A decontaminant for radioactive contaminated skin and its preparation method

Abstract

This invention relates to a decontamination agent for radioactively contaminated skin and its preparation method. The decontamination agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 650-750 parts ultrapure water, 30-40 parts disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 2-10 parts tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5-15 parts tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 5-15 parts disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 25-35 parts pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, 20-30 parts sodium thiosulfate, and 55-65 parts fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene. A radioactive skin decontamination agent prepared from ammonium ether sulfate, 45-55 parts lauryl sulfate, 45-55 parts glycerol, 5-15 parts sodium citrate, 10-20 parts sodium chloride, and 1-3 parts isothiazolinone can achieve the following removal rates of radionuclides on the skin surface within 5-10 minutes: 91.5% removal of uranium, 96.2% removal of thorium, 98% removal of cesium, 96.3% removal of cobalt, and 93.3% removal of iodine. This invention can be applied to decontaminate unknown radionuclides on the skin of personnel, preventing radionuclides from entering the body and causing greater harm.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of radionuclide contamination decontamination technology, and relates to a radioactive skin decontamination agent and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, with the widespread application of nuclear energy in fields such as medicine, energy, and industrial and agricultural production, the sources of radioactive pollution have also increased, such as leakage incidents during the normal operation and operation of radioactive nuclides in nuclear power plants, nuclear industry reprocessing accidents, radioactive material transportation accidents, and emergencies.

[0003] Among the contaminations caused by the leakage and release of radioactive materials, the most common is radionuclide contamination of the body surface, which can cause radiation-induced skin damage. Furthermore, if radionuclide contamination is not promptly removed, it can enter the body through wounds, pores, and the respiratory tract, causing internal contamination and resulting in serious consequences such as damage to the nervous system, digestive system, bone marrow suppression, decreased blood cell count, bleeding, and infection, leading to a series of acute and chronic injuries. Therefore, timely decontamination of radioactive contamination is a crucial aspect of medical emergency response in nuclear accidents. When radionuclide contamination occurs, it is necessary to immediately use a radionuclide decontamination solution to decontaminate the surface, minimizing residual radionuclide and thus preventing it from entering the body and causing further harm.

[0004] Because there are many radionuclides widely used in various fields, and in some emergencies, the types of radionuclides that contaminate people's skin are often unknown, there is a problem that the improper use of decontamination agents may lead to a missed opportunity to remove radionuclide contamination from people's skin in a timely manner. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the deficiencies in the existing technology, the purpose of this invention is to provide a radioactive skin decontamination agent and its preparation method, which can be used to quickly and effectively decontaminate the surface of unknown types of radionuclides, and is of great significance for the health protection of personnel in emergencies.

[0006] To achieve this objective, the present invention provides a decontamination agent for radioactively contaminated skin, the decontamination agent comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 650-750 parts ultrapure water, 30-40 parts disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 2-10 parts tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5-15 parts tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 5-15 parts disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 25-35 parts pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, 20-30 parts sodium thiosulfate, 55-65 parts fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate, 45-55 parts ammonium lauryl sulfate, 45-55 parts glycerol, 5-15 parts sodium citrate, 10-20 parts sodium chloride, and 1-3 parts isothiazolinone.

[0007] Furthermore, each 1000 parts by weight of the aforementioned decontamination agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 700 parts ultrapure water, 35 parts disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5 parts tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 10 parts tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 10 parts disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 30 parts pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, 25 parts sodium thiosulfate, 60 parts fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate, 50 parts lauryl ammonium sulfate, 50 parts glycerol, 5 parts sodium citrate, 15 parts sodium chloride, 2 parts isothiazolinone, and 3 parts milk flavoring.

[0008] Furthermore, the decontamination agent is a broad-spectrum radionuclide decontamination agent for radioactive contamination of the body surface, used to decontaminate radionuclide contamination of the skin and hair.

