023] Preferably, the gain stage circuit includes a multiplication circuit.

[0024] Preferably, the gain stage circuit includes a shift register.

[0025] Preferably, the gain module

[0026] It includes a memory module containing an instruction program and a processor that is operationally connected to the memory module, such that when the processor executes the instruction program, the gain module generates a transient control signal based on a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency.

[0027] The present invention also provides a method for dynamically adjusting bandwidth in a frequency conversion modulation control circuit, the method comprising:

[0028] A feedback control circuit is provided, which is configured to generate a control output signal from both a predetermined reference and a control input signal, wherein the control input signal corresponds to a pulse width modulated output transmitted to the load through an inductor.

[0029] A frequency modulation circuit is provided, which is configured to generate a frequency control output signal corresponding to the switching frequency of at least one switching circuit in response to a frequency control input signal, wherein the switching circuit is configured to generate a pulse width modulation output.

[0030] In response to a transient in the control output signal, a transient control signal is generated based on a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency; and

[0031] A transient control signal is applied to the control output signal to generate a frequency control input signal.

[0032] The process generates a transient control signal so that the frequency control input signal causes the frequency modulation circuit to maintain a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency, wherein the crossover frequency corresponds to the frequency of the closed-loop circuit under unity gain, and the closed-loop circuit includes at least a feedback control circuit and a frequency modulation circuit.

[0033] Preferably, the method further includes:

[0034] The predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency is determined by performing the following operations:

[0035] Determine the switching frequency so that the response of the frequency conversion modulation circuit is within a predetermined stable threshold in the first frequency range;

[0036] Generate a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency;

[0037] The transient response of the frequency modulation circuit with a predetermined response relationship is evaluated by comparing it with at least one predetermined transient response threshold; and

[0038] If the transient response is not within at least one predetermined transient response threshold, then update the predetermined relationship.

[0039] The second variable frequency modulation control circuit provided by the present invention includes:

[0040] A feedback control circuit is configured to generate a control output signal from both a predetermined reference and a control input signal, wherein the control input signal corresponds to a pulse-width modulated output transmitted to the load via an inductor;

[0041] A frequency modulation circuit is configured to generate a frequency control output signal corresponding to the switching frequency of at least one switching circuit in response to a frequency control input signal, wherein the switching circuit is configured to generate a pulse width modulation output.

[0042] A means for generating a transient control signal from the frequency control output signal of a frequency modulation circuit in response to a transient in the frequency control output signal; and

[0043] A device for applying transient control signals to control output signals to generate frequency control input signals.

[0044] The means for generating a transient control signal is configured to generate a transient control signal such that a frequency control input signal causes a frequency modulation circuit to maintain a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and a crossover frequency, wherein the crossover frequency corresponds to the frequency of a unity-gain closed-loop circuit, the closed-loop circuit including at least the feedback control circuit and the frequency modulation circuit.

[0045] Preferably, the feedback control circuit in the second type of variable frequency modulation control circuit includes a compensation circuit and a filter circuit operatively connected. The filter circuit applies at least one cutoff frequency to the output of the compensation circuit and is operatively connected to a cross-frequency tuning engine so that the at least one cutoff frequency of the filter circuit changes in response to transients to maintain a predetermined relationship between the at least one cutoff frequency and the switching frequency.

[0046] Preferably, the feedback control circuit in the second variable frequency modulation control circuit includes a quantum charge modulator.

[0047] Various embodiments of the invention can achieve one or more advantages. For example, some embodiments can advantageously maintain a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency during transients such as those of the load, the power supply, or certain combinations thereof. For example, various embodiments can maintain a predetermined relationship including a range of values, such that the circuit advantageously maintains an approximate switching frequency to crossover frequency ratio. Various embodiments can advantageously provide more consistent power to the load. In various embodiments, by maintaining a predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency, desired stability, noise, and / or transient response characteristics of the circuit can be maintained, advantageously increasing the bandwidth of the regulated power supply circuit even during transients of the switching frequency. Various embodiments can advantageously increase the effective bandwidth of the frequency conversion modulation circuit across a wider range of switching frequencies.

[0048] Details of various embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the specification, drawings, and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0049] Figure 1 This represents an exemplary high-bandwidth frequency modulation circuit 105, including an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125 used in an illustrative use case scenario.

[0050] Figure 2A An exemplary electrical schematic diagram of a high-bandwidth variable frequency modulation circuit 200 is shown, which includes an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125 configured to maintain a relationship between a predetermined cross-frequency and a switching frequency.

[0051] Figure 2B An exemplary electrical schematic diagram 125 shows a high-bandwidth variable frequency modulation circuit 201 including an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine.

[0052] Figure 3A An exemplary electrical schematic diagram of a high-bandwidth constant on-time switching regulator circuit 300 is shown, the circuit 300 including an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125 configured to receive control signals from a low-pass filter 325.

[0053] Figure 3B This diagram illustrates an exemplary electrical schematic of a high-bandwidth constant on-time switching regulator circuit 301 including an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125, which is configured to receive control signals from a PID circuit 320 and dynamically contribute control inputs to an LP filter 325.

[0054] Figure 4 An exemplary block diagram is shown of a cross-frequency tuning engine 125 configured as a digital frequency conversion modulation circuit.

[0055] Figure 5 Indicates in Figure 3A Exemplary results of operating the cross-frequency tuning engine 125 in the exemplary switching regulator circuit 300.

