Particle collection device

Abstract

A particulate collection device (100) attachable to a vehicle for collecting or capturing particulate released from a tire or wheel (W) of the vehicle by wear on or relative to a travel surface (S) as the vehicle travels on the travel surface. The device includes an electrostatic filter unit (110) mountable in an operative position proximate to the tire or wheel of the vehicle for receiving a flow (FI) of particulate from a contact point (CP) between the wheel or tire and the travel surface. The filter unit (110) is configured to collect or capture the particulate in the flow by electrostatic attraction.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a particle collection device for capturing or collecting particles (particularly, but not limited to, particles released from the tires or wheels of a vehicle by wear on or relative to the vehicle's running surface) to prevent or reduce their release into the environment and associated pollution. Background Technology

[0002] Modern vehicle tires are made of rubber and plastic-based / petrochemical-based compounds. As vehicles travel, they wear down on the road, producing small tire particles commonly known as "tire dust." Most tire dust accumulates on or beside the road, where it may be washed into drains or waterways. However, some tire particles are small enough to travel through the air, be inhaled, and cause air pollution.

[0003] Today, Europe generates 500,000 tons of tire dust annually due to wear and tear on road surfaces. In fact, tire dust is the second largest microplastic pollutant in our environment. PM2.5 levels in the air are particularly concerning for human and animal health; particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter remain in the air longer than larger particles, increasing the risk of inhalation and linking them to heart and lung diseases. In the UK, tire dust accounts for almost 10% of PM2.5 levels. Furthermore, carbon black, which makes up up to 30% of the composition of modern tires, is a known carcinogen.

[0004] Rail vehicles (such as trains and trams) also emit tiny metal particles due to friction and wear between the wheels and the metal rails, which can cause pollution (albeit to a lesser extent), particularly air pollution in underground environments.

[0005] While emissions from vehicles such as cars and trains have been significantly reduced in recent years through the development of cleaner engine technologies, emissions from non-exhaust sources, such as tire and wheel particles, remain unresolved and will continue to increase with the number of vehicles in circulation, especially as new vehicles adopt more advanced technologies and become heavier than the vehicles they replace. Currently, there are no policies to control these emissions.

[0006] Therefore, pollution from tire and wheel particles is increasingly becoming a concern for public health and the environment, necessitating the search for innovative methods to reduce these emissions.

[0007] The aspects and embodiments of the present invention were designed with the foregoing in mind. Summary of the Invention

[0008] According to a first aspect of the invention, a particle collection device is provided. The device is attachable to a vehicle for collecting or capturing particles released from the vehicle's tires or wheels as the vehicle travels on a driving surface due to wear on or relative to the driving surface. The device may be attached to a location near the wheel or tire. The device may include an electrostatic filter unit for collecting or capturing particles by electrostatic attraction. The electrostatic filter unit may be mounted in an operating position relative to the vehicle's wheel for receiving a particle stream from a contact point (or contact area) between the tire or wheel and the driving surface. The operating position may be adjacent to the tire or wheel. The filter unit may be configured to collect or capture particles in the stream by electrostatic attraction. The filter unit may be configured to collect or capture charged particles in the stream. The electrostatic filter unit may include one or more electrostatically chargeable collector electrodes for attracting particles (in the stream) to the collector electrode or each collector electrode upon charging to collect or capture the particles.

[0009] Tire or wheel wear occurs at the contact point between the tire (T) or wheel (W) and the driving surface (S). The device advantageously collects or captures particulate emissions from their source to prevent them from entering the environment. Once collected, these particles can be processed or recycled in a controlled manner.

[0010] The vehicle may be a wheeled vehicle. The vehicle may be a tireed vehicle (wheels equipped with tires) or a wheelless vehicle (wheels without tires). Non-limiting examples of tireed vehicles include automobiles, trucks, buses, heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), motorcycles, scooters, bicycles, or aircraft. Non-limiting examples of wheelless vehicles include rail vehicles, such as trains or trams. If the vehicle is a tireed vehicle, the particles are tire particles released from the tires of the wheels by wear on or relative to the travel surface. The tire particles may be or include rubber, plastic, and / or petrochemical-based particles or rubber, plastic, and / or petrochemical-based compounds. If the vehicle is a wheelless vehicle, the particles may include metal particles.

[0011] The filter unit may be or include a collection stage for collecting charged particles. The collection stage may include one or more collector electrodes. In an embodiment, the filter unit does not include a charging stage for charging the particles. Particles generated by wear of tires and / or wheels on or relative to a driving surface may be charged (e.g., through friction at a point of contact). The absence of a charging stage means that the device consumes / requires less power during or before operation, and can be more compact in size relative to a vehicle compared to an electrostatic filter unit that includes both charging and collection stages.

[0012] The operating position can be such that the filter unit is positioned immediately adjacent to the radially outer surface of the tire or wheel, and / or immediately adjacent to the contact point (or contact area) between the tire or wheel and the driving surface. This can increase or maximize the proportion, quantity, and / or flow rate of particles that can enter the filter unit and be collected.

[0013] The operating position of the filter unit may include a minimum distance from the driving surface S (e.g., the driving surface or ground clearance) and a minimum distance from the radially outer surface of the tire or wheel (e.g., tire or wheel clearance). This avoids contact between the filter unit and the driving surface S and the tire or wheel in use. The minimum distance from the driving surface S may be approximately 10-500 mm, or 10-200 mm, or 10-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-350, 350-400, 400-450, or 450-500 cm, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges. The minimum distance from the radial outer surface of the tire or wheel can be approximately 10-200 mm, or within the range of 10-20, 20-30, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, 120-130, 130-140, 140-150, 160-170, 170-180, 180-190 or 190-200 mm, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges.

[0014] The operating position can be behind the wheel (relative to the direction of forward movement of the vehicle). This allows the device to collect particles emitted or projected rearward from the point of contact, for example, those generated during vehicle acceleration.

[0015] Alternatively, the operating position can be in front of the wheels (relative to the direction of the vehicle's forward movement). This allows the device to collect particles emitted or projected forward, such as those generated during vehicle braking.

[0016] When the operating position is behind the wheel, the filter unit can be mounted or positioned in the operating position to receive airflow around the tire or wheel that contains the particles. Compared to an operating position that does not utilize airflow around the tire or wheel, this allows the filter unit to receive a larger quantity of smaller particles.

[0017] The filter unit can be mounted or positioned in an operating position to receive a substantially upward-directed airflow around the tire or wheel, generated by the Magnus effect of a rotating / turning tire or wheel (in use, when the vehicle moves on a driving surface). This airflow can be directed from the point of contact around the back of the tire or wheel (e.g., along the direction of rotation of the wheel or tire). This airflow can carry, direct, and / or attract a large portion of particles from the point of contact, at least partially around the tire or wheel, toward the filter unit. This allows the filter unit to be positioned further away from the driving surface (and optionally the tire or wheel) while still receiving a larger quantity of smaller particles compared to an operating position that does not utilize the airflow around the tire or wheel. Utilizing this airflow also allows the filter unit to be compact in size relative to the wheel.

[0018] The device may include an attachment portion configured to attach the device (directly or indirectly) to a vehicle and mount the filter unit in an operating position. The attachment portion may be configured to attach the device to the vehicle at a mounting point. The mounting point may be such that the operating position of the filter unit is substantially axially and radially fixed relative to the wheel or the axis of rotation of the wheel. This allows the filter unit to move with the wheels of the vehicle while maintaining the operating position (e.g., when the wheel moves up, down, and / or turns). That is, the filter unit is axially fixed, in the plane of the wheel, and in a fixed angular position, allowing the wheel to rotate relative to the vehicle during turning and steering.

[0019] The attachment portion can be configured to attach the device to the vehicle at a mounting point on the vehicle wheel assembly, such that the filter unit can move with the wheel while maintaining an operating position. Optionally or preferably, when the wheel assembly is or includes a suspension and / or steering assembly, the attachment portion can be configured to attach the device to the vehicle at a mounting point on the wheel assembly, such that the filter unit can move with the vehicle suspension and / or move when the wheel is steered, while maintaining an operating position. The mounting point can be a joint of the vehicle suspension system or the wheel assembly, or a steering knuckle.

[0020] Alternatively, the attachment portion can be configured to attach the device to the vehicle at a mounting point such that the operating position of the filter unit is substantially not fixed relative to the wheel. That is, the filter unit is not axially fixed and / or located in the plane of the wheel, but is substantially fixed relative to the vehicle, allowing the wheel to steer or move up / down independently of the filter unit. In this case, the mounting point can be on and / or in the wheel arch of the vehicle, and / or on the underside of the vehicle or vehicle body, and / or at or on an accessory (e.g., attached to a fender / guard or trim panel of the vehicle or vehicle body).

[0021] The attachment portion may be substantially flexible and / or include one or more flexible portions or joints to accommodate temporary displacement of the filter unit from the operating position. Optionally or preferably, the attachment portion may be configured to bias the filter unit to or toward the operating position. This can hold the filter unit in the operating position and return it to the operating position after displacement. The flexible joint or each flexible joint may be or include a spring-loaded joint and / or include an elastic flexible element or any other biasing device known in the art to apply a restoring force to the filter unit as it is displaced from the operating position. One or more flexible portions or joints may include suspension, pneumatic elements, or toothed motors. The attachment portion may include one or more elastic flexible portions formed of or comprising an elastic flexible material (e.g., rubber or plastic-based material).

[0022] The filter unit may include a filter chamber for receiving one or more collector electrodes. The filter chamber may include an inlet opening for receiving a particle flow, or an airflow containing said particles. The inlet opening may be configured to face at least partially toward a tire or wheel when in an operating position. The inlet may extend substantially across the width of the tire or wheel. This may increase the number of particles received by the filter unit. The inlet opening may extend substantially across at least 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95% of the width of the tire or wheel. The inlet opening may extend through the entire width or most of the width of the tire or wheel. The inlet may extend beyond the width of the tire or wheel. The inlet opening may include a circumferential portion extending in a substantially circumferential direction (relative to the wheel), and / or a radial portion extending in a substantially radial direction. This may increase the flow rate or airflow or flow / airflow cross-section entering the filter unit.