[0009] Furthermore, the type of irritation response of the disinfectant to rabbit skin is a very mild irritation.

[0010] Furthermore, the 5-fold dilution of the disinfectant resulted in a skin sensitization level of 0 in guinea pigs.

[0011] This invention also provides a method for preparing a decontaminating agent for radioactively contaminated skin, the method comprising the following steps:

[0012] S1. Prepare the first solution;

[0013] First, add three-quarters by weight of ultrapure water to the first preparation container; then, under heating and stirring conditions, add the following raw materials to the first preparation container in the following first order: disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, ammonium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, glycerol, isothiazolinone, and milk flavoring to prepare the first solution;

[0014] During the preparation of the first solution, the mixture must be stirred until the first ingredient is fully dissolved before adding the next ingredient in the first order.

[0015] S2. Prepare the second solution;

[0016] First, add one-quarter of the weight of ultrapure water to the second preparation container; then, under stirring conditions, add the following raw materials in the second order as follows to the second preparation container to obtain the second solution;

[0017] During the preparation of the second solution, the first ingredient must be stirred until it is fully dissolved before adding the second ingredient in the second order.

[0018] S3. Under stirring conditions, the second solution is slowly added to the first solution and mixed evenly to obtain the decontamination agent.

[0019] Furthermore, in step S1, after adding the milk flavoring, the following step is also included: adding 0.05 ml of coloring.

[0020] The beneficial effects of this invention are that the radioactive contaminated skin decontamination agent and its preparation method provided by this invention comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 650-750 parts ultrapure water, 30-40 parts disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 2-10 parts tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5-15 parts tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 5-15 parts disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 25-35 parts pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, 20-30 parts sodium thiosulfate, and 55-65 parts... A radioactive skin decontamination agent prepared from 1 part fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate, 45-55 parts lauryl sulfate, 45-55 parts glycerol, 5-15 parts sodium citrate, 10-20 parts sodium chloride, and 1-3 parts isothiazolinone can achieve the following removal rates of radionuclides contaminated on the body surface within 5-10 minutes: 91.5% removal of uranium, 96.2% removal of thorium, 98% removal of cesium, 96.3% removal of cobalt, and 93.3% removal of iodine. The decontamination agent provided by this invention is a broad-spectrum radionuclide decontamination agent for radioactive contamination on the body surface, capable of simultaneously decontaminating major sources of radionuclide contamination such as transition metal nuclides, actinides, and iodine nuclides, and is suitable for effectively decontaminating unknown radionuclides contaminated on the body surface. In the event of an emergency, if personnel are contaminated with unknown radioactive nuclides on their skin, the decontamination agent provided by this invention can be used to remove most of the radioactive contamination within 5 to 10 minutes, thereby minimizing the residual radioactive nuclides on the body surface and reducing the harm caused by radioactive nuclides. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the preparation method of the radioactive contaminated skin decontaminant according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the skin sensitization test site provided in Embodiment 5 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The technical solution of the present invention will be further clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0024] This embodiment provides a radioactive contaminated skin decontamination agent comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0025]

[0026]

[0027] To promptly remove unknown types of radionuclide contamination from personnel's skin, the inventors conducted research on the types of radionuclides contaminating the skin. They found that in emergencies, the main types of radionuclide contamination on personnel's skin include transition metal nuclides, actinides, and iodine nuclides. Some contamination may also include medical and industrial radionuclides. In this embodiment, the inventors used EDTA-2Na and EDTA-4Na to remove transition metal nuclides from the skin, DTPA-5Na to remove actinides, sodium thiosulfate to remove radioactive iodine nuclides, and HEDP-2Na and HEDP-4Na to remove any other potentially present medical and industrial radionuclides.