[0056] Figure 6 This describes an exemplary method for tuning a cross frequency in a frequency conversion modulation circuit with a cross frequency tuning engine.

[0057] Figure 7 This describes an exemplary method for determining the relationship between a predetermined cross frequency and a switching frequency in a cross frequency tuning engine.

[0058] Similar reference symbols in various drawings represent similar components. Detailed Implementation

[0059] For ease of understanding, this specification is organized as follows. First, to aid in the discussion of the various embodiments, refer to... Figure 1 This paper introduces a high-bandwidth variable frequency modulation system that operates to maintain a predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency. Secondly, this introduction includes a reference... Figures 2A-3B The description includes an exemplary high-bandwidth frequency conversion modulation circuit, including an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine. Figure 4 An exemplary digital embodiment of the cross-frequency tuning engine is shown. Third, refer to... Figure 5 The exemplary results of the operation of the cross-frequency tuning engine are described in an application to an exemplary frequency modulation circuit. Fourth, refer to Figure 6-7 The discussion then shifts to exemplary methods for maintaining and setting the relationship between predetermined crossover frequencies and switching frequencies. Finally, this document discusses further embodiments, exemplary applications, and aspects related to high-bandwidth variable frequency modulation circuits employing crossover frequency tuning.

[0060] Figure 1An exemplary high-bandwidth frequency modulation circuit 105 is shown, including an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125 used in an illustrative use case scenario. In the depicted scenario 100, a frequency converter (e.g., a regulated power supply) 105 is shown in the context of use in a desktop computer 110. The regulated power supply 105 provides power (e.g., regulated and / or regulated alternating current (AC) and / or direct current (DC)) to a load 111. For example, the load 111 may be one or more processors, a graphics card, other electronic components, or some combination thereof. The regulated power supply 105 includes a feedback control module 115 that monitors a feedback signal corresponding to the output provided to the load 111. The feedback control module 115 includes a compensation module 116 and an error amplifier 117. The feedback control module 115 provides a control output signal C to a switching module 120. out The switching module 120 includes a frequency modulator 121, which is configured to operate based on a control output signal C from the feedback control module 115. out The corresponding correction control signal C cor To provide with switching frequency f sw The corresponding control signals. The power stage 122 of the switching module 120 is based on the switching frequency f. sw Operate at least one switch to input power V in Transfer to load 111.

[0061] In the illustrated example, the cross-frequency tuning engine (XFTE) 125 is connected between the feedback control module 115 and the switching module 120 via a gain stage circuit 128. As shown, the XFTE 125 receives the input control output signal C from the feedback control circuit 128. out The XFTE 125 includes a high-pass filter module 126 and a gain module 127, and is configured to generate gain in response to transients in the switching frequency. The XFTE 125 receives a control output signal C from the feedback control module 115. out Identify transients in the switching frequency and the corresponding corrected output signal. As shown in the figure, during the transient period of the switching frequency, the XFTE 125 generates a transient correction signal C corresponding to non-unity gain. trans The gain stage circuit 128 converts the transient correction signal C... trans The contribution is applied to the control output signal C out To generate the correction control signal C cor During the steady-state switching frequency, the transient correction signal C trans Corresponding to unity gain, therefore, the control output signal C outThe switching frequency is reached through gain stage circuitry 128 to switch module 120, unaffected by XFTE 125. In various embodiments, by way of example and not limitation, the transient switching frequency may correspond to an increase in demand on load 111 (e.g., computing Bitcoin, processing graphics) or a decrease in demand on load 111 (e.g., entering a low-power state, such as "sleep mode"). XFTE 125 is based on a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency (e.g., ratio switching frequency f). sw Cross frequency f c In response to transients in the switching frequency detected by the feedback control module 115, a transient correction signal C is selectively provided. trans Therefore, the XFTE 125 is configured to advantageously maintain the switching frequency f during transients such as load 111. sw Cross frequency f c The predetermined relationship. In various embodiments, the predetermined relationship may include, for example, a range of ratios between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency, such that the XFTE 125 advantageously maintains the approximate ratio of the switching frequency to the crossover frequency within a predetermined range.

[0062] The XFTE 125 generates a transient correction signal C based on a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency. trans An exemplary Bode plot 130 illustrates an exemplary effect of the XFTE 125 on the frequency characteristics of the frequency modulation circuit 105. Curve 135 shows an example of the unmodified relationship between frequency and amplitude (e.g., obtained by scanning a network analyzer across the frequency range and measuring the response, such as voltage). Curve 135 at the crossover frequency f c (Indicated by point 150) Crosses 0dB (indicated by line 145). XFTE 125 responds to transients in the switching frequency by applying gain 146 to offset curve 135, as shown by offset curve 140. Therefore, the crossover frequency is shifted, as shown by point 155. Thus, by maintaining a predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency, the desired stability, noise, and impedance can be maintained, advantageously increasing the bandwidth of the regulated power supply circuit 105, as well as the transient response characteristics of the circuit, even during transients in the switching frequency.