[0023] The inlet opening may include a nozzle or a portion connected to a nozzle. The nozzle portion may have an opening with a tapering width in the direction in which the airflow enters the device. The width of the tapering opening may decrease in the direction in which the airflow enters the device. The nozzle portion may increase the velocity of the airflow entering the device, creating a low-pressure area within the device, thereby increasing the entrainment and quantity of tire particles entering the device.

[0024] Alternatively, the device may include a nozzle. The nozzle may be configured to receive a flow of particles from a contact point (or contact area) between the tire or wheel and the running surface and to direct airflow into an inlet opening of the filter unit. The nozzle may have an opening with a tapering width in the direction of airflow into the device to increase the velocity of the airflow entering the inlet opening of the filter unit. An attachment portion may be configured to attach the filter unit (directly or indirectly) to the vehicle in an operating position. The nozzle may also include an attachment portion configured to attach the nozzle to the vehicle at a mounting point. The attachment portion of the filter unit may be configured to attach the filter to a fixed mounting point on the vehicle, such as the underside of the vehicle. The attachment portion of the nozzle may be configured to attach the nozzle to the steering knuckle of the wheel, allowing the nozzle to move and rotate freely with the wheel. The attachment portion of the nozzle may be or include a flexible rubber joint. The nozzle may be physically separable from the inlet opening or connected via a flexible conduit.

[0025] The tapered opening of the nozzle or nozzle portion may have a linear, polynomial, or exponential profile. The tapered opening of the nozzle or nozzle portion may include a fractal pattern or size.

[0026] The device may include a filter screen positioned across an inlet opening (downstream of the nozzle, if present) or between the inlet opening and a collector electrode to suppress the entry of particles larger than a threshold size. The screen may be a component of a filter unit. The screen may include a plurality of holes having a predetermined size. The holes may be sized to allow tire particles smaller than the threshold size to enter the device while preventing larger particles from entering. The screen may act as a barrier to prevent large contaminants (such as tar chips and gravel) from entering the device. The screen may also act as a barrier to reduce the amount of water entering the device. The hole size may also be larger than the threshold size to avoid slowing or restricting airflow into the device.

[0027] The nozzle can be positioned so that air flows through it before passing over the mesh and collector electrodes. The nozzle can be configured with a contraction factor, which increases the airflow velocity by a contraction factor ratio and also reduces the pressure in the area, with the aim of entraining more particulate-laden air into the device.

[0028] The presence of a filter screen after the nozzle may immediately generate turbulence. The nozzle / nozzle section and / or filter screen can create / generate a low-pressure zone around the collector electrodes within the device. This low-pressure zone can increase the number of tire particles entering the device.

[0029] The device may include a charging circuit connected to the collector electrodes or each collector electrode for electrostatic charging of one or more collector electrodes. The charging circuit may be connected to a power source of the device and / or the vehicle. The charging circuit is operable to output and / or apply a positive or negative charging voltage or reference voltage (e.g., ground) to one or more of the collector electrodes. The charging voltage may be substantially in the range of (±) 5-15 kV or 5-7, 7-9, 9-11, 11-13, 13-15 kV, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges. The charging circuit may include a power source of the device. The power source of the device may be or include a generator configured to generate electricity in response to motion of the vehicle relative to a running surface. The generator may be configured to generate electricity in response to rotational motion of a tire or wheel. The generator may include a rotatable drive element configured to frictionally engage with the tire or wheel (e.g., at the wheel hub) to rotate with it. The charging circuit may include one or more electrical components known in the art to convert power output from one or more power sources into a charging voltage, including but not limited to rectifier circuitry and DC voltage amplifiers. The charging circuit may include a full-bridge or half-bridge rectifier for converting AC voltage (e.g., from a generator) into DC voltage. The charging circuit may also include a voltage converter to boost the DC voltage to a range suitable for charging the collector electrodes.

[0030] The device may include a control module connectable to a charging circuit. The control module may be configured to selectively activate and / or deactivate charging of one or more collector electrodes, for example, in response to one or more detected driving conditions. One or more driving conditions may include, but are not limited to, acceleration, braking, cornering, and / or driving surface conditions such as rain. Because particles are primarily generated during acceleration, braking, and cornering, the control module allows the filter unit to be activated only when needed, thereby reducing the device's power consumption without affecting particle collection.

[0031] The control module may be connected to the vehicle's electronic control unit (ECU) for receiving driving data indicating one or more detected driving conditions. Alternatively or additionally, the device may include one or more sensors connected to or communicating with the control module for detecting one or more detected driving conditions and providing driving data to the control module. The control module may include one or more processors and / or memory for processing the driving data and determining whether to activate or deactivate charging of one or more collector electrodes.

[0032] One or more sensors may include, but are not limited to, an inertial measurement unit, an accelerometer, and / or one or more environmental sensors. The one or more environmental sensors may include rain, temperature, and / or humidity sensors for detecting driving surface conditions. The one or more sensors may include proximity sensors to detect the proximity of the device to an object (e.g., a curb). The control module may be configured to send a signal to the vehicle's ECU to warn the driver that an object has been detected approaching. This helps prevent damage to the device through collisions with objects (e.g., curbs).

[0033] The device may also include means for moving the device position or collector electrode position relative to the vehicle. For example, the device or collector electrode may be movable between a retracted or non-operating position and an deployed or operating position via a mechanical actuator (e.g., rotatable, pivotable, or otherwise movable in one or more directions). The control module may be configured to operate the actuator to move the device or collector electrode between the operating and non-operating positions. The control module may be configured to operate the actuator to move the device from the operating position to the retracted position in response to a proximity sensor continuing to detect the approach of an object (e.g., a curb) after a signal has been sent to the vehicle ECU. The control unit may be configured to change the geometry of the device by moving the collector electrode.

[0034] The control module can communicate with one or more external sensors or devices of the vehicle, such as via an ECU. The one or more external sensors or devices may include a GPS system. The control module can be configured to receive information or data, such as driving data and / or weather data, from the one or more external sensors or devices of the vehicle.

[0035] One or more sensors may include one or more collection sensors for monitoring the volume, mass, or quantity of collected particles, or the fill level of the storage unit. One or more collection sensors may include an infrared (e.g., depth) sensor for detecting the fill level of the storage unit, and / or a sensor for monitoring the weight of the storage unit.

[0036] One or more sensors may include one or more particle sensors. Particle sensors may be or include particle counters, particle analyzers, and / or spectrometers. One or more particle sensors may be configured to measure the number or quantity of collected particles and output the measurement data to a control module. One or more particle sensors may be optical sensors that use infrared or other electromagnetic wavelengths to measure the amount / quantity of collected particles.

[0037] The control module can be configured to determine and monitor particle collection efficiency based on one or more signals from the collection and / or particle sensors. The control module can monitor the weight change of the collector electrodes at each given distance. The control module can monitor collection efficiency in milligrams per kilometer. The control unit can use information transmitted from a GPS system to calculate the distance traveled by the vehicle to calculate the capture efficiency. The control unit can compare the measured collection efficiency with a predefined / target efficiency or efficiency range. The control module can be configured to control the charging circuit to adjust the charging voltage applied to the collector electrodes in response to determining that the collection efficiency is higher and / or lower than a predetermined value.

[0038] One or more sensors may be or include imaging devices or cameras. One or more cameras may be set or configured to image the tire and / or electrodes. The control module may be configured to monitor / determine tire tread wear and / or collector electrode saturation based on the output of one or more cameras.

[0039] The filter unit may include a cleaning device for removing or cleaning collected particles from one or more collector electrodes. The cleaning device may operate continuously, periodically, or selectively when the collector electrodes are not energized. This prevents the collection efficiency of the filter unit from significantly decreasing over time due to particle accumulation on the collector electrodes.

[0040] The device may include a receiver for storing collected particles removed or cleaned by the cleaning device from the collector electrodes. The receiver may be mounted at the location where it receives the collected particles removed / guided by the cleaning device. The receiver may be in fluid communication with the filter chamber. The receiver may be removable from the device. This prevents the collected particles removed from the collector electrodes from being released into the environment and allows them to be processed and / or recycled in a controlled manner. The receiver may be configured to accommodate 10-500 cm³ of particles. 3 The volume, or 10-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 350-400, 450-500 cm³ 3 The volume, or any combination or subcombination of these ranges.

[0041] The cleaning device can be mechanical and / or non-mechanical. A mechanical cleaning device may be or include one or more mechanical vibrators configured to transmit mechanical vibrations (e.g., resonant or non-resonant) to the collector electrode or each collector electrode to remove or clean collected particles from the one or more collector electrodes. One or more mechanical vibrators may be or include ultrasonic vibrators. Alternatively or additionally, a mechanical cleaning device may be or include one or more movable cleaning components (e.g., wipers, brushes, sponges, etc.) configured to move on or across the surface of the collector electrode or each collector electrode to remove or clean collected particles from the surface. One or more movable cleaning components and / or one or more mechanical vibrators may be driven by one or more motors or actuators (linear or rotary). A charging circuit may include or be connected to one or more motors or actuators to operate them. A control module may control one or more motors. A non-mechanical cleaning device may utilize an airflow (preferably a cleaning airflow) to blow collected particles away from one or more collector electrodes. In one example of an airflow-based cleaning apparatus, the filter unit may include an inlet conduit in fluid communication with the filter chamber for receiving a substantially clean airflow and directing the clean airflow over and / or through one or more collector electrodes to remove or clean collected particles. Optionally or preferably, an inlet valve may be disposed in or communicated with the inlet conduit to control the entry of the clean airflow. Mechanical and non-mechanical cleaning apparatuses may be implemented individually or in combination. The inlet valve may be controlled by a control module.