[0028] EDTA-2Na is a water-soluble organic compound with polydentate ligands, containing carboxyl and amino groups, exhibiting broad complexing properties. It can form stable chelates with various radioactive metal ions. In this embodiment, the inventors found that EDTA-2Na has a significant effect on removing skin contamination from transition metal nuclides. EDTA-4Na is a common water-soluble chelating agent that can form coordinate bonds with free metal ions in water and ultimately form chelates. In this embodiment, the inventors found that the presence of EDTA-4Na can enhance the removal effect of EDTA-2Na on skin contamination from transition metal nuclides.

[0029] DTPA-5Na is a water-soluble organic compound that can rapidly form water-soluble complexes or stable chelates with radioactive metal ions such as technetium, exhibiting broad complexing properties. In this embodiment, the inventors discovered that DTPA-5Na has a significant effect on removing actinide skin contamination. HEDP-2Na belongs to the organophosphonate class of scale and corrosion inhibitors. It is a water-soluble white solid crystalline particle that can form stable complexes with various metal ions and dissolve oxides. HEDP-4Na also belongs to the organophosphonate class of scale and corrosion inhibitors. It is a water-soluble white solid powder that can form stable complexes with various metal ions and dissolve oxides. HEDP-2Na and HEDP-4Na can be used to remove medical radionuclide surface contamination and industrial radionuclide surface contamination.

[0030] Sodium thiosulfate is readily soluble in water and readily combines with non-metallic ions such as fluorine and iodine; it can reduce radioactive iodine nuclides to their ionic state for easier removal.

[0031] Meanwhile, during the implementation and verification of this technical solution, the inventors discovered that the combined use of EDTA-2Na, EDTA-4Na, DTPA-5Na, HEDP-2Na, HEDP-4Na, and sodium thiosulfate can improve the removal effect of radionuclides by targeted decontamination with each radionuclide chelating agent or reducing agent.

[0032] AESA is a water-soluble anionic surfactant with excellent detergency, emulsification, foaming, and compatibility properties. 12 A is a water-soluble anionic surfactant with excellent detergency and foaming properties.

[0033] Glycerin is miscible with water, ethanol, etc. in any proportion. Its aqueous solution is neutral. It can be used to improve the compatibility of raw materials and reagents in the preparation of decontamination agents, so that the prepared decontamination agents are uniform and consistent, and enhance the storage stability of the decontamination agents.

[0034] Sodium citrate is used as an acidity regulator. At the same time, sodium citrate itself has a strong chelating ability, which can help improve the ability of radioactive skin decontamination agents to remove radioactive nuclides from the body surface.

[0035] Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and glycerin, possesses a certain detergency, and can also be used as a thickener to adjust the viscosity of the disinfectant to a suitable consistency, making it easier to spread on the skin.

[0036] Isothiazolinone (2.5% Kathon) is used as a bactericide and bacteriostatic agent. By breaking protein bonds, it has a strong inhibitory and killing effect on common bacteria, fungi, algae, etc.

[0037] The radioactive contaminated skin decontamination agent provided in this embodiment mainly consists of chelating agents and reducing agents. The use of multiple chelating agents in combination increases the complexation ability for unknown radionuclide contamination, thereby enhancing the decontamination capacity and broadening the decontamination range for unknown radionuclide contamination. Furthermore, the inventors found in this embodiment that within 0-6 hours of radionuclide surface contamination, the combination of multiple chelating agents and sodium thiosulfate shows good removal efficiency for radionuclide surface contamination; however, after 6 hours of radionuclide surface contamination, the removal efficiency of the combination of multiple chelating agents and sodium thiosulfate decreases. In this embodiment, AESA and K... 12Two anionic surfactants are used in combination. These two anionic surfactants have good compatibility and a synergistic effect, reducing the surface tension of water / oil and increasing the solubility of radioactive substances in aqueous solutions. This activates radionuclides, facilitating the complexation and removal of radioactive surface contaminants by a combination of various chelating agents and sodium thiosulfate. Experimental verification shows that the addition of surfactants significantly improves the removal effect of the combination of various chelating agents and sodium thiosulfate on radioactive metal nuclide skin contamination, especially after more than 6 hours of exposure. Therefore, in the decontamination agent formulation provided in this embodiment, the inventors have compounded a combination of surfactants, various chelating agents, and sodium thiosulfate to formulate a highly efficient decontamination agent for unknown radioactive nuclide contamination, improving the removal rate of unknown radioactive nuclide contamination.

