Method and apparatus for measuring magnetic flux density and other parameters by multiple nv centers and applications thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to a sensor system (NVMS) with quantum dots, which can comprise a paramagnetic center (NV1). The sensor system comprises a control / evaluation device (AWV), which preferably has a first pump radiation source (PL1), a radiation receiver (PD1), and irradiates the quantum dots with pump radiation (LB) by means of the first pump radiation source (PL1) in accordance with a transmission signal (S5). Fluorescent radiation (FL) which depends on a physical parameter is emitted when the quantum dots are irradiated with the pump radiation (LB). The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) with a signal component which represents a measured value from the fluorescent radiation (FL). The measured value depends on the value of the physical parameter. The control / evaluation device (AWV) adjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dots to the physical parameter by means of one or more compensation coils (LC) such that the receiver output signal (S0) of the radiation receiver (PD1) no longer has any components of the transmission signal (S5).

Description

[0001] This international application claims German priority of German patent application DE 10 2019 130 114.9 filed on November 7, 2019. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates to an NV center based sensor system and a method of operating said sensor system and applications thereof. The system differs from the prior art in that no microwave frequencies are required. Preferably, multiple NV centers are used. Particularly preferably, multiple nanodiamonds with different crystal orientations and multiple NV centers are used. BACKGROUND

[0003] The term “sensor system (NVMS)” in this specification also includes systems that generally exploit quantum properties of optical centers at room temperature. This applies in particular to systems that modify and / or evaluate and / or record and output quantum states of paramagnetic centers. Preferably, they are systems with diamond as a base material. For further base materials and perturbation points, reference is made to the explanations in the already mentioned but not yet published PCT / DE2020 / 100 827 and DE 10 2020 125 189.0. Preferably, the defect centers are defect centers in diamond and more preferably NV centers and / or SiV centers. Other suitable paramagnetic centers can be, for example, ST1 centers, GeV centers, TR1 centers, L2 centers, etc.

[0004] This table is only an exemplary compilation of some possible paramagnetic centers. It is obvious that other paramagnetic centers of other materials are possible that are used functionally equivalently. The wavelengths of the excitation radiation are also exemplary. If other wavelengths are shorter than the wavelength of the zero phonon line (ZPL) to be excited, they are generally possible.

[0005]

[0006]

[0007] The above-mentioned defect centers are referenced in:

[0008] / 1 / C. Wang, C. Kurtsiefer, H. Weinfurter, B. Burchard, “Single photon emission from SiV centers in diamond produced by ion implantation”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 39(37), 2006.

[0009] / 2 / Tegetmeyer, "Luminescence properties of SiV-centers in Diamond diodes", PhD thesis, University of Freiburg, January 30, 2018.

[0010] / 3 / Carlo Bradac, Weibo Gao, Jacopo Forneris, Matt Trusheim, Igor Aharonovich, "Quantum Nanophotonics with Group IV defects in Diamond", DOI: 10.1038 / s41467-020-14316-x, arXiv: 1906.10992.

[0011] / 4 / Rasmus Jensen, Erika Janitz, Yannik Fontana, Yi He, Olivier Gobron, Ilya P. Radko, Mihir Bhaskar, Ruffin Evans, Cesardaniel Rosenblueth, Lilian Childress, Alexander Huck, Ulrik Lund Andersen, "Cavity-Enhanced Photon Emission from a Single Germanium-Vacancy Center in a Diamond Membrane", arXiv: 1912.05247v3 [quant-ph], May 25, 2020.

[0012] ​​ / 5 / Takayuki Iwasaki, Yoshiyuki Miyamoto, Takashi Taniguchi, Petr Siyushev, Mathias H. Metsch, Fedor Jelezko, Mutsuko Hatano, "Tin-Vacancy Quantum Emitters in Diamond", Physical Review Letters 119, 253601 (2017), DOI: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.119.253601, arXiv: 1708.03576 [quant-ph].

[0013] / 6 / Matthew E. Trusheim, Noel H. Wan, Kevin C. Chen, Christopher J. Ciccarino, Ravishankar Sundararaman, Girish Malladi, Eric Bersin, Michael Walsh, Benjamin Lienhard, Hassaram Bakhru, Prineha Narang, Dirk Englund, "Lead-Related Quantum Emitters in Diamond", Physical Review B 99, 075430 (2019), DOI: 10.1103 / PhysRevB.99.075430, arXiv: 1805.12202 [quant-ph].

[0014] These sensor systems are part of the technical teaching disclosed herein.

[0015] The principles and features described in this disclosure can be combined and are part of the claims within the scope where the combination makes sense.

[0016] The prior art known to the applicant but not yet published for patentability purposes has played a role in addition to the prior art publicly available at the time of filing.

[0017] This prior art not yet disclosed at the time of filing the present application is in particular the subject of the document DE 10 2018 127 394 Al not yet disclosed at the time of filing the priority application of the present application and the subject of the German patent applications DE 10 2019 120 076.8, DE 10 2019 121 137.9, DE 10 2019 121 028.3, DE 10 2018 127 394.0 and DE 10 2020 119 414.5 not yet disclosed at the time of filing the present application and the subject of the international patent applications PCT / DE2020 / 100648 and PCT / DE2020 / 100827 not yet disclosed at the time of filing the present application. These not yet published prior art of the German patent applications DE 10 2019 120 076.8, DE 10 2019 121 137.9, DE 10 2019 121 028.3, DE 10 2018 127 394 Al and DE 10 2020 119 414.5 and the international patent applications PCT / DE2020 / 100648 are fully part of the present disclosure. In particular, the document DE 10 2020 119 414.5 contains a large amount of prior art which is hereby incorporated by reference. Figures 1 to 4 The prior art not yet disclosed at the time of filing the present text is explained.

[0018] In particular, when referring to quantum dots herein, they can be one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a cluster of such paramagnetic centers (NV1) (form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1)) and / or multiple such clusters. Preferably, NV centers in diamond are used as paramagnetic centers. Thus, when talking about quantum dots, it can in particular be one NV center and / or a cluster of such NV centers in form of multiple NV centers and / or multiple such clusters. It is in particular preferred to have a dense cluster of paramagnetic centers (NV1), thus preferably a dense cluster of NV centers.

[0019] Figure 1

[0020] Figure 1 A schematic simplified cross section of an exemplary housing of an exemplary sensor system corresponding to DE 10 20201 194 14.5 or PCT / DE2020 / 100648 is shown. The housing comprises a housing base (BO), a housing wall (WA) and a housing cover (DE). In Figure 1In the example, the housing cover (DE) is attached to the top edge of the housing wall (WA) using an exemplary fourth adhesive (GL4). Preferably, the housing wall (WA) and the housing base (BO) form a so-called pre-molded open cavity housing with a cavity (CAV), in which electronic, magnetic, and optical functional elements of the sensor system can be mounted before closure by gluing the housing cover (DE). Preferably, the pre-molded open cavity housing is manufactured by injection molding using thermosetting materials and filler materials.

[0021] Typically, the so-called leadframe is cast into the base (BO) of a pre-molded open cavity housing. This is then structured to form different leadframe islands (LF1, LF2, LF3, LF4). After overmolding and separation of the leadframes, the leadframe islands are mechanically held in place by the injection molding of the housing base (BO), and they are electrically insulated from each other. This leadframe separation step (referred to as the trimming and shaping step) is also used to modify the shape of the terminals. Here, these terminals are the first leadframe island (LF1) and the fourth leadframe island (LF4).

[0022] In the exemplary system, the integrated circuit (IC) is attached to the second lead frame island (LF2) by a preferably conductive second adhesive (GL2), which serves as a so-called chip pad.

[0023] exist Figure 1 In the example, the integrated circuit (IC) includes a photosensitive first radiation receiver (PD1). It is also possible to consider mounting the photosensitive first radiation receiver (PD1) separately as a discrete component in a cavity (CAV) of the housing and connecting it to the integrated circuit (IC), for example, via bonding wires.

[0024] The first pump radiation source (PL1) is preferably attached to the third lead frame island (LF3) in a conductive manner by the third adhesive (GL3).

[0025] exist Figure 1 In the example, as an illustration, the third lead frame island (LF3) is connected to the integrated circuit (IC) via the first bonding line (BD1). Figure 1 In the example, this establishes an exemplary electrical connection between the back of the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the integrated circuit (IC).

[0026] exist Figure 1 In this example, the second terminal of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is also connected to the integrated circuit (IC) via the second bonding line (BD2). Thus, the integrated circuit (IC) is able to power and control the first pump radiation source (PL1).

[0027] The first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB1a) under the control of an integrated circuit (IC). A reflector (RE) is located on the underside of the housing cover (DE). The reflector (RE) can also be part of the housing cover (DE). For example, the underside surface of the housing cover (DE) can have a suitable surface structure. For example, the reflector can be a roughened structure, a polished structure, a bevel, another optically functional element, etc. For example, the cover (DE) can also be made of a material having particularly good reflection properties, for example a suitable molding compound. Particularly preferably, the housing cover (DE) is made of a white material. At least, the spectral properties of the material of the housing cover (DE) can well reflect the radiation of the first pump radiation source (PL1) and / or the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots, in particular the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). For example, a green or white reflector (RE) is particularly advantageous if the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits green light. The pump radiation (LB1a) emitted by the first pump radiation source (PL1) is reflected at this reflector (RE) and directed as reflected pump radiation (LB1b) onto the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0028] Preferably, one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers is located in the sensor element, for which reason no separate reference sign is provided here for simplification of the drawing. Preferably, the paramagnetic center (NV1) is a defect center in a crystal, which crystal is the sensor element in the sense defined herein. The sensor element itself can also comprise a plurality of sensor elements, for example comprising a plurality of crystals. As a possibility, the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is a defect center in one or more crystals, wherein the one or more crystals constitute the sensor element in the sense defined herein. In the case of a plurality of crystals, it is advantageous for the plurality of crystals to be assembled together by means of an adhesive to form the sensor element. Such an adhesive can be an optically transparent plastic or glass or the like. The adhesive should have sufficient transparency for the pump radiation wavelength of the pump radiation (LB1a, LB1b) and the fluorescence wavelength of the fluorescence radiation (FL). Preferably, one crystal is a diamond crystal or the plurality of crystals is a plurality of diamond crystals. Preferably, the defect center is an NV center in a diamond crystal. Preferably, the defect center is an NV center. In the present context, an NV center means a nitrogen defect center in a diamond. The use of other defect centers, such as SiV centers, can be considered. In this connection, we refer to the standard work “Optical Properties of Diamond” by Alexander M. Zaitsev, published by the publisher Springer, in which a number of diamond defect centers are named. However, the NV center has been particularly thoroughly investigated and is particularly suitable on account of its optical properties. For the present context, the paramagnetic center (NV1) can also be a plurality of defect centers in one crystal and / or a collection of a plurality of crystals with a plurality of defect centers, i.e. a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). It is particularly preferred for the defect centers to be arranged at a short distance from one another or at a high spatial density, such that the defect centers are coupled to one another. This coupling can occur, for example, by stimulated emission and by absorption and via the magnetic moment of the electronic configuration of the defect centers. A collective effect then arises. It is particularly preferred for the defect centers to be arranged in the form of a regular structure, particularly preferably in the form of a periodic structure. This can be achieved by the fact that, for example, the defect centers or their precursor structures are charged during the manufacturing process, repel one another and thus arrange themselves in the form of a superlattice by electrostatic attraction at least in locally limited regions. Of course, a superlattice structure can also be achieved by means of focused ion implantation.(Bernd Burchard et al. "NM Scale Resolution Single Ion Implantation Into Diamond for Quantum Dot Production", 2004 Diamond Conference Riva del Garda: Generation of a superlattice without coupling between lattice points (superlattice generation without coupling between lattice points), and B. Burchard, J. Meijer, M. Domhan, C. Wittmann, T. Gaebel, I. Popa, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, "Generation of Single color centers by focused nitrogen implantation", Applied Physics Letters 87, 261909 (2005); https: / / doi.org / 10.1063 / 1.2103389).

[0029] For example, the paramagnetic center (NV1) can be a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the form of a plurality of preferably coupled NV centers in a diamond crystal, and / or a plurality of diamonds with a plurality of NV centers that are also preferably coupled to each other. Preferably, the preferred coupling or interaction of the NV centers is achieved by stimulated emission and absorption and / or via magnetic coupling.

[0030] One paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) receives at least a portion of the reflected pump radiation (LB1b) and emits fluorescent radiation (FL) therefrom, which is not depicted in Figure 1 for better overview. The fluorescent radiation (FL), possibly the pump radiation (LB1a) and the reflected pump radiation (LB1b) are generally incident on a first filter (F1). Preferably, the first filter (F1) only allows the fluorescent wavelength (λ fl ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) to pass. Preferably, the first filter (F1) is opaque to the pump wavelength (λ pmp) is opaque and / or attenuates the pump radiation wavelength to such an extent that it can be considered to be substantially blocked for the intended purpose and can be neglected to a first order approximation, preferably a linear approximation. The fluorescent radiation (FL) from one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) then impinges on a first radiation receiver (PD1), which is preferably part of an integrated circuit (IC). However, the first radiation receiver (PD1) can also be constructed separately from the integrated circuit (IC) and then be electrically connected to the integrated circuit (IC) as appropriate, for example via further bond wires.

[0031] In the example shown in Figure 1 , the first filter (F1) is mechanically connected to the integrated circuit (IC) by means of a first adhesive (GL1) which is transparent to radiation. In this case, the first adhesive (GL1) is substantially transparent to the fluorescent radiation (FL). This means that even if the first adhesive (GL1) has an attenuation of the fluorescent radiation (FL), this is only to such an extent that it is negligible for the intended purpose of the device. In the example shown in Figure 1 , the first filter (F1) is located in the radiation path between one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and the first radiation receiver (PD1). In the example shown in Figure 1 , the first adhesive (GL1) optically couples one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) to the first radiation receiver (PD1). In the example shown in Figure 1 , this coupling is with respect to the fluorescent radiation (FL). The first filter (F1) decouples the first radiation receiver (PD1) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the extent required for the intended use. A basic optical coupling can be desirable for control reasons, which is not taken into account here for the time being.

[0032] In the example shown in Figure 1 , the sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is mechanically connected to the first filter (F1) by means of a fastener (GE).

[0033] Preferably, the fastener (GE) is transparent to the pump radiation (LB1a) or the reflected pump radiation (LB1b) of the first pump radiation source (PL1), so that the pump radiation (LB1a) or the reflected pump radiation (LB1b) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) can reach one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the sensor element.

[0034] The use of a compensation radiation source (PLK) for emitting compensation radiation (KS) and for irradiating the first radiation receiver (PD1) will also be explained below. If the compensation radiation (KS) is used for adjusting the optical operating point of the first radiation receiver (PD1), it is preferable for the fastener (GE) to be transparent to the compensation radiation wavelength (X ks ) of the compensation radiation (KS) or to possible reflected compensation radiation (KS2) of the compensation radiation source (PLK), so that the compensation radiation (KS) or the reflected compensation radiation (KS2) of the compensation radiation source (PLK) can reach the first radiation receiver (PD1).

[0035] It is preferable for the fastener (GE) to be transparent to the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or to possible reflected fluorescent radiation (FL2) that occurs depending on the structure, so that the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the reflected fluorescent radiation (FL2) can reach the first radiation receiver (PD1).

[0036] As mentioned above, the paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element is preferably at least one NV center in at least one diamond crystal, wherein the at least one diamond crystal constitutes the sensor element. The plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is preferably a plurality of NV centers in one or more diamonds, in particular nanodiamonds. Additional bond wires (BD3) provide further electrical connections. Some of the electrical connections relate to the terminals of the exemplary package. In Figure 1 In the example, the terminals of the exemplary package are represented by the first lead frame island (LF1) and the fourth lead frame island (LF4). For the sake of simplicity, not all necessary bond wire connections are shown.

[0037] Figure 2

[0038] Figure 2 is Figure 1 a simplified diagram. In comparison to Figure 1 , the first optical filter (F1) and the first adhesive (GL1) are missing. Instead, the sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is connected to the first radiation receiver (PD1) in a mechanical and optical manner by means of the fastener (GE). In this regard, there are two usage scenarios:

[0039] a) The first pump radiation source (PL1) is switched on at first times (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a) during these first times (T1). This is represented by Figure 3 , 4Logic level 1 in 5, 6, and 7 is exemplified. The first pump radiation source (PL1) is not turned on during the second time (T2) and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a) during these second times (T2). Figure 3 , 4 In this process, the first time point (T1) and the second time point (T2) alternate sequentially. Figure 5 , 6 In case 7, the first time point (T1), the second time point (T2), and the third time point (T3) alternate continuously. This is due to... Figure 3 , 4 Logic level 0 in 5, 6, and 7 is exemplified. Preferably, in this case, the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) is evaluated only at the second time (T2). This is possible because the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) has a phase shift of fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) relative to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a). When using one NV center as a paramagnetic center (NV1) or using multiple NV centers as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) is typically about 1 ns. Figure 3 , 4 The exemplary measurement signal (MES) in a, 5, 6, and 7 illustrates the evaluation of the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiating receiver (PD1), and this measurement signal is for illustrative purposes only. Here, an exemplary logic level 1 of the measurement signal (MES) means, for example, that the signal received from the first radiating receiver (PD1) is being evaluated, and an exemplary logic level 0 means, for example, that the signal received from the first radiating receiver (PD1) is not being evaluated. Figure 4 In this example, the evaluation of the signal received by the first radiation receiver (PD1) is performed only at the second time (T2). At these second times (T2), the afterglow of the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) of only one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) in the sensor element (e.g., NV centers in one or more diamonds) is detected. If the phase is correct, no signal of pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is detected, and therefore this signal is separated from the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL).

[0040] b) In the case that the sensor element has a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) forming high-density paramagnetic centers (NV1) and a suitable, sufficient thickness, the sensor element itself can serve as the first optical filter (F1) since its absorption of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) is sufficient in itself to prevent the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) from reaching the first radiation receiver (PD1). For example, if the sensor element is a diamond having a plurality of NV centers as the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), then this diamond will appear red. For the application, if the density of the NV centers is sufficient and if the thickness of the diamond is sufficient, then the diamond will transmit too little green pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) or no green pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) from the pump radiation source (PL1) (for example, a green LED or a green laser).

[0041] Figure 3

[0042] Figure 3 of a

[0043] Figure 3 of a shows when the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is evaluated on the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, a logic 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) shall mean that the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated, and a logic 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) shall mean that the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is not evaluated. Figure 3 The measurement signal (MES) plotted in a of is only for illustration. In the proposed implementation, the technical implementation can deviate if necessary, while the technical effect cannot deviate from the content.

[0044] In Figure 3 The example in a of shows that the first pump radiation source (PL1) is on at a first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is illustrated by the exemplary logic value 1 in a of. Figure 3 The example in a of shows that the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not on at a second time (T2) and emits essentially no pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is illustrated by the exemplary logic value 0 in a of.

[0045] The example in a of shows that the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not on at a second time (T2) and emits essentially no pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is illustrated by the exemplary logic value 0 in a of. Figure 3 The example in a of shows that the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not on at a second time (T2) and emits essentially no pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is illustrated by the exemplary logic value 0 in a of. Figure 3 The example in a of shows that the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not on at a second time (T2) and emits essentially no pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is illustrated by the exemplary logic value 0 in a of.

[0046] The pump radiation (LB, LB1a, L1b) at least partially irradiates one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. As a result, one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). This takes place with a delay. For one NV center in the diamond as a paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element, or for a plurality of NV centers as a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the sensor element, this delay is approximately 1 ns. As a result, the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is phase-shifted in time with respect to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, L1b) by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0047] Thus, in the example of a of Figure 3 one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is switched on at a first time (T1) with a certain time shift and emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is represented exemplarily by a logical value 1 in a of Figure 3

[0048] Thus, in the example of a of Figure 3 one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is not switched on at a second time (T2) and does not emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is represented exemplarily by a logical value 0 in a of Figure 3

[0049] In the example of a of Figure 3 the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated at the first times (T1). The measurement signal (MES) for illustration has a logical arbitrary value 1 at these first times (T1). Thus, in the measurement system with this timing scheme of a of Figure 3 In the measurement system with this timing scheme of a of

[0050] Figure 3 b of

[0051] Figure 3 ​​b indicates when to evaluate the radioactivity of the first pump source (PL1) and the compensating source (PLK) on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, logic 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) again means evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Logic 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should mean not evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 3 The Measurement Signals (MES) plotted in section b are for illustrative purposes only. During the implementation of the proposal, the technical implementation may deviate if necessary, but the technical effect must not deviate from the content.

[0052] exist Figure 3 In example b, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is turned on at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 3 The example logic value 1 is used to illustrate b.

[0053] exist Figure 3 In example b, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not activated at the second time (T2) and the third time (T3), and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 3 The example of logic value 0 is illustrated in b.

[0054] exist Figure 3 In example b, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is turned on at the second time (T2) and then emits compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 3 The example logic value 1 is used to illustrate b.

[0055] exist Figure 3 In example b, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is not activated at the first moment (T1) and then does not emit any compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 3 b is illustrated by the example logical value 0.

[0056] The pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) at least partially irradiates one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. As a result, one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). This takes place with a delay. In the case of one NV center in a diamond as a paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element or a plurality of NV centers in one or more diamonds as a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), this delay is approximately 1 ns. As a result, the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is phase-shifted in time with respect to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0057] Thus, in the example of b of Figure 3 one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is switched on at a first time (T1) with a certain time shift and emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is represented exemplarily in b of Figure 4 by any logic value 1.

[0058] Thus, in the example of b of Figure 4 one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is not switched on at a second time (T2) with a certain time shift and then does not emit any fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is represented exemplarily in b of Figure 4 by any logic value 0.

[0059] Preferably, the compensation radiation (KS) does not produce any interaction with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0060] In the example of b of Figure 4 the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is again evaluated at the first times (T1). The measurement signal (MES) for illustration has the logic value 1 at these first times (T1). Thus, in the measurement system with Figure 4 this timing scheme of b, the separation of the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) from the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) can only be achieved by the first optical filter (F1) or by the filtering effect of the sensor element with the paramagnetic center (NV1) or with the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0061] Figure 4

[0062] Figure 4 a of

[0063] Figure 4 a of Fig. 1 shows when the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is evaluated on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, a logic 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) shall mean that the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated and a logic 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) shall mean that the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is not evaluated. Figure 4 The measurement signal (MES) plotted in a of Fig. 1 is only for illustration. In the proposed implementation, the technical implementation can deviate if necessary, without deviating from the content in terms of the technical effect.

[0064] In the example of a of Fig. 1, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is switched on at a first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is at a first intensity (I1) at the first time (T1). Figure 4 This is illustrated in a of Fig. 1 by the exemplary logic value 1. Figure 4

[0065] In the example of a of Fig. 1, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not switched on at a second time (T2) and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is at a second intensity (I2) at the second time (T2). Figure 4 This is illustrated in a of Fig. 1 by the exemplary logic value 0. Figure 3

[0066] The pump radiation (LB, LB1a) at least partially irradiates the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor element or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. As a result, the paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). This is delayed for a time. For an NV center in the diamond as the paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element or for a plurality of NV centers in one or more diamonds as the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), this delay is approximately 1 ns. As a result, the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is phase-shifted in time relative to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0067] As a result, in the example of a of Fig. 1, the paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is switched on at a first time (T1) with a certain time shift and emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) at the first time (T1) with a certain time shift. The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is at a first intensity (I1) at the first time (T1). Figure 4 This is exemplarily represented in a of Fig. 1 by the arbitrary logic value 1. Figure 3

[0068] ​​​Thus, in Figure 4 a, one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is not switched on at a second time (T2) with a certain time shift and then does not emit any fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) at a second time (T2) with a certain time shift. The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is at Figure 4 a in the example indicated by the arbitrary logic value 0.

[0069] However, in contrast to Figure 4 a, now, in the example of Figure 4 a, the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated at second times (T2). The exemplary measurement signal (MES) has the arbitrary value 1 logically at these second times (T2). Thus, in contrast to Figure 4 a, in a measurement system with this timing scheme of Figure 4 a, it is possible to dispense with a first filter (F1) and to achieve the separation of the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) from the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) without a filtering effect of the sensor element with the paramagnetic center (NV1) or the cluster consisting of the paramagnetic center (NV1) (each cluster has a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1)). However, only that part of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is detected which falls in time into the second times (T2). This can lead to a reduced sensitivity.

[0070] Figure 4 b

[0071] Figure 4 b shows when the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the radioactivity of the compensation radiation source (PLK) are evaluated on the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, the logic 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should again mean that the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated and the logic 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should again mean that the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is not evaluated. Figure 4 The measurement signal (MES) plotted in b is again only for illustration. In the proposed implementation, the technical implementation can deviate if necessary, without deviating from the content in terms of the technical effect.

