Perovskite solar cell and preparation method thereof

Abstract

This invention discloses a perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method, comprising: ultrasonically cleaning a substrate sequentially with a mixture of domestic water and glass cleaning agent, domestic water, and anhydrous ethanol, followed by drying with a nitrogen blower, and then treating it with an ultraviolet-ozone device; spin-coating an electron transport layer onto the treated substrate surface; dissolving lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodate, methylamine iodide, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether to obtain a perovskite precursor solution; scraping the perovskite precursor solution onto the surface of the electron transport layer to form a perovskite layer; spin-coating a hole transport layer onto the surface of the perovskite layer; and evaporating an electrode layer onto the surfaces of the hole transport layer and the substrate. This invention improves the coating speed and process efficiency while ensuring good device performance and stability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of new materials and new energy technology, specifically relating to a perovskite solar cell and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have garnered widespread attention and application in the field of optoelectronic devices due to their large absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, long carrier lifetime, and low-cost solution preparation process. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has increased from 3.8% to 25.7% in just over a decade, comparable to silicon cells, and is considered a rising star in the next generation of photovoltaics. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells also faces significant challenges.

[0003] Currently, high-performance perovskite solar cells are all fabricated in the laboratory using spin-coating, a method that involves coating a small substrate (typically no more than 0.1 cm in diameter) with the substrate. 2 The solution is added dropwise, and then the substrate is rotated at high speed. The centrifugal force generated by the rotation is used to uniformly coat the solution in the center of the substrate with the entire substrate. However, due to the different centrifugal forces at different distances from the center, the surface of the thin film is not uniform. This method is not suitable for preparing large-area perovskite solar cells. To this end, the industry has developed a variety of perovskite thin film preparation processes such as spraying, inkjet printing, slot coating and blade coating to prepare large-area perovskite devices. Among them, blade coating technology is widely used in the preparation of large-area perovskite solar cells due to its simple operation and high material utilization. Yehao Deng et al. provided a method for preparing dense and uniform perovskite FA based on blade coating technology in their paper "Air-Stable, Efficient Mixed-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with Cu Electrodeby Scalable Fabrication of Active Layer" (Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 6(11), pp. 1600372, 2016). 0.6 MA 0.4A method for printing perovskite solar cells based on an inverted structure (ITO / hole transport layer / perovskite layer / electron transport layer / electrode) was proposed. In their paper "Fully Air-Bladed High-Efficiency Perovskite Photovoltaics" (joule, vol. 3(2), pp. 402-416, 2019), Jie Ding et al. proposed a method for preparing perovskite thin films and solar cells by nitrogen-assisted low-temperature deposition using a doctor blade. The doctor blade coating speed of this method is 50 mm / s, and the perovskite thin films and devices are prepared in an air environment, achieving a larger grain size and a longer carrier lifetime, which significantly improves the quality of the perovskite thin film.

[0004] However, the method proposed by Yehao Deng et al. uses a blade coating speed of only 7.5 mm / s, resulting in poor quality perovskite films, low device performance, and low stability. The method proposed by Jie Ding et al. is significantly affected by environmental humidity, and the films still contain numerous defects, leading to poor device performance and stability. Furthermore, current blade coating technologies for high-performance perovskite solar cells typically use blade speeds below 50 mm / s. Such low coating rates not only hinder the large-scale commercialization of perovskite solar cells but also increase process costs. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned problems in the prior art, this invention provides a perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method. The technical problem to be solved by this invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0006] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, comprising:

[0007] The substrate was ultrasonically cleaned in sequence with a mixture of domestic water and glass cleaner, domestic water, and anhydrous ethanol, then dried with a nitrogen blow gun, and finally treated with an ultraviolet-ozone device.

[0008] An electron transport layer is spin-coated onto the treated substrate surface;

[0009] Lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodate, methylamine iodide, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride were dissolved in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. The perovskite precursor solution was then coated onto the surface of the electron transport layer using a doctor blade coating technique to form a perovskite layer. The doctor blade coating speed was 90 mm / s to 110 mm / s.