[0063] Figure 2A An exemplary electrical schematic of a high-bandwidth variable frequency modulation circuit 200 is depicted, which includes an exemplary crossover frequency tuning engine 125 configured to maintain a relationship between a predetermined crossover frequency and a switching frequency. In the depicted example, the high-bandwidth frequency modulation circuit 200 includes a feedback control module 115 configured relative to a reference signal V. ref Monitor FM power output V out And generate control output signal C outThe XFTE 125 responds to the control output signal C. out The switching frequency f of the switching module 120 detected in the middle sw The transient state receives the control output signal C. out Provides transient correction signal C trans This is to maintain a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency of circuit 200. Gain stage circuit 128 will be used to control the output signal C. out Transient correction signal C trans Used to generate correction control signal C cor The switching module 120 is configured to operate based on the correction control signal C. cor Generate frequency modulation power output V out .

[0064] In the illustrated example, the feedback control module 115 uses the error amplifier 117 to generate an error signal. The error amplifier 117 will output the frequency modulation power V. out With reference signal V ref The comparison is performed, and the result is passed to the compensation module 116. The compensation module 116 generates a compensation signal based on the error signal. As an example and not a limitation, compensation may include filtering, PID control, or some combination thereof. The switching module 120 includes a frequency modulator 121 configured to receive a correction control signal C. cor And generate a switching frequency signal to drive power stage 122 with a corresponding switching frequency f. sw Power stage 122 includes, for example, components configured to generate power with f sw The corresponding pulse generator 210, and configured to operate according to the switching frequency f sw For power input V in Switch 215 performs frequency modulation. Power stage 122 provides the generated frequency-modulated power output V to the load through an LC filter. out In various embodiments, the fundamental frequency characteristics of circuit 200 can be determined based on predetermined values ​​of the capacitors and inductors in the LC filter, as an example but not a limitation, including noise, stability, and transient response.

[0065] In the illustrated example, the XFTE 125 will control the output signal C. out The signal is received from compensation module 116 into high-pass filter module 126. High-pass filter module 126 can, for example, AC couple XFTE 125 such that XFTE 125 responds to control output signal C. out The transient (higher frequency component) detected in the signal is only affected by the correction control signal C. cor Make a contribution. Gain module 127 responds to control output signal C. outIn the transient process, a transient control signal C is generated based on a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency of circuit 200. trans The gain stage circuit 128 converts the transient control signal C... trans Applied to control output signal C out To generate the correction control signal C cor Therefore, in response to transients, the switching frequency control signal output by the frequency modulator 121 is offset by the output of the XFTE 125. This shifts the crossover frequency and maintains the predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency. Adjusting the crossover frequency in response to transients in the switching frequency advantageously allows the desired characteristics of the circuit 200, which depend on the predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency, such as noise, transient response, and stability, to remain constant even as the switching frequency changes with load, input voltage, other transients affecting the switching frequency, or combinations thereof. Thus, by advantageously maintaining the desired characteristics of the circuit 200 over a wider range of switching frequencies, the effective bandwidth of the circuit 200 is effectively increased.

[0066] Figure 2B This illustrates an exemplary electrical diagram of a high-bandwidth variable-frequency modulation circuit 201 including an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125. For example, circuit 201 can be configured as a variant of circuit 200. Figure 2A As shown, the feedback control module 115 includes a compensation module 116 and an error amplifier 117. In the depicted example, the feedback control module 115 of circuit 201 is configured such that the compensation module 116 receives a signal corresponding to the frequency modulation power output V. out The error amplifier 117 provides a compensation output to the reference signal V. The error amplifier 117 compares the compensation signal with the reference signal V. ref Compare and generate control output signal C. out The XFTE125 is configured to respond to the control output signal C. out The transient detected in the signal is sent to the control output signal C via the gain stage circuit 128. out Provides transient control signals. Switching module 120 responds to correction control signal C. cor Perform the operation to generate frequency modulation power output V out At the same time, it maintains the predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency. Therefore, the XFTE 125 can effectively and advantageously increase the bandwidth of circuit 201.

[0067] In various embodiments, circuits 200 and 201 may be analog circuits, digital circuits, or combinations thereof. XFTE 125 may be configured as analog circuits, digital circuits, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, feedback control module 115, switching module 120, XFTE 125, or combinations thereof may be equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), or combinations thereof.

[0068] Figure 3A This is an exemplary electrical schematic of a high-bandwidth constant on-time switching regulator circuit 300, which includes an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125 configured to receive control signals from a low-pass filter 325. In the depicted digital implementation, the feedback control module 115 of the switching regulator circuit 300 includes an analog error amplifier 117. The error amplifier 117 outputs the frequency-modulated power V of the circuit 300. out With reference signal V ref The input signal is compared and the resulting signal is provided to compensation module 116. Compensation module 116 converts the analog input from error amplifier 117 into a digital signal via analog-to-digital converter 310. The output of analog-to-digital converter 310 is filtered by low-pass filter 315. The resulting signal is passed to a linear time-insensitive circuit (e.g., proportional-integral; proportional-integral-derivative), which in the described example is embodied as a digital PID (proportional, integral, derivative) circuit 320. Digital PID circuit 320 generates a feedback control signal C filtered by a second low-pass filter 325. PID The generated control output signal C out It is provided to XFTE 125. For example, low-pass filter 325 can be configured to filter out the switching frequency of switching module 120.