[0072] In the example of Figure 4 b, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is switched on at a first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is at Figure 4 b in the example illustrated by the exemplary logic value 1.

[0073] In the example of b of Figure 4 The first pump radiation source (PL1) is in the second time (T2) not switched on and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is in the second time (T2) zero. Figure 4 This is exemplarily illustrated in b of

[0074] In the example of b of Figure 4 The compensating radiation source (PLK) is in the second time (T2) switched on and then emits compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is in the second time (T2) non-zero. Figure 4 This is exemplarily illustrated in b of

[0075] In the example of b of Figure 4 The compensating radiation source (PLK) is in the first time (T1) not switched on and then does not emit any compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is in the first time (T1) zero. Figure 4 This is exemplarily illustrated in b of

[0076] The pump radiation (LB, LB1a) at least partially irradiates the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor element or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. As a result, the one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). This is delayed by a time delay. In the case of one NV center in a diamond as the paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element or a plurality of NV centers in one or more diamonds as the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), this time delay is approximately 1 ns. As a result, the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL) is phase-shifted in time with respect to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0077] Thus, in the example of b of Figure 4 The one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is in the first time (T1) switched on with a certain time shift and emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is in the first time (T1) non-zero. Figure 4 This is exemplarily illustrated in b of

[0078] Thus, in the example of b of Figure 3 The one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is in the second time (T2) not switched on and does not emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is in the second time (T2) zero. Figure 4 This is exemplarily illustrated in b of

[0079] Preferably, the compensating radiation (KS) does not produce any interaction with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or with a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0080] In contrast to the timing scheme of b of Figure 3 Now, in the example of b of Figure 4 the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated at second times (T2). In contrast to the timing scheme of b of Figure 1 The measurement signal (MES) for illustration has the logical arbitrary value 1 at these second times (T2). Thus, in the measurement system with this timing scheme of b of Figure 2 In the measurement system with this timing scheme of b of SUMMARY

[0081] The present invention aims at proposing an improved quantum technology which does not require microwave frequencies.

[0082] One aspect of the invention relates to a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a quantum dot with a plurality of NV centers (NV1) and a control / evaluation device (AWV). Two or more of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled to each other. The control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first pump radiation source (PL1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first radiation receiver (PD1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) at least temporarily illuminates the quantum dot with pump radiation (LB) by means of the first pump radiation source (PL1). The pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) depends on a transmission signal (S5) of the control / evaluation device (AWV). The quantum dot emits fluorescent radiation (FL) when illuminated by the pump radiation (LB). The fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on a magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot and / or a physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) with a signal component representing a measured value from the fluorescent radiation (FL). The measured value depends on the value of the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot to the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density by means of a sub-device in the form of one or more compensation coils (LC). The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot from the first output signal (out) of the control / evaluation device (AWV) by means of the sub-device. A second multiplier (M2) multiplies the first output signal (out) with the transmission signal (S5) and thereby reconstructs an amplification component of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (S0) as a feedback signal (S6). A subtracter (A1) subtracts the feedback signal (S6) from the receiver output signal (S0), thereby forming a reduced receiver output signal (S1). A first multiplier (M1) multiplies the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the transmission signal (S5) and generates a filter input signal (S3). A filter (TP) filters the filter input signal (S3) to the first output signal (out). A controller (RG) derives an operating point control signal (S9) from the first output signal (out). The controller (RG) performs control with a first time constant τ1. The filter (TP) performs compensation control with a second time constant τ2. The first time constant τ1 of the controller (RG) is greater than the second time constant τ2 of the filter (TP).In the case that the value of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) changes or the value of the physical parameter of the magnetic flux density changes, the controller (RG) moves the total magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) towards an operating point by reducing or increasing the coil current of the compensation coil (LC) provided by the controller (RG). The control / evaluation device (AWV) performs the readjustment in a compensating manner by means of the feedback signal (S6) such that, apart from signal noise and control errors, the reduced receiver output signal (S1) no longer has any components of the transmission signal (S5) in the reduced receiver output signal (S1).

[0083] A further aspect of the present application also relates to a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a quantum dot with a plurality of NV centers (NV1) and a control / evaluation device (AWV). Two or more of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled to each other. The control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first pump radiation source (PL1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first radiation receiver (PD1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) at least temporarily illuminates the quantum dot with pump radiation (LB) by means of the first pump radiation source (PL1). The pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) depends on a transmission signal (S5) of the control / evaluation device (AWV). The quantum dot emits fluorescent radiation (FL) when illuminated by the pump radiation (LB). The fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on a magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot and / or a physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) with a signal component representing a measured value from the fluorescent radiation (FL) by means of a correlator (CORR) which determines a component of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) and can be a synchronous demodulator (M1, TP), an optimum filter or a matched filter. The measured value depends on the value of the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot to the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density by means of a sub-device in the form of one or more compensation coils (LC). The current of the compensation coils (LC) depends on the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) controls the sensitivity of the quantum dot. The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot in a compensating manner by means of the sub-device in accordance with a control signal of the control / evaluation device (AWV) by means of a controller (RG). As a result of a change in the value of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a change in the value of the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density, the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) changes, the compensation coils (LC) move the total magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) towards an operating point by reducing or increasing the coil current.The control / evaluation device (AWV) performs the readjustment in a compensating manner, such that, in addition to signal noise and control errors, the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) no longer has any components of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (SO). The compensating manner means that the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) has components of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (SO), the amount of which is less than a predetermined amount of an amplitude bandwidth. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0084] Figure 1 An exemplary simplified cross section of an exemplary sensor system according to the prior art is shown.

[0085] Figure 3 A simplified diagram of Figures 5 to 7 is shown.

[0086] Figures 8 to 14 and 4 A timing of the individual signals when evaluating the radioactivity of a first pump radiation source according to the prior art is shown.

[0087] Figure 15 A timing of the individual signals when evaluating the radioactivity of a first pump radiation source and compensating for the radioactivity of the radiation source according to the application is shown.

[0088] Figure 16 An exemplary evaluation system according to the application is shown.

[0089] Figure 17 An exemplary correlation of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation of a plurality of NV centers in a diamond with the magnetic flux density in Tesla according to the application is shown.

[0090] Figure 18 An exemplary evaluation system according to the application is shown.

[0091] Figure 19 The structure of an exemplary sensor system based on a microcomputer according to the application is shown.

[0092] Figure 18 A combination of one of the sensor systems according to the application comprising at least one paramagnetic center with two or three exemplary Helmholtz coil pairs is shown.

[0093] Figure 17 The system of Figures 20 to 23 is extended by the control of the Helmholtz coil pair of Figure 24 according to the application.

[0094] Figure 25 The detection of an object by a sensor system according to the present application is shown.

[0095] Figure 1 A typical procedure for operating an ultrasound measurement system with a sensor system according to the present application is shown.

[0096] Figure 26 A sensor system according to the present application corresponding to Figure 28 as an RF receiver for electromagnetic RF radiation is shown.

[0097] Figure 29 and 27 A measuring device for an electrical current flowing through a conductor according to the present application is shown.

[0098] Figure 30 An exemplary evaluation system according to the present application is shown.

[0099] Figure 29 The placement of one or more sensor elements with one or more paramagnetic centers or with a plurality of paramagnetic centers according to the present application in a fluid conduit is shown.

[0100] Figure 31 An electrochemical cell according to the present application similar to the structure in Figure 1 is shown.

[0101] Figure 32 A device according to the present application of Figure 33 is supplemented with a second radiation receiver and a second sensor element with at least one other second paramagnetic center or with a second plurality of second paramagnetic centers.

[0102] Figure 34 The use of a plurality of sensor systems according to the present application as a magnetoencephalography system is shown.

[0103] Figure 32 The positioning of a sensor system according to the present application is shown.

[0104] Figure 35 An exemplary system applying the technology in Figure 34 and 33 according to the present application is shown.

[0105] Figure 34 Examples of other body parts of a person or an animal, of a whole human body, of a whole animal body and / or of other objects that can be examined and / or classified according to the present application with the method in Figure 36 and with the arrangement in Figure 37 are shown.

[0106] Figure 38A simplified device for recognizing patterns by means of paramagnetic centers or by means of clusters consisting of paramagnetic centers according to the invention is shown.

[0107] Figure 39 A simple device for detecting the orientation of the earth's magnetic field using three sensor systems with one paramagnetic center or a corresponding plurality of paramagnetic centers according to the invention is shown.

[0108] Figure 38 An exemplary slot sensor according to the invention is shown.

[0109] Figure 40 A slot sensor according to the invention is shown. Figure 38

[0110] Figure 41 A slot sensor according to the invention is shown. Figure 42 39

[0111] Figure 43 A slot sensor with a toothed track made of ferromagnetic material according to the invention is shown.

[0112] Figure 44 A function relationship between the magnetic flux density in the air gap at the location of the paramagnetic center of a sensor element of a sensor system according to the invention and the distance between the axis of symmetry of the tooth portion of the toothed track and the point of symmetry of an exemplary other symmetrically configured slot sensor is shown.

[0113] Figure 45 A top view of an exemplary slot sensor with a sensor system according to the invention is shown.

[0114] Figure 46 The positioning of a toothed track made of ferromagnetic material within a slot sensor with a sensor system according to the invention is shown.

[0115] Figure 47 A rotationally symmetrical toothed track made of ferromagnetic material for a slot sensor with a sensor system according to the invention is shown.

[0116] Figure 48 A rotationally symmetrical toothed track made of ferromagnetic material for a slot sensor with a sensor system according to the invention is shown.

[0117] Figure 49 An exemplary current measurement device for very small currents according to the invention is shown.

[0118] Figure 48 The use of a sensor system according to the invention in a microswitch is shown.

[0119] ​​​Figure 50 An exemplary use of a micro switch according to the application is shown. Figure 51

[0120] Figure 50 An exemplary use of a micro switch according to the application is shown.

[0121] Figure 52 An exemplary use of a micro switch according to the application is shown. Figure 50 The use of a sensor system according to the application for measuring a rotational angle and / or a rotational angle position by means of a gear.

[0122] Figure 53 The use of a sensor according to the application for measuring a rotational position or a rotational angle by means of a toothing and a groove is shown. Figure 50

[0123] The use of a rotational angle encoder according to the application based on a sensor system according to the application is shown. Figure 54 Figure 55 The use of a magnetized code disk of a plurality of systems, such as a code disk and a sensor system according to the application, is shown.

[0124] Figure 57 The use of a sensor system according to the application for monitoring a position of a permanent magnet is shown.

[0125] Figure 55 56 The use of a position measurement principle according to the application of

[0126] Figure 58 The use of a position measurement principle according to the application of Figures 37 to 42

[0127] The use of an exemplary slot sensor corresponding to one or more of Figure 59 Figure 60 The use of an exemplary mechanical functional element with a size dependent on pressure and / or temperature for temperature and / or pressure measurement according to the application is shown.

[0128] Figure 61 The use of the proposed sensor system for flow measurement according to the application is shown.

[0129] Figure 62 Another use of the proposed sensor system for flow measurement according to the application is shown.

[0130] Figure 63 An exemplary schematic example of a position control of a slider relative to a first sensor system according to the application is shown.

[0131] Figure 64

[0132] ​​​​​Figure 51 An exemplary method according to the present invention is shown for digitizing an exemplary analog first output signal of a sensor system having a paramagnetic center.

[0133] Figures 65 to 67 The invention is shown Figure 68 The position measurement principle is applied to an exemplary wheel hub with drum brakes in a motor vehicle.

[0134] Figure 69 The sensor system according to the present invention is shown in application to a locking system.

[0135] Figure 70 An exemplary rotary angle sensor with a permanent magnetized encoder disk and a sensor system according to the present invention is shown, and an exemplary rotary angle sensor with an encoder disk and a control / evaluation device is shown.

[0136] Figure 71 An exemplary tilt sensor according to the present invention is shown.

[0137] Figure 72 An exemplary application of the sensor system according to the present invention in determining the rotor position in an electric motor is shown.

[0138] Figure 73 Other encoding methods according to the present invention, which use permanent magnet encoder disks or rotating bodies for encoding for rotation angle measurement and / or rotation count, are shown.

[0139] Figure 74 An application of the sensor system according to the invention is shown for measuring the rotational speed of the conveyor rollers of a conveyor belt, and thus measuring speed.

[0140] Figure 75 The invention illustrates the use of the proposed sensor system to determine the position of the piston in a cylinder.

[0141] Figure 76 The typical operation of a measurement system for measuring electromagnetic waves using a sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0142] Figure 5 An exemplary simplified cross-section of an exemplary sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0143] Figure 5 A probe according to the present invention is shown for measuring the properties of a borehole or for measuring the fluid in a borehole. Detailed Implementation

[0144] The application will be explained below with the aid of exemplary drawings. Combinations of features and ideas of the individual drawings and combinations of features of the drawings with the feature list of the description can be considered and can be claimed by the features and their combinations. However, only the claims and their combinations are decisive for the concrete protection of the invention.

[0145] Further progress of the not yet disclosed state of the art

[0146] Figure 5

[0147] Figure 5 It is shown when the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the radioactivity of the compensation radiation source (PLK) are evaluated on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, a logical 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) shall again mean that the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated, and a logical 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) shall again mean that the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is not evaluated. Figure 5 The measurement signal (MES) plotted in the middle is again only for illustration. In the proposed implementation, the technical implementation can deviate if necessary, without deviating from the content in terms of the technical effect.

[0148] In the example of Figure 5 , the first pump radiation source (PL1) is switched on at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is illustrated in the middle by the exemplary logical value 1. Figure 5

[0149] In the example of Figure 5 , the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not switched on at the second time (T2) and at the third time (T3) and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is illustrated in the middle by the exemplary logical value 0. Figure 5

[0150] In the example of Figure 5 , the compensation radiation source (PLK) is switched on at the third time (T3) and then emits compensation radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensation radiation (KS) is illustrated in the middle by the exemplary logical value 1. Figure 5

[0151] In the example of Figure 5 , the compensation radiation source (PLK) is not switched on at the first time (T1) and at the second time (T2) and then does not emit any compensation radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensation radiation (KS) is illustrated in the middle by the exemplary logical value 0. Figure 5 ​​​​

[0152] The pump radiation (LB, LB1a) at least partially irradiates the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor element or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. As a result, the one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). This takes a certain time delay. For an NV center in the diamond as the paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element or for a plurality of NV centers in one or more diamonds as the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), this delay is approximately 1 ns. As a result, the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is phase-shifted in time with respect to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0153] Thus, in the example of Figure 5 , the one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is switched on at a first time (T1) with a certain time shift and emits fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is exemplarily represented in Figure 5 by the arbitrary logic value 1.

[0154] Thus, in the example of Figure 3 , the one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is not switched on at a second time (T2) and a third time (T3) and does not emit any fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is exemplarily represented in Figure 3 by the arbitrary logic value 0.

[0155] Preferably, the compensation radiation (KS) does not produce any interaction with the paramagnetic center (NV1) or with the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0156] Now, in the example of Figure 5 , the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated at the second times (T2) in comparison to the timing scheme of b of Figure 6 The measurement signal (MES) for illustration has the logical arbitrary value 1 at these second times (T2) in comparison to the timing scheme of b of Figure 6

[0157] However, now the compensation radiation (KS) compensates at a third time (T3) which is different from the second times (T2) and the first time (T1).

[0158] Thus, in the example of having Figure 6 ​In a measurement system of this timing scheme of a, the separation of the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) from the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) can be achieved even in the case of a sensor element without the first filter (F1) and with a paramagnetic center (NV1) or with a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) without a filtering effect. In particular, this timing scheme avoids the compensation of the disturbance of the first radiation receiver (PD1) by the compensation radiation (KS) during the evaluation of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1).

[0159] Figure 3

[0160] Figure 6 a of a

[0161] Figure 3 The timing scheme of a of a corresponds to the timing scheme of a of a, but differs in that the measurement signal (MES) corresponds to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) shifted by the measurement phase shift time (ATM). Thus, Figure 4 Figure 6 Figure 6 a of a and a mixture of a of a and a of a. Figure 3

[0162] Figure 6 b of b

[0163] Figure 3 The timing scheme of b of b corresponds to the timing scheme of b of b, but differs in that the measurement signal (MES) corresponds to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) shifted by the measurement phase shift time (ATM). Thus, Figure 4 Figure 7 Figure 7 b of b and a mixture of b of b and b of b. Figure 5

[0164] Figure 8

[0165] Figure 8 The timing scheme of a corresponds to the timing scheme of a, but differs in that the measurement signal (MES) corresponds to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) shifted by the measurement phase shift time (ATM). Figure 8

[0166] Figure 3

[0167] Figure 8 ​​​​​​​A particularly simple evaluation system for the fluorescence radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) of a sensor element or for the fluorescence radiation (FL) of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of a sensor system is schematically simplified. Preferably, this is a question of a plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and a plurality of sensor elements. In a particularly preferred variant, the sensor elements are diamonds and the paramagnetic centers (NV1) are NV centers. In another exemplary variant, the sensor elements comprise one or more diamonds and a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), the NV centers also preferably being paramagnetic centers (NV1). In another exemplary variant, the sensor elements comprise a plurality of diamonds, which are preferably connected to form a sensor element, and the paramagnetic centers (NV1) comprise a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), in which case the NV centers also preferably are paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0168] In a typical variant, the system comprises a first pump radiation source (PL1), at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) in at least one sensor element and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in at least one sensor element and an evaluation circuit, which here is in the form of an integrated circuit (IC). The first pump radiation source (PL1) is modulated and excited by the transmission signal (S5) of the signal generator (G). In the case of the use of NV centers in diamonds as paramagnetic centers (NV1), the first pump radiation source (PL1) is preferably a green light source, which can cause the paramagnetic centers, for example NV centers (NV1), to emit a typically red fluorescence radiation (FL) by its pump radiation (LB). In this case, both laser diodes and LEDs, in particular green ones, are very suitable as pump radiation sources (PL1).

[0169] In the case of NV centers in one or more diamonds, a laser diode of the type PLT5520B of the company Osram is suitable, for example, as a first pump radiation source (PL1) with a pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm, and / or better 450 nm to 650 nm, and / or better 500 nm to 550 nm, and / or better 515 nm to 540 nm. In this context, the pump radiation (LB) of this function is referred to as "green" pump radiation (LB). It is obvious that, when using NV centers, the pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) of the pump radiation (LB) is in the range of 600 nm to 800 nm, and / or better 650 nm to 750 nm, and / or better 680 nm to 720 nm, and / or better 690 nm to 710 nm. In this context, the pump radiation (LB) of this function is referred to as "red" pump radiation (LB). It is obvious that, when using NV centers, the pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp) is preferably 532 nm. A 520 nm has also been used successfully. For cost reasons, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is preferably a light emitting diode or a laser, which will also be referred to below in general and in short as LED. It is conceivable to use other light sources such as organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or electroluminescent devices as pump radiation sources (PL1). However, it is currently clearly advantageous to use LEDs as pump radiation sources (PL1).

[0170] The first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) in accordance with the transmission signal (S5). In the case of an NV center as a paramagnetic center (NV1), this pump radiation (LB) is preferably green light.

[0171] The pump radiation (LB) causes one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) to emit fluorescent radiation (FL), depending on the pump radiation (LB) that is irradiated onto one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and, generally, on the magnetic flux density (B) and possibly other physical parameters at the location of the respective paramagnetic center (NV1).

[0172] In addition to the magnetic flux density (B), other physical parameters can be measured in this way by the intensity (I fl ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), for example the electric flux density D, the acceleration a, the gravitational field strength g, the pressure P, the temperature Θ, the rotational speed ω, the oscillation frequency of a mechanical component (rod), the position, the ionizing radiation intensity, etc.

[0173] Thus, by detecting values corresponding to the values of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and / or the values of the fluorescent phase shift time (ΔTFL), values of measured values of values of one or more of these physical quantities can be determined.

[0174] When using multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) as a form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), two or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can couple to each other if the density of these multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the sensor element is very high. It has been shown that this can lead to a coupling effect. If the intensity of the simultaneous pumping radiation (LB) at the location of the paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) becomes very high, the interaction with the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) is amplified. This is particularly advantageous in the case of using NV centers in diamond as paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, in the case of using NV centers in diamond as paramagnetic centers (NV1), the sensor element is a diamond with a high NV density, and more preferably a diamond artificially manufactured by high pressure high temperature, preferably with a content of NV centers as paramagnetic centers (NV1) of 0.1 ppm to 500 ppm, more preferably more than 50 ppm, more preferably more than 100 ppm, more preferably more than 200 ppm. In this respect, the fluorescent radiation (FL) does not necessarily depend linearly on the intensity of the incident pumping radiation (LB). However, for small amplitudes, this dependence can be linear.

[0175] In the example of Figure 8 , the thickness of the sensor element with paramagnetic centers (NV1) is chosen and the total number of paramagnetic centers (NV1) as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the beam path of the pumping radiation (LB) is chosen such that practically no pumping radiation (LB) reaches the first radiation receiver (PD1) in the beam path of the pumping radiation (LB) due to the absorption of the pumping radiation (LB) by the paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. Thus, in this example, the sensor element with paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the beam path of the pumping radiation (LB) acts like a first optical filter (F1) separating the signal of the pumping radiation (LB) from the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL). Thus, in this example, the first optical filter (F1) is no longer needed in the case of the ascertaining of a sufficient number of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the beam path of the pumping radiation (LB). Thus, the timing scheme of a of Figure 8 can be applied.

[0176] The first radiation receiver (PD1) receives signals of fluorescence radiation (FL) from the paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the superimposed sensor elements, as well as signals of the unfiltered portion of pump radiation (LB) (if the arrangement in this respect is not perfect), and generates a receiver output signal (S0) from the total signal based on the intensity signals of the fluorescence radiation (FL) from the paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor elements and the intensity signals of the unfiltered portion of pump radiation (LB).

[0177] Preferably, regarding the filtering of pump radiation (LB), the filtering effect of sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is designed such that the intensity of the unfiltered portion of the pump radiation (LB) is negligible and can be assumed to be approximately zero.

[0178] Preferably, regarding the filtering of fluorescence radiation (FL), the filtering effect of sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is designed such that the intensity of the filtered portion of the fluorescence radiation (FL) is negligible and can be assumed to be approximately zero. Therefore, the fluorescence radiation (FL) is not filtered by the sensor elements in a manner substantially relevant to the system function.

[0179] The first radiation receiver (PD1) may include other amplifiers and / or filters and / or other signal conditioning devices, which will not be discussed further here for the sake of simplicity.

[0180] The correlator (CORR) correlates the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the measurement signal (MES). Figure 8 In the example, the subtractor (A1) subtracts the feedback signal (S6) from the receiver output signal (S0) to form a reduced receiver output signal (S1).

[0181] The output signal of the correlator (CORR) is the filter output signal (S4), which indicates how much of the measured signal (MES) is contained in the receiver output signal (S0) (here, the measured signal is equal to the transmitted signal (S5)). Figure 8 In the example, it is used as the output signal (out) of the sensor system.

[0182] exist Figure 8 In the example, as an illustration, the synchronous demodulator consisting of a first multiplier (M1) and a filter (TP) performs the actual correlation of the correlator (CORR). However, another processing block, such as a linear optimal filter, can also be used as the correlator (CORR), which is optimized for the transmitted signal (S5).Figure 3 In the example, the filter (TP) should be a low-pass filter. Preferably, the output of the filter (TP) is provided with a sample and hold circuit, which detects and freezes the output value of the filter at the end of the repetition time of the transmitted signal (S5) and passes it as the filter output signal (S4) to the subsequent stage in the signal path.

[0183] exist Figure 9 In the example, the first multiplier (M1) multiplies the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the measurement signal (MES) (which in this case is equal to the transmitted signal (S5)), and thus generates the filter input signal (S3). The filter (TP) (in...) Figure 9 In the example, a low-pass filter (S1) filters the input signal (S3) into an output signal (S4). Preferably, the filter should have essentially an integral characteristic. In practice, the integral effect of the filter (TP) is important, and this integral effect is time integral over the duration of the transmission signal (S5) during the transmission signal time, in conjunction with the sample-and-hold output circuit of the filter (TP) (not shown but preferably used) to form the measurement signal (MES) (here, equal to the transmitted signal (S5)) and the reduced receiver output signal (S1). This corresponds to the scalar product of the reduced receiver output signal (S1) and the measurement signal (MES) as a so-called L2 form. Thus, the first multiplier (M1) and the preferred integrating filter (TP) mathematically define the scalar product, thereby defining a Hilbert space or at least a Banach space. The vectors in this Banach space are the signals. Since only a finite set of measurement signals can be used, it is usually a Banach space. The second multiplier (M2) reconstructs the amplified portion of the measurement signal (MES) in the receiver output signal (S0) into a feedback signal (S6) by multiplying the filter output signal (S4) with the measurement signal (MES) (which, in this case, is equal to the transmitted signal (S5)). If the filter (TP) gain is very large, the reduced receiver output signal (S1) almost no longer contains any part of the measurement signal (MES). Ideally, the reduced receiver output signal (S1) is typically approximated as a DC signal. Of course, the system will still include control errors and system noise, which are not considered here and are ignored.