[0010] A hole transport layer is spin-coated onto the surface of the perovskite layer;

[0011] Electrode layers are deposited on the surfaces of the hole transport layer and the substrate to complete the fabrication of the perovskite solar cell.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, the area of ​​the substrate is 2 × 2.5 cm. 2 ~10×10cm 2 .

[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, the volume ratio of domestic water to glass cleaner used in the mixture of domestic water and glass cleaner is 3:1.

[0014] In one embodiment of the present invention, an electron transport layer is formed on the surface of the processed substrate, including:

[0015] A mixed solution was prepared by mixing tin dioxide powder and anhydrous methanol. The mixed solution was then spin-coated onto the treated substrate surface and annealed to form an electron transport layer.

[0016] In one embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of tin dioxide in the mixed solution forming the electron transport layer is 5% to 7%.

[0017] In one embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the obtained perovskite precursor solution is 7% to 13%.

[0018] In one embodiment of the present invention, when the perovskite precursor solution is coated onto the surface of the electron transport layer, the distance between the scraper and the electron transport layer is 200 μm to 300 μm.

[0019] In one embodiment of the present invention, before the perovskite precursor solution is coated onto the surface of the electron transport layer, the method further includes:

[0020] The substrate with the spin-coated electron transport layer is preheated.

[0021] In one embodiment of the present invention, the entire perovskite solar cell fabrication process is carried out indoors under environmental conditions with humidity greater than 50%.

[0022] Secondly, embodiments of the present invention provide a perovskite solar cell, which is prepared according to any of the perovskite solar cell preparation methods described above.

[0023] The beneficial effects of this invention are:

[0024] The perovskite solar cell fabrication method proposed in this invention utilizes blade coating technology to prepare large-area thin-film perovskite solar cells. This solves the problem that the existing mainstream high-performance perovskite fabrication process, spin coating, cannot prepare large-area thin films. Simultaneously, it balances device performance and stability. Compared to other processes capable of large-area perovskite thin film preparation, such as spraying, inkjet printing, and slot coating, blade coating technology offers advantages such as simple operation, high material utilization, low cost, and good film quality. It possesses significant cost and process advantages for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. This invention employs an ultra-high coating speed of 90 mm / s to 110 mm / s, and uses dimethyl sulfoxide solvent to control the process window, extending the film crystallization process. Furthermore, by comprehensively controlling the solvent engineering of methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride, a uniform and dense perovskite thin film is obtained while maintaining a high coating speed, resulting in a device with excellent photoelectric performance. It is evident that this invention improves the coating speed and process efficiency while ensuring good device performance and stability.

[0025] This invention obtains a perovskite precursor solution by dissolving lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodate, methylamine iodide, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The perovskite solar cell prepared using this precursor solution is an organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material. Pure organic perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention due to their excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, but their stability is poor, and they are prone to degradation in air. Pure inorganic perovskite exhibits excellent stability comparable to mature silicon-based solar cells, but compared to the excellent performance of organic perovskite, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of inorganic perovskite still needs improvement. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material of this invention improves device stability while retaining the outstanding performance advantages of organic perovskite cells, avoiding the disadvantages of both organic and inorganic perovskites, thus combining the advantages of both.

[0026] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart of a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the blade coating technology provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the UV-vis spectra of perovskite solar cells prepared with different dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations in the perovskite precursor solution provided in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments, but the implementation of the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0032] Currently, high-performance perovskite solar cells are fabricated in the laboratory using spin coating, a method unsuitable for large-area perovskite solar cell fabrication. To address this, various fabrication processes for large-area perovskite thin films and devices have been developed, such as spray coating, inkjet printing, and slot coating. However, perovskite thin films prepared using these techniques still exhibit numerous defect states, leaving significant room for improvement in device performance and stability. Blade coating technology, due to its simplicity and high material utilization, is widely used in the fabrication of large-area perovskite solar cells. Research by the inventors has revealed that in the blade coating process for perovskite thin films, the blade speed has a crucial impact on the film thickness and quality. A faster blade speed drags a large amount of solution, causing convection and resulting in a deteriorated film morphology; furthermore, the solvent flows before evaporation and crystallization, creating discontinuous films. Conversely, slower blade speeds weaken the blade's interaction with the solvent, reducing the crystallization window time and resulting in poorer film quality. Furthermore, as the solution is consumed during coating, the film thickness gradually decreases along the coating direction, leading to uneven film distribution. Current blade coating technologies for high-performance perovskite solar cells typically operate at blade speeds below 50 mm / s. This low coating rate not only hinders the large-scale commercialization of perovskite solar cells but also increases process costs.