[0042] Alternatively or additionally, non-mechanical cleaning devices may be, include, or utilize ionizing jets. Ionizing jets may include charged particles or ions. The charged particles or ions may interact with the captured charged tire particles to remove any residual charge from the tire particles. Ionizing jets may include high-energy ion clouds comprising a large number of positive and negative ions. Any positively or negatively charged electrostatic surfaces (e.g., collector electrodes) within and near the ion cloud. The device may include means for generating the ionizing jet or ion cloud. Ionizing jets can be formed using any known means, such as corona discharge devices, air ionizers, ion generators, or electrostatic discharge ionizers. Ionizing jets may be configured to remove any residual charge from the captured particles, neutralizing them. Neutral particles will not be subject to any electrostatic attraction from one or more collector electrodes. Ionizing jets may be used periodically to clean one or more collector electrodes.

[0043] Alternatively or additionally, non-mechanical cleaning devices may be, include, or utilize water flow. In certain humid weather conditions, water may enter the device. The device may include means for capturing and / or directing water, which enters the device through collector electrodes. This can flush away contaminants that accumulate in the device during operation. The captured water can be used to clean the inlet, one or more capture electrodes, and / or any other internal spaces within the device. When using the captured water to flush away contaminants, the device or control module may be configured to close / seal storage units / receivers for storing collected particles to prevent the captured particles from being flushed away (e.g., in response to environmental sensors detecting water or moisture).

[0044] One or more collector electrodes may comprise an array of two or more collector electrodes arranged substantially perpendicular to the flow or airflow, such that the flow or airflow passes between a pair of adjacent electrodes as it passes through the array. A charging circuit may be configured to apply a charging voltage to alternating collector electrodes in the array and a reference voltage to the remaining collector plates in the array, or vice versa. The charging circuit may also be configured to apply a positive charging voltage to alternating collector electrodes in the array and a negative charging voltage to the remaining collector plates in the array, or vice versa. This provides an electric field in a direction substantially transverse to the incoming particle flow, forcing charged particles to reach the charged collector electrodes. Using an alternating array of positively and negatively charged collector plates also provides a substantially uniform electric field, causing the particles to experience a greater combined electrostatic force toward one of the collector plates, which improves collection efficiency.

[0045] The tire composition determines whether the particles are insulating or conductive. Under friction, insulators become positively charged, and conductors become negatively charged. Therefore, additionally, using an alternating array of positively and negatively charged collector plates ensures that both positively and negatively charged particles are captured by the device, and thus particles released from tires of all composition types are captured.

[0046] The charging voltage applied to the collector plates can be positive, negative, or neutral to give each collector plate a positive, negative, or no charge. The charging circuit can be configured to change or reverse the polarity of the charging voltage applied to each collector electrode (e.g., periodically). Reversing the charging voltage polarity can actively eject captured particles to help clean the electrodes. The charging circuit can be configured to apply a neutral charging voltage to the collector electrode array, or not apply a charging voltage, such that they have a neutral or zero net charge. The charging circuit can be configured to discharge the collector electrodes, such that they have a neutral or zero net charge. When the electrodes are neutrally charged, particles can pass through without experiencing any electrostatic forces.

[0047] The charging circuit can be configured to operate in one or more different charging modes for different charging configurations of the collector electrodes. The charging mode can be activated and / or controlled by the control module.

[0048] The charging mode may include a first mode in which the collector electrodes are alternately charged using constant positive and negative charging voltages or a combination of positive / negative voltages and a neutral voltage. The charging mode may include a second mode in which all collector electrodes are uncharged and / or de-energized. The charging mode may include a third mode in which the polarity of the charging voltage on each collector plate is periodically reversed.

[0049] The control module can be configured to change the charging mode in response to receiving signals from one or more sensors. The control module can be configured to activate a second charging mode in response to detecting humid weather conditions when the cleaning device is activated / operated. The control module can be configured to activate a third charging mode in response to detecting a decrease in collection efficiency (e.g., which may indicate the accumulation of attracted particles).

[0050] Collector electrodes, or each collector electrode, may be formed of, comprise of, or coated with a conductive material. The conductive material may be or include one or more of the following: copper, brass, steel, aluminum, metal alloys, conductive polymers, conductive micron or nanoparticles, and / or carbon-based materials (e.g., graphite, graphene, and / or carbon nanotubes / particles). One or more of the collector electrodes may be substantially flexible. Flexible collectors facilitate cleaning / removal of collected particles by a cleaning device. Collector electrodes may be removable or replaceable. Collector electrodes may also include a non-stick external coating, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon). TM Alternatively, other suitable polymer materials (which may be conductive or non-conductive) can be used. This can facilitate the removal of collected particles from the collector electrodes by a cleaning device.

[0051] Collector electrodes, or each collector electrode, may have an outer surface coating. The surface coating may be configured to increase the surface area of ​​the collector electrodes. This can improve tire particle capture efficiency. The surface coating may be configured to improve the durability of the electrodes, or each electrode. The surface coating may be configured to protect the electrodes, or each electrode, from environmental influences, such as chemical damage like rust. The surface coating may be configured to protect the electrodes, or each electrode, from impact damage.

[0052] The surface coating may be or may include an electrically insulating coating. The insulating coating allows certain conductive tire particles to retain their charge when in contact with the collector electrode. Retaining the charge of the tire particles ensures that the particles continue to experience electrostatic attraction when in contact with the collector electrode and remain adhered to the electrode.

[0053] The surface coating can be or includes a hydrophobic surface coating. Using a hydrophobic surface coating repels water and prevents water from accumulating on the electrodes or each electrode. Preventing water accumulation, in turn, improves capture efficiency. The hydrophobic coating also prevents water accumulation, thus washing tire particles off the collector electrodes.

[0054] The collector electrodes in the array can be spaced approximately 1-5 cm apart, or 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 cm apart, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges.

[0055] Collector electrodes, or each collector electrode, can be or comprise substantially planar or plate-like elements. When the collector electrodes are planar, they can be configured to be substantially parallel to the flow and to each other when the filter unit is in the operating position. Optionally, planar electrodes can be configured to be substantially parallel to a vertical plane. This provides low resistance to the flow or airflow entering the filter chamber.

[0056] The collector electrode, or each collector electrode, may have a length in the direction in which the flow or airflow enters / passes through the filter unit. This length may correspond to the length of an arc formed by angles of approximately 5-40 degrees, or 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40 degrees, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges. In this way, one or more collector electrodes extend on at least a portion of the radially outer surface of the tire or wheel. The collector electrode, or each collector electrode, may have a depth substantially perpendicular to the direction in which the flow or airflow enters / passes through the filter unit. This depth may be substantially 10-200 mm, or in the range of 10-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200 cm, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges. This can provide an extended electric field region around the tire or wheel to improve particle collection efficiency.

[0057] Alternatively, the collector electrodes, or each collector electrode, may be or include substantially curved or non-planar elements. The collector electrodes, or each collector electrode, may be substantially cylindrical or rod-shaped, or helical. Cylindrical or rod-shaped electrodes may be arranged in linear, square, rectangular, triangular, or hexagonal arrays. Alternatively, the collector electrode array may include a combination of planar and non-planar or curved elements. One of the collector electrodes may be or include a fixed electrode, while another collector electrode may be or include a rotatable electrode to collect charged particles on its surface as it rotates. The fixed collector electrode may be or include substantially planar elements. The rotatable collector electrode may be or include a cylindrical element that rotates about its central axis.

[0058] Collector electrodes, or each collector electrode, can be or include plates, grids, matrices, grilles, rollers, wire grids, or braided wire grids.

[0059] One or more collector electrodes may be configured, for example, to have a specific geometry to attract / capture charged particles and / or cause charged particles to accumulate in specific regions of the respective electrodes. One or more collector electrodes may be configured (e.g., to have one or more sharp corners and / or bends) to generate a non-uniform electric field, for example, to have a larger or enhanced charge and electric field generated in specific regions of the respective electrodes. This can increase the electrostatic force applied to the charged particles in those specific regions.

[0060] The device can be configured to separate charged particles from an incoming airflow. It can also be configured to separate charged particles of different sizes by charging different collector electrodes to different charging voltages. For example, collector electrodes with higher charging voltages can be used to capture larger particles, while collector electrodes with lower charging voltages can be used to capture smaller particles. The filter unit can include multiple collection regions along the flow path, each collection region comprising collector electrodes with different charging voltages. In this way, particles of different sizes can be captured at different regions within the filter unit.

[0061] One or more collector electrodes may be configured and / or arranged to have a specific geometry to generate an electric field that influences the trajectory of charged particles in a predetermined manner. One or more collector electrodes may have a specific geometry to generate an electric field that separates charged particles from the incoming airflow. The device may be configured to guide charged tire particles to a specific area within the device, i.e., a storage unit.

[0062] The device may include a main flow path defined between an inlet and an outlet, the inlet for receiving an airflow containing a particle concentration from a contact point (or contact area) between the tire or wheel and a running surface, and the outlet for outputting an airflow with a significantly reduced particle concentration. One or more of the collector plates may be configured and / or set to apply an electrostatic force (e.g., substantially transverse to the flow path) to collect charged particles by guiding them out of the main flow path, for example, to an electrostatic filter unit and / or a storage unit.

[0063] The average collection efficiency of the rear-mounted device can be in the range of 55-80%, or 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges.

[0064] The charging circuit can be configured to store energy or charge released from the collector electrodes, for example, for subsequent use. The charge or energy released from the collector plate can be stored in a capacitor or supercapacitor. The collector plate can be discharged when the polarity of the charging voltage is reversed (e.g., a third charging mode), or when a neutral charging voltage is applied to the collector plate (e.g., a second charging mode). Charge or energy can be additionally released when the collector plate is cleaned and particles are removed from the electrodes. The charging circuit can be configured to use the stored charge to at least partially charge the collector plate.