[0184] Instead of the scalar product formation performed by the first multiplier (M1) and the integrator (TP), other scalar products can be formed using other scalar product forming devices. They only need to allow the use of the Banach space for the signal.

[0185] The value of the filter output signal (S4) and thus of the output signal (out) thus represents a measure of the intensity of the current fluorescent radiation (FL).

[0186] Since the fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on

[0187] • the intensity of the pump radiation (LB), and / or

[0188] • the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), and / or

[0189] • the distance from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or to the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), and / or

[0190] • the distance from the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or from the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) to the first radiation receiver (PD1), and / or

[0191] • the transmissivity of the optical path between the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) for the pump radiation (LB), and / or

[0192] • the transmissivity of the optical path between the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and the first radiation receiver (PD1) for the fluorescent radiation (FL), and / or

[0193] • in certain cases also the crystal orientation of the sensor element, for example in the case of an NV center as paramagnetic center (NV1) the orientation of the diamond crystal with respect to the direction of the magnetic flux density (B), and / or

[0194] • if necessary one or more other physical parameters, for example the electric flux density D, the acceleration a, the gravity field strength g, the rotational speed Ω, the oscillation frequency ω, a modulation of the electromagnetic radiation, the intensity of the ionizing radiation, the temperature Θ,

[0195] So if other values can remain constant, the filter output signal (S4) can be used as a sensor output signal (out) which for example represents a measure of one of these values by its amplitude.

[0196] The final timing scheme corresponds to the timing scheme of a Figure 8 a.

[0197] Figure 6

[0198] Figure 10 corresponds to Figure 10wherein a measurement phase shift unit (ATM) delays the transmission signal (S5) with respect to the measurement signal (MES) by a measurement phase shift time (ATM). The final timing scheme corresponds to the timing scheme of a shown in Figure 8 .

[0199] Figure 4

[0200] Figure 11 corresponds to Figure 11 wherein an inversion unit (INV) inverts the transmission signal (S5) to the measurement signal (MES). The final timing scheme corresponds to the timing scheme of a of Figure 8 .

[0201] Figure 11

[0202] Figure 11 corresponds to Figures 8 to 10 but differs in that the sensor element with the paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) now no longer comprises the functionality of the first optical filter (F1). Thus, the first optical filter (F1) is here included in the optical path of the fluorescent radiation (FL) to prevent the pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) from falling on the first radiation receiver (PD1). Preferably, the first optical filter (F1) is substantially transparent for radiation having the fluorescent wavelength (λ FL ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and substantially opaque for radiation having the pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) of the pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1). If a compensation radiation (KS) is used (to be discussed below), the first optical filter (F1) is preferably substantially transparent for radiation having the compensation radiation wavelength (λ ks ) of the compensation radiation (KS) of the compensation radiation source (PLK) in the case that the compensation radiation (KS) has to pass the first optical filter (F1) in its path to the first radiation receiver (PD1).

[0203] In the sense of the present document, the presence of the property “substantially” is the case if the remaining deviation from the property in question is irrelevant for the intended purpose and / or practical use and / or can be neglected.

[0204] In the example of Figure 12 , the exemplary second aperture (BA2) also prevents the pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) from reaching the first radiation receiver (PD1) via a direct path.

[0205] Figure 12 In particular, it can be combined with the system of Figure 11 .

[0206] Figure 12

[0207] Figure 12 In large parts identical to Figure 12 , only without the first subtractor (A1) for subtracting the feedback signal (S6) from the receiver output signal (S0) to form a reduced receiver output signal (S1). In Figure 13 , the compensation radiation source (PLK) radiates compensation radiation (KS) to the first radiation receiver (PD1). Thus, in the first radiation receiver (PD1), the fluorescent radiation (FL) and the compensation radiation (KS) as well as the still transmitted parasitic component of the pump radiation (LB) that has passed through the first optical filter (F1) are superimposed, typically in an essentially additive manner. Typically, the part of the pump radiation (LB) that has passed through the first optical filter (F1) can be neglected when considering the system behavior.

[0208] Since the negative intensity of the compensation radiation (KS) would correspond to an impossible negative energy, the biasing device (OF) adds a DC component to the feedback signal (S6), thereby generating a biased feedback signal (S7).

[0209] By subsequently multiplying the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the measurement signal (MES) (here, equal to the transmission signal (S5)) in the first multiplier (M1), the DC component is converted into the frequency spectrum of the measurement signal (MES). If the filter (TP) is, for example, appropriately designed as a low-pass filter, this low-pass filter filters out such signal components different from 0 Hz from the filter input signal (S3) (i.e., the output signal of the first multiplier (M1)), or preferably attenuates such signal components to an extent that can be neglected here.

[0210] Preferably, the gain of the filter (TP) is chosen to be very high and negative.

[0211] Due to the negative sign of the gain of the filter (TP) (indicated by the small circle at the output of the filter (TP) in Figure 13 ), the signal content of the feedback signal (S6) is again subtracted from the signal content of the fluorescent radiation (FL). Thus, the receiver output signal (S0) in this configuration is equal to the reduced receiver output signal (S1). The advantage is that the first radiation receiver (PD1) can always be operated at the same optical operating point.

[0212] An optional first barrier (BA1) prevents the case that the compensation radiation source (PLK) is able to directly illuminate the at least one sensor element with at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). For example, between the first barrier (BA1) and the second barrier (BA2) there can be a window in the overall barrier comprising the first barrier (BA1) and the second barrier (BA2), which window is in the example of the first optical filter (F1). The preferred properties of the first optical filter (F1) have already been discussed several times. Figure 12

[0213] Preferably, the first transmission path of the pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the at least one sensor element with at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or with the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is known and its properties are constant.

[0214] Preferably, the second transmission path of the fluorescent radiation (FL) from the at least one sensor element with at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or with the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is known and its properties are constant.

[0215] Preferably, the third transmission path of the compensation radiation (KS) from the compensation radiation source (PLK) to the first radiation receiver (PD1) is known and its properties are constant.

[0216] Figure 14

[0217] Figure 14 corresponds to Figure 12 but differs in that the compensation radiation source (PLK) is not controlled, but now the first pump radiation source (PL1) is controlled.

[0218] Figure 15

[0219] Figure 15 corresponds to Figure 16 but differs in that the compensation radiation (KS) also passes through the first optical filter (F1). In order for the control to be effective, the first optical filter (F1) must be transparent for the compensation radiation wavelength (λ ks ) of the compensation radiation (KS).

[0220] In the case of at least one diamond as a sensor element and at least one NV center in the at least one diamond as a paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality of NV centers as a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), the compensation radiation wavelength (λ ks ) of the compensation radiation (KS) is preferably longer than the fluorescence wavelength (λ FL ​) is preferably shorter than a compensation radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) of the compensation radiation (KS), and preferably longer than a pump radiation wavelength (λ

[0221] In case of at least one diamond as sensor element and at least one NV center in the at least one diamond as paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality of NV centers as a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), a fluorescence wavelength (λ FL ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) is preferably shorter than a compensation radiation wavelength (λ ks ) of the compensation radiation (KS), and preferably longer than a pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) of the pump radiation (LB).

[0222] Preferably, the compensation radiation is infrared electromagnetic radiation. Most preferably, the compensation radiation source (PLK) is an infrared diode or an infrared laser diode.

[0223] Figure 16

[0224] Figure 8 An exemplary correlation of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of a plurality of NV centers (NVC) in a diamond, which are used as a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in a plurality of sensor elements, with the magnetic flux density (B) in Tesla (unit symbol T) is shown. The vertical axis shows the measured intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of such a combination of a plurality of NV centers in a plurality of small nanodiamonds, and is arbitrarily normalized to a value of arbitrary intensity.

[0225] The horizontal variation in the range of less than 10 mT is caused by the limitations of the used measurement setup.

[0226] Importantly, the shape of the curve has no directionality due to the use of differently oriented nanodiamonds as a plurality of differently oriented sensor elements. Thus, the sensor described herein can be used without alignment. This is crucial for mass production and CMOS compatibility, as it eliminates the alignment step required by other technologies.

[0227] In essence, the curve can be approximated in a wide range with a falling exponential curve with an offset.

[0228] It is presently known that the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) decreases with increasing intensity of the flux density (B), which is related to the coupling of the plurality of NV centers.

[0229] This coupling of the paramagnetic centers (NV1), in particular NV centers, also leads to the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic centers (NV1) being sensitive to changes in the magnetic flux density (B) during the de-calibration. It is therefore important to couple together at least 2, better at least 4, better at least 8, better at least 20, better at least 40, better at least 100, better at least 200, better at least 400, better at least 1000 of the following number of paramagnetic centers (NV1), here NV centers in the diamond, to achieve this effect. It is therefore useful to take measures to couple together at least 2, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 8, preferably at least 20, preferably at least 40, preferably at least 100, preferably at least 200, preferably at least 400, preferably at least 1000 of the paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0230] This coupling can also take place via optical and / or electronic functional elements of an integrated circuit (IC) and / or via optical functional elements of the housing.

[0231] Figure 8

[0232] A further variant of the proposed sensor system relates to a sensor system and / or quantum technology system (hereinafter also simply referred to as sensor system), wherein the sensor system comprises a sensor element and / or a quantum technology device element, and wherein the sensor system comprises one or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the material of the sensor element and / or the quantum technology device element. Figure 16 The sensor system according to the application is substantially identical to the sensor system according to Figure 15 The sensor system according to the application is substantially identical to the sensor system according to Figure 15 The sensor system according to the application is substantially identical to the sensor system according to Figure 17 The sensor system according to the application stabilizes the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the paramagnetic centers (NV1) by means of a magnetic field of a compensation coil (LC).

[0233] The sensor system again comprises a first pump radiation source (PL1) for the pump radiation (LB), in particular preferably in the form of an LED or a laser, and a first radiation receiver (PD1). The pump radiation (LB) has a pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ). The pump radiation (LB) causes one or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) to emit fluorescent radiation (FL) having a fluorescent wavelength (λ FL ). Preferably, the first radiation receiver (PD1) is sensitive to the fluorescent wavelength (λ FL) sensitive. A first pump radiation source (PL1) for the pump radiation (LB) emits the pump radiation (LB). In particular, the sensor system is designed by optical functional elements such that the pump radiation (LB) falls on one paramagnetic center (NV1) or on a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). Furthermore, the sensor system is preferably designed, in particular by optical functional elements, such that the fluorescent radiation (FL) illuminates the first radiation receiver (PD1). A particular feature of the present variant is that the sensor system comprises a device, in particular a regulator (RG) and / or a compensation coil (LC) and / or possibly a permanent magnet which is supplementary or alternative, in order to maximize the intensity change of the fluorescent radiation (FL) for each application in the event of a change in the value of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a change in the value of another of the above-mentioned physical parameters. That is to say, by subtraction or addition of the quasi-static component of the magnetic flux (B), by subtraction and / or addition of the coil current fed by the regulator (RG), the total magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is moved in the direction of the operating point in the curve of Figure 17 Figure 1, which has an optimized distance to the point of maximum sensitivity. This makes use of the advantage of the fact that the paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), which are NV centers in diamond in the case of Figure 17 Figure 1, are coupled with a sufficiently high local density of paramagnetic centers (NV1) at the location of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), thereby producing a collective effect of the ensemble of paramagnetic centers (NV1). These lead to a modulation of the sensitivity.

[0234] If the operating point adjustment of the magnetic flux density (B) is carried out by means of the compensation coil (LC), it is useful to energize the same with a current which is derived from the measured value of the magnetic flux density (B), i.e. from the filter output signal (S4) of the filter (TP). Preferably, the regulator (RG) derives a corresponding operating point control signal (S9) from the filter output signal (S4). Preferably, the regulator (RG) has a low-pass characteristic, or better an integral characteristic. Thus, preferably, it is a PI controller or a substantially functionally equivalent controller. Then, preferably, the control by the regulator (RG) has a first time constant τ1, while the compensation control by the filter (TP) has a second time constant τ2. That is, the first output signal (out) reproduces short-term changes of the magnetic flux density (B) of the magnetic flux density alternating field, while the second output signal (out”) reproduces long-term changes or the current quasi-static operating point of the sensor system. For this purpose, preferably, the first time constant τ1 of the regulator (RG) is greater than the second time constant τ2 of the filter (TP). Thus, preferably, it is valid: τ1 > τ2.

[0235] Figure 17

[0236] Figures 8 to 14 The structure of an example sensor system (NVMS) based on a microcomputer (μC) is shown. In Figure 17 In the example shown, the microcomputer (μC) controls a first pump radiation source (PL1). This first pump radiation source generates pump radiation (LB). The pump radiation (LB) acts on a paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, the paramagnetic center (NV1) is at least one NV center, preferably a plurality of NV centers (i.e. a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1)) in at least one or a plurality of sensor elements, preferably one or a plurality of diamonds.

[0237] Depending on the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the respective paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), and depending on the intensity of the pump radiation (LB) at the location of the respective paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), the paramagnetic center (NV1) generates fluorescent radiation (FL) which acts on a first radiation receiver (PD1). In Figure 18 In the example shown, the signal of this receiver is detected by an analog-digital converter (ADC) and fed to the microcomputer (μC). Then, preferably, the microcomputer (μC) controls the first pump radiation source (PL1) depending on the signal from the analog-digital converter (ADC). The signal from the first pump radiation source (PL1) can also be static and / or quasi-static. Preferably, the microcomputer (μC) simulates a feedback loop according to Figure 18The system of 1 and 16.

[0238] The microcomputer (μC) determines the measurement value from the value provided by the analog-digital converter (ADC) to the microcomputer (μC). The microcomputer (μC) then outputs the measurement value, preferably via the first output signal (out). In the case of use of a microcomputer (μC), the first output signal (out) is preferably transmitted via a data bus (DB) connected to the microcomputer (μC), which is not shown separately in the figure. Figure 17 Signaling transmitted via the data bus (DB) connected to the microcomputer (μC), which is not shown separately in the figure.

[0239] The measurement value can depend, inter alia, on the following parameters:

[0240] • the intensity of the pump radiation (LB) reaching the paramagnetic center (NV1) and thus the transmission properties of the transmission path from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the paramagnetic center (NV1);

[0241] • the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1);

[0242] • the transmission properties of the transmission path from the at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) to the first radiation receiver (PD1); and

[0243] • in some cases also on the crystal orientation of the sensor element, for example in the case of an NV center as paramagnetic center (NV1), the orientation of the diamond crystal relative to the direction of the magnetic flux density (B); and

[0244] • if necessary, one or more other physical parameters, for example the electric flux density D, the acceleration a, the gravity field strength g, the rotational speed Ω, the oscillation frequency ω, the modulation of the electromagnetic radiation, the intensity of the ionizing radiation, the temperature Θ.

[0245] That is to say, the measurement value can reflect the reflectivity, the transmissivity, the distance, the magnetic flux density and other physical parameters influencing these transmission distances and one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, the respective sensor system (NVMS) is designed such that all other influencing variables remain essentially constant apart from the parameter to be detected.

[0246] Figure 18

[0247] Figure 18One of the above or derived sensor systems (NVMS) comprising at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) is shown in combination with two or three exemplary pairs of Helmholtz coils. Preferably, the paramagnetic center (NV1) is again at least one NV center in at least one diamond. If it is a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), the sensor system (NVMS) preferably again comprises one or more sensor elements, preferably again with a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, this sensor element is a collection of differently oriented nanodiamonds with NV centers as paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0248] Preferably, the system corresponding to Figure 18 forms the basis for the control of the pair of Helmholtz coils.

[0249] When coils are mentioned here, this means magnetic field generating components. For example, they can be inductors which are usually designed as copper windings or conductive wire windings on a coil former. For example, the coils (L2 to L7) mentioned below can also be permanent magnets (PM1, PM2) or comprise inductors and / or permanent magnets. Details of the magnetic circuit, such as magnetic core, are omitted for simplicity of illustration. In this regard, reference is made to the book "Theoretische Elektrotechnik und Elektronik" by Küpfmüller, Kohn, Springer, 1993, Chapter 3, in particular Section 1.25 of Chapter 3. However, the disclosure includes typical elements of a magnetic circuit, such as air gap, ferromagnetic yoke, ferrite core, permanent magnet, etc. However, it is also conceivable to use the device as shown as a pure air system without magnetic yoke.

[0250] In the example of a of Figure 18 the seventh coil (L7) and the third coil (L3) form a first pair of Helmholtz coils. Preferably, the seventh coil (L7) and the third coil (L3) are connected in series, so that the same current flows through them. Preferably, the first axis (AS1) of the first Helmholtz coil, i.e. the seventh coil (L7), and the third axis (AS3) of the third Helmholtz coil, i.e. the third coil (L3), are aligned and preferably identical. However, in the example of Figure 18 only for clarity, the two axes are drawn slightly offset.

[0251] In the example of a of Figure 18In example a, the second coil (L2) and the fourth coil (L4) form a second Helmholtz coil pair. Preferably, the second coil (L2) and the fourth coil (L4) are connected in series such that the same current flows through them. Preferably, the second axis (AS2) of the second Helmholtz coil (L2) and the fourth axis (AS4) of the fourth Helmholtz coil (L4) are aligned, and preferably identical. However, in Figure 18 In the example, the two axes are drawn slightly off-center just for clarity.

[0252] Preferably, the first axis (AS1) and the third axis (AS3) are perpendicular to the second axis (AS2) and the fourth axis (AS4). Figure 17 In the example, they are drawn slightly offset just for clarity.

[0253] exist Figure 18 In example a, the fifth coil (L5) and the sixth coil (L6) form a third Helmholtz coil pair. Preferably, the fifth coil (L5) and the sixth coil (L6) are connected in series such that the same current flows through them. Preferably, the fifth axis (AS5) of the fifth Helmholtz coil (L5) and the sixth axis (AS6) of the sixth Helmholtz coil (L6) are aligned, and preferably identical. However, in Figure 18 In the example, they are drawn slightly offset just for clarity.

[0254] Preferably, the first axis (AS1) and the third axis (AS3) are perpendicular to the fifth axis (AS5) and the sixth axis (AS6).

[0255] Preferably, the second axis (AS2) and the fourth axis (AS4) are perpendicular to the fifth axis (AS5) and the sixth axis (AS6).

[0256] Therefore, preferably, the fifth axis (AS5) and the sixth axis (AS6) are perpendicular to the plane spanned by the first axis (AS1) and the third axis (AS3) as well as the second axis (AS2) and the fourth axis (AS4).

[0257] The device may have only two pairs of coils or only one pair of coils instead of three pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]). Of course, additional coil pairs may be provided if necessary. Preferably, the axes of these additional coil pairs (not shown here) are tilted at an angle of 90° relative to the axes of one or more coil pairs.

[0258] Instead of pairs of coils, individual coils can also be used, in which case one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or quantum dots (NV1) are preferably located at or at least near the point of the coil axis in the coil plane. Thus, one pair, two pairs or three pairs of coils can each be replaced by one coil.

[0259] Now, Figure 16 The microcomputer (pC) can compensate for external magnetic fields acting on the sensor system (NVMS) or the paramagnetic center (NV1) from any direction by changing the current of the three pairs of Helmholtz coils (here, for example, the example of Figure 16 Figure 18 The exemplary three pairs of Helmholtz coils of Figure 19 have the function of a compensation coil (LC), wherein, in this example, the microcomputer (pC) has the function of a regulator (RG). Figure 19

[0260] An exemplary method for controlling the magnetic flux (B) of the compensation magnetic field generated by the coil pairs (L2 to L7) can be as follows:

[0261] In a first step, the microcomputer (pC) regulates the first coil current of the first pair of Helmholtz coils (L7, L3) such that the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) reaches a first maximum.

[0262] In a second step, the microcomputer (pC) regulates the second coil current of the second pair of Helmholtz coils (L2, L4) such that the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) reaches a second maximum.

[0263] In a third step, the microcomputer (pC) regulates the third coil current of the third pair of Helmholtz coils (L5, L6) such that the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) reaches a third maximum.

[0264] As mentioned above, if necessary, a single coil can be used instead of a pair of coils.

[0265] In essence, after the compensation coil system has compensated, the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the paramagnetic center (NV1) is then preferably compensated to zero or at least adjusted to a minimum in terms of amplitude.

[0266] The value of the first coil current of the first pair of Helmholtz coils (L7, L3) represents a first value B1 of the magnetic flux density (B) in the first direction (here, the x-direction).

[0267] ​​The value of the second coil current in the second Helmholtz coil pair (L2, L4) represents the second value B2 of the magnetic flux density (B) in the second direction (here, the y direction).

[0268] The value of the third coil current in the third Helmholtz coil pair (L5, L6) represents the third value B3 of the magnetic flux density (B) in the third direction (here, the z direction).

[0269] A tuple consisting of the first value B1 of magnetic flux density (B), the second value B2 of magnetic flux density (B), and the third value B3 of magnetic flux density (B) represents a vector, which represents the vector of magnetic flux density (B).

[0270] In addition to the first value B1, the second value B2, and the third value B3 of the magnetic flux density (B), the measurement system can also transmit all or part of the vector as a measurement value.

[0271] exist Figure 18 In part b, the third Helmholtz coil pair (L5, L6) is replaced by a pair of two permanent magnets (PM1, PM2). They are preferably designed to generate a uniform bias field in the region of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) within the sensor system (NVMS). This allows the optimal operating point of the magnetic flux density (B) to be determined with maximum sensitivity.

[0272] Figure 17

[0273] Figure 20 It shows that by... Figure 20 The control of the Helmholtz coil pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]) is extended. Figure 1 The system comprises a microcomputer (μC) controlling coil drivers, which are preferably part of a sensor system (NVMS) along with the microcomputer (μC). These coil drivers generate corresponding coil currents for Helmholtz coil pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]). The Helmholtz coil pairs form 1D, 2D, or 3D B-field generation. The sensor system can also be used for one-dimensional measurements of only one magnetic field component using only one Helmholtz coil pair (i.e., by 1D B-field generation), or two-dimensional measurements of only two magnetic field components using only two non-parallel and preferably perpendicular Helmholtz coil pairs (i.e., by 2D B-field generation), or three-dimensional measurements of three magnetic field components using three non-parallel and preferably perpendicular Helmholtz coil pairs (i.e., by 3D B-field generation). In the case of 1D or 2D B-field generation, the measurement process is also simplified accordingly by omitting the optimization of the coil currents for the missing Helmholtz coil pairs.

[0274] The magnetic flux density (B) generated by the pairs of Helmholtz coils ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]) and the permanent magnets (PM1, PM2) then acts on one (NV1) or several (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). For example, the microcomputer (μC) detects this action via the measurement path and changes the control of the pairs of Helmholtz coils ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]) accordingly. Of course, the system can also be constructed analogously to one or more of the above-mentioned systems or to prior art systems.

[0275] If necessary, the systems discussed here can be simplified, but there can be a loss in performance. For example, in some cases, individual coils can be provided instead of pairs of Helmholtz coils. The former can lead to a field inhomogeneity which can have an effect.

[0276] Figure 21

[0277] Figure 21 The detection of a ferromagnetic object (FOB) by the sensor system (NVMS) is shown. Figure 1 Preferably, all components of the sensor system (NVMS) are non-ferromagnetic. Furthermore, the currents within the sensor system should be as low as possible in order to avoid distorting the measurement results.

[0278] When a ferromagnetic object (FOB) approaches the sensor system (NVMS), the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one (NV1) or several (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) usually changes. As a result, the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) or the fluorescent phase shift time (ΔTFL) of one (NV1) or several (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) changes and, as a result, the associated measurement values detected by the sensor system (NVMS) change. The sensor system (NVMS) can therefore be used to measure the distance (d FOBFurthermore, changes in the shape of the ferromagnetic object (FOB) can be detected. Furthermore, changes in the magnetization of the ferromagnetic object and / or changes in the magnetic flux (B) generated by the ferromagnetic object (FOB) can be detected. This can be achieved, for example, by exceeding the Curie point due to temperature increases. Similarly, when a device generating magnetic flux density (e.g., a permanent magnet and / or a current-carrying coil) generates magnetic flux (B) and this magnetic flux interacts with diamagnetic and / or paramagnetic materials located at the location of the ferromagnetic object (FOB), the material properties of the diamagnetic and / or paramagnetic materials at the location of the ferromagnetic object (FOB) can also be detected. Thus, the magnetic flux density (B) of the device generating magnetic flux density (B) should pass through the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0279] Figure 21

[0280] exist Figure 21 middle, Figure 21 The cover of the sensor system (NVMS) is designed as a ferromagnetic diaphragm (ME) that vibrates mechanically. The object (Obj) emits sound waves as acoustic waves (AW). For example, the sound waves can be one or more ultrasonic waves reflected by the object (Obj). Among them, the reflected ultrasonic waves are typically acoustic transmission waves (ASW) reflected by the object (Obj), which originate from an ultrasonic transmitter or ultrasonic transmission system (USS).