[0033] Furthermore, most existing high-performance perovskite solar cell fabrication processes are carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. While this experimental condition ensures an ultra-clean environment free of water, oxygen, and dust, it increases the complexity and cost of the process, hindering the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a low-cost process for fabricating large-area, high-quality perovskite solar cells in an air environment.

[0034] For the above issues, please refer to Figure 1 This invention provides a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, specifically including the following steps:

[0035] S10. The substrate is ultrasonically cleaned sequentially with a mixture of domestic water and glass cleaner, domestic water, and anhydrous ethanol, then dried with a nitrogen blower, and finally subjected to ultraviolet light. - Ozone treatment.

[0036] This invention provides an optional approach: the substrate is sequentially ultrasonically cleaned for 15 minutes each with a mixture of domestic water and glass cleaner, domestic water, and anhydrous ethanol, then dried with a nitrogen blower, and finally treated with an ultraviolet-ozone device for 30 minutes. The volume ratio of domestic water to glass cleaner used in the mixture is 3:1.

[0037] In this invention, the substrate can be indium-tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass, and the substrate area can be as small as 2 × 2.5 cm. 2 ~10×10cm 2 .

[0038] It should be noted that, in embodiments of the present invention, the area of ​​the substrate can also be less than 2 × 2.5 cm. 2 The present invention relates to the fabrication of perovskite solar cells, but this is only intended to highlight that the embodiments of the present invention can realize the fabrication of large-area perovskite solar cells.

[0039] S20. Spin-coat an electron transport layer onto the treated substrate surface.

[0040] This invention provides an optional method for forming an electron transport layer on a treated substrate surface, comprising: preparing a mixed solution using tin dioxide powder and anhydrous methanol, spin-coating the mixed solution onto the treated substrate surface, and annealing to form the electron transport layer. The concentration of tin dioxide in the mixed solution for forming the electron transport layer is 5% to 7%, more preferably 6%.

[0041] S30. Lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodate, methylamine iodide, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride are dissolved in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. The perovskite precursor solution is then coated onto the surface of the electron transport layer using a doctor blade coating technique to form a perovskite layer. The doctor blade coating speed is 90 mm / s to 110 mm / s.

[0042] Before the perovskite precursor solution is coated onto the surface of the electron transport layer using a doctor blade coating technique, the embodiment of the present invention further includes: preheating the substrate with the electron transport layer spin-coated, specifically placing the ITO conductive glass coated with the electron transport layer on a hot stage at 150°C for 20 seconds.

[0043] Lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodate, methylamine iodide, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride were added to a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and stirred at room temperature for 14 hours to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. The solution was then processed using... Figure 2 The blade coating technique shown applies the perovskite precursor solution to the electron transport layer surface at a high speed of 90 mm / s to 110 mm / s. After coating, the solution is annealed at 100°C for 5 to 10 minutes to form the perovskite layer. Figure 2 The substrate shown in the figure is a substrate with an electron transport layer spin-coated; more preferably, the coating speed of the doctor blade is 100 mm / s.

[0044] The concentrations of lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodate, methylamine iodide, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride in the prepared perovskite precursor solution are 1 mol / L, 0.75 mol / L, 0.2 mol / L, 0.15 mol / L, 0.005 mol / L, 0.0025 mol / L, 0.0004 mol / L, and 0.0004 mol / L, respectively. The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the obtained perovskite precursor solution is 7%–13%, more preferably 10%. When the perovskite precursor solution is coated onto the surface of the electron transport layer, the distance between the doctor blade and the electron transport layer is 200 μm–300 μm, more preferably 250 μm.

[0045] S40. Spin-coat a hole transport layer onto the surface of the perovskite layer.