[0069] The XFTE 125 responds to a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency of circuit 300 by controlling the output signal C. out The transient detected in the process generates a transient control signal C. trans The gain stage circuit 128 (e.g., a multiplier, shift register, other suitable gain stage components, or some combination thereof) will convert the transient control signal C... trans The contribution is applied to the control output signal C out To generate the corrected correction control signal C cor The frequency modulator 121 of the switching module 120 includes a digital voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 365. The digital VCO 365 operates according to a correction control signal C. corA frequency control signal is generated. The pulse generator 210 receives the frequency control signal and operates multiple switches 215 in the power stage 122 at a frequency indicated by the frequency control signal. In the depicted example, the pulse generator 210 includes an interleaving management module 370 and digital pulse width modulators (PWMs) 375 that operate the switches 215 sequentially at switching frequencies in response to the frequency control signal to generate a defined frequency-modulated power output V. out The constant on-time switching regulator circuit 300 can advantageously operate over a wider bandwidth of the switching frequency by means of the selective contribution of XFTE 125 during the transient period of the switching frequency, in order to maintain a predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency of the circuit 300.

[0070] Figure 3B This is an exemplary electrical schematic of a high-bandwidth constant on-time switching regulator circuit 301, which includes an exemplary cross-frequency tuning engine 125 configured to receive control signals from a PID circuit 320 and dynamically provide control inputs to an LP filter 325. An error amplifier 117 outputs the frequency-modulated power V from the circuit 300. out With reference signal V ref The input signal is compared and the resulting signal is provided to the compensation module 116. The compensation module 116 converts the analog input from the error amplifier 117 into a digital signal via an analog-to-digital converter 310. The output of the analog-to-digital converter 310 is filtered by a low-pass filter 315. The resulting signal is then passed to a digital PID (proportional-integral-derivative) circuit 320. The digital PID circuit 320 generates a feedback control signal C. PID It is received as input by the XFTE 125.

[0071] XFTE 125 responds to the PID control feedback control signal C based on a predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency of circuit 301. PID The transients detected in the switching frequency are selectively used to generate a transient control signal C. trans and transient filter control signal C transF In various embodiments, the transient control signal C trans and transient filter control signal C transF It can be a single signal or the same signal. The low-pass filter 325 is configured to respond to the transient filter control signal C. transFAt least one cutoff frequency is dynamically adjusted. For example, low-pass filter 325 and XFTE 125 can be configured such that the frequency range of low-pass filter 325 increases as the switching frequency increases and decreases as the switching frequency decreases. By way of example and not limitation, low-pass filter 325 can adjust its cutoff frequency in response to transients in the switching frequency to continue filtering the switching frequency. In various embodiments, low-pass filter 325 can be adjusted, by way of example and not limitation, to mitigate the effects of the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor bank. Therefore, XFTE 125 can advantageously respond to transients in the switching frequency to dynamically control the bandwidth of circuit 301. Dynamically controlled bandwidth can advantageously increase the effective bandwidth of circuit 301 while maintaining the desired design characteristics of circuit 301.

[0072] The output feedback control signal C of the digital PID 320 PID The (dynamic) low-pass filter 325 is used to generate the filtered control output signal C. out The transient control signal C generated by XFTE 125 trans The gain stage circuit 128 is applied to the filtered control output signal C out To generate the corrected correction control signal C cor Therefore, the XFTE 125 selectively modifies the filtered control output signal provided to the digital VCO 365 to advantageously maintain the relationship between the predetermined switching frequency and the crossover frequency of the circuit 301 during the transient period of the switching frequency detected in the output of the digital PID 320.

[0073] Figure 4 This is an exemplary block diagram of a cross-frequency tuning engine 125 configured as a digital frequency conversion modulation circuit. In the depicted digital circuitry 400, the cross-frequency tuning engine (XFTE) 125 receives a control output signal C. out For example, see reference Figures 2A-3B As described above. For example, control output signal C out The signal can be a numerical word. The XFTE 125 applies a high-pass filter 126 to control the output signal C. outThe filtered control output signal is processed by the processor 405 of the gain module 127. The processor is operatively connected to the memory module 410 and the storage module 415. As shown, the memory module 410 is random access memory (RAM), and the storage module 415 is non-volatile memory (NVM). For example, the processor 405 is operatively connected and configured to execute a program of instructions retrieved from the storage module 415 and loaded into the memory module 410. The program of instructions may be a software program, including firmware by way of example and not limitation. The gain module 127 may include one or more components, by way of example and not limitation, including an ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit), an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), a microcontroller, or some combination thereof.

[0074] Gain module 127 responds to transient input control signal C based on a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and crossover frequency of the corresponding circuit. out Generate transient control signal C trans For example, transient control signal C trans The signal can represent the shift applied to a digital word by a shift register. Gain stage circuit 128 includes shift register 420, which is configured to shift according to a transient control signal C. trans Offset shift control output signal C out The word will be the transient control signal C trans The signal is used to control the output signal C. out Therefore, the gain stage circuit 128 generates a calibrated correction control signal C. cor For example, the correction control signal C cor It is in response to the control output signal C received by the XFTE 125. out The digital word shifts due to transients in the input. In various embodiments, the digital control signal correction circuit 400 may be equipped with one or more ADCs, DACs, or combinations thereof. The circuit 400 can advantageously increase the effective bandwidth of the digital and / or analog frequency conversion modulation circuitry by modifying the digital control output signal in response to transients to maintain a predetermined crossover frequency to the switching frequency, thereby maintaining desired circuit characteristics, such as, by way of example but not limitation, noise, stability, and transient response.