[0281] These sound waves caused Figure 16 The example illustrates the mechanical vibration of a ferromagnetic diaphragm (ME). These mechanical oscillations alter the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1). These fluctuations in the value of the magnetic flux density (B) result in fluctuations in the intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) and / or the value of the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL). These fluctuations are therefore detected by a sensor system (NVMS). Figure 22 The sensor system (NVMS) works like a microphone. In its simplest case, Figure 22 The time history of the first output signal (out) of the sensor system (NVMS) reflects the time history of the sound pressure level (AW) of the sound wave, which may have a phase shift. The diaphragm (ME) is preferably manufactured elastically. The measurement determined by the sensor system (NVMS) typically corresponds to the position or offset of the diaphragm (ME) at the time of measurement.

[0282] The action path is described as follows: In a first step, an acoustic oscillation of a sound wave (AW) is converted into a mechanical oscillation of a membrane (ME), and in a second step, this mechanical oscillation is converted into a fluctuation of a magnetic flux density (B) by magnetization of the membrane (ME), and then in a third step, this fluctuation of the magnetic flux density is converted into a fluctuation of the intensity of fluorescent radiation (FL) and / or a fluctuation of the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL) by one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), and then in a fourth step, a first radiation receiver (PD1) converts this into a fluctuation of the value of the receiver output signal (SO). In an optional fifth step, the further processing described above can then take place, which in particular can produce Figure 21 and 19 the measured values or the value of the first output signal (out).

[0283] Figure 21

[0284] Figure 23 The case of using a microphone corresponding to Figure 23 is shown. As an example, an ultrasonic sound transmitter (USS) mounted in the bumper of a vehicle (motor vehicle) emits an ultrasonic signal, which is an acoustic transmission wave (ASW). After a propagation time of a distance d2, this acoustic transmission wave reaches an object (Obj) and is reflected there. The sensor system (NVMS), for example, a sensor system corresponding to Figure 21 detects the sound signal in the form of a reflected sound wave (AW), in this case an ultrasonic signal, by means of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and converts the measured values determined at different points in time of the position of the membrane (ME) or the single or multiple time derivatives and / or integrals of the measured values of the position into a data stream, which can be filtered in other ways, which preferably corresponds essentially to the corresponding sound pressure or otherwise to the extracted measured values. For example, the distance d2 can be extracted, evaluated and output.

[0285] The data stream is then preferably compressed by a microcomputer (pC) or a corresponding device and transmitted to a superior computer system, on which the compressed data stream is preferably decompressed and combined and / or converted with the measurement data streams and measured values of other sensors, for example, other ultrasonic sensors and / or lidar sensors and / or radar sensors and / or Halios sensors and / or electrostatic sensors, by sensor fusion, to form new measured values.

[0286] Preferably, the superior computer system executes an artificial intelligence program. Very preferably, the superior computer system executes a simulation of a neural network model. In this context, reference is made to the not yet published international property application PCT / EP2020 / 056727, the disclosure of which is fully part of the disclosure presented herein.

[0287] Therefore, a superior computer system is presented which executes a neural network model, wherein the neural network model comprises network nodes organized in network layers, and wherein each network node of the neural network has input parameters and output parameters, and wherein at least one, preferably multiple, input parameter of a network node is an input parameter of the neural network model or is an output parameter of another network node of the neural network model, and wherein at least one, preferably multiple, output parameter of a network node is an output parameter of the neural network model or is an input parameter of another neural network node, and wherein a network node having an output parameter which is an output parameter of the neural network model does not have an input parameter which is an input parameter of the neural network model, and wherein a network node having an input parameter which is an input parameter of the neural network model does not have an output parameter which is an output parameter of the neural network model, and wherein any network node of the neural network having an output parameter which is an output parameter of the neural network model does not have an input parameter which is an output parameter of a network node whose input parameter is an input parameter of the neural network model. The input parameters of a network node of the neural network model are linked within this network node to the output parameters of this neural network node by a linking function of this neural network node. Preferably, this linking function is strongly non-linear. Therefore, the properties of the linking function depend on linking function parameters, preferably specific to said network node. The linking functions of different network nodes can differ. The linking function parameters are determined and trained during a training process. The specification here illustrates at least a three-layer neural network with at least three network layers.

[0288] It is now presented that at least one, preferably multiple, input parameter of the neural network model executed by the superior computing unit depends on a parameter of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). For example, such a parameter can be the value of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and / or the value of the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0289] The use of such artificial intelligence methods and processes is of particular importance for the operation of autonomous driving and / or complex systems and / or the operation of devices in possibly complex environments.

[0290] For example, preferably, one of the systems proposed herein determines the distance (d2) between the vehicle (Kfz) and the object (Obj) in the direction of motion of the vehicle (Kfz). Preferably, this information is used by the driver or a fully automated system to change the direction of motion and / or speed and / or acceleration or other vehicle parameters. Therefore, the operating parameters of the vehicle (motor vehicle) depend on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of a quantum dot (NV1) or a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or one or more NV centers in the sensor system (NVMS). Here, exemplary operating parameters are the vehicle's speed and / or acceleration and / or rotation and / or direction.

[0291] Figure 22

[0292] Figure 23 It shows Figure 21 The sensor system is shown in a simplified configuration in the bumper of an exemplary vehicle (motor vehicle), which in this case is a motor vehicle, for example... Figure 24 Vehicles (motor vehicles). Vehicles (motor vehicles) can also be other mobile devices and / or robots, missiles or launchers, ships, floating bodies or submersibles.

[0293] Preferably, the sensor system is mounted (e.g., soldered) on a printed circuit board (PCB). Figure 24 In the example, the housing of the sensor system (NVMS) preferably has a non-magnetic cover (e.g., such as...). Figure 25 (As shown).

[0294] The ferromagnetic diaphragm (ME) is now located on the outside of the bumper. This has the advantage of allowing the bumper to be thoroughly coated without having to prevent sound from entering when the window is open, which offers significant aesthetic benefits. Preferably, the bumper is made of a non-magnetic material so as not to disturb the NVMS sensor system.

[0295] Figure 25

[0296] Figure 1 A typical procedure for operating an ultrasonic measurement system with a sensor system (NVMS) is shown. The sensor system has at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0297] In a first step (1), an ultrasonic transmitter (USS) emits ultrasonic waves as acoustic transmission waves (ASW). In a second step (2), one or more objects (Obj) reflect the acoustic transmission waves (ASW) as reflected ultrasonic waves in the form of reflected acoustic waves (AW). In a third step (3), the reflected ultrasonic waves, i.e. the reflected waves (AW), vibrate a membrane (ME) with a ferromagnetic sub-device. In a fourth step (4), this vibrating membrane (ME) with a ferromagnetic sub-device causes a modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of a sensor system (NVMS). In a fifth step (5), the modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) changes the fluorescent radiation (FL) of at least one or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). In a sixth step (6), a first radiation receiver (PD1) of the sensor system (NVMS) detects this modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL), in particular a modulation of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and / or a modulation of the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL), as a receiver output signal (SO). In a seventh step (7), an evaluation circuit generates one or a plurality of measurement values, preferably a time series of measurement values, from this, which are then transmitted, preferably in whole or in part or after compression, to, for example, a superior computer system, and, if necessary, are decompressed and used for further purposes in the superior computer system or the sensor system (NVMS) itself.

[0298] The method can also be used for normal sound and infrasound.

[0299] Figure 26

[0300] Figure 26 A sensor system as an RF receiver for electromagnetic RF radiation is shown, which corresponds to Figure 26 The use as a receiver, especially in radar systems in the vehicle and in stationary installations, is conceivable. Furthermore, the use for a broadband receiver is conceivable.

[0301] An object (Obj) emits electromagnetic waves (HFW). The object (Obj) can reflect electromagnetic waves (HFW) that are radiated onto the object (Obj) or emit them as a transmitter. These electromagnetic waves (HFW) interact with one or a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of a sensor system (NVMS). The fluorescent radiation (FL) is thereby modulated. This modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL) can be a modulation of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and / or a modulation of the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0302] Because fluorescence radiation (FL) has a time constant τ FL Using this time constant τ FL Fluorescent radiation (FL) can follow changes in magnetic flux density (B), therefore the reception of electromagnetic waves (HFW) is limited to beyond this time constant τ. FL The time. Therefore, the maximum frequency (f) for non-attenuated reception of electromagnetic waves (HFW). HFmax ) is 2πf HFmax =1 / τ FL .

[0303] To receive higher frequencies, for example, a first coil (L1) and / or resonator near one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be used to generate a very high frequency f. LC The magnetic field and / or electromagnetic alternating field are then superimposed on the alternating magnetic field of the incident electromagnetic wave (HFW). This results in two wave components.

[0304] The first wave component has a total frequency f. S This total frequency corresponds to the frequency f of the incident electromagnetic wave (HFW). HF and the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field generated by the first coil (L1) and / or resonator, etc. LC The sum of the first wave components. This first wave component cannot follow one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) because for this total frequency f S ,2πf S >1 / τ FL If the first wave component does not correspond energetically to the transition of the paramagnetic center (NV1), it can be ignored. In this respect, the paramagnetic center (NV1) typically exhibits low-pass characteristics.

[0305] The second wave component has a difference frequency f D This difference frequency corresponds to the frequency f of the incident electromagnetic wave (HFW). HF and the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field generated by the first coil (L1) and / or resonator, etc. LC The difference between them. The frequency f of the alternating magnetic field generated by the first coil (L1) and / or resonator, etc., is appropriately selected. LC In the case that the difference frequency f D The following condition must be met: 2πf D If the frequency is less than 1 / TFL, then one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) can follow the second wave component. This second wave component is converted from one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) using the difference frequency f. Da modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL) which can be received by a first radiation receiver (PD1) and converted by an integrated circuit (IC) into a first output signal (out). The modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL) can in turn be a modulation of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and / or a modulation of the fluorescent phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0306] Figure 16

[0307] Figure 16 A measuring device for a current (I m ) flowing through a conductor (CON) is shown. A ring-shaped or annular magnetic yoke (J1) detects a magnetic flux density (B) generated by the current (I m ) flowing through the conductor (CON). The magnetic yoke (J1) has a first air gap (LSP1) in which a sensor system (NVMS) having a paramagnetic center (NV1) or at least the paramagnetic center (NV1) is placed.

[0308] The magnetic yoke is a closed magnetic circuit having the first air gap (LSP1).

[0309] The sensor system (NVMS) generates a first measurement value signal (MS1) from a measurement value of the magnetic flux density (B), for example from the first output signal (out). An exemplary amplifier (AMP) as a regulator (RG) amplifies this first measurement value signal (MS1) to a first control signal on a control signal line (SS1). The amplifier (AMP) can be part of the sensor system (NVMS). In the example, the exemplary amplifier (AMP) is a push-pull stage in which a first transistor (TR1) and a second transistor (TR2) are connected between a working voltage line (VDD) at a working voltage potential and a reference potential line (GND) at a reference potential. In practice, a more complex amplifier will certainly be used. Figure 16

[0310] The eighth coil current (I L8 ) then flows into the eighth coil (L8) via the control signal line (SS1). The control signal line (SS1) thus functionally generally corresponds to an operating point control signal (S9) of the Figure 18 The eighth coil (L8), which functionally corresponds to a compensation coil (LC) of the Figure 26 , generates an additional excitation in the form of a magnetic field strength H in the first magnetic yoke (J1), which counteracts the magnetic excitation of the current (I m ) to be detected flowing through the conductor (CON). The magnetic flux (B) at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) is thus adjusted back to almost zero (except for control errors and noise) if the transfer function of the control system is correctly chosen.​

[0311] For example, the sensor system can have a microcomputer (μC) and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and can transmit, for example, the value of the first measurement signal (MS1) or a control value via a data bus (DB) to a superior computer system as a measurement of the value and / or size of the current (I m ) flowing through the conductor (CON). For example, the sensor system (NVMS) can have, in whole or in part, the structure as shown in Figure 26 , 17 and / or 19. In principle, this sensor system is a one-dimensional system with only one coil according to Figure 28 . The device according to Figure 28 is particularly suitable for sensing conductor currents in electric vehicle batteries and motors or other devices in electric vehicles and in power engineering devices such as generators, transformers and motors. The device according to Figure 27 is particularly suitable for sensing currents in overhead power lines and in wires leading to electrochemical devices such as electrolysis cells. The device according to

[0312] In combination with an optical waveguide as shown in Figure 27 , the ring-shaped magnetic yoke (J1) with the sensor element and one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be mounted, for example, around a current-carrying line at a high potential, while the control / evaluation device (AWV) is arranged in a low-voltage range. Thus, by means of one or more optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2), the sensor element comprising one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the first air gap (LSP1) of the magnetic yoke (J1) is coupled to the control / evaluation device (AWV). In this way, a very good electrical isolation can be achieved. In this application, the optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2, see Figure 26 ) are preferably wrapped with insulators, which preferably have a ring-shaped rib to lengthen the creepage distance and to prevent moisture. The preferred installation of these insulators is to install the optical fibers (LWL1, LWL2) as vertically as possible.

[0313] Figure 15

[0314] Figure 26 Corresponds to Figure 28 , but differs in that no ring-shaped or toroidal magnetic yoke (J1) is provided any more, since the field lines of the magnetic flux density (B) do not have to be perpendicular to the sensor system (NVMS), since the curve of Figure 28 does not have a directionality, which is a significant advantage of the device.

[0315] Therefore, for a sensor system (NVMS) having a paramagnetic center (NV1), the magnetic yoke (J1) can be omitted. However, Figure 28 The magnetic yoke (J1) has the advantage of significantly increasing the sensitivity of the sensor system (NVMS).

[0316] Figure 29

[0317] If the optical functional element transmits the pump radiation (LB) to a sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), for example to at least one NV center in at least one diamond or to a plurality of NV centers in one or more preferably differently oriented diamonds, the paramagnetic center (NV1) can be separated from the rest of the sensor system (NVMS). Preferably, the optical functional elements, in contrast, transmit the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) to the first radiation receiver (PD1). Preferably, these transmission paths are not attenuated too much.

[0318] In the example of Figure 29 , the first optical waveguide (LW1) transmits the pump radiation (LB) to a sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), for example to at least one NV center in at least one diamond or to a plurality of NV centers in one or more preferably differently oriented diamonds. The second optical fiber (LWL2) transmits the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) to the first radiation receiver (PD1). In the example of Figure 30 , the sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), i.e., for example having at least one NV center in at least one diamond or a plurality of NV centers in one or more preferably differently oriented diamonds, is mechanically, optically coupled to the first optical fiber (LWL1) and to the second optical fiber (LWL2) with a fastener (GE). Preferably, the fastener (GE) is transparent to radiation having the fluorescent wavelength (λ fl ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and to radiation having the pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) of the pump radiation (LB). Preferably, the first optical fiber (LWL1) is transparent to radiation having the pump radiation wavelength (λ pmp ) of the pump radiation (LB). Preferably, the second optical waveguide (LWL2) is transparent to radiation having the fluorescent wavelength (λ fl ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL).

[0319] The advantage of this sensor system (NVMS) is that the optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2) are generally not electrically conductive or are poorly electrically conductive, and therefore do not essentially generate any magnetic field or do not essentially disturb a magnetic field.

[0320] A further advantage of this sensor system design (NVMS) is that the optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2) are generally not thermally conductive or are poorly thermally conductive, and therefore do not essentially introduce or remove any disturbing thermal energy from the measurement location. As a result, thermal decoupling of the magnetic field measurement and the evaluation electronics can be achieved.

[0321] Since the optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2) can be made of chemically highly inert materials such as glass, it is possible to introduce sensor elements with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or with a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) into environments with harsh operating conditions. This includes, but is not limited to, high and low temperatures, fields of radioactive radiation, radiation fields with X-rays or gamma radiation, areas with high electric field strength, corrosive environments with very high and / or low ph values, salt solutions, abrasive environments, etc.

[0322] For example, sensor elements with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be placed in the vicinity of superconducting magnets and / or superconducting leads in cryogenic areas in order to detect the resulting magnetic flux density (B).

[0323] For example, sensor elements with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be operated in high-temperature areas, for example in induction ovens and / or induction hot plates, in order to measure the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the current strength there.

[0324] It is also conceivable to use the sensor elements to measure the piston position in ferromagnetic pistons of internal combustion engines.

[0325] It can also be used in rocket engines and turbines.

[0326] In particular, the use of a sensor element with one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in a high-speed engine or a fusion reactor or a plasma chamber is conceivable. Thus, a fusion or plasma reactor or a high-speed engine is proposed, which comprises a plasma chamber and a magnetic field generating device for generating a magnetic flux density (B) within the plasma chamber. Thus, a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is arranged within the plasma chamber and in the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device. Thus, the sensor element is coupled to an optical device with a control / evaluation device (AWV). Thus, the control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first pump radiation source (PL1) which can generate a pump radiation (LB). Thus, the pump radiation (LB) excites one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element within the plasma chamber to emit a fluorescent radiation (FL) which depends on at least one physical parameter within the plasma chamber, in particular the magnetic flux density (B). Thus, the evaluation device evaluates the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), in particular by means of a first radiation receiver (PD1). Thus, the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates one or more measurement values from the detected fluorescent radiation (FL). Preferably, one or more operating parameters of the high-speed engine or the fusion reactor or the plasma chamber depend on one or more of these measurement values.

[0327] Furthermore, it is conceivable to melt one or more sensor elements (NV1) with one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), for example one or more nanodiamonds with one or more NV centers in one or more diamonds, in a glass as a fastener (GE).

[0328] Thus, the application also comprises a glass body in which at least one sensor element with at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is molded.

[0329] Instead of glass, of course also other equivalent materials can be used as fastener (GE). In particular, potting with transparent plastic is conceivable.

[0330] Furthermore, it is conceivable to place one or more sensor elements having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in an electrochemical cell, a battery or a battery pack as a sensor for current density measurement. Thus, an electrochemical cell, in particular a battery or a battery pack or an electrolytic device, is proposed, which has a cell chamber and a magnetic field generating device which generates a magnetic flux density (B) within the cell chamber. Thus, a sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is arranged within the cell chamber and located within the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device. Thus, the sensor element is coupled to an optical device having a control / evaluation device (AWV). Therein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a pump radiation source (PL1) which can generate a pump radiation (LB). Therein, the pump radiation (LB) can excite one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element within the cell chamber to emit fluorescent radiation (FL). The fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on at least one physical parameter, in particular on the magnetic flux density (B) within the cell chamber. Therein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) evaluates the fluorescent radiation of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), in particular by means of a first radiation receiver (PD1). Therein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates one or more measurement values depending on the detected fluorescent radiation (FL). Preferably, one or more operating parameters of the electrochemical cell or the cell chamber, in particular of the battery or battery pack or the electrolytic device, depend on one or more of these measurement values. The cell chamber is usually completely or partially filled with an electrolyte or a melt. The magnetic field generating device can also be an electrolyte or other fluid within the cell chamber, through which an electric current flows to generate a magnetic field.

[0331] Figure 30

[0332] Figure 29 The placement of one or more sensor elements having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) (e.g. a plurality of preferably differently oriented nanodiamonds having a plurality of NV centers) in a fluid conduit (RO) is shown. There is a fluid (FLU) which usually moves in the flow direction in the fluid conduit (RO). A DC or AC voltage is established between a first electrode (EL1) and a second electrode (EL2).

[0333] The first electrode (EL1) is separated from the fluid (FLU) in the fluid conduit (RO) by a first electrical insulator (IS1).

[0334] The second electrode (EL2) is separated from the fluid (FLU) in the fluid conduit (RO) by a second electrical insulator (IS2).

[0335] The electric field causes a displacement current (FLU) in the fluid, which can be measured by the modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of a paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). The corresponding measuring device has already been described above.

[0336] One problem is the occurrence of double layers and space charge regions.

[0337] Figure 30

[0338] Figure 31 An electrochemical cell is shown, which is similar to the structure in Figure 31 , only the first electrode (E1) and the second electrode (E2) are in electrical contact with the fluid (FLU). The fluid (FLU) can be a liquid and / or a gas or a plasma. Mixtures are also possible. This is typically the case in plasma chambers, battery packs, accumulators and electrolytic cells. Thus, for the first time, a sensor element with paramagnetic centers (NV1) can measure the current density inside such an electrochemical cell without influencing the field through the feed line. In addition, electrical isolation is possible.

[0339] In the example of Figure 1 , a current source (SQ) generates a magnetic flux density (B) through the coil (L0). Such a constellation of quantum dots (NV1) to a coil (L0) can be found, for example, in fusion reactors, plasma reactors and hypersonic engines.

[0340] Combinations with a plurality of coils, a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of quantum dots are also possible.

[0341] Figure 32

[0342] Figure 32 An electrochemical cell is shown, which is similar to the structure in Figure 33The device of the first aspect is supplemented by a second radiation receiver (PD2) and a second sensor element having at least one further second paramagnetic center (NV2) or having a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2). Preferably, the first sensor element having one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is one or more first diamond crystal having one or more first NV centers. Preferably, the first NV centers are coupled to each other. Preferably, the second sensor element having one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2) is one or more second diamond crystal having one or more second NV centers. Preferably, the second NV centers are coupled to each other. The first sensor element having one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is spaced apart from the second sensor element having one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2). Preferably, a first optical transmission path of the pump radiation (LB) from the pump radiation source (PL1) to the first sensor element having one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is designed to have substantially the same optical transmission properties as a second optical transmission path from the pump radiation source (PL1) to the second sensor element having one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2).

[0343] Thus, the pump radiation source (PL1) irradiates the first sensor element comprising one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) with pump radiation (LB), thereby causing the one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) to emit first fluorescent radiation (FL1). The first radiation receiver (PD1) receives the first fluorescent radiation (FL1). The barrier (BA) prevents the one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or the second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2) from directly radiating second fluorescent radiation (FL22) emitted by itself into the first radiation receiver (PD1).

[0344] Thus, the pump radiation source (PL1) irradiates the second sensor element having one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2) with pump radiation (LB), thereby causing the one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or the second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2) to emit second fluorescent radiation (FL22). The second radiation receiver (PD2) receives the second fluorescent radiation (FL22). The barrier (BA) prevents the one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) from directly radiating first fluorescent radiation (FL1) emitted by itself into the second radiation receiver (PD2).

[0345] Based on the known distance between a first sensor element comprising one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of first paramagnetic centers (NV1) and a second sensor element comprising one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2), a microcomputer (pC), which can be part of an integrated circuit (IC), can for example determine the gradient of the magnetic flux density (B). For example, the microcomputer (pC) determines the gradient of the magnetic flux density (B) by comparing the values of two magnetic flux densities (B) measured by means of a first sensor element having one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of first paramagnetic centers (NV1) and a second sensor element having one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2). The microcomputer (pC) calculates the difference of the two measured values and divides these differences by the known distance of the first sensor element having one first paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of first paramagnetic centers (NV1) to the second sensor element having one second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second plurality (NVC2) of second paramagnetic centers (NV2), thereby approximately obtaining the derivative of the magnetic flux density (B) along a straight line between the first sensor element and the second sensor element. The microcomputer (pC) can then for example transmit this measurement value to a superior system, in particular to a superior computer system, via a data line or a data bus (DB).

[0346] Figure 33

[0347] Figure 32 The use of a plurality of sensor systems (NVMS) as a magnetoencephalography system is shown, each sensor system comprising at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0348] Preferably, the sensor systems (NVMS) are uniformly distributed over a cap (KP), which is preferably but not necessarily rigid. Preferably, the sensor systems (NVMS) are connected to a data bus (DB), which is preferably common to the sensor systems (NVMS).

[0349] In the case of a rigid cap (KP), for example a helmet, the relative positions of the systems to each other are known. From the measured brain current magnetic fields, spatially resolved information about these currents in the form of magnetic flux density values (B) can thus be determined. This of course also applies to other body parts. It is conceivable, for example, to distribute the sensors uniformly over a lying surface by means of a mat, so that a whole-body measurement can be carried out.

[0350] The control unit (STG) is connected to the data bus (DB). Via the data bus (DB) the control unit (STG) causes one or more sensor systems (NVMS) to record the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of a paramagnetic center (NV1) or at the locations of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) at a specific time. The control unit (STG) receives from the sensor system (NVMS) the measured values of the flux density (B) at the location of a paramagnetic center (NV1) or at the locations of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). The control unit (STG) processes these measured values.

[0351] Figure 34

[0352] Figure 32 The positioning of the sensor system (NVMS) is again shown with the paramagnetic center (NV1) in relation to the brain to further illustrate the idea of Figure 32 .