[0046] An embodiment of the present invention provides an optional solution in which a hole transport layer Spiro-OMeTAD is spin-coated on the surface of the perovskite layer, and an electrode deposition area is scraped out with a carving tool.

[0047] S50. Electrode layers are deposited on the surfaces of the hole transport layer and the substrate.

[0048] This invention provides an optional solution where silver (Ag) is deposited on the hole transport layer and the electrode deposition region on the substrate surface using a vacuum evaporation apparatus to form an Ag electrode layer. The thickness of the Ag electrode layer is 100 nm, and the area of ​​a single device on the surface of the Ag electrode layer on the hole transport layer is 0.08 cm². 2 .

[0049] The entire fabrication process of perovskite solar cells is carried out indoors under conditions with humidity exceeding 50%. These environmental conditions make perovskite solar cells more practical and have broader market application prospects.

[0050] To verify the importance of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the perovskite solar cell fabrication process proposed in this invention, perovskite precursor solutions were prepared with DMSO concentrations of 0%, 3%, 7%, 10%, and 13%, respectively, and compared. All other experimental conditions were identical, and the results were as follows: Figure 3 The UV-vis spectrum of the perovskite solar cell prepared is shown. Figure 3 The vertical axis represents absorption intensity (au), where au is a dimensionless unit. The horizontal axis represents wavelength (nm), with DMSO referring to dimethyl sulfoxide. In the wavelength range of 400nm to 500nm, [the following is a partial translation of the original text, which is incomplete and requires further context]. Figure 3 It can be seen that when the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the perovskite precursor solution is 7%, 10%, and 13%, the device exhibits high light absorption. However, when the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the perovskite precursor solution is 0% and 3%, the quality of the perovskite film decreases. This indicates that an appropriate concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide can improve the quality of the perovskite film, thereby increasing the number of charge carriers and improving the performance and stability of the device.

[0051] In summary, the perovskite solar cell fabrication method proposed in this invention utilizes blade coating technology to prepare large-area thin-film perovskite solar cells. This solves the problem that the current mainstream high-performance perovskite fabrication process, spin coating, cannot prepare large-area thin films. Simultaneously, it balances device performance and stability. Compared to other processes capable of large-area perovskite thin film preparation, such as spraying, inkjet printing, and slot coating, blade coating technology offers advantages such as simple operation, high material utilization, low cost, and good film quality. It possesses significant cost and process advantages in the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. This invention employs an ultra-high coating speed of 90 mm / s to 110 mm / s, and uses dimethyl sulfoxide solvent to control the process window, extending the film crystallization process. Furthermore, by comprehensively controlling the solvent engineering of methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride, and adjusting the blade distance and substrate temperature, a uniform and dense perovskite thin film is obtained while maintaining a high coating speed, resulting in a device with excellent photoelectric performance. As can be seen, the embodiments of the present invention improve the coating speed and process efficiency while ensuring good device performance and stability.

[0052] This invention provides a perovskite precursor solution obtained by dissolving lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodate, methylamine iodide, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine, and phenylethylamine chloride in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The perovskite solar cell prepared using this precursor solution is an organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material. Pure organic perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention due to their excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, but their stability is poor, and they are prone to degradation in air. Pure inorganic perovskite exhibits excellent stability comparable to mature silicon-based solar cells, but compared to the excellent performance of organic perovskite, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of inorganic perovskite still needs improvement. The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material of this invention improves device stability while retaining the outstanding performance advantages of organic perovskite cells, avoiding the disadvantages of both organic and inorganic perovskites, and combining the advantages of both.