[0075] Figure 5 Indicates in Figure 3A The exemplary result of the operation of the cross-frequency tuning engine 125 in the exemplary switching regulator circuit 300 is shown. The frequency response (e.g., Bode plot) of the exemplary circuit is illustrated. For example, the exemplary circuit could be as follows: Figure 3AThe circuit described above. The first set of frequency response diagrams 500 corresponds to exemplary steady-state values ​​of the circuit. Amplitude diagram 505 shows the amplitude of the frequency response corresponding to a frequency range, and phase diagram 510 shows the phase of the frequency response at a corresponding frequency. Solid lines 507 and 512 depict the frequency response of the entire circuit. Dashed lines 506 and 511 represent the frequency response of the feedback control circuit, for example... Figure 3A The feedback control module 115. For example, the peak value in solid line 507 corresponds to... Figure 3A The resonant frequencies of the inductor and capacitor in power stage 122 are shown. The crossover frequencies in steady state are also shown, where the solid line 507 of the circuit's frequency response crosses at unity gain (0 dB), indicated as f on amplitude diagram 505. c1 .

[0076] The second set of frequency response diagrams 501 corresponds to the transient period (e.g., during the control output signal C). out (Chinese) such as Figure 3A The exemplary cross-frequency tuning circuit shown in the diagram provides a transient control signal (e.g., transient control signal C) to the control signal supplied to the switching module 120. trans Amplitude diagram 515 shows the amplitude of the frequency response corresponding to the frequency range, and phase diagram 520 shows the phase of the frequency response at the corresponding frequency. Solid lines 517 and 522 depict the frequency response of the entire circuit. Dashed lines 516 and 521 show the frequency response of the feedback control circuit.

[0077] In the described example, the XFTE 125 provides a transient control signal corresponding to a gain of approximately 20 dB. Therefore, the amplitude curves 517 and 516 in Figure 515 shift upwards relative to the steady-state curve shown in Figure 505. Consequently, the circuit's crossover frequency is shifted higher, such as f0. c2 As shown in amplitude diagram 515. For example, transient response diagram 501 may correspond to an increased switching frequency. XFTE 125 can generate a transient control signal corresponding to a gain configured to adjust the crossover frequency, thereby maintaining a predetermined relationship between the crossover frequencies in the switching frequency of the circuit. Thus, the bandwidth of the circuit is dynamically increased according to the change in switching frequency, such that, for example, the desired characteristics of the circuit (e.g., noise, transient response, and stability) are maintained.

[0078] Figure 6 An exemplary method for tuning a crossover frequency in a frequency conversion modulation circuit having a crossover frequency tuning engine is illustrated. In the depicted method 600, a control signal (e.g., a control output signal C) is received in step 605. outStep 610 compares the control signal with a predetermined steady-state value of the control signal. Step 615 If the control signal equals the steady-state value, no crossover frequency tuning is required, and the method returns to step 605. If the control signal does not equal the steady-state value in step 615, step 620 determines a scaling factor to restore the relationship between the predetermined crossover frequency and the switching frequency. Step 625 applies the scaling factor to modify the circuit's crossover frequency to maintain the relationship between the predetermined crossover frequency and the switching frequency (e.g., by applying a transient control signal to the control output signal to generate a corrected control signal). Method 600 is repeated in a substantially continuous process. Therefore, by applying a scaling factor (e.g., gain) to one or more control signals of a frequency conversion modulation circuit, a predetermined relationship between the crossover frequencies in the switching frequency of the circuit can be advantageously maintained.

[0079] In various embodiments, steady-state values, predetermined relationships, or combinations thereof may be embodied in analog circuit components (e.g., values ​​of resistors, inductors, capacitors, transistors, amplifiers) or combinations thereof stored in a memory module (e.g., lookup table, NVM, RAM). As an example, but not a limitation, various embodiments of method 600 may be implemented as analog circuits, digital circuits, or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the circuit configured to implement method 600 may include, for example, Figure 1-4 The circuit described above.

[0080] Figure 7 An exemplary method for determining the relationship between a predetermined crossover frequency and a switching frequency in a crossover frequency tuning engine is illustrated. In the depicted method 700, step 705 sets the switching frequency of the frequency conversion modulation circuit (e.g., as per [reference to...]). Figure 1-4 As an example, but not a limitation, the switching frequency can be predetermined and / or dynamically determined within a predetermined range. Then, step 710 evaluates the stability of the circuit's feedback system (e.g., feedback control module 115). For example, stability can be evaluated by characterizing the circuit using a network analyzer to scan the frequency range to determine the amplitude of the stimulus and response and / or the phase ratio between the stimulus and response (e.g., as described above). Figure 5 If the stability does not meet the predetermined threshold in step 715, then step 720 is performed to adjust the compensation (e.g., PID control coefficients, capacitor and / or resistor values, filter values), and the process returns to step 710 to re-evaluate the stability of the feedback system.