[0353] Figure 34

[0354] As shown in Figure 35 and 33 , the brain waves are recorded by means of a plurality of sensor systems (NVMS). On the one hand, these sensor systems can be analyzed, but on the other hand, they can also be used to identify the expression of the will of the wearer of the hat (KP) in Figure 35 . In principle, it is not important whether the expression of the will of the wearer or the spatiotemporal structure of the brain waves is detected for medical purposes.

[0355] Preferably, such a device comprises a sensor system, or more preferably a plurality of sensor systems (NVMS).

[0356] Therefore, each of these sensor systems (NVMS) comprises one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, each sensor system (NVMS) comprises a pump radiation source (PL1) which irradiates the one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) with pump radiation (LB) so that the emission of fluorescent radiation (FL) is caused. This emission of pump radiation (LB) takes place in response to a transmission signal (S5). A first radiation receiver (PD1) converts a signal portion of the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL) into a receiver output signal (S0). An evaluation circuit preferably generates the transmission signal (S5). Preferably, the evaluation circuit correlates the receiver output signal (S0) with the transmission signal (S5) or a previous signal of the transmission signal (S5) which can be used to generate the transmission signal (S5) or correlates the receiver output signal (S0) with a signal derived from the transmission signal (S5) so that a value is generated which reflects, for example, the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) or a value of the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL). This value can be output via a first output signal (out) of the sensor system (NVMS). However, it is useful to transfer this value in digitized form via a data bus (DB), for example, by means of a microcomputer (pC) which can be part of the sensor system (NVMS).

[0357] Therefore, the device preferably also comprises one or more data buses (DB) for forwarding data acquired by the sensor systems (NVMS) to an interface of a control / regulation unit (IF) of the device.

[0358] Preferably, the device comprises a holding device which mechanically fixes the sensor systems (NVMS) in a substantially sufficiently stable manner to the biological object to be measured. In the case of a human brain to be measured, the holding device is preferably a cap (KP). If an animal is to be measured, other holding devices can be considered and used which can be functionally equivalently adapted to the shape of the head of the respective animal.

[0359] For the pattern recognition, measurements of the magnetic flux density (B) or of the other physical parameters are recorded at the respective positions of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the respective sensor systems (NVMS) by means of the cap (KP) or of the respective functionally equivalent device with a plurality of sensor systems (NVMS), each sensor system (NVMS) comprising at least one sensor element (NVMS) with at least one or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0360] Preferably, this is carried out discretely in time at a synchronous measurement point in time. For this purpose, the control / regulating unit (IF) of the device sends a start or synchronization command, for example by means of a so-called broadcast command, to all sensor systems (NVMS) of the hat (KP) via a preferably common data bus (DB). For this purpose, the sensor systems (NVMS) preferably have their own said microcomputer (μC) which is connected to the data bus (DB) and controls and, if necessary, monitors the other devices belonging to the sensor system (NVMS). After the microcomputers (μC) of the relevant sensor systems (NVMS) have received the synchronization or start command via said data bus (DB), all sensor systems (NVMS) preferably measure the respective magnetic flux density (B) or the respective physical parameter at the location of the respective paramagnetic center (NV1) of their respective sensor element or at the location of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) at the same time.

[0361] The microcomputers (μC) of the sensor systems (NVMS) then transmit their respectively determined measurement values of the magnetic flux density (B) or respectively detected physical parameters via a preferably common data bus (DB) to the control / regulating unit (IF). The acquisition of the magnetic flux density (B) is now described as an example of the acquisition of a physical parameter. In addition to the magnetic flux density (B), other physical parameters which can be measured by means of the intensity (I fl ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers and / or the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers in the manner described in the present application are, for example, the electric flux density D, the acceleration a, the gravity field strength g, the pressure P, the temperature Θ, the rotational speed ω, the oscillation frequency of a mechanical component (rod), the position, the ionizing radiation intensity, etc. Thus, by means of the detection of the intensity (I fl) and / or the value of the fluorescence phase shift time value (ATFL) can be obtained as a value of the measured value of the value of one or more of these physical quantities. In the following, the detection of the magnetic flux density (B) will be explained as an example of these physical parameters, but the following explanations are not limited to this physical parameter. Explicit reference is made to the technical teaching of PCT DE 2020 100 648, which was not yet published at the time of filing. Thus, in the case of n-sensor systems (NVMS) and, for example, one recorded physical parameter, the n-dimensional measured value vector of the values of the magnetic flux density (B) is transmitted by the sensor system (NVMS) of the cap (KP) at the respective measurement time. Thus, by predefining a measurement time point time sequence by the control / regulation unit (IF), the sensor system (NVMS) of the cap (KP) transmits a time sequence of measured value vectors of the values of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters detected by the paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) at the measurement time points of this measurement time point time sequence to the control / regulation unit (IF). The control / regulation unit (IF) usually processes this time sequence of measured value vectors. This can include integration, differentiation and other more complex filtering known from signal theory and communication engineering and artificial intelligence. These operations of the control / regulation unit (IF) can increase the dimensionality of the data subsequently transmitted to the pattern recognition unit. In this way, the control / regulation unit (IF) generates a new data stream of processed, vectorial actual data from the time sequence of measured value vectors. These vectors are also referred to as feature vectors in the pattern recognition literature. Thus, the feature vectors are generated from a plurality of measured data obtained by using one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). The control / regulation unit (IF) transmits this new data stream of processed, vectorial actual data to the pattern recognizer (NN) in the form of a feature vector stream via the vector output data stream (VDS) of the control / regulation unit (IF). The pattern recognizer (NN) can be part of the control computer (CTR).

[0362] A pattern recognizer (NN) can, for example, execute a neural network model on the computer system of the pattern recognizer (NN) to recognize patterns in received feature vectors. The current data (i.e., feature vectors) of the vectors transmitted from the control / regulation unit (IF) to the pattern recognizer (NN) and processed in this manner are associated with a pre-recorded or predetermined vector prototype dataset of prototypes from the pattern recognizer (NN)'s prototype database. The prototypes are preferably feature vectors obtained, for example, by classifying known manually evaluated cases using a classification procedure. In this regard, reference should be made to the book "Multilabel Classification: Problem Analysis, Metrics and Techniques" by Francisco Herrera, Francisco Charte, Antonio J. Rivera, and María J. del Jesus, Springer, April 22, 2018, ISBN-13: 978-3319822693. Preferably, the prototype database includes processed, vectorized, previously recorded data of prototype cases, where pre-recorded feature vectors in the prototype database represent prototypes. Each prototype (i.e., each prototype feature vector) is associated with a prototype-specific symbol in the prototype database. The control / regulation unit (IF) transmits the current feature vector as processed, vectorized current data. The processed, vectorized current data can be used as feature vectors. Prototypes are represented as previously recorded prototype vector data in the form of prototype feature vectors. If a prototype (i.e., prototype feature vector) is identified by the pattern recognizer (NN) from the processed, vectorized current data by comparing it with the previously recorded prototype, vectorized data, the pattern recognizer (NN) transmits the symbol for the identified prototype (i.e., the identified prototype vector and the previously recorded data vector) to the control computer (CTR). For example, the transmission to the control computer (CTR) is accomplished via the output data stream (MDS) of the prototype identified by the pattern recognizer (NN). The symbol for the identified prototype can also be used to transmit parameters such as the probability of occurrence of such a prototype.

[0363] Preferably, the pattern recognizer (NN) uses a computer system to execute a pattern recognition program. The program can be a neural network, an HMM recognizer, or a Petri network.

[0364] Preferably, the control computer (CTR) controls the control / regulating unit (IF) via a line and / or a data bus (IFL) for controlling the control / regulating unit (IF) and, if necessary, receives status data and other data from the control / regulating unit (IF) via this path.

[0365] Preferably, the control computer (CTR) controls the pattern recognizer (NN) via a line and / or a data bus (NNL) for controlling the pattern recognizer (NN) and, if necessary, receives status data and other data from the pattern recognizer (NN) via this path.

[0366] Depending on the symbol representing the recognized prototype, the control computer (CTR) can now output, for example, via a loudspeaker (LS), a display and screen (DSP) or can control actuators (AKT) such as motors, heaters, etc. or devices such as vehicles, robots, missiles, floating and diving bodies, weapon systems, computer interfaces, etc. The control computer (CTR) can of course be controlled via input devices such as keyboards, etc. (not shown for simplicity). Furthermore, the control computer (CTR) can again have additional data interfaces, wired and / or wireless. In particular, the control computer (CTR) can be connected to the Internet or another data network or another computer, if necessary also via a quantum-encrypted data transmission path. This means that exemplary output units such as loudspeakers (LS), displays (DSP) and actuators (AKT) or controlled devices can be located completely or partially at a location remote from the wearer of the hat (KP).

[0367] For example, it is conceivable to control robots and / or other devices in this way at a location near or at a distance from the carrier of the hat (KP).

[0368] It is conceivable that several people generate control commands for a device in this way. Before the control commands are passed on to the device, another superior computing unit can detect and evaluate these control commands. As a way of evaluation, for example, another control command is averaged or blocked when the first detected control command is executed. After evaluation, the superior computing unit passes on its control command selected by any method to the device to be controlled, which then executes the command.

[0369] Thus, Figure 35 The system of the application represents in the broadest sense a neural interface for controlling computer systems and devices and their outputs, whereby the computer systems can be integrated into a network of computer systems with computers having input devices and output devices as well as actuators and sensors.

[0370] Instead of controlling a computer system, it is possible to use a system with the same topology to record the reactions of the brain of the wearer of the hat (KP) to stimuli that are usually given, which act on the wearer of the hat (KP) by means of loudspeakers (LS) or display screens (DSP) or other actuators (AKT), and to display this reaction on a second display screen, to transmit them in processed form to other computers of a computer network or to classify them by means of a pattern recognizer (NN) if necessary. Thus, the system is also suitable for medical examinations. In principle, it is a magnetoencephalograph, in which a sensor system (NVMS) with one or more sensor elements is used instead of the SQUID sensors that are usual in the prior art, each of which has one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, the sensor elements and the paramagnetic centers are one or more diamonds with one or more NV centers. If the sensor elements each comprise a plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1), these paramagnetic centers (NV1) are preferably coupled to one another within the sensor element. It is conceivable for the paramagnetic centers (NV1) to be coupled across the sensor element.

[0371] Figure 34

[0372] In Figure 34 , the proposed sensor system (NVMS) is arranged on an exemplary surface instead of on a hat (KP). The sensor system (NVMS) can be arranged, for example, in a mat, a stretcher or a bed or a sofa or a chair or the like. Figure 36 The examples are merely intended to show that other body parts of humans or animals, the entire human body, the entire animal body and / or other objects can be examined and / or classified with the method of Figure 36 and with the arrangement according to Figure 36 .

[0373] If necessary, the actuators (AKT) can be designed to interact with animals, humans or other devices.

[0374] For example, it is conceivable to detect bioelectric currents in an animal, to evaluate them, to correlate them with the results of other sensors and other data if necessary, and to take measures on the animal by means of the actuators (AKT) in order to induce appropriate behavior in accordance therewith. Thus, for example, it is possible to induce an animal to walk a certain distance and / or to stay at a certain location by means of GPS data and mobile data communication, for example by means of a cell phone, so that it is possible to transport an object from location A to location B. Similar interventions based on the state of the brain are possible for humans, for example to remind them of a danger or to fully automatically administer a dose. Thus, it is conceivable to fully automatically administer a dose in accordance with these magnetically induced bioelectric currents, for example to prevent a seizure.

[0375] Figure 36

[0376] Figure 36 A simplified device for pattern recognition by means of a paramagnetic center (NV1) or by means of a cluster consisting of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown, wherein a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is understood here by a cluster. In Figure 36 In the example of Fig. 1, six sensor systems (NVMS) each having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled via their first output signals (out) to a control / regulating unit (IF) via a data bus (DB). Preferably, the sensor systems (NVMS) comprise a microcomputer (pC) for this purpose, which is connected to the data bus (DB) via an interface. In this case, the first output signals (out) are preferably digital signals. In Figure 36 In the example of Fig. 1, each sensor system (NVMS) comprises a control / evaluation device (AWV). The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates pump radiation (LB) with which one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) are irradiated. The one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) emit fluorescent radiation (FL), which is detected and evaluated by the control / evaluation device (AWV). In the process, the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) having a value from the fluorescent radiation (FL). The value is transmitted from the respective sensor system (NVMS) to the control / regulating unit (IF) via the data bus (DB). The control / regulating unit generates a vector output data stream (VDS) of the control / regulating unit (IF) from the received plurality of measured values. In Figure 32 to 35 In the example of Fig. 1, this vector data stream is only four-dimensional. In general, the data stream can have different dimensions, usually with higher dimensions. In Figure 37 In the example of Fig. 1, the pattern recognizer (NN) runs a neural network model having three layers of neural network nodes. In practice, the number of layers and the number of nodes in the layers will vary. Preferably, the computer system within the pattern recognizer (NN) executes an artificial intelligence program as a superior computer system. Most preferably, the superior computer system of the pattern recognizer (NN) executes a simulation of the neural network model. In this regard, reference is again made to the not yet published international patent application PCT / EP2020 / 056727, the disclosure of which is fully part of the disclosure presented here.

[0377] Therefore, a superior computer system is proposed which executes a neural network model. The neural network model comprises network nodes organized in network layers. Each network node of the neural network has input parameters and output parameters. At least one, preferably multiple, input parameter of a network node is an input parameter of the neural network model or an output parameter of another network node of the neural network model. At least one, preferably multiple, output parameter of a network node is an output parameter of the neural network model or an input parameter of another network node of the neural network. A network node having an output parameter which is an output parameter of the neural network model does not have an input parameter which is an input parameter of the neural network model. A network node having an input parameter which is an input parameter of the neural network model does not have an output parameter which is an output parameter of the neural network model. Any network node of the neural network having an output parameter which is an output parameter of the neural network model does not have an input parameter which is an output parameter of another network node having an input parameter which is an input parameter of the neural network model. The input parameters of a network node of the neural network model are linked within this network node to the output parameters of this neural network node by a linking function of this neural network node. Preferably, this linking function is strongly non-linear. Therefore, the properties of the linking function depend on linking function parameters which are preferably specific to the respective network node. The linking function can differ from network node to network node. The linking function parameters are determined and trained during a training process. As Figure 37 symbolically shown in Fig. 1, the specification here illustrates an at least three-layer neural network having at least three network layers as a neural network model within a pattern recognizer (NN).

[0378] It is now proposed that at least one, preferably multiple, input parameter of the neural network model executed by the superior computer unit of the pattern recognizer (NN) depends on a parameter of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the respective sensor system (NVMS). For example, such a parameter can be a value of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) and / or a value of the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL).

[0379] The use of such artificial intelligence methods and processes is particularly important for the operation of autonomous vehicles and / or complex systems and / or the operation of devices in possibly complex environments, or as Figure 37 shown, for the implementation of neural interfaces. The symbol generator (SMBG) can be part of a program executed by the computer system of the pattern recognizer (NN) which generates a sequence of symbols in the form of an output data stream (MDS) of the prototype identified by the pattern recognizer (NN) from the output parameters of the neural network model. Here, the pattern recognizer (NN) preferably only transmits the symbols for the identified prototype feature vector representing the prototype database.

[0380] In order to enable the neural network of the pattern recognizer (NN) to recognize these prototype feature vectors of the prototype database, the neural network model is stimulated in a training mode with these prototype feature vectors as input vectors of the neural network. The output parameters of the neural network model are compared with default values and the link parameters of the link functions of the neural network nodes are modified in accordance with a learning algorithm until the training data set recognition error score is below a predetermined level. The neural network thus trained can be used for pattern recognition. Likewise, machine learning and deep learning methods can be used. Here, we refer by way of example to the textbook "Neural Networks and Deep Learning: A Textbook" by Charu C. Aggarwal, Springer, 1stEdition, 2018 (September 13, 2018). The methods described therein are entirely part of the disclosure provided herein.

[0381] Figure 37

[0382] Figure 37 A simple device for detecting the orientation of the earth's magnetic field is shown using three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a corresponding plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0383] Figure 37 A rotationally symmetrical magnetic yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3, JV) is shown as the core of the device, preferably a ferromagnetic yoke, which has an odd number of rotational symmetries. Figure 37 An example of a three-fold rotational symmetry is shown.

[0384] The exemplary magnetic yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3, JV) comprises a ring-shaped partial magnetic yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3). The ring-shaped partial magnetic yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3) is subdivided in the example into a first magnetic yoke segment (JK1) and a second magnetic yoke segment (JK2) and a third magnetic yoke segment (JK3) by exemplary three air gaps (LSP1, LSP2, LSP3). Figure 37

[0385] The first air gap (LSP1) is located between the first magnetic yoke segment (JK1) and the third magnetic yoke segment (JK3). The second air gap (LSP2) is located between the second magnetic yoke segment (JK2) and the first magnetic yoke segment (JK1). The third air gap (LSP3) is located between the third magnetic yoke segment (JK3) and the second magnetic yoke segment (JK2). In the example of Figure 38 The three air gaps (LSP1, LSP2, LSP3) result in a three-fold rotational symmetry of the ring-shaped partial magnetic yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3) in the example.​

[0386] The connecting yoke (JV) has the same rotational symmetry about the same axis of rotation as the partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3). Figure 38 In the example, the Y-shaped connecting yoke (JV) has the same triple rotational symmetry about the same axis of rotation as the triple rotationally symmetric partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3). Figure 39 In the example, the connecting yoke (JV) consists of three exemplary connecting plates that establish a magnetic connection between the exemplary three partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3), and thus the magnetic connection preferably extends at a position on a rotationally symmetric axis.

[0387] Each of the three partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3) is associated with a connecting plate. Preferably, the connecting plate establishes magnetic contact at the symmetrical point of each partial yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3), such that the magnetic circuit within the partial yoke is identical in two directions away from the contact point. Preferably, three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) comprising sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) are now inserted into each of the three connecting plates, such that the magnetic flux (B) within the corresponding connecting plate flows through the corresponding paramagnetic center (NV1), or through the corresponding cluster of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the corresponding sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3). For example, this can be ensured by air gaps in each of the three connecting plates, where each of the three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) and / or one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers of the respective sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) is inserted into the three connecting plates.

[0388] This enables the corresponding sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) to detect the magnetic flux (B) within the respective connecting plates of the three connecting plates. Then, the three exemplary sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) determine three measured values ​​of the corresponding magnetic flux density (B) at each measurement time.

[0389] Depending on the orientation of the device to an external magnetic field (e.g. the earth magnetic field) with an external magnetic flux density (B), the final ferromagnetic spider formed by the rotationally symmetric ferromagnetic yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3, JV) is differently affected by the magnetic field (in the form of the external magnetic flux density (B)). Thus, the three values of the exemplary three-dimensional vector measurement signal of the three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) differ depending on the orientation of the device in the magnetic field. Such a vector measurement signal can be used, for example, for controlling vehicles, robots, missiles, ship hulls, etc., and for navigation.

[0390] Figure 39

[0391] Figure 38 An exemplary slot sensor is shown. The exemplary slot sensor comprises a magnetic circuit with a first air gap (LSP1). As an example, a sensor system (NVMS) and a first permanent magnet (PM1) for exciting the magnetic circuit are inserted into the magnetic circuit. The sensor system (NVMS) has at least one sensor element with at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). The paramagnetic center (NV1) is preferably an NV center in one or more diamonds.

[0392] The magnetic flux (B) generated by the first permanent magnet (PM1) also passes through the sensor system (NVMS), thereby through one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0393] If now a material of an object or a device component of an application device is introduced into the first air gap (LSP1), the magnetic flux (B) changes at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or at the location of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS), which the sensor system (NVMS) detects due to a change in the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and which can be reported to a superior computer system, for example via a data bus (DB) or another first output signal (out). Preferably, the sensor system (NVMS) thus has only three terminals: a terminal connected to a working voltage line (VDD) at a working voltage potential, a terminal connected to a reference potential line (GND) at a reference potential, and a first output signal (out), which can be an analog or digital signal, or can also be a unidirectional or bidirectional data bus terminal.

[0394] Figure 40

[0395] Figure 40 An exemplary slot sensor is shown. Figure 38A slotted sensor, having a toothed rail preferably made of ferromagnetic material, serves as a device component inserted into a first air gap (LSP1). As the toothed rail moves forward or backward, the magnetic flux (B) at one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) of the slotted sensor's sensor system (NVMS) changes more or less periodically as the teeth of the toothed rail enter and leave the first air gap (LSP1). This periodic change is detected by the associated sensor system (NVMS) due to variations in fluorescence radiation (FL), and if necessary, transmitted to a higher-level computer system. In this way, the position can be determined, for example, by counting the teeth.

[0396] Figure 41

[0397] Figure 41 It shows Figure 42 and 39 Further details of the slotted sensor and its magnetic circuit, which has toothed rails made of ferromagnetic material.

[0398] Figure 42

[0399] Figure 43 Again, a slotted sensor with a toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material is shown.

[0400] Figure 43

[0401] Figure 44The functional relationship of the magnetic flux density (B) in the air gap at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or at the location of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of a sensor element of a sensor system (NVMS) to the distance (ab) between the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of a toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material and the point of symmetry (m) of an exemplary other symmetrically configured slot-shaped sensor is shown in a simplified form. In this example, the slot-shaped sensor is intended to serve as an exemplary switching element, which enables position detection depending on the position of the toothed rail relative to the slot-shaped sensor by means of a switching signal. For this purpose, the output signal of the sensor system (NVMS) is preferably amplified or modified by a non-linear function before the output, thereby producing more or less a digital switching function, and the first output signal (out) has essentially only a first state and a second state, the second state of the first output signal (out) in turn differing from the above-mentioned first state of the first output signal (out). For example, the first state can be associated with a first voltage level on the first output signal (out) relative to a reference potential line (GND) at a reference potential, and the second state of the first output signal (out) can be associated with a second voltage level of the first output signal (out) relative to the reference potential line (GND) at a reference potential, which second voltage level differs from the first potential.

[0402] It is now assumed that the toothed rail is moved from left to right by the slot-shaped sensor. It is also assumed that a plurality of output signals is generated by the non-linear switching function.

[0403] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed rail is at point a, this value is below a preferably adjustable second threshold value (SW2), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary first switching signal, for example on the first output signal (out).

[0404] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed rail is at point b, this value is below a preferably adjustable first threshold value (SW1), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary second switching signal, for example on the second output signal (out").

[0405] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed rail is at point c, this value exceeds a preferably adjustable first threshold value (SW1), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary third switching signal, for example on the third output signal.

[0406] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed rail is at point d, this value exceeds a preferably adjustable second threshold value (SW2), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary fourth switching signal, for example on the fourth output signal.

[0407] For distinguishing the direction of movement, the sensor system (NVMS) preferably determines the time derivative of the magnetic flux density (B) and determines the direction of movement and the position of the toothed track from the magnetic flux density (B) and the time rate of change of the magnetic flux density dB / dt and preferably outputs it via the data bus (DB), the output signal being emitted via the data bus (DB), for example in a time-division multiplexed manner.

[0408] Figure 44

[0409] Figure 45 A top view of an exemplary slot sensor with a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown. The cusp shape of the first permanent magnet (PM1), possibly with a magnetic yoke, increases the resolution of the sensor.

[0410] Figure 45

[0411] ​ A positioning of a toothed track made of a ferromagnetic material within a slot sensor with a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown.

[0412] ​

[0413] ​ A rotationally symmetrical toothed track made of a ferromagnetic material for a slot sensor with a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown. In this toothed track, the toothing is arranged perpendicular to the disc plane. By means of this toothed track, the angle of rotation of the rotationally symmetrical toothed track relative to the sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be determined by means of such a sensor system (NVMS) with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0414] Figure 46

[0415] Figure 46A rotationally symmetrical toothed track made of a ferromagnetic material is shown for a slot-shaped sensor with a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). In this toothed track, the toothing is arranged in the disc plane. By means of this toothed track, the angle of rotation of the rotationally symmetrical toothed track relative to the sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be determined by means of such a sensor system (NVMS) with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0416] Figure 47

[0417] Figure 47 An exemplary current measuring device for very small currents is shown.