[0065] The filter unit may include a charging stage for charging particles. The charging stage may be located upstream of a collecting stage or one or more collector electrodes. The charging stage may include an electrostatically chargeable conductive grid. The grid may include a conductive mesh or multiple conductive lines. The charging stage may be or include a corona discharge device. The charging stage may be or include an ion generator. The electrostatically chargeable conductive grid may be positioned at and / or extend across an inlet opening of the filter cavity. The electrostatically chargeable conductive grid is connected to a charging circuit for receiving a charging voltage. The charging voltage may be a negative voltage greater than the charging voltage applied to the collector electrodes to ionize the air surrounding the conductive grid and transfer negative charge to the particles as they pass through the conductive grid. Alternatively, the charging voltage may be a positive voltage to ionize the air surrounding the conductive grid and transfer positive charge to the particles as they pass through the conductive grid. The charging voltage for the conductive grid may be substantially in the range of (±) 10-20 kV, or 10-12, 12-14, 14-16, 16-18, 18-20 kV, or any combination or sub-combination of these ranges. The charging voltage used for the conductive grid can be at least twice the charging voltage applied to one or more collector electrodes. The charging stage allows the device to collect or capture particles that are undercharged or uncharged due to wear on the driving surface. The charging stage can be configured to transfer charge to the particles to amplify / increase the charge already on the particles to the same level, thereby increasing capture efficiency, and / or to charge any uncharged tire particles.

[0066] Electrostatically chargeable conductive grids can be or include filters. Using filters as conductive grids for charging stages can reduce the size of the device because a separate charging stage may not be necessary.

[0067] The device or filter unit may include an outlet. The outlet allows air entering the device through the inlet opening to exit the device. The outlet allows air passing through the device to return to free flow, i.e., the airflow around the device. The outlet allows laminar / smooth air passing through the device to return to the turbulent wake behind the wheels. This can reduce turbulence and therefore reduce drag applied to the vehicle.

[0068] The device may have a specific geometry configured to separate residual particles from the airflow downstream of the collector electrodes, thereby returning clean air to the atmosphere. The residual particles may be tire particles not captured by the collector electrodes. The device may include one or more filters, such as HEPA filters, to separate residual particles from the airflow. Alternatively or additionally, the residual particles may be separated from the airflow using cyclone or centrifugal separation. The device may include cyclone or centrifugal separation devices as known in the art. A cyclone or centrifugal separation device may be configured (e.g., having a cylindrical or conical duct) to receive an outlet airflow and generate a rotating helical airflow that guides the residual particles from the outlet airflow, for example, to a storage unit for collection.

[0069] Cyclone or centrifugal separation can be used to separate and classify particles according to size. The separation device can be configured to output data representing the size distribution of the particles to a control module.

[0070] The device can be configured to have shape factors (size and shape) that positively influence the aerodynamics of a vehicle. For example, the device's positioning behind the wheels can positively affect the vehicle's aerodynamics. The device's positioning and / or shape factors can be configured to reduce turbulence and increase downforce applied to the vehicle, which can contribute to vehicle performance and handling. Vehicle drag can also be reduced, increasing fuel efficiency. For example, positioning the device behind the wheels reduces turbulence behind each wheel. The device can increase downforce by reducing the distance between the vehicle's underside and the ground. The shape factors of the device can be configured such that the device acts as an airfoil that generates negative lift, thus increasing downforce. The shape factors of the device can be configured to generate increased downforce in response to high-speed airflow.

[0071] Depending on whether the device is mounted on the front or rear wheels, it can have different shape factors. Different shape factors allow the device to respond more effectively to different oncoming airflow characteristics.

[0072] The device is likely most effective when positioned in low-pressure, high-speed areas, as it will capture a larger number of tire particles and also provide greater downforce. Airflow toward the inner surface of the wheel (closest to the vehicle's centerline) encounters a faster, lower-pressure airflow. The device can be designed to capture a higher number of particles in this area.

[0073] According to a second aspect of the invention, a method is provided for using the particle collection device of the first aspect to collect or capture particles released from the tires or wheels of a vehicle as the vehicle moves, due to wear on or relative to the travel surface. The method may include receiving a flow of particles from a contact point between the tire or wheel and the travel surface at an electrostatic filter unit mounted in an operating position; and collecting or capturing the particles in the flow by electrostatic attraction.

[0074] The filter unit may include one or more electrostatically chargeable collector electrodes, and the step of collecting or capturing particles in the stream by electrostatic attraction may include charging at least one of the one or more collector electrodes to attract particles in the stream to at least one collector electrode. Optionally or preferably, in the case of charged particles, the method may include collecting or capturing particles in the stream by electrostatic attraction without pre-charging the particles.

[0075] The step of receiving a flow of particles from a contact point may include receiving an airflow containing the particles around a tire or wheel at an electrostatic filter unit installed in the operating position.

[0076] The method may further include: cleaning or removing collected or captured particles from one or more collector electrodes using a cleaning device of the device; and storing the collected particles removed from the one or more collector electrodes by the cleaning device in a receiver of the device. Optionally or preferably, the receiver is removable, and the method further includes removing the receiver from the device for processing the stored collected particles.

[0077] The cleaning device can be mechanical or non-mechanical (see First Aspect). The cleaning device can be or include a mechanical vibration mechanism, one or more movable cleaning components (e.g., wiping blades, brushes, sponges, etc.), airflow, water flow, or ionizing jet. Additionally or alternatively, the polarity of the charging voltage applied to the collector electrodes can be reversed to repel captured particles during cleaning.

[0078] The method may further include charging at least one of one or more collector electrodes in response to one or more detected or determined driving conditions. Optionally or preferably, the one or more driving conditions include one or more of acceleration, braking, cornering, and / or driving surface conditions. The method may further include receiving driving data indicating one or more driving conditions. The method may further include processing the received driving data to determine one or more driving conditions.

[0079] According to a third aspect of the invention, a vehicle is provided comprising a particle collection device according to the first aspect. The particle collection device may be attached to and adjacent to the vehicle's tires or wheels for capturing particles released from the tires or wheels by wear on or relative to the travel surface as the vehicle travels on it. The vehicle may include wheels with or without tires. Optionally or preferably, in the case of a tire-equipped vehicle, the particles are tire particles released from the tires of the wheels by wear on or relative to the travel surface.

[0080] According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a particle collection device is provided for collecting or capturing particles released from a tire or wheel by abrasion or travel on or relative to a surface. The particles may be generated by the device. The device may include a tire or wheel. The device may be used to process and / or shred used tires for recycling or disposal. The device may be attached to a location near the tire or wheel. The device may include an electrostatic filter unit for collecting or capturing particles by electrostatic attraction. The electrostatic filter unit may be mounted in an operating position relative to the wheel of a vehicle for receiving a flow of particles from a contact point between the tire or wheel and a surface. The operating position may be adjacent to the tire or wheel. The filter unit may be configured to collect or capture particles in the flow by electrostatic attraction. The filter unit may be configured to collect or capture charged particles in the flow. The electrostatic filter unit may include one or more electrostatically chargeable collector electrodes for attracting particles (in the flow) to the collector electrode or each collector electrode upon charging to collect or capture the particles.

[0081] Features described in the context of independent aspects and embodiments of the invention may be used together and / or interchanged. Similarly, for brevity, features are described in the context of a single embodiment, which may also be provided individually or in any suitable sub-combination. Features described in connection with means may have corresponding features that can be defined relative to one or more methods, and vice versa, and these embodiments are specifically contemplated. Attached Figure Description

[0082] In order to better understand the present invention, embodiments will now be discussed by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0083] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a particle collection device according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0084] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a particle collection device according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0085] Figure 3 It shows a design for receiving airflow around the wheels. Figure 2 The device in;

[0086] Figure 4 An example of a particle collection device attached to the rear wheel of a vehicle is shown;

[0087] Figure 5 A vehicle with particle collection devices at the front and rear wheels is shown;

[0088] Figure 6(a) and 6(b) Schematic plan view and perspective view of an exemplary collector electrode arrangement for a particle collection device are shown respectively;

[0089] Figure 7 It shows Figure 2 and 3 The collector settings of the device in the middle;

[0090] Figure 8 Showing more details Figure 2 , 3 and the device in 7;

[0091] Figure 9 It shows Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the filter chamber of the device;

[0092] Figure 10 The image shows the wheels of the vehicle mounted in the operating position relative to the vehicle. Figure 8 The device in;

[0093] Figure 11 The passage for cleaning collector electrodes is shown. Figure 8 Airflow in the device;

[0094] Figure 12 A block diagram of the control system for operating the particle collection device is shown;

[0095] Figure 13(a) and 13(b) The operation of the charging stage of the particle collection device is shown;

[0096] Figure 14 Alternative collector electrode configurations for particle collection devices are shown;

[0097] Figure 15(a) and 15(b) Another alternative collector electrode configuration for a particle collection device is shown;

[0098] Figure 16(a) and 16(b) Another alternative collector electrode configuration for the particle collection device is shown;

[0099] Figure 17(a)and 17(b) A mechanical cleaning device for collector electrodes is shown.

[0100] Figure 18(a) and 18(b) An example of a net is shown;

[0101] Figure 19 The network, which is also used as a charging stage, is shown;

[0102] Figure 20 This illustrates how the device inlet and grid create a low-pressure area.

[0103] Figure 21 This illustrates how an ionizing jet can be used to clean collector electrodes according to some embodiments;

[0104] Figure 22 A conical vortex fluid is shown for residual particle separation;

[0105] Figures 23a to 23d Simulations of pressure and air velocity around a moving vehicle are shown;

[0106] Figure 24 A tire particle collection device according to one embodiment is shown; and

[0107] Figure 25 Another control system for operating the particle collection device is shown.

[0108] It should be noted that the accompanying drawings are schematic and may not be drawn to scale. For clarity and convenience, the relative dimensions and proportions of these components may have been enlarged or reduced in the drawings. In modified and / or different embodiments, the same reference numerals are generally used to refer to corresponding or similar features. Detailed Implementation

[0109] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a particle collection device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The device 100 can be attached to a vehicle (not shown) near its wheel W to collect or capture particles released from the wheel W or a tire (not shown) fitted to the wheel W by wear on or relative to a driving surface S, such as the ground or road surface, when the vehicle is in motion. The direction of motion and rotation of the wheel W are indicated by arrows M and R, respectively. The device 100 includes an electrostatic filter unit 110 for collecting or capturing particles, and an attachment portion 120 for attaching the filter unit 110 to the vehicle, which will be described in more detail below.