[0081] Once the stability of the feedback system meets a predetermined threshold in step 715, step 725 is performed to set the relationship (e.g., ratio) between the circuit's crossover frequency and switching frequency. Then, step 730 is performed to evaluate the circuit's transient response. For example, the transient response can be evaluated by plotting the signal of interest over time (e.g., the frequency-modulated power output V). out Control output signal Cout Switching frequency f sw Correction control signal C cor Transient control signal C trans (or some combination thereof) to measure, while inducing transients (e.g., at power input V). in Medium and frequency modulation power output V out (The load on or some combination thereof). Step 735 If the transient response is not within a predetermined threshold, then step 740 is performed to adjust the relationship, and steps 730 to 750 are repeated. Once the transient response is within the predetermined threshold (e.g., if the signal of interest recovers to a stable value within a predetermined time), then step 745 is performed to evaluate the noise of the circuit. Step 750 If the noise exceeds the predetermined threshold, then step 740 is performed to adjust the relationship, and steps 730 to 750 are repeated. Step 750 Once the noise is within the predetermined threshold, the relationship is determined and method 700 is completed. This relationship may be stored, for example, in a data memory, or implemented in a circuit component or some combination thereof. By way of example and not limitation, method 700 may be performed on analog circuits, test circuits, actual circuits, or some combination thereof. Thus, a predetermined relationship can be set between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency of the circuit to achieve desired characteristics of stability, noise, and transient response. For example, a predetermined relationship can be implemented in the XFTE 125 such that the XFTE 125 is configured to advantageously generate transient control signals to maintain the predetermined relationship in response to transients in the switching frequency of the circuit.

[0082] Although various embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, other embodiments are possible. For example, although reference to... Figure 1 An exemplary system 100 has been described, but other implementations can be deployed in other industrial, scientific, medical, commercial, and / or residential applications. In various embodiments, various components and / or sub-circuits may be implemented as analog circuits, digital circuits, or combinations thereof, by way of example and not limitation. For example, a filter circuit (e.g., low-pass filter 325) may be implemented as digital and / or analog circuitry. By way of example and not limitation, low-pass filter 325 may be implemented as at least one resistor having an adjustable resistance value (e.g., through a transistor) and an active gain component (e.g., an operational amplifier), a digital filter (e.g., a microprocessor, ASIC, FPGA, digital signal processor), or a combination thereof. In various embodiments, the circuit may include, for example, finite impulse response (FIR) filter circuitry and / or infinite impulse response (IIR) filter circuitry.

[0083] In various embodiments, frequency modulation circuits with XFTE can be implemented in a variety of use case scenarios. For example, a frequency modulation circuit equipped with XFTE can be implemented as a power regulator. By way of example and not limitation, the frequency modulation circuit can be implemented as a constant on-time regulator, a constant off-time regulator, a constant duty cycle regulator, or some combination thereof.

[0084] In various embodiments, the XFTE (e.g., 125) can be configured such that the crossover frequency is limited to less than half the switching frequency (e.g., below the Nyquist frequency). In various embodiments, the crossover frequency can be limited, by way of example and not limitation, to between one-third and one-eighth of the switching frequency. In various embodiments, the XFTE can be configured to maintain the predetermined crossover frequency relationship of the circuit to the switching frequency by generating a gain (e.g., via gain module 127) using a lookup table, a predetermined algorithm, analog circuitry with predetermined and / or variable component values, or some combination thereof.

[0085] In various embodiments, the feedback control module (e.g., 115) may include a quantum charge modulator (QCM). As an example, but not a limitation, the QCM may be configured as described in U.S. Patent Serial No. 10,523,102, filed January 10, 2019, and published December 31, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, the QCM may be configured to modulate the frequency of a switching signal to achieve a fast transient response while maintaining an average frequency constant over a predetermined number of N cycles. In an illustrative example, the QCM may include a compensation processor configured to compensate for an error signal and generate a compensation signal by performing an operation that maintains the average switching frequency over N cycles in response to a transient. The compensation signal may be a function of the real phase deviation ΔTSW between a stable pulse modulation signal with a periodic TSW before the transient and a measured pulse modulation signal with a periodic TSW_M after the transient. A forgetting factor may be used to calculate the phase deviation. The QCM can provide an uncompensated, stable, and high-performance response when power stage components vary.

[0086] In various embodiments, by way of example but not limitation, the QCM can be configured to modulate a compensation signal output from a conventional linear time-invariant (LTI) (e.g., proportional-integral (PI), proportional-integral-derivative (PID)) compensator module (e.g., digital and / or analog PID, such as a digital PID), for example, as a function of the difference between the measurement period after the transient and the period during steady-state operation before the transient. By selectively applying a forgetting factor under certain predetermined operating conditions, the average frequency can be kept constant over a predetermined N cycles of the power converter. Therefore, various embodiments including the QCM and XFTE (e.g., 125) can advantageously dynamically control the bandwidth to provide a significantly increased effective bandwidth for the frequency conversion modulation circuitry.

[0087] In various embodiments, bypass circuitry can be controlled in response to signals from analog or digital components, which can be discrete, integrated, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments may include programmable devices or combinations thereof (e.g., PLA, PLD, ASIC, microcontroller, microprocessor) and may include one or more data memories (e.g., cells, registers, blocks, pages) that provide single-level or multi-level digital data storage capabilities and may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination thereof. Some control functions may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof.

[0088] A computer program product may contain a set of instructions that, when executed by a processor device, cause the processor to perform specified functions. These functions may be performed in conjunction with a controlled device that is in operative communication with the processor. Computer program products that may include software may be stored in a data storage device tangibly embedded in a storage medium (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or rotating storage device) and may be fixed or removable (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, thumb drive, CD, DVD).

[0089] Although the above diagram illustrates an example of a system that may be used in a desktop environment, other implementations can be deployed in other processing applications, such as portable and / or network environments.