[0418] The electromagnet is supplied with the current to be detected via the associated terminals and generates a magnetic excitation H that excites the magnetic circuit. In this example, the magnetic circuit comprises an exemplary adjustable electromagnet core, a magnetic yoke and an air gap. The magnetic yoke serves to close the magnetic circuit. A sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one diamagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) diamagnetic centers (NV1) is inserted into the air gap, which sensor system provides an output signal whose value corresponds to the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one diamagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) diamagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS). Instead of the sensor system (NVMS), it is also possible to insert only a sensor element with one diamagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) diamagnetic centers (NV1) into the air gap, in which case the one diamagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) diamagnetic centers (NV1) are optically coupled to the control / evaluation device (AWV) at another location, for example by means of optical functional components such as optical waveguides, mirrors, lenses, etc. This separation has the advantage of better electrical and possibly better thermal isolation. But as an example, it is assumed here that the sensor system (NVMS) is completely encapsulated in the air gap. The terminals (NVMS terminals) of the sensor system (NVMS) provide the sensor system (NVMS) with electrical energy and enable communication of an unillustrated superior computer system with the sensor system (NVMS) comprising a sensor element with one diamagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) diamagnetic centers (NV1). The sensor system (NVMS) can thus output the sensed value of the magnetic flux density (B) and / or values derived therefrom, for example a calculated value of the current flowing through the electromagnet winding. Since the inductance of the electromagnet is known due to its known structure, the sensor system (NVMS) and / or the superior computer system can determine the current value flowing through the electromagnet from the detected value of the magnetic flux density (B). In order to rule out disturbances, the housing is preferably closed with a housing cover. Preferably, this housing and the housing cover for magnetic field shielding are made of a soft magnetic material such as μ-metal. The magnetically adjustable core designed as a screw can calibrate the energized electromagnet during manufacture.

[0419] Figure 48

[0420] Figure 48The use of a sensor system (NVMS) in a micro switch is shown. As an example, a sensor element is mounted in a housing part A and in a housing part B of a micro switch in such a way that it can rotate about a rotation axis. The housing part A and the housing part B together form a housing for accommodating the mechanism. After actuation, a spring returns the sensor element to its original position or rest position. A lever with a lever bearing transfers the mechanical sensing movement to the sensor element, which, when actuated, performs a small-angle rotational movement about the rotation axis. A permanent magnet is contained in the sensor element. The sensor system (NVMS) detects the magnetic field of the permanent magnet of the sensor element. Preferably, the sensor system (NVMS) likewise has three terminals: a first terminal for a positive supply voltage, a second terminal for a negative supply voltage and a terminal for a first output signal (out), or, alternatively, a unidirectional or bidirectional data bus (DB) for outputting a measurement value or a switching signal derived therefrom.

[0421] Figure 49

[0422] Figure 49 An exemplary use of a micro switch according to Figure 48 is shown. Machines such as copiers, printers, automatic packaging machines, etc. monitor the presence of an exemplary foil, sheet, web, textile material, etc. at a predetermined location in the machine by means of a micro switch according to Figure 48 . In the absence of such a material, the switch is actuated and an error process is initiated, for example, the machine is shut down or a signal is emitted.

[0423] Figure 50

[0424] Figure 50 Another use case is shown. The sensor system (NVMS) is packaged together with a biasing permanent magnet in a cylinder, for example made of thermoplastic or thermoset plastic. Also packaged in the cylinder are auxiliary components such as a support capacitor and filter components such as an integrating capacitor. Preferably, a (not shown) flexible circuit board, preferably a polyimide foil with conductor tracks, for example, is used to mount the sensor system (NVMS) and the auxiliary components. Preferably, the housing is sealed against moisture, etc. A ferromagnet in the vicinity of the thus formed sensor system distorts the magnetic field lines, resulting in a change in the magnetic flux density (B) passing through one (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS), which change can be detected by the sensor system (NVMS) and transmitted to a superior computer system via the connection terminals.

[0425] Figure 51

[0426] Figure 51 An exemplary use of a micro switch according to Figure 50The sensor system (NVMS) measures the rotation angle and / or the rotation angle position by means of the gear.

[0427] Figure 52

[0428] Figure 52 The use of a sensor according to Figure 50 measures the rotation position or rotation angle by means of a toothing and a groove. In the example according to Figure 52 the sensor system (NVMS) of the sensor performs a non-linear output signal shaping of the first output signal (out). If the measured value of the sensor system (NVMS) exceeds a predetermined and / or programmable threshold value, the sensor system (NVMS) switches its output signal between a first logic value (1) and a second logic value (0) different from the first logic value (1) and emits this switching by means of the first output signal (out) or by means of a data bus (DB).

[0429] Figure 53

[0430] Figure 53 A rotation angle encoder is shown, which is based on the use of a sensor system (NVMS) according to Figure 50 where Figure 50 the permanent magnets according to the application are not absolutely necessary.

[0431] A magnetized code disk is applied to the shaft of an electric motor to be monitored. The code disk is now not mechanically coded, but magnetically coded, preferably by segmented permanent magnetization. The change in the magnetic flux density (B) due to the change in the motor rotation angle is detected by the sensor system (NVMS) and, if necessary, a zero point is counted relative to an arbitrary point or otherwise determined. In the simplest case, the sensor system (NVMS) only outputs a counting pulse when the direction of the magnetic flux (B) changes.

[0432] Figure 54

[0433] By means of redundancy and different angular frequencies of the permanent magnetization of the magnetized code disks of the code disk and the sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) and multiple systems, the angular resolution and the operational reliability can be improved. This is shown in Figure 54 .

[0434] Figure 55 and 56

[0435] It is also possible to monitor translational movements instead of rotational movements. A set of permanent magnets is mounted on a preferably non-ferromagnetic base body whose translational direction is to be detected. In the example according to Figure 55In the example of Fig. 1, a plurality of sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3, NVMS4) monitor the position of these permanent magnets. In the simplest case, one permanent magnet and one sensor system (NVMS) (not shown in the figure) are already sufficient for many applications. Due to the wide range of quantum dot-based measurement methods of the sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3, NVMS4), significantly fewer permanent magnets and sensor systems are required than in the case of the use of Hall sensors instead of the sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3, NVMS4). Figure 56

[0436] Figure 57

[0437] Figure 57 The application of the position measurement principle of Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 2. Preferably, the periodicity of the sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4) and thus of the position of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or of the periodicity of a cluster consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), respectively, has a first periodicity (P1) along a first straight line or a first uniform curve. Preferably, the permanent magnets on the slider whose position is to be determined have a second periodicity (P2) along a second straight line or a second uniform curve. Preferably, the first periodicity (P1) deviates slightly from the second periodicity (P2) (for example, by 0.1% to 5%), resulting in a Moire pattern and thus an improved resolution of the system. Figure 55

[0438] ​​It is therefore a device for measuring a position along a line, which line is largely remapped onto itself when moving along the line. The device comprises a first body (X1 ) and a second body (X2). On the first body (X1 ), paramagnetic centers (NV1 ) or clusters consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1 ) are arranged along and parallel to said line with a first periodicity (P1 ), respectively. Preferably, these paramagnetic centers (NV1 ) or clusters consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1 ) are sub-devices of a respective sensor system (NVMS1 to NVMS4). On the second body (X2), permanent magnets (PM1 to PM4) are arranged along and parallel to said line with a second periodicity (P2). Due to the second periodicity (P2) being different from the first periodicity (P1 ), the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic centers (NV1 ) or clusters consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1 ), respectively, of different sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4) is affected differently by a displacement of the second body (X2) relative to the first body (X1 ) along said line in a way that is predictable. This redundancy can then be used to calculate the exact position. An evaluation is then made based on the measured values of the sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4) to determine the true displacement. Preferably, the translational movement is performed by an actuator along a third straight line or a third uniform curve. Preferably, the first straight line or the first uniform curve is essentially parallel to the second straight line or the second uniform curve and to the third straight line or the third uniform curve. Preferably, the first periodicity (P1 ) deviates from the second periodicity (P2), thereby creating a vernier effect. An evaluation unit evaluates the output signals of the sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4). If necessary, a display or a transmission to a superior data processing unit, for example via a data bus (DB), is made.

[0439] Figure 58

[0440] Figure 58 An application of an exemplary slot sensor corresponding to one or more of Figures 37 to 42 is shown for measuring a rotation angle by means of a coded disc of different designs of windows and teeth with different angular width and / or angular modulation.

[0441] Figure 59

[0442] Figure 59 A temperature and / or pressure measurement by means of an exemplary mechanical functional element of a size depending on pressure and / or temperature is shown. In Figure 59In the example of a bellows, the bellows can be filled with a measuring gas, for example, which expands or contracts with a change in temperature. This expansion or contraction changes the size of the bellows with a change in temperature, thereby changing the magnetic flux (B) through one (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). Likewise, a change in the external pressure and / or a change in the internal pressure of the bellows, for example, by means of a pressure line not shown, leads to a change in the size of the bellows, which leads to a change in the magnetic flux (B) through one (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). The change in the magnetic flux (B) through one (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) leads to a change in the fluorescent radiation (FL) of one (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). This change is detected by the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS) and is preferably transmitted to a superior system, such as a computer system, for example, via a data bus (DB).

[0443] Figure 60

[0444] Figure 60 An application of the proposed sensor system (NVMS) for flow measurement is shown. A vane with a magnetic encoding is placed in a transport device for a fluid. Preferably, the shape of the vane is designed such that the flow of the fluid in the transport device, for example, a tube, causes the vane to rotate. When the vane rotates, the magnetic encoding based on permanent magnets on the vane generates an alternating magnetic field, which can be sensed by the sensor system (NVMS) and can preferably be transmitted to a superior system, for example, a computer system.

[0445] Figure 61

[0446] Figure 61 Another application of the proposed sensor system (NVMS) for flow measurement is shown. Now, a movable body with paramagnetic centers (NV1) is moved in a magnetic field with a magnetic flux density (B). By moving the movable body, the magnetic flux density (B) of the paramagnetic centers (NV1) is reduced. If the paramagnetic centers (NV1) are illuminated with pump radiation (LB) by means of the control / evaluation device (AWV), the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic centers (NV1) changes due to the speed of movement of the movable body in the magnetic field. Preferably, the paramagnetic centers (NV1) are uniformly distributed in the direction of movement on the movable body, or the fluorescent radiation (FL) is detected with the same sensitivity by the control / evaluation device (AWV) during the movement and the pump radiation (LB) reaches the paramagnetic centers (NV1) with the same intensity during the movement. In Figure 61In the example of a propeller with paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown as an example of this type of exemplary device. The propeller is placed in a transport device for a fluid. Preferably, the shape of the propeller is designed such that the flow of the fluid in the transport device (e.g. a tube) causes the propeller and thus the paramagnetic centers (NV1) on the propeller to rotate around the axis of rotation of the propeller. The rotation of the propeller reduces the magnetic flux density (B) of the permanent magnet field. The propeller provides a pulsed modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL) when the paramagnetic centers (NV1) are illuminated by the pump radiation (LB) of the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS). In Figure 61 In the example of a propeller with paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown as an example of this type of exemplary device. The propeller is placed in a transport device for a fluid. Preferably, the shape of the propeller is designed such that the flow of the fluid in the transport device (e.g. a tube) causes the propeller and thus the paramagnetic centers (NV1) on the propeller to rotate around the axis of rotation of the propeller. The rotation of the propeller reduces the magnetic flux density (B) of the permanent magnet field. The propeller provides a pulsed modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL) when the paramagnetic centers (NV1) are illuminated by the pump radiation (LB) of the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS). In

[0447] Figure 62

[0448] Figure 62 A schematic example of the position control of a slider relative to a first sensor system (NVMS1) is shown. Depending on the position of the slider, a first permanent magnet (PM1), which is preferably permanently connected to the slider, generates a position-dependent magnetic flux density (B) at one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the first sensor system (NVMS1). A first operational amplifier (OP1) compares the (in this preferred exemplary) analog voltage output signal of the first sensor system (NVMS1) with a reference voltage value, for example generated by a potentiometer, and generates a drive signal for a linear servo motor, which then readjusts the slider as a control loop until the voltage difference at the input of the first operational amplifier (OP1) is zero.

[0449] Figure 63

[0450] Figure 63 An exemplary method for digitizing an exemplary analog first output signal (out) of a sensor system (NVMS) with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown. For example, an exemplary microcomputer (μC) increases the input value of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) until the output signal value of the first operational amplifier (OP1), which compares the output signal of the digital-to-analog converter with the output signal of the sensor system (NVMS) and serves as a comparator here, exceeds a threshold value. The input value to this point then essentially corresponds to the measurement value that the microcomputer (μC) can deliver at the moment of this crossing process.

[0451] Figure 64

[0452] Figure 64 The position measurement principle of Figure 51 is applied to an exemplary wheel hub with drum brakes in a motor vehicle.

[0453] Figure 65 , 66 and 67

[0454] Figure 65 The sensor system (NVMS) is shown applied to a locking system. The key can be spatially coded by shaping and / or magnetization, which is detected by the sensor system (NVMS) with one (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). If the speed of the key insertion into the device is detected at each point in time, the spatial coding can be converted into a temporal coding. This can be achieved if the key has, in addition to the basic spatial frequency, a carrier spatial frequency for the actual locking information. This is particularly advantageous because it cannot be immediately recognized without knowledge of the magnetic coding. Thus, in Figure 66 , a two-row sensor system for detecting the spatial modulation of a permanently magnetized key is provided. However, the magnetic excitation can also be fed in by a coil in the locking system only. It is also conceivable to provide a more complex sensor system with quantum dots, which are multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple clusters in the form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) respectively. For example, when diamond is used as a base material, the key can be inserted between two diamond plates, which have NV centers or clusters as paramagnetic centers (NV1) or in the form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) respectively. Then, the magnetic and mechanical coding produces a scannable fluorescence image of the paramagnetic centers (NV1), which can be compared with a predetermined image. If the deviation is less than a predetermined threshold, the lock can be unlocked. This case is shown in Figure 67 In the example of Figure 67 , for example, quantum dots in the form of paramagnetic centers (NV array) or clusters (NVC) are arranged in a diamond plate in a one- or two-dimensional lattice and are excited and read out by optical fibers. The evaluation unit (control / evaluation device (AWV)) processes the different fluorescence signals of the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the different paramagnetic centers (NV1) or different clusters in the form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) respectively and activates the locking mechanism if necessary.

[0455] Figure 68

[0456] Figure 68 a of the exemplary rotary angle sensor with a permanently magnetized encoder disc and a sensor system (NVMS) is shown again.Figure 68 Figure b illustrates an exemplary rotation angle sensor with an encoding disk and an AWV (Automated Guided Vehicle) device, the encoding disk being encoded with paramagnetic centers (NV1) or clusters (NVCs) consisting of multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1). The AWV irradiates the paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the clusters consisting of the respective multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers. Preferably, the device includes a permanent magnet that generates a magnetic flux density of a defined size.

[0457] The intensity of both the pump radiation (LB) and the magnetic flux density depends on the rotation angle. By evaluating the fluorescence radiation (FL), the control / evaluation device (AWV) can estimate the rotation angle position.

[0458] Figure 69

[0459] Figure 69 An exemplary tilt sensor is shown, wherein a first permanent magnet (PM1) is attached to a preferred damped pendulum at the end of a pendulum and suspended above a sensor system (NVMS) having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). Since the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the sensor system (NVMS) varies according to the tilt angle of the system (in this case, the exemplary suspension of the washing drum of an exemplary washing machine), a tilt angle sensor can thus be implemented.

[0460] Figure 70

[0461] Figure 70 An exemplary application of a sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) in an electric motor for determining rotor position is illustrated. The exemplary electric motor is shown in a generally simplified exploded view. As an example, a so-called brushless electric motor is shown. Commutation control of the exemplary stator coils for the exemplary electric motor is not shown. Figure 70In the example of Fig. 1, three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) are exemplarily provided, each with a paramagnetic center (NV1) or with a cluster consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) to detect the position of the permanently magnetized rotor of the exemplary BLDC motor. However, in theory, one sensor system (NVMS) would already be sufficient for this purpose if the starting position is known and the absolute value of the magnetic flux density (B) and its time derivative are recorded. A control device (not drawn) processes the measured values of the exemplary three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) and generates commutation signals for the motor driver (typically half-bridges) from these measured values after comparison with nominal values. These half-bridges (not drawn) then power the stator coils of the motor stator in accordance with these commutation signals and thus in accordance with the position of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3). It is important that the paramagnetic center (NV1) or the cluster consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be separated from the respective control / evaluation device (AWV) of the respective sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) by an optical functional member such as an optical fiber, in order to provide electrical isolation between the respective sensor elements (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a cluster consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0462] The drive system then comprises an electric machine having a stator and a rotor, in particular a rotor mounted in such a way that it can move relative to the stator in at least one degree of freedom. The stator has a first magnetic field generating device. The rotor has a second magnetic field generating device. At least the first magnetic field generating device or the second magnetic field generating device generates a forward magnetic field having a direction of movement along the degree of freedom of the rotor in accordance with a control signal. The machine comprises one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) illuminates one paramagnetic center and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) with pump radiation (LB). One paramagnetic center and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) emits fluorescent radiation (FL) in accordance with the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1). One paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is located on the rotor or on the stator. The control / evaluation device (AWV) detects the fluorescent radiation (FL). The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates the control signal in accordance with the detected fluorescent radiation (FL). The control / evaluation device (AWV) can thus be composed of a plurality of evaluation devices. The evaluation devices can be coupled to one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) by optical functional components such as optical waveguides.

[0463] Figure 71

[0464] Figure 71 Further coding methods are shown which code by means of permanent-magnetic coding disks or rotors for the measurement of the angle of rotation and / or the counting of revolutions.

[0465] Figure 72

[0466] Figure 72 The application of the sensor system for measuring the rotational speed of a conveyor roller of a conveyor belt and thus the speed is shown. Since the necessary coding disks have already been mentioned several times above, they are not explicitly drawn here.

[0467] Figure 73

[0468] Figure 73The determination of the position of a piston in a cylinder using the proposed sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) is shown. To this end, the piston can be permanently magnetically coded, for example, or a magnetic excitation is provided from the outside, for example by a permanent magnet, and the piston is ferromagnetic, for example. Depending on the position of the piston in the cylinder, the magnetic flux through the sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) changes. These sensor systems transmit the measured values to an evaluation system, which determines the position and, if necessary, passes it on or otherwise processes it.

[0469] Figure 74

[0470] Figure 74 The typical operating process of a measurement system for measuring electromagnetic waves (HFW) with a sensor system (NVMS) having at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or at least one cluster consisting of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) is shown. The method can in principle also be used for other waves if a conversion into electromagnetic waves (HFW) is made in a third step (not used here).

[0471] In a first step (1'), an emitter emits an electromagnetic transmission wave. In a second step (2'), the electromagnetic transmission wave is reflected by one or more objects (Obj) as electromagnetic waves (HFW) and / or the electromagnetic transmission wave is changed by one or more objects (Obj) or transmission channels to form electromagnetic waves (HFW). A third step of converting the ultrasound signal into an electromagnetic signal is not necessary here and is therefore omitted here. Here, reference will be made by way of example to Figure 24and a third step (3). In a fourth step (4') the electromagnetic wave (HFW) causes a modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot (NV1) or one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the NV center of the sensor system (NVMS). In a fifth step (5') the modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot (NV1) or at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or at the location of the NV center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) modulates the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1) or one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the NV center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). In a sixth step (6') the first radiation receiver (PD1) of the sensor system (NVMS) detects this modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL), for example as a receiver output signal (So). In a seventh step (7') the evaluation circuit and / or the evaluation unit generates one or a plurality of measurement values, preferably a time series of measurement values, from the receiver output signal (So), which are then preferably output, for example as a first output signal (out) or via a data bus (DB), and which are preferably used in whole or in part.

[0472] Figure 75

[0473] Figure 75 corresponds essentially to Figure 1 but differs in that the sensor element with the quantum dot (NV1), for example one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or preferably NV centers (NV1) in a diamond as sensor element, is now attached directly to the first pump radiation source (PL1). The advantage of this is that the pump radiation power is now maximized, thus maximizing the contrast. Now the fluorescent radiation (FL) is redirected by the optically functional component, in this case a reflector (RE), to the first radiation receiver (PD1). Experiments have shown that by maximizing the pump power density in the sensor element, for example a diamond, the contrast in the curve of the fluorescent radiation (FL) can be maximized. Figure 15

[0474] Figure 76

[0475] Figure 76 ​A probe (SO) for measuring a borehole (DH) or for measuring properties of a fluid, if any, in a borehole (DH) is shown. For example, the probe (SO) can have one or more permanent magnets that generate a magnetic field, which is deformed by matter in the wall of the borehole (DH) or in the fluid in the borehole near the probe (SO). If necessary, the earth's magnetic field can also be used for this purpose. A winch (WI) lowers the probe (SO) on a cable (KA) into the borehole (DH). The cable (KA) mechanically holds the probe (SO). The cable (KA) can comprise one or more optical fibers that connect a sensor element (e.g., diamond) with a quantum dot (NV1), preferably comprising one paramagnetic center (NV1) or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), to the rest of the sensor system, preferably on the ground, in the form of a control / evaluation device (AWV). At this point, reference is made to Figures 27 to 30 In addition, the entire sensor system (NVMS) can be accommodated together in the probe (SO). This sensor system (NVMS) then preferably communicates with a superior computer system on the ground via lines in the cable (KA) or wirelessly acoustically or by radio. In this way, the physical parameters, in particular the magnetic flux density (B) in the borehole (DH), can be measured even at very high temperatures and / or in corrosive environments.

[0476] Features of the solution

[0477] The features of the solution reflect various features of possible characteristics. These features can be combined with one another as long as it makes sense. The claims are derived from the claims.

[0478] 1. A method for detecting a quantum dot as a magnetic-field-dependent fluorescence in the form of fluorescent radiation (FL), the quantum dot in particular being one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, the method comprising the following steps: Figure 3

[0479] - at a first time (T1), pumping the quantum dot, the quantum dot in particular being one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, with a pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b),

[0480] - at a second time (T2) different from the first time (T1), not pumping the quantum dot, the quantum dot in particular being one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, ​

[0481] - wherein the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) are alternating and non-overlapping in their chronological order, and

[0482] - wherein the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0483] - simultaneously modulating the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) with a first modulation, and

[0484] - wherein the quantum dot emits fluorescent radiation (FL) depending on a magnetic flux density (B) and the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, and

[0485] - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) is modulated with a second modulation, and

[0486] - wherein the second modulation comprises a first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0487] - wherein the first modulation component is offset with respect to the first modulation by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL);

[0488] - detecting the fluorescent radiation (FL) in the form of a receiver output signal (SO) in the first time (T1);

[0489] - detecting a modulation component of the receiver output signal (SO) that is synchronized with the first modulation in the form of a correlation value in the first time (T1); and

[0490] - using and / or providing and / or delivering the correlation value as a measure of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers.

[0491] 2. The method according to feature 1,

[0492] - wherein a compensation signal (KS) having a third modulation is combined with the receiver output signal (SO) in particular by addition or in particular by an elementary summation superposition before its correlation with the first modulation, the third modulation being proportionally complementary to the first modulation, and a proportionality factor of the third modulation depending on the correlation value.

[0493] 3. A method for detecting a magnetic-field-dependent fluorescence of quantum dots in the form of fluorescent radiation (FL) (3), in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers, the method comprising the following steps: Figure 4

[0494] - at a first time (T1), pumping the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or the plurality of NV centers, with a pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b);

[0495] - at a second time (T2) different from the first time (T1), not pumping the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or the plurality of NV centers,

[0496] - wherein the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate and do not overlap in their temporal order, and

[0497] - wherein the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0498] - simultaneously modulating the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) with a first modulation, and

[0499] - wherein the quantum dots emit fluorescent radiation (FL) as a function of a magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter and as a function of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), and

[0500] - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) is modulated with a second modulation, and

[0501] - wherein the second modulation comprises a first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0502] - wherein the first modulation component is offset with respect to the first modulation by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL);

[0503] - at the second time (T2), detecting the fluorescent radiation (FL) in the form of a receiver output signal (So);

[0504] ​- at said second time (T2), detecting a modulation component of said receiver output signal (So) synchronized with a modulation complementary to said first modulation in the form of a correlation value; and

[0505] - using and / or providing and / or delivering said correlation value as a measure of said magnetic flux density (B) or said other physical parameter at the location of said quantum dot (NV1), in particular of said one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of said plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of said one NV center and / or in particular of said plurality of NV centers.

[0506] 4. The method according to feature 3,

[0507] - wherein a compensation signal (KS) having a third modulation is combined with said receiver output signal (So) before its correlation with said first modulation, in particular by addition and / or in particular by a basic summation, said third modulation being proportional complementary to said first modulation, and a proportionality factor of said third modulation depending on said correlation value.