[0110] Tire or wheel wear occurs at the contact point CP (or contact area) between the tire T or wheel W and the driving surface S. When the vehicle moves forward in the direction M (especially when the vehicle accelerates), particles from the tire or wheel W are primarily projected in a rearward direction, but when the vehicle brakes, some particles are (at least initially) projected forward due to inertia. Examples of rearward and forward particle flows from the contact point CP are indicated by arrows F1 and F2, respectively. Device 100 may be attached to a location behind and / or in front of the wheel W (not shown) (relative to the forward direction of the vehicle's movement) to collect these particles. In both cases, filter unit 110 is mounted in the operating position, adjacent to the tire T or wheel W, to receive particle flows F1, F2 from the contact point CP. In this way, device 100 is configured to collect or capture particulate emissions at their source to prevent them from entering the environment. Once collected, these particles can be processed or recycled in a controlled manner.

[0111] Device 100 can generally be used with any wheeled vehicle, including tireed vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, heavy-duty trucks (HGVs), motorcycles, scooters, bicycles, or aircraft, and tireless vehicles such as rail vehicles that run on rails, such as trains and trams. When the vehicle is a tireed vehicle, the particles are tire particles released from the wheel tires by wear on or relative to the travel surface S. When the vehicle is a tireless vehicle, the particles are typically metallic particles generated by wear of metal rail wheels on metal rails. Device 100 can be attached to a vehicle during assembly or retrofitted to an existing vehicle. Embodiments of device 100 are described below primarily in the context of tireed vehicles, but the described features and principles are equally applicable to collecting particles from the wheels of tireless vehicles.

[0112] The filter unit 110 is configured to collect or capture particles in streams F1, F2 by electrostatic attraction. The electrostatic filter unit 110 includes one or more electrostatically chargeable collector electrodes 114 for attracting particles from streams F1, F2 to the collector electrode 114 or each collector electrode 114 during charging, as will be described below. Figure 6(a) and 6(b) Further description. To electrostatically charge collector electrode 114, a charging voltage of several kilovolts (basically (±) 5-15 kV) is applied through charging circuit 140 (described below) to generate a potential for positive or negative charges. Positively charged particles will be attracted to negatively charged collector electrode 114, and negatively charged particles will be attracted to positively charged collector electrode 114.

[0113] The filter unit 110 operates essentially as an electrostatic precipitator. Known electrostatic precipitators for air purification applications include a charging stage that charges the particles to be collected and a collecting stage that captures them. Through experimentation, the inventors have discovered that particles generated by the wear of a tire or wheel W are typically charged through the interaction (friction) between the tire or wheel W and the driving surface S. Specifically, the carbon in the tire particles carries a positive charge. Therefore, unlike known two-stage electrostatic precipitators, the device 100 of the present invention does not necessarily include a charging stage to pre-charge the particles before collecting them at the collector electrode 114. However, the device 100 may include a charging stage to pre-charge the particles, for example, if a small fraction of the particles are not charged or are undercharged during the wear process, as referenced below. Figure 13(a) and 13(b) A more detailed description.

[0114] A key performance indicator for the electrostatic filter unit 110 is its collection efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the amount of particles (weight / mass) collected by the filter unit 110 to the amount of particles (weight / mass) that enter the filter unit but are not collected. The main factors affecting the collection efficiency are the location of the filter unit 110 (which affects the amount of particulate material entering the filter unit 110) and the geometry of the collector electrode 114 (which affects the amount of particles collected).

[0115] Therefore, the location or operating position of the filter unit 110 is an important consideration for maximizing particle collection. The operating position of the filter unit 110 is close to the source of the particles (i.e., the contact point CP) to collect or capture the maximum amount of particles originating from it. In this document, "close to" means as close as possible without contacting the driving surface S or the tire or wheel W, so as not to affect the normal use or movement of the vehicle. Therefore, the operating position of the filter unit 110 includes a minimum distance Δy (driving surface or ground clearance) from the driving surface S and a minimum distance Δr (tire or wheel clearance) from the radially outer surface of the tire or wheel W to avoid contact between the filter unit 110 and the driving surface S and the tire or wheel W during use (see [link to relevant documentation]). Figure 1 ).

[0116] In the embodiments, Δy and Δr are in the range of essentially 10-200 mm. However, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to these ranges. In practice, the ground and tire / wheel clearance will depend on a variety of factors, including but not limited to the type of vehicle, normal use of the vehicle, tire T / wheel W size, and the characteristics of the driving surface S (e.g., any commonly encountered objects or obstacles, such as curbs, speed bumps, undulations, or potholes).

[0117] Figure 2An embodiment of a device 100 for a vehicle equipped with a tire is shown. The tire T is mounted around the wheel W in a conventional manner. The tire T is made of a rubber-based compound and may be solid or inflatable. In this case, the particles to be collected are tire particles. The device 100 may be positioned in front of or behind the wheel W in the direction of forward movement relative to the vehicle.

[0118] Particles generated by tire / wheel wear have a size distribution. Larger particles may remain on the driving surface S or be ejected from the contact point CP, while smaller particles, such as those less than 200 μm (most associated with contamination), may be entrained in the airflow around the tire T (at least for a period of time), especially those ejected rearward (e.g., during acceleration and cornering). Figure 3 This diagram illustrates various symbolic airflows surrounding a tire T or wheel W as a vehicle moves along direction M on surface S. There is a streamlined airflow AF5 on the tire T or wheel W, a jet AF4 near the contact point CP, a turbulent region AF3 behind the tire T or wheel W (relative to the direction of motion M), and a generally upward-pointing cavity airflow AF1 around the rear of the tire T or wheel W in the direction of rotation R, generated by the Magnus effect of the rotating tire T or wheel W.

[0119] In one embodiment, the filter unit 110 is mounted at an operating position behind the vehicle wheel W to receive an upward-directed airflow AF1 surrounding the tire T, which contains particles, such as... Figure 3 As shown. The airflow AF1 from the Magnus effect attracts and / or directs most of the particles from the contact point CP around the tire T or wheel W (at least a portion) to the filter unit 110. Utilizing the airflow AF1 around the wheel W increases the number of particles received and thus collected at the filter unit 110 while keeping the size of the filter unit 110 relatively compact. However, the use of airflow is not essential; for example, in embodiments where the filter unit 110 is mounted in front of the wheel W to collect forward-projected particles (not shown), the airflow may not play a significant role.

[0120] Figure 4 An example of a rear-mounted device 100 attached near the rear wheel W to a tire-loaded vehicle V (in this example, a car). Figure 5 An example of a tire-loaded vehicle V is shown, with the device 100 attached near both the front and rear wheels W. It should be understood that the device 100 can be mounted on any number of wheels W.

[0121] Figures 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate an exemplary collector electrode arrangement comprising an array of collector electrodes 114 configured substantially perpendicular (or transverse) to the flows F1, F2, or the airflow AF1, such that particles pass between two adjacent collector electrodes 114 as they pass through the array. The collector electrodes 114 are substantially planar or plate-like elements and are configured substantially parallel to the airflow AF1, parallel to each other, and parallel to a vertical plane, as shown. The planar collector electrodes 114 are spaced 1-3 cm apart. This planar arrangement presents minimal resistance to the airflow AF1 passing through the collector electrodes 114. However, the planar arrangement is not required and alternative non-planar elements can be used instead, which will be referenced below. Figure 14 , 15(a) Further descriptions are provided in 15(b), 16(a), and 16(b).

[0122] Each collector electrode 114 extends a length L in the direction of the flow F1, F2, or airflow AF1 through the filter unit 110, such that it extends over at least a portion of the radially outer surface of the tire T or wheel W. Each collector electrode 114 also has a depth D in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of the flow F1, F2, or airflow AF1. In principle, the longer the length L of the collector electrode 114, the longer the particles spend in the electric field between adjacent collector electrodes 114, and the greater the probability of them being collected or captured by the collector electrode 114. Furthermore, the deeper the collector electrode 114, the larger the electric field region, thereby increasing the number of particles that can be captured. (Both increase collection efficiency.) In practice, the length L and depth D are a trade-off between collection efficiency and the space / compactness of the filter unit 110, and will depend on the type of vehicle and wheel size.

[0123] As shown, the collector electrodes 114 in the array are alternately charged with positive and negative potentials to form a series of alternating positively charged collector electrodes 114a and negatively charged collector electrodes 114b. This generates a strong electric field in the region between adjacent collector electrodes, which exerts an electrostatic force (Lorentz force) on charged particles in the flows F1, F2 or airflow AF1 passing between collector electrodes 114a, 114b, guiding the charged particles toward the positively or negatively charged collector electrode 114g, where they are captured and accumulate over time. In the example shown, the particles are positively charged and attracted to the negatively charged collector electrode 114b. In another embodiment, depending on the charge of the particles, one of the positively charged collector electrode 114a or the negatively charged collector electrode 114b can be grounded instead. This can reduce the complexity of the charging circuit 140.

[0124] Figure 7 It shows the use of Figure 2 and3 The device 100 has a planar collector electrode. The length L corresponds to the length of an arc formed by an angle of approximately 10-20 degrees. The depth D is substantially in the range of 10-200 mm. The edge or side of the collector electrode 114 facing the radial outer surface of the tire T or wheel W can be bent as shown to remain adjacent to the radial outer surface along its length.

[0125] Collector electrode 114 is formed of a conductive material, including conductive material and / or coated with a conductive material. Examples of suitable conductive materials include copper, brass, steel, aluminum, metal alloys, conductive polymers, conductive micron or nanoparticles, and / or carbon-based materials such as graphite, graphene, and / or carbon nanotubes. Collector electrode 114 may also include a non-stick coating, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), to facilitate the removal of collected particles from collector electrode 114, as described below. In an embodiment, collector electrode 114 comprises an array of parallel copper plates spaced or separated at a distance of approximately 1-5 cm.

[0126] Collector electrode 114 may include an electrically insulating coating to prevent direct electrical contact with the conductive material used to form the collector electrode. The insulating coating prevents discharge and maintains the electrostatic attraction between the particles and collector electrode 114.