[0090] For example, temporary auxiliary power input can be received from a rechargeable or disposable battery, which can be used in portable or remote applications. Some embodiments can work with other DC voltage sources, such as 1.5V, 3V, 6V, 9V, and / or 12V (nominal) batteries. AC input can be received via a rectifier and appropriate scaling, and can be provided, for example, from a 50 / 60Hz power port or a portable generator. AC (e.g., sine wave, square wave, triangle wave) input devices may include a line frequency transformer to provide voltage boost, voltage buck, and / or isolation.

[0091] While specific characteristics of the architecture have been described, performance can be improved by combining other features. For example, caching techniques (e.g., L1, L2, etc.) can be used. Random access memory may be included to provide temporary storage and / or load stored executable code or parameter information for use during runtime operation. Other hardware and software may be provided to perform the operation, such as network or other communication using one or more protocols, wireless (e.g., infrared) communication, stored operating energy and power supply (e.g., batteries), switching and / or linear power supply circuitry, software maintenance (e.g., self-testing, upgrades), and so on. One or more communication interfaces may be provided to support data storage and related operations.

[0092] Some systems can be implemented as computer systems that can be used with various implementations. For example, various implementations may include digital circuits, analog circuits, computer hardware, firmware, software, or combinations thereof. The apparatus may be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in an information carrier (e.g., in a machine-readable storage device) for execution by a programmable processor; and methods may be executed by the programmable processor executing instruction programs to perform the functions of various embodiments by manipulating input data and generating output. Various embodiments may advantageously be implemented in one or more computer programs executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from a data storage system, at least one input device, and send data and instructions to the data storage system, at least one input device, and / or at least one output device. A computer program is a set of instructions that can be used directly or indirectly in a computer to perform an activity or produce a result. Computer programs can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and can be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.

[0093] For example, the processor used to execute instruction programs includes general-purpose and special-purpose microprocessors, which can include a single processor or one of multiple processors in any type of computer. Typically, the processor receives instructions and data from read-only memory or random access memory, or both. The basic components of a computer are the processor that executes instructions and one or more memories that store the instructions and data. Typically, a computer will also include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files, or operatively coupled to and communicating with them; such devices include disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and optical discs. Storage devices suitable for tangibly representing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM optical discs. The processor and memory may be supplemented by or incorporated into an ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit).

[0094] In some embodiments, each system may be programmed using the same or similar information and / or initialized using substantially the same information stored in volatile and / or non-volatile memory. For example, a data interface may be configured to perform automatic configuration, automatic download, and / or automatic update functions when coupled to an appropriate host device (e.g., a desktop computer or server).

[0095] In some embodiments, one or more user interface functions can be customized to perform specific functions. Various embodiments can be implemented in computer systems including graphical user interfaces and / or internet browsers. To provide interaction with the user, some implementations can be implemented on a computer with display devices, such as CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors for displaying information to the user, keyboards, and pointing devices, such as a mouse or trackball, through which the user provides input to the computer.

[0096] In various embodiments, the system may communicate using suitable communication methods, devices, and technologies. For example, the system may communicate with compatible devices (e.g., devices capable of transmitting data to and / or from the system) using point-to-point communication, where messages are transmitted directly from the source to the receiver via a dedicated physical link (e.g., fiber optic link, point-to-point cabling, daisy chain). Components of the system may exchange information through any form or medium of analog or digital data communication, including packet-based messaging over a communication network. Examples of communication networks include, for example, LANs (Local Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area Networks), MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks), wireless and / or optical networks, computers and networks forming the Internet, or combinations thereof. Other implementations may transmit messages by, for example, by using omnidirectional radio frequency (RF) signals to all or substantially all devices coupled together through the communication network. Other implementations may transmit messages characterized by high directionality, such as RF signals transmitted using directional (i.e., narrow-beam) antennas or infrared signals that may optionally be used with focusing optics. Other implementations can also be implemented using appropriate interfaces and protocols, such as, for example and without limitation, USB 2.0, Firewire, ATA / IDE, RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, 802.11a / b / g, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, IrDA, FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), Token Ring, frequency- and time-based multiplexing techniques, or code partitioning, or combinations thereof. Some implementations may selectively incorporate features such as error checking and correction (ECC) for data integrity, or security measures such as encryption (e.g., WEP) and password protection.

[0097] In various embodiments, the computer system may include Internet of Things (IoT) devices. IoT devices may include objects with embedded electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity, enabling these objects to collect and exchange data. IoT devices can send data to other devices via an interface and can be used with wired or wireless devices. IoT devices can collect useful data and then automatically flow that data between other devices.

[0098] Various examples of modules can be implemented using circuits comprising a variety of electronic hardware. As examples, but not limitations, the hardware may include transistors, resistors, capacitors, switches, integrated circuits, other modules, or combinations thereof. In various examples, the module may include analog logic, digital logic, discrete components, traces, and / or memory circuits fabricated on a silicon substrate, including various integrated circuits (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the module may relate to the execution of pre-programmed instructions, software executed by a processor, or a combination thereof. For example, various modules may relate to both hardware and software.