[0508] 5. A method for detecting a quantum dot as a magnetic field dependent fluorescence in the form of fluorescent radiation (FL) (5), Figure 5 in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers,

[0509] - at a first time (T1), pumping said quantum dot, in particular said one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular said plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular said one NV center and / or in particular said plurality of NV centers, with a pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b);

[0510] - at a second time (T2) different from said first time (T1), not pumping said quantum dot, in particular said one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular said plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular said one NV center and / or in particular said plurality of NV centers,

[0511] - at a third time (T3) different from said first time (T1) and said second time (T2), not pumping said quantum dot, in particular said one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular said plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular said one NV center and / or in particular said plurality of NV centers,

[0512] - wherein the first time (T1), the second time (T2) and the third time (T3) follow one after the other in a time sequence of the first time (T1), the second time (T2), the third time (T3), and

[0513] - wherein the first time (T1) is followed by the third time (T3) after the second time (T2), and

[0514] - wherein the first time (T1), the second time (T2) and the third time (T3) can be time periods;

[0515] - simultaneously modulating the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) with a first modulation, and

[0516] - wherein the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or the one NV center and / or the plurality of NV centers, emit fluorescent radiation (FL) depending on the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters and depending on the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), and

[0517] - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) is modulated with a second modulation, and

[0518] - wherein the second modulation comprises a first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0519] - wherein the first modulation component is offset relative to the first modulation by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL);

[0520] - at the second time (T2), detecting the fluorescent radiation (FL) in the form of a receiver output signal (SO);

[0521] - at the second time (T2), detecting a modulation component of the receiver output signal (SO) that is synchronized with a modulation complementary to the first modulation in the form of a correlation value;

[0522] - combining the receiver output signal (SO) with a compensation signal having a third modulation, in particular by addition and / or in particular by a basic summation, the third modulation being proportional to the first modulation at the first time (T1) before the respective third time (T3) at the third time (T3), and the proportionality factor of the third time depending on the correlation value,

[0523] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) are closely connected according to the time sequence of the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3), and

[0524] -Where, the first time (T1) immediately follows the third time (T3), and

[0525] Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) do not overlap in their temporal order, and

[0526] Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) can be time periods, and

[0527] -The combination is performed before determining the correlation between the receiver output signal (S0) and the first modulation; and

[0528] - The relevant value is used and / or provided and / or transmitted as a measurement of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0529] 6. A method for detecting magnetic field-dependent fluorescence of quantum dots as a form of fluorescence radiation (FL). Figure 6 The quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and the method includes the following steps:

[0530] - The quantum dot is pumped with pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) at the first time (T1);

[0531] - At a second time (T2) different from the first time (T1), the quantum dots are not pumped, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0532] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate in their temporal order and do not overlap, and

[0533] - wherein said first time (T1) and said second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0534] - modulating the intensity of said pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) simultaneously with a first modulation, and

[0535] - wherein said quantum dots emit fluorescent radiation (FL) as a function of a magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter and as a function of said pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), said quantum dots being in particular said one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular said plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular said one NV center and / or in particular said plurality of NV centers, and

[0536] - wherein said fluorescent radiation (FL) is modulated with a second modulation, and

[0537] - wherein said second modulation comprises a first modulation component of said first modulation, and

[0538] - wherein said first modulation component is offset with respect to said first modulation by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL);

[0539] - said fluorescent radiation (FL) is detected in the form of a receiver output signal (So) at an offset first time (T1') which is offset with respect to said first time (T1) by said fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL),

[0540] - wherein said second time (T2) is different from said first time (T1), and

[0541] - wherein said first time (T1) and said second time (T2) are alternating and non-overlapping in their temporal order, and

[0542] - wherein said first time (T1) and said second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0543] - at said offset first time (T1') a modulation component of said receiver output signal (So) which is synchronized with a modulation complementary to said first modulation is detected in the form of a correlation value; and

[0544] - said correlation value is used and / or provided and / or delivered as a measure of said magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of said quantum dots (NV1), said quantum dots being in particular said one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular said plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular said one NV center and / or in particular said plurality of NV centers.

[0545] 7. The method according to feature 3,

[0546] - wherein the compensation signal (KS) with a third modulation, which is complementary to the first modulation in proportion and whose proportionality factor depends on the correlation value, is combined with the receiver output signal (SO) before its correlation with the first modulation, in particular by addition and / or in particular by a basic summation superposition.

[0547] 8. A method for detecting a quantum dot as a magnetic-field-dependent fluorescence in the form of fluorescent radiation (FL) (8), Figure 7 in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, comprising the following steps:

[0548] - at a first time (T1), pumping the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, with a pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b);

[0549] - at a second time (T2), not pumping the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers,

[0550] - wherein the second time (T2) is different from the first time (T1), and

[0551] - wherein the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate in their chronological order, and

[0552] - wherein the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) do not overlap, and

[0553] - wherein the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0554] - at a third time (T3) different from the first time (T1) and the second time (T2), not pumping the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers,

[0555] - wherein the first time (T1), the second time (T2) and the third time (T3) follow one after the other in a time sequence of the first time (T1), the second time (T2), the third time (T3), and

[0556] - wherein the first time (T1) follows the third time (T3) immediately, and

[0557] - wherein the first time (T1), the second time (T2) and the third time (T3) can be time periods;

[0558] - the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) is modulated simultaneously with a first modulation, and

[0559] - wherein the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, emit fluorescent radiation (FL) depending on a magnetic flux density (B) or another physical parameter and depending on the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), and

[0560] - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) is modulated with a second modulation, and

[0561] - wherein the second modulation comprises a first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0562] - wherein the first modulation component is offset relative to the first modulation by a fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL);

[0563] - the fluorescent radiation (FL) is detected in the form of a receiver output signal (S0) at an offset first time (T1') offset relative to the first time (T1) by the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL),

[0564] - at the offset first time (T1'), a modulation component of the receiver output signal (S0) is detected in the form of a correlation value, which is synchronized with a modulation complementary to the first modulation;

[0565] - the receiver output signal (S0) is combined with a compensation signal having a third modulation, which is proportional to the first modulation at the first time (T1) before the respective third time (T3) at the third time (T3), and a proportionality factor of the third modulation depends on the correlation value,

[0566] - wherein the combination is performed before determining the correlation between the receiver output signal (S0) and the first modulation; and

[0567] - using and / or providing and / or delivering the correlation value as a measured value of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers.

[0568] 9. A sensor system (NVMS) comprising:

[0569] - the sensor system comprises a device and / or equipment component arranged or configured to perform the method according to one or more of features 1 to 8.

[0570] 10. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 8 with:

[0571] - a correlator (CORR);

[0572] - a first pump radiation source (PL1);

[0573] - a first radiation receiver (PD1); and

[0574] - at least one quantum dot, in particular in the form of one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers in at least one sensor element and / or in particular in the form of at least one NV center (NV1) or a plurality of NV centers in at least one diamond or a plurality of diamonds,

[0575] - wherein the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) in response to a transmission signal (S5), and

[0576] - wherein the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, emits fluorescent radiation (FL) in dependence on a magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot and in dependence on the pump radiation (LB), in particular on an intensity of the pump radiation (LB), and

[0577] - wherein the first radiation receiver (PD1) receives the fluorescent radiation (FL) and converts it into a receiver output signal (S0), and

[0578] - wherein the correlator (CORR) correlates the receiver output signal (SO) with the transmission signal (S5) and as a result of the correlation generates a measurement value signal in the form of an output signal (out) as a measurement value of the magnetic flux density (B) or the other physical parameter.

[0579] 11. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 9 ) having

[0580] - a correlator (CORR);

[0581] - a first pump radiation source (PL1);

[0582] - a first radiation receiver (PD1);

[0583] - a measurement phase shift unit (ATm); and

[0584] - at least one quantum dot (NV1), in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers in at least one sensor element, and / or in particular at least one NV center (NV1) or a plurality of NV centers in at least one diamond or a plurality of diamonds,

[0585] - wherein the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) in response to a transmission signal (S5), and

[0586] - wherein the measurement phase shift unit (ATm) delays the transmission signal (S5) relative to the measurement value signal (MES) by a measurement phase shift time (ATM), and

[0587] - wherein the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or the one NV center and / or the plurality of NV centers, emits fluorescent radiation (FL) depending on the magnetic flux density (B) or the other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot and depending on the pump radiation (LB), in particular on the intensity of the pump radiation (LB), and

[0588] - wherein the first radiation receiver (PD1) receives the fluorescent radiation (FL) and converts it into a receiver output signal (SO), and

[0589] - wherein the correlator (CORR) correlates the receiver output signal (SO) with the transmission signal (S5) and, as a result of the correlation, generates a measurement signal in the form of an output signal (out) having a measurement value of the magnetic flux density (B) or of the other physical parameter, in particular.

[0590] 12. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 10 having

[0591] a correlator (CORR);

[0592] a first pump radiation source (PL1);

[0593] a first radiation receiver (PD1);

[0594] a measurement phase shift unit (ATm); and

[0595] at least one quantum dot (NV1), in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers in at least one sensor element, and / or in particular at least one or a plurality of NV centers in at least one or a plurality of diamonds,

[0596] wherein the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) in response to a transmission signal (S5), and

[0597] wherein the measurement phase shift unit (ATm) delays the transmission signal (S5) relative to the measurement signal (MES) by a measurement phase shift time (ATM) and inverts it, or wherein the measurement phase shift unit (ATm) generates a measurement signal (MES) from the transmission signal (S5) that is complementary to the transmission signal (S5), and

[0598] wherein the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or the one NV center and / or the plurality of NV centers, emits fluorescent radiation (FL) depending on a magnetic flux density (B) or on the other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot and depending on the pump radiation (LB), in particular on the intensity of the pump radiation (LB), and

[0599] wherein the first radiation receiver (PD1) receives the fluorescent radiation (FL) and converts it into a receiver output signal (SO), and

[0600] - wherein the correlator (CORR) correlates the receiver output signal (So) with the measurement signal (MES) to form a first output signal (out) and, as a result of the correlation, produces a measurement value signal having a measurement value of the magnetic flux density (B) or of the other physical parameter, in particular, depending on the first output signal (out).

[0601] 13. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 12, Figure 75

[0602] - wherein the at least one quantum dot is part of a sensor element which divides the shortest optical path from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the first radiation receiver (PD1) such that the at least one quantum dot is optically closer to the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the first radiation receiver (PD1) for the former, the quantum dot being in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers.

[0603] 14. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 13,

[0604] - wherein a first optical filter (F1) prevents pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) from reaching the first radiation receiver (PD1), and

[0605] - wherein the first optical filter (F1) is transparent for the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, the quantum dot being in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers.

[0606] 15. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 13,

[0607] - the sensor system has a compensation radiation source (PLK),

[0608] - the compensation radiation (KS) of the compensation radiation source (PLK) is also radiated to the first radiation receiver (PD1) in a summation superposition, and

[0609] - the compensation radiation source (PLK) is controlled by a correlator (CORR) such that the receiver output signal (So) has substantially no more a component of the transmission signal (S5). ​

[0610] 16. The sensor system (NVMS) according to features 15 and 12 ( Figure 14 )

[0611] - wherein the first filter (F1) has a fluorescence wavelength (λ) for the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot. fl The radiation is transparent and is transmitted through the quantum dot, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0612] - wherein the first filter (F1) has a compensation radiation wavelength (λ) for the compensation radiation (KS) of the compensation radiation source (PLK). ks The radiation is transparent and is transmitted through it, and

[0613] - wherein the first filter (F1) is for the pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) having a pump radiation wavelength (λ). pmp The radiation is opaque and cannot be passed through by the radiation.

[0614] 17. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 13 ( Figure 13 ),

[0615] - The sensor system has a compensated radiation source (PLK).

[0616] The compensated radiation source also radiates into the first radiation receiver (PD1) in a summation manner, and

[0617] - Wherein, the illumination of the compensating radiation source (PLK) in the first radiation receiver (PD1) depends on the transmitted signal (S5), and

[0618] - Wherein, the emission of the pump radiation source (PL1) depends only indirectly on the transmitted signal (S5), and

[0619] -In this context, "indirectly" means that the emission of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is controlled by the correlator (CORR) such that the receiver output signal (S0) no longer has a component of the transmitted signal (S5).

[0620] 18. A sensor element,

[0621] -The sensor element comprises multiple crystals, including at least a first crystal and a second crystal, and

[0622] - wherein the sensor element comprises a plurality of quantum dots, at least comprising a first quantum dot and a second quantum dot, and

[0623] - wherein the first crystal comprises the first quantum dot, in particular one first paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a first plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one first NV center and / or in particular a first plurality of NV centers, and

[0624] - wherein the second crystal comprises the second quantum dot, in particular one second paramagnetic center (NV2) and / or in particular a second plurality (NVC2) of paramagnetic centers (NV2) and / or in particular one second NV center and / or in particular a second plurality of NV centers, and

[0625] - wherein the crystal axes of the first crystal and the second crystal of the sensor element are differently oriented Figure 15 ).

[0626] 19. The sensor element according to feature 18,

[0627] - wherein the sensor element comprises more than 5 crystals with quantum dots and / or better more than 10 crystals and / or better more than 20 crystals and / or better more than 50 crystals and / or better more than 100 crystals and / or better more than 200 crystals and / or better more than 500 crystals and / or better more than 1000 crystals and / or better more than 2000 crystals and / or better more than 5000 crystals.

[0628] 20. The use of a plurality of diamonds as sensor element with a plurality of NV centers and / or with a plurality of clusters consisting of a respective plurality of NV centers as paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or as a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers and / or as quantum dots, in particular in a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 17 and / or in a method according to features 1 to 8,

[0629] - wherein the crystal axes of at least two diamonds of the sensor element and / or of at least two crystals of the sensor element are differently oriented Figure 15 ).

[0630] 21. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 18 Figure 16 )

[0631] - wherein the sensor system (NVMS) comprises at least one sub-device, in particular a compensation coil (LC), and

[0632] - wherein the sub-device is configured and / or set to generate a magnetic field as a form of a magnetic flux density (B) depending on a control signal, in particular depending on an operating point control signal (S9) or a filter output signal (S4) or a first output signal (out) of the correlator (CORR), and

[0633] - the magnetic field acts on a quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, and

[0634] - wherein the correlator (CORR) controls and thus readjusts the magnetic flux density (B) generated by the sub-device, in particular by the compensation coil (LC), at the location of the quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, by the control signal, in particular by the operating point control signal (S9) or the filter output signal (S4) or the first output signal (out), so that the receiver output signal (S0) has no more any component of the transmission signal (S5) except signal noise and control errors.

[0635] 22. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 17 with

[0636] - a microcomputer (pC);

[0637] - a first pump radiation source (PL1);

[0638] - a quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers in a sensor element, and / or in particular one or more NV centers in one or more diamonds;

[0639] - a first radiation receiver (PD1) which receives fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1), in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers, and which receives substantially no pump radiation (LB); and

[0640] - an analog-digital converter (ADC) which converts the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) into a digitized signal which is evaluated by the microcomputer (pC),

[0641] - wherein the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, emit fluorescent radiation (FL) depending on the pump radiation (LB) and depending on the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dots, and

[0642] - wherein the first pump radiation source (PL1) is controlled by the microcomputer (pC), and

[0643] - wherein the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits the pump radiation (LB), and

[0644] - wherein the microcomputer (pC) determines and provides or transfers a measured value of the magnetic flux density (B) or of the other physical parameter depending on its control signal for the first pump radiation source (PL1) and depending on the digitized signal of the analog-digital converter (ADC).

[0645] 23. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 22 Figure 20 , Figure 16 with

[0646] - one, two or three Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or coils (LC) and / or another magnetic field generating sub-arrangement with respective axes (AS1 to AS6),

[0647] - wherein the quantum dots (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 22 interact with the magnetic flux density (B) of the magnetic field of the one, two or three Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or of the coils (LC) and / or of the another magnetic field generating sub-arrangement, the quantum dots being in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers; and

[0648] - means for exciting the one, two or three Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coils (LC) and / or the another magnetic field generating sub-arrangement, in particular a 1D, 2D or 3D B-field generator and / or one or more coil drivers,

[0649] - wherein the excitation of the Helmholtz coil pair ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or the further magnetic field generating sub-arrangement is dependent on the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1), in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers.

[0650] 24. The sensor system (NVMS) according to feature 23, Figure 20 ,

[0651] - the sensor system has a microcomputer (pC) and / or a correlator (CORR), and

[0652] - wherein, in response to one or more control signals from the microcomputer (pC) and / or the correlator (CORR), the arrangement, in particular the ID, 2D or 3D B- field generator and / or the one or more coil drivers, excites the one, two or more Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or the further magnetic field generating sub-arrangement, and

[0653] - wherein the excitation of the Helmholtz coil pair ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or the further magnetic field generating sub-arrangement is controlled by the microcomputer (pC) and / or the correlator (CORR) by the control signal.

[0654] 25. The sensor system according to feature 24, Figure 19 and Figure 16 ,

[0655] - wherein the microcomputer (pC) and / or the correlator (CORR) controls the excitation of one of the Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) or the coil (LC) such that the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, has the following behavior: along the axis of the Helmholtz coil pair, the vector of the magnetic flux density (B) has no directional component in the direction of the axis (AS1 to AS6) of the Helmholtz coil pair or of the coil (LC) which differs from the amount of magnetic flux density (B) of the zero point of the coil (LC), i.e. the amount of the magnetic field value.

[0656] 26. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 23 to 25, Figure 19 ,

[0657] - the sensor system has a coil driver for exciting a 1D, 2D or 3D B-field generator, which can in particular comprise a pair of Helmholtz coils ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or a coil (LC), and / or can comprise a further magnetic field generating sub- arrangement,

[0658] - wherein the excitation of the 1D, 2D or 3D B-field generator by the coil driver is controlled by a microcomputer (pC) or in dependence on a control signal thereof for the first pump radiation source (PL1) and in dependence on the digitized signal or a further signal depending on the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers.

[0659] 27. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 26, Figure 18 b),

[0660] - wherein a permanent magnetic field of a permanent magnet (PM1, PM2) or of at least temporarily permanently energized electromagnet acts on the quantum dot, in particular on the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular on the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular on the one NV center and / or in particular on the plurality of NV centers.

[0661] 28. A method for detecting a ferromagnetic or field-of-change object (FOB) and for generating a related measurement value (out), Figure 20 , comprising the following steps:

[0662] - providing a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27;

[0663] - detecting a magnetic field or magnetic flux density (B) or a magnetic field disturbance of the object (FOB) by a quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS), in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, and generating a measurement signal (out) at least temporarily representing the measurement value;

[0664] - the measurement values are formed from the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers.

[0665] 29. The method according to feature 28 Figure 20 ) comprising the steps of:

[0666] - inferring the position of the object (FOB) in the form of position information from the measurement values of the measurement signal (out); and

[0667] - using the position information, if necessary, in particular for controlling a device, in particular for controlling a mobile device.

[0668] 30. A position sensor,

[0669] - the position sensor having a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27,

[0670] - wherein the position sensor comprises a method according to one or more of features 28 to 29 and produces and / or maintains and / or outputs measurement values of position information.

[0671] 31. A position sensor,

[0672] - the position sensor having a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or having quantum dots, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0673] 32. A microphone Figure 21 ) comprising:

[0674] - quantum dots, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers;

[0675] - in particular a ferromagnetic membrane (ME) and / or a magnetic field changing membrane (ME) for coupling a signal of fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots (NV1), in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, to incident sound waves (AW); and

[0676] - in particular a device of one or more sensor systems (NVMS) for detecting the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots (NV1) and for converting a signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots (NV1), in particular a time course of values (I fl ) of the intensity of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots and / or in particular a time course of values of the fluorescent phase shift time (ATFL) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots into a microphone output signal, in particular in the form of the first output signal (out), or a functionally equivalent signaling,

[0677] - wherein the microphone output signal, in particular in the form of the first output signal (out), or the functionally equivalent signaling depends on the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots (NV1), in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers.

[0678] 33. A microphone ( Figure 21 ) having:

[0679] - a ferromagnetic or magnetically field-altered, deflectable and oscillatable membrane (ME); and

[0680] - a position sensor according to feature 30 or 31,

[0681] - wherein the membrane (ME) covers the object (FOB) of the position sensor according to feature 30 or 31, and

[0682] - wherein the position sensor generates and / or provides and / or outputs one or more measured values, in particular a time sequence of measured values, of position information about a deflection of the membrane (ME), and

[0683] - wherein the position information represents a time course of a deflection of the membrane (ME) and thus of a sound signal of a received acoustic wave (AW).

[0684] 34. A microphone ( Figure 21 ),

[0685] - having a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or having quantum dots (NV1), in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0686] 35. A method for distance measurement or other measurement of an object (Obj), the method comprising the steps of: Figure 22

[0687] - providing one or more microphones according to one or more of features 32 to 33;

[0688] - providing one or more sound emitters, in particular one or more ultrasonic sound emitters (USS);

[0689] - emitting sound waves, in particular acoustic transmission waves (ASW), by one or more of the sound emitters, or by the sound emitters, in particular one or more ultrasonic sound emitters (USS);

[0690] - changing the sound waves, in particular the acoustic transmission waves (ASW), into changed sound waves, in particular acoustic waves (AW), by one or more objects (Obj) or by an acoustic transmission path between the sound emitters and one microphone of the possibly multiple microphones at the end of the acoustic transmission path;

[0691] - receiving the respective changed sound waves, in particular the acoustic waves (AW), by at least the one microphone of the possibly multiple microphones;

[0692] - processing a microphone output signal of the microphone(s) at the end of the acoustic transmission path and, in particular, inferring one or more properties of the one object (Obj) and / or one or more properties of the multiple objects and / or one or more properties of the transmission path by a signal evaluation device,

[0693] - wherein the inference of the one or more properties of the one object (Obj) and / or the multiple objects can in particular include any of the following properties of the one object and / or the multiple objects:

[0694] • a distance of the one or more objects (Obj) from the sound emitters and / or microphones;

[0695] • a reflectivity of the one or more objects (Obj);

[0696] • an object class of the one or more objects (Obj);

[0697] • an integrity of the one or more objects (Obj);

[0698] • an internal acoustic structure of the one or more objects (Obj);

[0699] • an orientation of the one or more objects (Obj);

[0700] ​• Direction of motion of one or more objects (Obj);

[0701] • Motion pattern of one or more objects (Obj);

[0702] • Flow rate and / or flow direction of one or more objects (Obj);

[0703] • Density of one or more objects (Obj);

[0704] • Material of one or more objects (Obj);

[0705] • Temperature of one or more objects (Obj);

[0706] - and wherein the inference of one or more properties of the transmission path can in particular comprise any of the following properties of the transmission path:

[0707] • Length of the transmission path between the sound emitter and the microphone;

[0708] • Attenuation in the transmission path;

[0709] • Delay in the transmission path;

[0710] • Classification of the transmission path;

[0711] • Integrity of the transmission path;

[0712] • Internal acoustic structure of the transmission path;

[0713] • Orientation of the main intensity of the transmitted sound waves in the transmission path;

[0714] • Direction of movement of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media in the transmission path;

[0715] • Motion pattern of one or more objects (Obj) and / or one or more media or fluids in the transmission path;

[0716] • Flow rate and / or flow direction of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path;

[0717] • Density of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path;

[0718] • Material of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path;

[0719] • Temperature of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path.

[0720] 36. A distance measurement system ( Figure 22 ),

[0721] - The distance measurement system has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has a quantum dot (NV1), the quantum dot being in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a single NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0722] 37. A vehicle or mobile device ( Figure 22 , 23 ),

[0723] - The vehicle or the mobile device has one or more means configured and / or designed to perform the method according to feature 35.

[0724] 38. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0725] - At least one quantum dot, specifically having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or specifically having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or specifically having one NV center and / or specifically having multiple NV centers, and

[0726] - wherein the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, and the quantum dot is particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0727] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0728] - wherein the quantum dot state depends on at least one operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle), particularly on the distance between the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device and the object (Obj), and the quantum dot is particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0729] 39. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0730] at least one quantum dot, in particular having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular having a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular having one NV center and / or in particular having a plurality of NV centers, and

[0731] wherein the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers; and

[0732] in particular of a sensor system (NVMS) or of a control / evaluation device (AWV), for detecting the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers, and

[0733] wherein an operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, in particular a speed of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, is dependent on the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers.

[0734] 40. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device (mobile device) Figure 22 having:

[0735] at least one quantum dot, in particular having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular having a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular having one NV center and / or in particular having a plurality of NV centers, and

[0736] wherein the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers; and

[0737] in particular of a sensor system (NVMS) or of a control / evaluation device (AWV), for detecting the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers, and

[0738] - wherein at least one parameter of an operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, in particular a speed of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, depends on the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers.

[0739] 41. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device (AWV) having: Figure 22

[0740] - at least one quantum dot, in particular having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or having a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or having one NV center and / or having a plurality of NV centers, and

[0741] - wherein the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers; and

[0742] - in particular a sensor system (NVMS) or a control / evaluation device (AWV), for detecting the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers, and

[0743] - wherein at least one parameter of an operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, in particular a speed of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, depends on the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers.