[0127] Additionally or alternatively, the coating may be hydrophobic to facilitate water flow away from the surface of the collector electrode 114. Since water can act as a dielectric, the accumulation of water on the collector electrode 114 can reduce the electric field strength between the collector electrodes 114. If the electric field strength around the collector electrodes is reduced, the charged particles will experience weaker electrostatic forces, thus reducing the capture efficiency.

[0128] The durability of collector electrode 114 can also be improved by using a surface coating. For example, the coating can prevent rust from forming on collector electrode 114 and prevent debris such as gravel from chipping away at the surface of collector electrode 114.

[0129] Figure 8 Showing more details Figure 7The device 100. The filter unit 110 includes a filter cavity 112 that houses a collector electrode 114 and has an inlet opening 112a through which a flow F1, F2, or airflow AF1 enters the filter cavity 112 and interacts with the collector electrode 114. When the filter unit 110 is installed in an operating position to receive the flow F1, F2, or airflow AF1, the inlet opening 112a is configured to at least partially face the tire T or wheel W. The inlet opening 112a extends at least partially across the width of the tire T, and preferably across a large portion of the width of the tire T. The inlet opening 112a may include a circumferential portion 112a_c extending in a substantially circumferential direction, and a radial portion 112a_r extending in a substantially radial direction (relative to the wheel W) to increase the flow F1, F2, or airflow AF1 entering the filter unit 110, such as... Figure 9 As shown. In other embodiments, the inlet opening 112a includes a nozzle or nozzle portion 194, and the device 100 includes an outlet 199 for returning substantially "clean" air to the free flow, as shown below. Figure 20 and 24 describe.

[0130] Figure 10 An example of the device 100 installed in an operating position is shown. The inlet opening 112a extends across at least 80% of the tire width T, and the tire clearance is approximately 10-50 mm. The inlet opening 112a includes a circumferential portion 12a_c and a radial portion 112a_r. In the illustrated embodiment, the filter unit 110 also includes a window portion 112b that is at least partially transparent, allowing the collector electrodes 114 to be visible from the outside (although this is not necessary). In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the circumferential portion 112a_c and the radial portion 112a_r may be two separate (but adjacent) openings leading to the filter cavity 112, for example, separated by the wall of the filter cavity 112. The planar or plate-shaped collector electrodes 114 are arranged substantially parallel to each other and parallel to a vertical plane, with a spacing of approximately 2 cm.

[0131] In an example where the filter unit 110 includes three parallel copper plate electrodes 114 that are alternately charged and grounded with a charging voltage of approximately 7 kV, and is positioned behind the wheel W and adjacent to the tire T, the average collection efficiency of the rear-mounted device 100 is in the range of 55-70%.

[0132] Refer again Figure 8The attachment portion 120 is configured to attach the device 110 to a vehicle (not shown) at a mounting point on a wheel assembly, such that the operating position of the filter unit 110 is substantially fixed axially and radially relative to the wheel W. In this way, the filter unit 110 can move with the vehicle's wheel W while maintaining its operating position (here, wheel movement includes up, down, and steering movements). For example, in the case where the wheel assembly is or includes a suspension and / or steering assembly, the filter unit 110 can move with the vehicle suspension and / or move when the wheel W rotates. In embodiments, the device 100 may be attached to a knuckle or steering knuckle of the vehicle suspension system.

[0133] In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the attachment portion 120 is configured to attach to the vehicle body, underside, wheel arches, or an accessory such as a mudguard. In this case, the operating position of the filter unit 110 is substantially not fixed relative to the wheel W. This may be suitable, for example, in vehicles that do not have a suspension, and / or for wheels that do not turn (e.g., the rear wheels). However, this embodiment is not limited to these cases.

[0134] The attachment portion 120 may include a flexible joint 125 to accommodate temporary displacement of the filter unit 110 from its operating position, such as in the event of a collision with an object or driving surface S. The joint 125 may be configured to bias the filter unit 110 toward the operating position, thereby holding the filter unit 110 in the operating position and returning it to the operating position after displacement. For example, the joint 125 may be spring-loaded or include any other biasing device known in the art.

[0135] Figure 12 A block diagram of an example control system 1000 for operating device 100 is shown. Parts of system 1000 may be located within or on device 100, and other parts may be located within or on vehicle V. Device 100 includes a charging circuit 140 for charging collector electrodes 114. Charging circuit 140 is connected to collector electrodes 114 and is operable to apply a positive or negative charging voltage or reference voltage (e.g., ground) to one or more outputs of collector electrodes 114. The charging voltage may be in the range of substantially 5-15 kV, preferably substantially 6-10 kV. Charging circuit 140 may be connected to one or more power sources 150, which may include device power supply 150d and / or vehicle power supply 150v (e.g., the vehicle's electrical system), depending on the degree of integration with the vehicle, and allows device 100 to be retrofitted.

[0136] In embodiments where device 100 can be retrofitted to a vehicle, device 100 includes a generator 150d configured to generate electricity in response to the rotational movement of the tires T or wheels W of the vehicle V, as is known in the art. Generator 150d has a rotatable drive element configured to frictionally engage the tires T or wheels W (e.g., the wheel hub) to rotate with them. In this way, charging circuitry 140 and charging can be responsive to the movement of the vehicle. A battery may also be provided to (at least temporarily) store the electricity generated by generator 150d (not shown).

[0137] The voltage output from the vehicle's power source (such as a car battery or generator) may be approximately 12V. The charging circuit 140 may include any electrical components known in the art to convert the power output from one or more power sources 150 into the desired charging voltage. In an embodiment, a DC-DC voltage converter or amplifier is used to boost the voltage to a kV range suitable for charging the collector electrodes while reducing the current to less than 2mA. Alternatively, a full-wave bridge rectifier may be used to convert the AC voltage output from the generator 150d into a DC voltage before boosting.

[0138] In one embodiment, the charging circuit 140 applies a positive voltage to alternating collector electrodes 114 and a negative voltage to the remaining collector electrodes 114, or vice versa. The alternating charge polarities provide a uniform electric field between the collector electrodes 114. The charging circuit 140 can operate in multiple modes. In this example, the charging modes include a first mode, a second mode, and a third mode; in the first mode, the collector electrodes 114 are alternately charged using constant positive and negative charging voltages or positive / negative and neutral voltages; in the second mode, all collector electrodes are uncharged; and in the third mode, the polarity of the charging voltage on each collector electrode 114 is periodically reversed. The reversal of charge polarity in the third mode repels previously collected charged particles at the electrodes 114, helping to clean or reduce the accumulation of charged particles on the electrodes, which could otherwise reduce collection efficiency.

[0139] In some embodiments, the charging circuit 140 includes one or more capacitors or supercapacitors configured to store the charge released by the collector electrode 114. The stored charge can then be reused to recharge the collector electrode 114, thereby reducing power consumption.

[0140] The device 100 may include a control module 160, which may be connected to a charging circuit 140 to selectively activate and deactivate the filter unit 110, i.e., the charging of the collector electrode 114. For example, the charging circuit 140 may include one or more control switches (e.g., relays, high-power transistors, etc.) to control the output of the charging circuit 140 (e.g., connecting and disconnecting the collector electrode 114 from the charging circuit 140), and the control module 160 controls the one or more switches (not shown).

[0141] Particles are primarily generated during the acceleration, braking, and turning of the vehicle V. Therefore, in this embodiment, the control module 160 is configured to selectively activate the filter unit 110 in response to one or more detected driving conditions (including acceleration, braking, and / or turning of the vehicle). Furthermore, since the device 100 may be less efficient under wet conditions, the control module 160 may be configured to deactivate the filter unit 110 in response to detected wet driving surface conditions.

[0142] Most modern vehicles (especially driven vehicles such as cars and airplanes) have sophisticated onboard electronic control systems (e.g., electronic control units or ECUs) that control and monitor various vehicle functions and parameters, and include multiple sensors that detect driving conditions such as acceleration, braking, turning, temperature, rain, and humidity. In an embodiment, control module 160 may be connected to the vehicle's ECU to receive driving data indicating one or more detected driving conditions and control charging circuit 140 in response to the received driving data.

[0143] Alternatively or additionally, device 100 may include one or more sensors 170 to detect one or more driving conditions and provide the driving data to control module 160. Sensors 170 may include one or more inertial measurement units (IMUs), accelerometers, and one or more environmental sensors for detecting temperature, rain, humidity, and ozone levels (since ozone can be generated near collector electrode 114 through air ionization). Proximity sensors may also be provided to monitor the distance between device 100 and tire T, wheel W, or driving surface S. The proximity sensors may also be used to determine wear on tire T or wheel W. Devices for measuring the weight of filter unit 110, such as load cells, may also be provided to monitor particle collection on electrode 114 or in receiver 140.

[0144] The control module 160 can switch the charging circuit 140 between different charging modes. For example, when the control module 160 receives a signal from the sensor 170 indicating that the vehicle is moving at a constant speed (meaning fewer tire particles are being generated), the control module 160 can cause the charging circuit 170 to operate in a second charging mode to reduce power consumption. Furthermore, the sensor 170 can send a signal indicating that the vehicle is accelerating or braking to the control module 160; in response, the control module 160 can cause the charging circuit 140 to operate in a first charging mode to increase particle capture efficiency.

[0145] As collected particles accumulate on collector electrode 114 over time, collection efficiency may decrease. In an embodiment, filter unit 110 includes means for cleaning and / or removing particles collected from collector electrode 114, and a receiver 130 for storing collected particles removed or cleaned from collector electrode 114. Receiver 130 is mounted at a location for receiving particles removed / guided by cleaning means. Cleaning means may be mechanical, such as one or more mechanical vibrators that transmit mechanical vibrations to collector electrode 114 (not shown). Alternatively or additionally, mechanical means may include one or more movable cleaning members 118 (e.g., wiping blades or brushes) that move on or across the surface of the collector electrode or each collector electrode 114 to remove or clean collected particles from collector electrode 114, such as... Figure 17(a) and 17(b) As shown, the cleaning component 118 moves from a first position (solid outline) to a second position (dashed outline) in the direction of the arrow. One or more movable cleaning components and / or mechanical vibrators may be driven by one or more actuators or motors (not shown) powered by the charging circuit 140 and optionally controlled by the control module 160. For example, the cleaning device may be activated when the collector electrode 114 is not activated. Alternatively, the filter unit 110 may be configured to receive and use a cleaning airflow to blow collected particles from the collector electrode 114 to the receiver 130. Different cleaning devices may be used individually or in combination.