[0099] Some embodiments have been described in this specification. However, it should be understood that various modifications can be made. For example, advantageous results can be achieved by performing the steps of the disclosed technology in a different order, by combining the components of the disclosed system in a different manner, or by supplementing the components with other components. Therefore, other embodiments are all within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A variable frequency modulation circuit, characterized by, comprises: a feedback control circuit configured to generate a control output signal from both a predetermined reference and a control input signal, wherein the control input signal corresponds to a pulse width modulated output delivered to a load through an inductor; a frequency modulation circuit configured to generate a frequency control output signal corresponding to a switching frequency of at least one switching circuit in response to a frequency control input signal, wherein the switching circuit is configured to generate the pulse width modulated output; a cross-over frequency tuning engine comprising a high pass filter and a gain module and configured to generate a transient control signal in response to a transient in the frequency control output signal; and a gain stage circuit configured to apply the transient control signal to the control output signal to generate the frequency control input signal, wherein the cross-over frequency tuning engine generates the transient control signal such that the frequency control input signal causes the frequency modulation circuit to maintain a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and a cross-over frequency, wherein the cross-over frequency corresponds to a frequency of a unity gain closed loop circuit comprising at least the feedback control circuit and the frequency modulation circuit.

2. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the feedback control circuit comprises a compensation circuit and a filter circuit operably connected, the filter circuit applies a transfer function having at least one cutoff frequency to an output of the compensation circuit, and is operably connected to the cross-over frequency tuning engine such that the at least one cutoff frequency of the filter circuit changes in response to the transient to maintain the predetermined relationship between the cross-over frequency and the switching frequency.

3. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the predetermined relationship constrains the cross-over frequency to be between at least one-eighth and one-third of the switching frequency.

4. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the variable frequency modulation circuit is a switching regulator.

5. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 4, wherein, the variable frequency modulation circuit is configured as at least one of a constant on-time regulator, a constant off-time regulator, and a constant duty cycle regulator.

6. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the feedback control circuit comprises a quantum charge modulator.

7. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the feedback control circuit comprises an error amplifier and a compensation network circuit.

8. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 7, wherein, the cross-over frequency tuning engine receives the control output signal output by the error amplifier.

9. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 7, wherein, the cross-over frequency tuning engine receives the control output signal output by the compensation network circuit.

10. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 9, wherein, the compensation network circuit comprises a PID circuit, and the cross-over frequency tuning engine receives the control output signal as an output of the PID circuit.

11. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the frequency modulation circuit comprises a voltage controlled oscillator configured to generate the frequency control output signal based on the frequency control input signal.

12. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the switching circuit is interleaved.

13. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the gain stage circuit comprises a multiplication circuit.

14. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the gain stage circuit comprises a shift register.

15. The variable frequency modulation circuit of claim 1, wherein, the gain module comprises a memory module containing a program of instructions and a processor operably connected to the memory module such that when the processor executes the program of instructions, the gain module generates the transient control signal based on the predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the cross-over frequency.

16. A method of dynamically adjusting bandwidth in a variable frequency modulation control circuit, comprising: the method comprises: providing a feedback control circuit configured to generate a control output signal from both a predetermined reference and a control input signal, wherein the control input signal corresponds to a pulse width modulated output delivered to a load through an inductor; A frequency modulation circuit is provided that is configured to generate a frequency control output signal corresponding to a switching frequency of at least one switching circuit in response to a frequency control input signal, wherein the switching circuit is configured to generate a pulse width modulated output; a transient control signal in response to a transient in the control output signal, the transient control signal being generated in accordance with a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and a crossover frequency, wherein the crossover frequency corresponds to a frequency of a closed loop circuit having a unity gain, the closed loop circuit comprising at least the feedback control circuit and the frequency modulation circuit; and applying the transient control signal to the control output signal to produce the frequency control input signal, wherein the transient control signal is generated so that the frequency control input signal causes the frequency modulation circuit to maintain the predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency.

17. The method of dynamically adjusting bandwidth in a variable frequency modulation control circuit of claim 16, wherein, Also included are: determining the predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency by performing operations comprising: determining the switching frequency so that a response of the variable frequency modulation circuit generates the predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and the crossover frequency within a predetermined stability threshold of a first frequency range; evaluating a transient response of the variable frequency modulation circuit in response to the predetermined relationship by comparing the transient response to at least one predetermined transient response threshold; and updating the predetermined relationship if the transient response is not within the at least one predetermined transient response threshold.

18. A variable frequency modulation control circuit, characterized by, Included are: a feedback control circuit configured to generate a control output signal from both a predetermined reference and a control input signal, wherein the control input signal corresponds to a pulse width modulated output delivered to a load through an inductor; a frequency modulation circuit configured to generate a frequency control output signal corresponding to a switching frequency of at least one switching circuit in response to a frequency control input signal, wherein the switching circuit is configured to generate a pulse width modulated output; means for generating a transient control signal from the frequency control output signal of the frequency modulation circuit in response to a transient in the frequency control output signal; and means for applying the transient control signal to the control output signal to produce the frequency control input signal, wherein the means for generating the transient control signal is configured to generate the transient control signal so that the frequency control input signal causes the frequency modulation circuit to maintain a predetermined relationship between the switching frequency and a crossover frequency, wherein the crossover frequency corresponds to a frequency of a closed loop circuit having a unity gain, the closed loop circuit comprising at least the feedback control circuit and the frequency modulation circuit.

19. The variable frequency modulation control circuit of claim 18, wherein, The feedback control circuit includes a compensation circuit and a filter circuit operatively connected to the compensation circuit, the filter circuit applying at least one cutoff frequency to an output of the compensation circuit and being operatively connected to a crossover frequency tuning engine so that the at least one cutoff frequency of the filter circuit changes in response to a transient to maintain the predetermined relationship between the crossover frequency and the switching frequency.

20. The variable frequency modulation control circuit of claim 18, wherein, The feedback control circuit includes a quantum charge modulator.

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