[0744] 42. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device (AWV) having: Figure 22

[0745] - a sensor system having at least one quantum dot, in particular having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or having a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or having one NV center and / or having a plurality of NV centers, and

[0746] ​​- wherein the quantum dots have a quantum dot state, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers; and

[0747] - in particular a device of the sensor system (NVMS) or of the control / evaluation device (AWV), for detecting the quantum dot state of the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, and

[0748] - wherein the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, depends on at least one parameter of the operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, in particular on the distance of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device from an object (Obj).

[0749] 43. The vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device (mobile device) according to feature 38, Figure 22

[0750] - wherein at least one operating parameter of the mobile device or of the vehicle (motor vehicle), in particular its speed or acceleration, is adjusted or controlled in dependence on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dots, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, in particular by means of a control device of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device.

[0751] 44. The vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device (mobile device) having: Figure 22

[0752] - a sensor system (NVMS) having at least one quantum dot, in particular having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular having a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular having one NV center and / or in particular having a plurality of NV centers.

[0753] 45. The vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device (mobile device) having: Figure 22

[0754] ​​​- at least one quantum dot, in particular with one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular with a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular with one NV center and / or in particular with a plurality of NV centers.

[0755] 46. A method for receiving acoustic waves Figure 22

[0756] - a first step (1) of emitting an acoustic transmission wave (ASW) by a sound emitter, in particular by an ultrasonic emitter (US1);

[0757] - a second step (2) of reflecting the acoustic transmission wave (ASW) by one or more objects (Obj) as an acoustic wave (AW) and / or changing the acoustic transmission wave (ASW) by one or more objects (Obj) or transmission channels into an acoustic wave (AW);

[0758] - a third step (3) of vibrating a membrane (ME) with a ferromagnetic or magnetic field changing sub-device using the reflected acoustic wave (AW);

[0759] - a fourth step (4) of modulating a magnetic flux density (B) at a location of a quantum dot of a sensor system (NVMS) by the oscillating membrane (ME), the quantum dot being in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers;

[0760] - a fifth step (5) of causing a modulation of a fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS) due to the modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS);

[0761] - a sixth step (6) of detecting the modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL), in particular by a first radiation receiver (PD1) of the sensor system (NVMS), in particular as a receiver output signal (SO);

[0762] - a seventh step (7) of generating one or more measurement values and / or a time series of measurement values from the receiver output signal (SO), in particular by an evaluation circuit and / or an evaluation unit, and using these measurement values, if necessary, in particular for controlling a vehicle (motor vehicle) or other mobile device.

[0763] 47. A receiver having:

[0764] ​- the sensor system according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or having quantum dots, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0765] 48. A receiver (NVMS) having: Figure 24

[0766] - at least one quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers;

[0767] - means, in particular of an RF window, for coupling a signal of a fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers, to an incident electromagnetic wave (HFW); and

[0768] - means, in particular of a sensor system (NVMS) or of a control / evaluation device (AWV), for detecting the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers, and for converting the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot into a receiver output signal (S0) or a first output signal (out),

[0769] - wherein the receiver output signal (S0) and / or the first output signal (out) depends on the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers.

[0770] 49. A method for receiving an electromagnetic wave (HFW), comprising the following steps:

[0771] - receiving the electromagnetic wave (HFW) via a fluorescent radiation (FL) of a quantum dot, in particular of one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of one NV center and / or in particular of a plurality of NV centers, and generating a receiver output signal (S0) or a first output signal (out) from the fluorescent radiation (FL), in particular by one or more receivers according to feature 48.​

[0772] - processing the receiver output signal (S0) and / or the first output signal (out) of the one or more receivers according to feature 48, in particular by signal evaluation means, to deduce one or more properties of the wave source of the received electromagnetic wave (HFW) or one or more properties of the electromagnetic wave (HFW) and / or one or more properties of the transmission path between the wave source of the received electromagnetic wave and the quantum dot and / or possibly the receiver according to feature 48.

[0773] 50. A method for distance measurement or other measurement of an object (Obj) or a transmission path, comprising the steps of:

[0774] - emitting electromagnetic waves (HFW) by one or more emitters or objects (Obj);

[0775] - changing the electromagnetic waves (HFW) by one or more objects (Obj) into changed electromagnetic waves (HFW);

[0776] - receiving the changed electromagnetic waves (HFW) and / or the electromagnetic waves (HFW) by one or more receivers according to feature 48, in particular by fluorescence radiation (FL) of a quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers of the quantum dot;

[0777] - processing the fluorescence radiation (FL) or a signal dependent on the fluorescence radiation (FL), in particular a possible output signal of the one or more receivers according to feature 48, and in particular by signal evaluation means to deduce one or more properties of the transmission path between the one object (Obj) and / or the plurality of objects (Obj) and the quantum dot,

[0778] - wherein the deduction of one or more properties of the one object (Obj) and / or the plurality of objects (Obj) can in particular include any of the following properties of the one object (Obj) and / or the plurality of objects (Obj):

[0779] • a distance of the one or more objects (Obj) from the emitter or from the emitter of the electromagnetic waves (HFW) and / or from the receiver according to feature 48;

[0780] • a reflectivity of the one or more objects (Obj) on the electromagnetic waves (HFW);

[0781] • object class (Obj) of one or more objects;

[0782] • integrity of one or more objects (Obj);

[0783] • internal dielectric and / or other electromagnetic structure of one or more objects (Obj);

[0784] • orientation of one or more objects (Obj);

[0785] • direction of motion of one or more objects (Obj);

[0786] • mode of motion of one or more objects (Obj);

[0787] • flow rate and / or flow direction of one or more objects (Obj);

[0788] • density of one or more objects (Obj);

[0789] • material of one or more objects (Obj);

[0790] • temperature of one or more objects (Obj);

[0791] - wherein the inference of one or more characteristics of the transmission path can in particular comprise any of the following characteristics of the transmission path:

[0792] • length of the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0793] • transmission characteristics of the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0794] • classification of the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot, in particular according to a predefined or determined prototype feature vector, in particular by means of a current feature vector determined from the fluorescent radiation (FL), in particular by means of a neural network or other artificial intelligence method such as a Markov or Hidden Markov Model (HMM model), machine learning, deep learning, a Viterbi decoder, etc.

[0795] • integrity of the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0796] • internal dielectric and / or other electromagnetic structure of the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0797] • direction of motion of one or more objects (Obj) and / or medium or fluid within the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0798] • mode of motion of one or more objects (Obj) and / or medium or fluid within the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0799] • the flow rate and / or the flow direction of the medium or fluid within the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0800] • the density of the one or more objects (Obj) and / or the medium or fluid within the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0801] • the material of the one or more objects (Obj) and / or the medium or fluid within the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot;

[0802] • the temperature of the one or more objects (Obj) and / or the medium or fluid within the transmission path between the emitter and the quantum dot.

[0803] 51. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device,

[0804] - having one or more devices configured and / or designed to perform the method according to features 49 and / or 50.

[0805] 52. A vehicle (motor vehicle) ( Figure 25 ) or mobile device,

[0806] - having a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or having a quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0807] 53. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 ) having:

[0808] - at least one quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, and

[0809] - wherein the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers; and

[0810] - in particular a device of a sensor system (NVMS) or a control / evaluation device (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, and

[0811] - wherein the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers, depends on at least one operating state and / or parameter of the surrounding of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, in particular on an electromagnetic radiation or field acting from the outside on the vehicle (motor vehicle) or on the mobile device,

[0812] - wherein, in particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or a drone or a robot or an airship or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a float or a floating device or a floating platform or a living being with an electronic guidance device controlling it or transmitting data to it and / or receiving data from it, or other at least temporarily movable device (motor vehicle).

[0813] 54. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device (AWV) Figure 22 , having

[0814] - at least one quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers, and

[0815] - wherein the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers; and

[0816] - a device, in particular a sensor system (NVMS) or a control / evaluation device (AWV), for detecting the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers, and

[0817] - wherein the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers, is influenced by at least one parameter of an environmental state and / or at least one operating state parameter of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, in particular by electromagnetic radiation acting on the vehicle (motor vehicle) or on the mobile device and / or by electromagnetic fields generated in the vehicle and / or in the mobile device and / or by currents, in particular by induced currents and / or by induced charging currents and / or by similar currents, generated in the vehicle (motor vehicle) and / or in the vicinity of the vehicle (motor vehicle) and / or in the mobile device and / or in the vicinity of the mobile device,

[0818] - wherein, in particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or a drone or a robot or a dirigible or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a float or a floating device or a floating platform or a living being with an electronic guidance device that controls the living being or transmits data to it and / or receives data from it, or another device (motor vehicle) that can be moved at least temporarily.

[0819] 55. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or a mobile device (mobile device) Figure 22 ), having

[0820] - at least one quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers, and

[0821] - wherein the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or the one NV center and / or the plurality of NV centers; and

[0822] - a device, in particular a sensor system (NVMS) or a control / evaluation device (AWV), for detecting the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers, and

[0823] - wherein the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dots, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or of the one NV center and / or of the plurality of NV centers, depends on at least one parameter of the environmental state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or of the mobile device, in particular on an electromagnetic field acting on the vehicle (motor vehicle) or on the mobile device or on an electromagnetic wave acting on the vehicle (motor vehicle) or on the mobile device, and

[0824] - wherein, in particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or a drone or a robot or a dirigible or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a float or a floating device or a floating platform or a living being with an electronic guidance device controlling it or transmitting data to it and / or receiving data from it, or any other device (motor vehicle) that can be moved at least temporarily.

[0825] 56. A mobile device (motor vehicle) Figure 22 with

[0826] - a sensor system (NVMS) with at least one quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers, and

[0827] - wherein, in particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or a drone or a robot or a dirigible or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a float or a floating device or a floating platform or a living being with an electronic guidance device controlling it or transmitting data to it and / or receiving data from it, or another device (motor vehicle) that can be moved at least temporarily.

[0828] 57. A mobile device (motor vehicle) Figure 22 with

[0829] - at least one quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or a plurality of NV centers, and

[0830] - wherein, in particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or a drone or a robot or a dirigible or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a float or a floating device or a floating platform or a living being with an electronic guidance device controlling it or transmitting data to it and / or receiving data from it, or another device (motor vehicle) that can be moved at least temporarily.

[0831] 58. A component of a mobile device and / or vehicle (motor vehicle), in particular a bumper, Figure 22

[0832] - wherein the device comprises a quantum dot, and / or

[0833] - wherein the component comprises one paramagnetic center (NV1), and / or

[0834] - wherein the component comprises a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1), and / or

[0835] - wherein the component comprises one NV center, and / or

[0836] - wherein the component comprises a plurality of NV centers, and / or

[0837] - wherein the component is a sensor system (NVMS) or a control / evaluation device (AWV) for quantum dots according to one or more of features 9 to 27, the quantum dots being in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, and / or

[0838] - wherein the component comprises a position sensor according to feature 30 and / or 31, and / or

[0839] - wherein the component is a microphone according to one or more of features 32 to 34, and / or

[0840] - wherein the component comprises a receiver according to feature 47 or 48, and

[0841] - wherein the component is in particular a position sensor or a microphone or a receiver or an acoustic receiver or an impedance spectrometer or a distance measuring system or a current measuring device or a current density meter or a magnetic compass or a monitoring device, in particular of a medical monitoring device, or is a switch or a button or an actuator or a rotation angle sensor or a pressure measuring device or a flow measuring device or a tilt sensor or a commutating device for an electric motor or a commutating device for an electric machine, the component can also comprise and / or be a nanoscale device and / or one or more molecules, or a component of a mobile device (motor vehicle) or a vehicle (motor vehicle) or a motor vehicle or a missile or a drone or a robot or an airship or a balloon or a flying object or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a float or a floating device or a floating platform or a control organism or an electronic guidance device for it or any other at least temporarily mobile device (motor vehicle).

[0842] ​59. A component of a vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device Figure 23 ),

[0843] - which has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has quantum dots (NV1), in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers,

[0844] - wherein, in particular, the component is a position sensor or a microphone or a receiver or an acoustic receiver or an impedance spectrometer or a distance measuring system or a current measuring device or a current density meter or a magnetic compass or, in particular, a monitoring device of a medical monitoring device, or a switch or a button or an actuator or a rotation angle sensor or a pressure measuring device or a flow measuring device or a tilt sensor or a commutating device for an electric motor or a commutating device for an electric machine, which component can also comprise nanoscopic devices and / or one or more molecules or components of and / or consist of a mobile device (motor vehicle) or a vehicle (motor vehicle) or a motor vehicle or a missile or a drone or a robot or an airship or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a float or a floating device or a floating platform or an electronic guidance device, for example, which controls a living being and / or transmits data to it and / or receives data from it by means of, for example, electrical pulses through electrodes, for example, the potential of the electrodes being controlled by the microcomputer (pC) depending on the state of one or more quantum dots, for example, as part of a neural interface.

[0845] 60. A current measuring device ( Figure 23 ) having

[0846] - a conductor (CON);

[0847] - a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27;

[0848] - a compensation system (L7, AMP, LC); and

[0849] - a magnetic circuit (J1);

[0850] - wherein the sensor system (NVMS) outputs a first measurement value signal (MS1), for example a first output signal (out), and

[0851] - wherein the magnetic circuit (J1) comprises, in addition to an air gap, at least one opening, i.e. has a topological deficiency greater than 0, and

[0852] - wherein the conductor (CON) passes through the at least one opening, and

[0853] - wherein the sensor system (NVMS) and / or a sensor element with one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a sensor element with a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or a sensor element with one NV center and / or a sensor element with a plurality of NV centers is inserted into the magnetic circuit (J1), in particular into the first air gap (LSP1) of the magnetic circuit (J1), and

[0854] - wherein the compensation system (L7, AMP) has means (L7) for readjusting the magnetic excitation H of the magnetic circuit (J1) as a function of the first measured value signal (MS1) of the sensor system (NVMS), which readjustment is such that the magnetic flux (B) at the location of the quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS), in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers, is constant, and

[0855] - wherein the first measured value signal (MS1) represents a measured value of the current (I m ) flowing through the conductor (CON).

[0856] 61. A current measuring device (1) having: Figure 26

[0857] - a conductor (CON);

[0858] - a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27; and

[0859] - a compensation system (L7, AMP, LC);

[0860] - wherein the sensor system (NVMS) outputs a first measured value signal (MS1), for example a first output signal (out), and

[0861] ​- wherein, with respect to the sensor system (NVMS) and / or with respect to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or with respect to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or with respect to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having one NV center and / or with respect to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having a plurality of NV centers, the conductor (CON) is arranged such that an electric current flowing through the conductor (CON) changes a magnetic flux (B) at the quantum dot location of the sensor system (NVMS), in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers, and

[0862] - wherein the compensation system (L7, AMP, LC) has means (L7) for adjusting the magnetic flux (B) at the quantum dot location of the sensor system (NVMS) in dependence on the first measurement value signal (MS1), the adjustment being such that the magnetic flux is constant, in particular of the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular of the plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular of the one NV center and / or in particular of the plurality of NV centers, and

[0863] - wherein the first measurement value signal (MS1) represents a measurement value of an electric current (I m ) flowing through the conductor (CON).

[0864] 62. A current measurement device (1), Figure 26

[0865] - having a sensor system (NVMS) and / or having a quantum dot according to one or more of features 9 to 27, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0866] 63. A current measurement device (1), Figure 27

[0867] - a conductor (CON);

[0868] - a quantum dot, in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers;

[0869] ​​- a compensation system (L8, AMP, LC);

[0870] - a magnetic yoke (J1), in particular made of ferromagnetic material, and

[0871] - a control / evaluation device (AWV),

[0872] - wherein the magnetic yoke (J1) has a first air gap (LSP1), and

[0873] - wherein the quantum dots are located in the first air gap (LSP1), and

[0874] - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) causes the quantum dots to emit fluorescent radiation (FL), and

[0875] - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on an electrical current (I m ) flowing through the conductor (CON), and

[0876] - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first measured value signal (MS1), for example a first output signal (out), at least secondarily depending on the fluorescent radiation (FL), and

[0877] - wherein the conductor (CON) is arranged with respect to the quantum dots such that an electrical current (I m ) flowing through the conductor (CON) changes a magnetic flux (B) at the location of the quantum dots, and

[0878] - wherein, neglecting the first air gap (LSP1), the magnetic yoke (J1) has a topological deficit greater than 0 (i.e., has a hole or opening (OE), also for example a circular ring), and

[0879] - wherein the conductor (CON) is placed in the opening (OE), and

[0880] - wherein the compensation system (L8, AMP, LC) has a device (L8), in particular a compensation coil (L8, LC), for readjusting the magnetic flux (B) at the location of the quantum dots depending on the first measured value signal (MS1) such that the magnetic flux is constant, and

[0881] - wherein, in particular, the device preferably comprises a coil (L8) which generates a magnetic excitation in the form of a magnetic field strength H in the magnetic yoke (J1) such that the magnetic flux (B) at the location of the quantum dots depends on the magnetic excitation in the form of a magnetic field strength H, and

[0882] - wherein the first measured value signal (MS1) represents an electrical current (Im ) of the measurement values.

[0883] 64. A current measuring device (CM) having: Figure 26

[0884] - a magnetic circuit;

[0885] - an excitation coil which, when excited, injects a magnetic excitation in the form of a magnetic field strength H into the magnetic circuit;

[0886] - an air gap, and

[0887] - a sensor system (NVMS) having quantum dots and a control / evaluation device (AWV) or a control / evaluation device (AWV) having quantum dots according to one or more of features 9 to 27,

[0888] - wherein the sensor system (NVMS) is a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27, and

[0889] - wherein the quantum dots can be in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers, and

[0890] - wherein the quantum dots are in the air gap, and

[0891] - wherein the quantum dots emit fluorescent radiation (FL) at least twice, and

[0892] - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on a magnetic flux density (B) and / or on other physical parameters, and

[0893] - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) detects the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots and generates and / or signals and / or provides a measurement value of the magnetic flux density (B) or one of the other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dots in the air gap, and

[0894] - wherein the measurement value is a measurement value of the current flowing through the excitation coil.

[0895] 65. A sensor system (NVMS) (NVMS) having: Figure 47

[0896] - a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27,

[0897] ​​-The sensor system (NVMS) includes a housing (WA, DE; BO), in which all components of the sensor system (NVMS) except for the quantum dots are arranged. The quantum dots are capable of, in particular, a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a single NV center and / or in particular multiple NV centers.

[0898] - wherein the quantum dots of the sensor system (NVMS) are located outside the housing (WA, DE; BO), and

[0899] - In this embodiment, the quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS) is coupled to the functional elements of the sensor system (NVMS) through an optical system composed of optical functional elements, wherein the optical system particularly preferably includes one or two optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2) or lenses or mirrors, etc.

[0900] 66. A measurement system ( Figure 28 and Figure 29 It has the following characteristics:

[0901] - A sensor system (NVMS), particularly according to one or more of features 9 to 27, and optionally especially according to feature 65.

[0902] -The sensor system (NVMS) includes a control / evaluation device (AWV) and quantum dots, and

[0903] - wherein the quantum dot is particularly capable of having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly multiple NV centers; and

[0904] - Fluid functional elements, particularly pipes or fluid ducts (RO), or containers or reactors or plasma chambers or combustion chambers, and

[0905] - wherein the quantum dots are arranged within the fluid functional element, i.e., arranged particularly within the tube or particularly the fluid duct (RO), and

[0906] Wherein, if necessary, the fluid (FLU) can be located within the fluid functional element, particularly within the tube or the fluid duct (RO), the fluid being particularly a liquid and / or particularly a liquid colloidal mixture and or particularly a gas and / or particularly an aerosol and / or particularly a gas-dust mixture and / or particularly a dust and particle cloud and / or particularly plasma and / or particularly a mixture of the like, and

[0907] - wherein the quantum dots of the sensor system (NVMS) are coupled to other functional elements of the sensor system (NVMS) by an optical system consisting of optical functional elements, in particular by one or two optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2), and

[0908] - wherein the remaining functional components of the sensor system (NVMS), in particular the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS), apart from the quantum dots and the optical functional elements for coupling the quantum dots, are arranged outside the fluid functional element, in particular outside the tube or in particular outside the fluid conduit (RO), and

[0909] - wherein the quantum dots are located within the electromagnetic field, in particular the electric field and / or the magnetic field, of a field-generating device (EL1, EL2), in particular of one or more charged electrodes (EL1, EL2) or current-carrying coils or coil pairs.

[0910] 67. A measuring system (MS) Figure 30 and Figure 29 with

[0911] - a control / evaluation device (AWV) and quantum dots; and

[0912] - a fluid functional element, in particular a tube or in particular a fluid conduit (RO), or a container or a reactor or a plasma chamber or a combustion chamber,

[0913] - wherein the quantum dots can be in particular one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality (NVC) of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular a pluralit...

Claims

1. A sensor system (NVMS) having - a quantum dot with a plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1), and - two or more of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled to each other; and - a control / evaluation device (AWV); - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first pump radiation source (PL1), and - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first radiation receiver (PD1), and - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) at least temporarily illuminates the quantum dot with pump radiation (LB) by means of the first pump radiation source (PL1), and - wherein the pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) depends on a transmission signal (S5) of the control / evaluation device (AWV), and - wherein the quantum dot emits fluorescent radiation (FL) when illuminated by the pump radiation (LB), and - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on a magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot and / or a physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density, and - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) having a signal component representing a measured value from the fluorescent radiation (FL), and - wherein the measured value depends on the value of the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density, - characterized in that - the control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot to the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density by means of a sub-device in the form of one or more compensation coils (LC), and - the control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot by means of the sub-device as a function of the first output signal (out) of the control / evaluation device (AWV), and - a second multiplier (M2) multiplies the first output signal (out) with the transmission signal (S5) and thereby reconstructs an amplification component of the transmission signal (S5) in a receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) as a feedback signal (S6), and - a subtracter (Al) subtracts the feedback signal (S6) from the receiver output signal (SO) to form a reduced receiver output signal (SI), and - a first multiplier (Ml) multiplies the reduced receiver output signal (SI) with the transmission signal (S5) and generates a filter input signal (S3), and - a filter (TP) filters the filter input signal (S3) to the first output signal (out), and - a controller (RG) derives an operating point control signal (S9) from the first output signal (out), and - the controller (RG) performs a control with a first time constant τ1, and - the filter (TP) performs a compensation control with a second time constant τ2, and - the first time constant τ1 is smaller than the second time constant τ2. ​ - wherein, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ - the first time constant τ1 of the controller (RG) is greater than the second time constant τ2 of the filter (TP), and - in the event of a change in the value of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or a change in the value of the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density, the controller (RG) moves the total magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) toward an operating point by reducing or increasing the coil current of the compensation coil (LC) provided by the controller (RG), and - the control / evaluation device (AWV) thus performs the readjustment in a compensatory manner by means of the feedback signal (S6), · such that, in addition to signal noise and control errors, the reduced receiver output signal (S1) no longer has any components of the transmission signal (S5) in the reduced receiver output signal (S1).

2. A sensor system (NVMS) having: - a quantum dot with a plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1), - wherein, two or more of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled to one another; and - a control / evaluation device (AWV), - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first pump radiation source (PL1), and - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) comprises a first radiation receiver (PD1), and - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) at least temporarily illuminates the quantum dot with pump radiation (LB) by means of the first pump radiation source (PL1), and - wherein the pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) depends on a transmission signal (S5) of the control / evaluation device (AWV), and - wherein the quantum dot emits fluorescent radiation (FL) when illuminated by the pump radiation (LB), and - wherein the fluorescent radiation (FL) depends on a magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot and / or a physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density, and - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) having a signal component representing a measurement value from the fluorescent radiation (FL) by means of a correlator (CORR) which determines a component of the transmission signal (S5) in a receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) and can be a synchronous demodulator (M1, TP), an optimal filter or a matched filter, and - wherein the measurement value depends on the value of the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density, - characterized in that - the control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot to the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density by means of a sub-device in the form of one or more compensation coils (LC), and - the control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot to the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density by means of a sub-device in the form of one or more compensation coils (LC), and - the current of the compensation coil (LC) depends on the fluorescent radiation (FL) of the quantum dots (NV1) and - wherein the control / evaluation device (AWV) controls the sensitivity of the quantum dots and - the control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dots in a compensating manner by means of the sub-devices in accordance with control signals of the control / evaluation device (AWV) via a controller (RG), - the compensation coil (LC) moves the total magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) towards an operating point by reducing or increasing the coil current as a result of a change in the value of the magnetic flux density (B) or a change in the value of the physical parameter of the magnetic flux density at the location of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) and - the control / evaluation device (AWV) performs the readjustment in a compensating manner, • such that, in addition to signal noise and control errors, the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) no longer has any component of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (S0), • the compensating manner means that the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) has a component of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (S0), the amount of the amplitude of the component of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (S0) being less than a predetermined amount of an amplitude bandwidth.

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