[0146] The control module 160 enables the charging circuit 140 to operate in a third charging mode to assist in cleaning the collector electrode 114, for example, in response to a signal received from one or more sensors 170 indicating particle accumulation on the collector electrode 114.

[0147] Figure 11An embodiment of an apparatus 100 with an air cleaning device is shown. The filter unit 110 includes an inlet conduit 116 in fluid communication with a filter chamber 112 for receiving substantially clean airflow AF2 from around the tire T or wheel W and guiding the clean airflow AF2 across and / or through a collector electrode 114 to remove or clean collected particles from the collector electrode 114 (see also...). Figure 8 A removable collector 130 is in fluid communication with (and positioned downstream of) the filter chamber 112 for storing collected particles removed from the collector electrode 114 by the clean airflow AF2, as shown. Air cleaning may be effective when the collector electrode 114 is not energized. The clean airflow AF2 can be continuously received while the vehicle is in motion. Alternatively, the filter unit 110 may include an inlet valve (not shown) in or adjacent to the inlet duct 116 to selectively prevent the clean airflow AF2 from entering the filter chamber 112 (e.g., when the collector electrode 114 is energized). The inlet valve may be controlled by a control module 160.

[0148] For example, the average British car travels 12,411 kilometers per year, generating approximately 130 mg of tire particles per kilometer, resulting in a total annual output of about 1.613 kg. Assuming an approximate density of 410 kg / m³ for uncompacted tire particles... 3 This translates to approximately 3900cm 3 The total volume. With a collection efficiency of 60%, it can hold 213.5 cm³. 3 The receiver 130, which has a volume of approximately 6×6×6 cm, will need to be replaced or emptied approximately once a month.

[0149] Figure 13(a) and 13(b) A two-stage particle collection device 100 is shown, comprising a charging stage and a collecting stage. The collecting stage is identical to the aforementioned filter unit 110. The charging stage may take the form of a corona discharge grid 180 positioned upstream of the collector electrode 114, for example, across the inlet opening 112a of the filter chamber 112. The grid 180 may comprise a conductive mesh or multiple conductive lines. The corona discharge grid 180 is connected to the charging circuit 140 and charged with a large negative or positive voltage (typically at least twice the voltage of the collector electrode 114) to ionize the air surrounding the grid 180 and transfer negative or positive charges to the particles as they pass through the grid 180, as illustrated.

[0150] Figure 14 , 15(a)Figures 15(b), 16(a) and 16(b) show alternative collector electrode arrangements, including one or more curved or non-planar collector electrodes 114, which aim to maximize the surface area to volume ratio of the electrodes used for particle collection. Figure 14 Two spiral electrodes 114a and 114b are shown, positioned substantially parallel to the airflow AF1 and having a substantially constant spacing. A suitable cleaning method is based on the airflow, as described above. Figure 15(a) and 15(b) An arrangement including a rotatable collector electrode 114a and a fixed collector electrode 114b is shown. In this configuration, the rotatable electrode 114 is negatively charged so that it collects positively charged particles on its surface as it rotates. Suitable cleaning methods are based on airflow or mechanical processes (see above). Figure 16(a) and 16(b) An arrangement of an array including rod-shaped collector electrodes 114a, 114b, is shown, which are alternately charged and grounded, or alternately charged with positive and negative charges. The array is shown as a square array; however, it will be understood that the array can take any geometry, such as a rectangular array, a triangular array, a hexagonal array, etc. Suitable cleaning methods are airflow-based or mechanical (see above). The collector electrodes 114 can be substantially flexible to facilitate cleaning / removal of collected particles by mechanical means. Alternatively or additionally, the entire array can be removable or replaceable.

[0151] Figure 18(a) and 18(b) Examples of filters 180a and 180b that may be included within a particle collection device 100 are shown. Filters 180a and 180b prevent debris such as gravel from entering the electrostatic filter unit 110. Filters 180a and 180b are positioned upstream of the collector electrode 114, for example, at the inlet opening or between the inlet opening and the collection stage. Filters 180a and 180b may be or include Figure 13(a) and 13(b) The grille is 180.

[0152] Filters 180a and 180b include a plurality of holes 186. The holes 186 are larger than typical tire particles 182 but smaller than typical debris particles 184 (e.g., gravel, sand, dust, etc.). For example, the holes 186 may have a size / width substantially in the range of 1 to 10 mm. This allows tire particles 182 to pass through the mesh 180a, but prevents larger debris particles from passing through the meshes 180a and 180b and entering the collection stage. In the example of Figure 18(a), the holes 186 may be formed in a substrate 188. In Figure 18(b), mesh 180b comprises a wire mesh.

[0153] exist Figure 19middle, Figure 18b The metal mesh 180b is connected to the charging circuit 140 to receive DC charging voltage. In this embodiment, the mesh 180b is rechargeable and also serves as a charging stage to charge the tire particles 182.

[0154] Figure 20 A device 100 positioned behind the wheel 192 of a vehicle is shown. In the figure, the wheel 192 moves from right to left. The device 100 includes an inlet 194 and a mesh 180. Other components of the device 100 are omitted for clarity.

[0155] Inlet 194 includes a nozzle portion with a tapered opening width, configured to redirect air from wheel 192 to a smaller area. This redirected air (as indicated by the arrow) creates a low-pressure, high-speed region within device 100. Net 180 helps to immediately create even lower-pressure regions within device 100. Creating a low-pressure region helps to entrain more particles in the inlet airflow, and thus allows more tire particles to be captured by device 100. In other embodiments, inlet 194 may be larger than the rest of device 100. A larger inlet 194 allows more air from wheel 192 to be redirected into device 100.

[0156] In one embodiment, the device 100 includes an ion generator 196 for generating an ionizing jet near the collector electrode 114 to remove charged tire particles 182 from the collector electrode 114, such as... Figure 21 As shown schematically, the ionizing jet comprises a large number of charged ions 195 (positive and negative) that neutralize the charged particles 182 on the collector electrode 114, thereby removing any attraction that would keep them on the electrode 114.

[0157] Figure 22 A conical cyclone separator body 200 is shown, which, according to some embodiments, can be used as a component of device 100. The cyclone separator body 200 is located downstream of collecting electrode 114 and is configured to remove any residual particles (charged tire particles or others) from the airflow before returning it to the environment. Body 200 includes an inlet 197 for receiving the airflow containing residual particles 182, and an outlet 199 for discharging a substantially “clean” airflow containing a reduced concentration of residual particles. The conical cyclone separator 200 is configured to separate the residual particles 182 from the airflow using cyclone separation. Particles 182 are separated from the airflow and exit the cyclone separator body 200 through waste outlet 198 (e.g., into a storage unit). The remaining “clean” airflow returns to the free flow through outlet 199. Allowing the filtered air to return to the free flow reduces turbulence and thus reduces drag applied to vehicles.

[0158] To determine the optimal device location, aerodynamic studies were conducted using a computational model equipped with a moving floor and rotating wheels. In these simulations, device 100 could be positioned towards the rear of the wheel liner, as an extension of the current wheel liner, to capture charged particles. The results of these simulations were presented in... Figures 23a-23d As shown in the image. Figure 23a and 23d The distribution of total pressure values ​​in the front and rear wheel liner is shown, providing evidence of high-speed and low-pressure flows carrying tire particles. Figure 23b and 23c The magnitude of the airflow speed around the car is shown. Figure 23b It shows the magnitude of the airflow velocity on the inner surface of the tire (closest to the vehicle's centerline). Figure 23c The magnitude of the airflow velocity along the centerline of the tire is shown.

[0159] Regions marked 201 and 202 are located at the rear of the wheel arch, as described above. Simulation results show that the surface pressure and airflow velocity are highest on the inner side of the wheel arch at these regions 201 and 202, which is ideal for collecting tire particles.

[0160] exist Figure 23b In the image, the area protruding from the inner surface of the tire exhibits a higher velocity than the center of the wheel. This confirms a positive velocity gradient towards the inner surface of the tire. Figure 23c In the middle, there is a high-speed zone behind the front tires. Airflow toward the inner surface of the wheel (closest to the vehicle's centerline) encounters a higher-speed, lower-pressure airflow. The device can be designed to capture a higher number of particles in this area.

[0161] Figure 24 A tire particle device 100 according to an embodiment is shown. Components described with respect to this embodiment may be those described earlier in the specification. The device 100 includes an inlet 194, which is in the form of a nozzle with a tapering opening width, configured to receive an airflow comprising tire particles 182; an electrostatic filter unit 110 for collecting charged tire particles; and an outlet 199 for returning substantially “clean” air to the free flow. A filter screen 180 is disposed between the inlet 184 and the filter unit 110 to prevent debris such as gravel and dust from entering the device 100. The filter screen 180 may additionally be formed of or comprise a conductive material and serve as a pre-charging screen configured to charge the incoming tire particles 182. In this case, the filter screen 180 is connected to a charging circuit 140 to receive a charging voltage. In other embodiments, two separate screens may be used instead of a single screen 180.

[0162] The device 100 also includes a removable storage unit 204 configured to receive captured tire particles 182 from the electrostatic filter unit 110. The removable storage unit 204 can be removed from the device 100 to process or recover the captured tire particles 182. The device 100 also includes an ion generator device 196 configured to provide an ion jet, as described above. In this example, the tire particles 182 fall into the removable storage unit 204 after being removed from the collector electrode 114 by the ion jet. The device 100 also includes a control module 160 and a sensor 170 in communication with the control module 160, as described above. The device 100 also includes a mechanical cleaning mechanism such as an ultrasonic vibrator and a residual air filter device 200 (such as an air filter or cyclone separator as described above) positioned between the filter unit 110 and the outlet 199.