[0053] The blade coating process for the perovskite layer in this invention can be performed in an environment with air humidity greater than 50%. Early blade coating techniques for fabricating high-performance perovskite solar cells were conducted in laboratory inert gas environments. These experimental conditions require an ultra-clean environment free of water, oxygen, and dust, significantly increasing the complexity and cost of the process. With the advent of nitrogen blades, blade coating can now be performed in air, but it is highly susceptible to air humidity. This invention employs a combined process of substrate preheating and blade coating. Preheating the substrate before fabricating the perovskite thin film reduces the humidity in the coating area, thus enabling the fabrication of large-area, high-quality thin films in high-humidity air. Compared to the blade coating process that adds nitrogen, the preparation process combining preheating the substrate and blade coating in this embodiment of the invention has the advantages of simple operation and low cost. Compared to the more complex equipment structure and increased cost burden of nitrogen blade coating due to the large consumption of nitrogen, the thermal coating process has significant cost and reliability advantages in the large-scale commercial production of perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, this embodiment of the invention uses dimethyl sulfoxide solvent to control the crystallization window of the thin film, and adjusts the blade distance and substrate temperature by comprehensively controlling the solvent engineering of methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine and phenylethylamine chloride. High-quality, large-area perovskite thin film deposition can be achieved even in high-humidity air, and devices with excellent photoelectric performance are prepared.

[0054] It should be noted that the above preparation process only describes the preparation process of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials. This preparation process is also applicable to the preparation of pure inorganic perovskite and pure organic perovskite solar cells.

[0055] Secondly, please see Figure 4This invention provides a perovskite solar cell, which is prepared according to the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell provided in the first aspect.

[0056] As for the perovskite solar cell embodiment of the second aspect, since it is basically similar to the preparation method embodiment of the first aspect, the description is relatively simple. For relevant details, please refer to the description of the preparation method embodiment of the first aspect.

[0057] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Therefore, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0058] Although the invention has been described herein in conjunction with various embodiments, those skilled in the art, by reviewing the specification and accompanying drawings, will understand and implement other variations of the disclosed embodiments in carrying out the claimed invention. In the specification, the word "comprising" does not exclude other components or steps, and "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. While certain measures are described in different embodiments, this does not mean that these measures cannot be combined to produce good results.

[0059] The above description, in conjunction with specific preferred embodiments, provides a further detailed explanation of the present invention. It should not be construed that the specific implementation of the present invention is limited to these descriptions. For those skilled in the art, various simple deductions or substitutions can be made without departing from the concept of the present invention, and all such modifications and substitutions should be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, characterized by, The method comprises the following steps: ultrasonic cleaning with a mixture of domestic water and glass cleaner, domestic water and anhydrous ethanol on the substrate in sequence, nitrogen blowing, and ultraviolet-ozone treatment; spinning an electron transport layer on the treated substrate surface; dissolving lead iodide, formamidinium hydroiodide, methyl iodide amine, methylamine chloride, cesium iodide, rubidium iodide, L-α-phosphatidylcholine and phenethyl chloride amine in a mixed solution of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, and using a doctor blade coating technique to coat the perovskite precursor solution on the surface of the electron transport layer to form a perovskite layer; wherein the coating speed of the doctor blade is 90mm / s-110mm / s; the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the obtained perovskite precursor solution is 7%-13%; spinning a hole transport layer on the surface of the perovskite layer; evaporating an electrode layer on the surface of the hole transport layer and the substrate to complete the preparation of the perovskite solar cell.

2. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The area of the substrate is 2 x 2.5 cm 2 10 x 10 cm 2 . 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the perovskite solar cell is prepared by the steps of: The volume ratio of domestic water to glass cleaner used in the mixture of domestic water and glass cleaner is 3:

1.

4. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, Spinning an electron transport layer on the treated substrate surface, comprising: preparing a mixed solution with tin dioxide powder and anhydrous methanol, spinning the mixed solution on the treated substrate surface, and annealing to form an electron transport layer. 5.The method of claim 4, wherein the perovskite solar cell is prepared by the steps of: The concentration of tin dioxide in the mixed solution for forming the electron transport layer is 5%-7%. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein the perovskite solar cell is prepared by the steps of: When the perovskite precursor solution is coated on the surface of the electron transport layer by using a doctor blade coating technique, the distance between the doctor blade and the electron transport layer is 200μm-300μm. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the perovskite solar cell is prepared by the steps of: Before the perovskite precursor solution is coated on the surface of the electron transport layer, the method further comprises: preheating the substrate on which the electron transport layer is spun.

8. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The entire preparation process of the perovskite solar cell is carried out in an indoor environment with a humidity greater than 50%.

9. A perovskite solar cell, characterized by, The perovskite solar cell is prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1-8. The perovskite solar cell is prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1-8.

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