[0163] Figure 25 A schematic diagram of another exemplary control system 2000 for operating device 100 is shown. Parts of system 2000 may be located in or on device 100, while other parts may be located in or on vehicle V. Device 100 includes a collector electrode 114, a charging circuit 140 for charging the collector electrode 114, a control module 160, an ion generator 196, a pre-charging grid 180-2, a voltage regulator 142 for powering the pre-charging grid 180-2, and a plurality of sensors 170 communicating with the control module 160.

[0164] Sensor 170 includes a humidity sensor 170a, an accelerometer 170d, and a proximity sensor 170b. Proximity sensor 170b is configured to detect the proximity of device 100 to an external object (e.g., a curb). Control module 160 receives signals from the proximity sensor and sends signals to the vehicle ECU to warn the driver that device 100 is approaching an external object and to prevent a collision between the device and the external object.

[0165] Sensor 170 also includes one or more particle sensors 170c configured to measure the number or amount of collected particles and output the measurement data to the control module. Particle sensor 170c may be or include a particle counter, particle analyzer, and / or spectrometer (which uses infrared light to provide optical measurements of particle properties, as known in the art). In this example, control module 160 is configured to determine and monitor particle collection efficiency based on one or more signals from particle sensor 170c, and to control charging circuit 140 to adjust the charging voltage applied to collector electrode 114 in response to detecting that the collection efficiency is below a predetermined value.

[0166] Other variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure. Such variations and modifications may include equivalents and other features known in the art, and may replace or be added to the features already described herein for use.

[0167] Although the appended claims relate to specific combinations of features, it is understood that the scope of this invention also includes any novel feature or any novel combination of features or any generalization thereof explicitly or implicitly disclosed herein, whether or not it relates to the same invention as currently claimed in any of the claims, and whether or not it alleviates any or all of the same technical problems as this invention.

[0168] Features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, for the sake of brevity, the various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided individually or in any suitable sub-combination.

[0169] For completeness, it should also be noted that the term "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, the term "a" or "an" does not exclude multiple, and any reference numerals in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A particle collection device configured to attach to a vehicle and collect or capture particles released from the tires or wheels of the vehicle as it travels on a driving surface by means of wear on or relative to the driving surface, wherein, include: An electrostatic filter unit for collecting or capturing particles in a stream by electrostatic attraction, the electrostatic filter unit being mounted in an operating position adjacent to the tire of the vehicle for receiving a stream of particles from the contact point between the wheel or tire and the driving surface, the filter unit including one or more electrostatically chargeable collector electrodes such that when the collector electrodes are charged, they attract charged particles in the stream. A charging circuit connected to one or more of the collector electrodes for electrostatic charging of one or more of the collector electrodes; A control module, connected to the charging circuit, selectively activates and deactivates charging of one or more of the collector electrodes in response to one or more detected driving conditions; The one or more collector electrodes include a thin insulating surface coating configured to prevent electrical contact between tire particles and their respective collector electrodes.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The operation location is: The filter unit is positioned on the radially outer surface of the tire or wheel, and / or on the contact point or contact area between the tire or wheel and the driving surface. This allows the filter unit to receive an airflow containing the particles from around the tire or wheel; Behind the wheels of the vehicle; or Located in front of the wheel.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, The operation location is: This allows the filter unit to receive airflow that is substantially directed upward around the tire or wheel, generated by the Magnus effect of the rotating tire or wheel.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, Includes an attachment portion configured to attach the device to the vehicle and install the filter unit in the operating position, wherein the attachment portion is configured to attach the device to the vehicle at a mounting point such that: The operating position of the filter unit is fixed axially and radially relative to the wheel, thereby enabling the filter unit to move with the wheel of the vehicle while maintaining the operating position.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, The wheel assembly of the vehicle includes a suspension and / or steering assembly, and mounting points are located on the suspension and / or steering assembly of the vehicle such that: The filter unit is capable of moving with the vehicle suspension and / or when the vehicle wheels rotate, while maintaining the operating position.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, Includes an attachment portion configured to attach the device to a vehicle and mount the filter unit in an operating position, wherein the attachment portion is configured to attach the device to the vehicle at a mounting point such that: The operating position of the filter unit relative to the wheel is not fixed.

7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein, The mounting point is on or inside the wheel arch of the vehicle and / or on the underside of the vehicle.

8. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, The attachment portion is substantially flexible and / or includes one or more flexible portions or joints.

9. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein, The attachment portion is substantially flexible and / or includes one or more flexible portions or joints.

10. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein, The attachment portion is configured to offset the filter unit toward the operating position to accommodate temporary displacement of the filter unit from the operating position.

11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein, The attachment portion is configured to offset the filter unit toward the operating position to accommodate temporary displacement of the filter unit from the operating position.

12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The filter unit includes a filter chamber that houses one or more of the collector electrodes, and the filter chamber has an inlet opening configured to at least partially face the tires or wheels of the vehicle when in the operating position to receive the particle stream.

13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein, The inlet opening extends substantially across the width of the vehicle's tires or wheels.

14. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The filter unit includes a cleaning device for removing or cleaning collected particles from one or more of the collector electrodes, and said cleaning device includes one or more of the following: An inlet conduit, in fluid communication with a filter chamber that houses one or more of the collector electrodes, is configured to receive a substantially clean airflow and direct the clean airflow over and / or through one or more of the collector electrodes to remove or clean the collected particles from or through the one or more of the collector electrodes. One or more mechanical vibrators are configured to transmit mechanical vibrations to the one or more collector electrodes to remove or clean collected particles from the one or more collector electrodes; and One or more movable cleaning components are configured to move on or across the surfaces of the one or more collector electrodes to remove or clean collected particles from or across the one or more collector electrodes.

15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, One or more of the collector electrodes comprise an array of collector electrodes configured to be substantially perpendicular or parallel to the flow.

16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The one or more collector electrodes include one or more of the following: A plate-shaped element, which is substantially vertically positioned when in the operating position; Configured as a surface coating to improve durability; and Hydrophobic surface coating.

17. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The device includes an array of collector electrodes, and wherein the charging circuit is configured to perform one or more of the following operations: A charging voltage is applied to the alternating collector electrodes in the array, and a reference voltage is applied to the remaining collector electrodes in the array, or vice versa; A charging voltage is applied to the alternating collector electrodes in the array, and an opposite charging voltage is applied to the remaining collector electrodes in the array, or vice versa. The polarity of the charging voltage on each collector electrode is periodically reversed.

18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The charging circuit can be connected to a power source, and; Wherein, the power source is the power source of the vehicle; and / or The charging circuit includes a power supply.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein, The power source is a generator having a rotatable drive element configured to engage frictionally with a tire or wheel to rotate together with the tire or wheel.

20. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, One or more of the driving conditions include one or more of acceleration, braking, turning, and driving surface conditions.

21. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The control module is connected to the vehicle's electronic control unit (ECU) and is used to receive driving data indicating one or more detected driving conditions.

22. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The device includes one or more sensors for detecting one or more of the driving conditions and providing driving data to the control module.

23. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein, The one or more sensors include one or more of the following: an inertial measurement unit, an accelerometer, and / or one or more environmental sensors for detecting one or more driving conditions.

24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein, The one or more environmental sensors include rain, temperature and / or humidity sensors for detecting driving surface conditions.

25. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The device includes a mesh configured to prevent particles larger than a threshold size from entering the device.

26. The apparatus according to claim 25, wherein, The mesh is configured to create a low-pressure cavity around the collector electrode within the device; and / or The mesh is formed of or comprises a conductive material, and the device includes a charging circuit configured to apply a DC charging voltage to the mesh for use as a charging stage for charging tire particles.

27. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The device is configured to separate charged tire particles from the incoming airflow and guide the charged tire particles to a specific area within the device.

28. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The device further includes an outlet configured to allow airflow passing through the filter unit to exit the device; and a particle separation device located between the filter unit and the outlet, the separation device being configured to separate residual particles from the airflow using cyclone separation or centrifugal separation.

29. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, The device includes an inlet opening for receiving the particle stream, wherein the inlet opening includes a nozzle portion.

30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein, The nozzle portion has a tapered width, and the nozzle is configured to increase the velocity of the airflow and reduce the pressure of the airflow.

31. A method of using a particle collection device according to any one of claims 1 to 30 to collect or capture particles released from the tires or wheels of a vehicle as the vehicle moves by abrasion on or relative to the travel surface, wherein, include: An electrostatic filter unit installed in the operating position receives airflow around the tire or wheel, the airflow containing particles from the contact point between the tire or wheel and the driving surface; Receive driving data indicating one or more detected driving conditions; and In response to the one or more detected driving conditions, particles in the stream are collected or captured by electrostatic attraction by charging at least one of the one or more collector electrodes of the electrostatic filter unit, so as to attract the particles in the stream to at least one of the collector electrodes.

32. The method according to claim 31, wherein, Also includes: The particles are not pre-charged.

33. The method according to claim 31, wherein, Also includes: The cleaning device of the device cleans or removes the collected or captured particles from the collector electrodes; and The collected particles, which are removed from one or more of the collector electrodes by the cleaning device, are stored in the receiver of the device.

34. The method according to claim 33, wherein, The receiver is removable, and the method further includes removing the receiver from the device to process the stored collected particles.

35. The method according to claim 33, wherein, Cleaning the device includes reversing the polarity of the collector electrodes; and / or using an ion jet to neutralize the captured particles.

36. The method according to any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein, One or more of the driving conditions include one or more of acceleration, braking, turning, and / or driving surface conditions.

37. A means of transportation, wherein, The device includes a particle collection device according to any one of claims 1 to 30, the particle collection device being attached to the vehicle and adjacent to the tires or wheels of the vehicle for capturing particles released from the tires or wheels by wear on or relative to the driving surface when the vehicle is traveling on the driving surface.

38. The means of transport according to claim 37, wherein, The vehicle is a vehicle equipped with tires, and the particles are tire particles released from the tires of the wheels by wear on or relative to the driving surface.

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