[0038] like Figure 1 As shown in this embodiment, a method for preparing a radioactive contaminated skin decontaminant includes the following steps:

[0039] S1. Prepare the first solution;

[0040] First, add three-quarters by weight of ultrapure water to the first preparation container; then, under heating and stirring conditions, add the following raw materials to the first preparation container in the following first order: EDTA-2Na, EDTA-4Na, HEDP-4Na, HEDP-2Na, DTPA-5Na, AESA, K 12 A. Glycerin and 2.5% Kathon are used to prepare the first solution. During the preparation of the first solution, the first ingredient must be stirred until it is fully dissolved before adding the next ingredient in the first order.

[0041] Optionally, the heating temperature is controlled between 50 and 60°C. During the preparation of the disinfectant, the stirring speed and time need to be adjusted depending on the preparation equipment.

[0042] S2. Prepare the second solution;

[0043] First, add one-quarter of the weight of ultrapure water to the second preparation container; then, under stirring conditions, add the following raw materials in the second order to the second preparation container: sodium thiosulfate, sodium citrate, and sodium chloride to prepare the second solution; during the preparation of the second solution, it is necessary to stir until the first raw material is fully dissolved before adding the next raw material in the second order.

[0044] Specifically, the complete dissolution of the first raw material is used as an indicator for determining whether the second raw material can be added; complete dissolution means that the raw material is completely dissolved in the aqueous solution, without precipitation, flocculation, clumping, and is clear and transparent. The order in which the raw materials are added should be strictly followed; otherwise, intermediate reactions may occur, affecting the detergency and final product effect of the detergent.

[0045] In one specific embodiment, if a certain reagent raw material dissolves slowly, it is essential to stir it thoroughly to ensure complete dissolution. If necessary, a homogenizer (emulsifier) ​​can be used to promote the full dissolution and mixing of the raw material to ensure that the detergent is uniform, clear, and transparent.

[0046] In another specific embodiment, after adding Kathon, three parts of fragrance and a trace amount of pigment are added. The pigment, used in combination with the fragrance as a flavoring agent, can be used to soothe and calm the tension and anxiety of people whose bodies are contaminated, divert the discomfort of people during the decontamination process, and help improve the efficiency of the decontamination process.

[0047] In addition, never add multiple ingredients at the same time and then stir, to avoid unexpected reactions.

[0048] S3. Under stirring conditions, the second solution is slowly added to the first solution and mixed evenly to obtain the decontamination agent.

[0049] Optionally, the mixing in step S3 includes the following specific steps: using an emulsifier to thoroughly mix all the raw materials in the preparation container to ensure that the prepared detergent is uniform, clear and transparent.

[0050] Example 1

[0051] A radioactive contaminated skin decontamination agent, comprising, per 1000 parts by weight, the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0052]

[0053] like Figure 1 As shown, the preparation method of a radioactive contaminated skin decontaminant in Example 1 includes the following steps:

[0054] S11. Prepare the first solution;

[0055] First, add 525 parts of ultrapure water to the first preparation container; then, under heating and stirring conditions at 50–60°C, add the following raw materials in the following first order to the first preparation container: EDTA-2Na, EDTA-4Na, HEDP-4Na, HEDP-2Na, DTPA-5Na, AESA, K 12A. Glycerin, 2.5% Kathon, and milk flavoring are used to prepare the first solution. During the preparation of the first solution, the first ingredient must be stirred until it is fully dissolved before adding the next ingredient in the first order.

[0056] Optionally, in step S11 of this embodiment, after adding milk flavoring, the following step is also included: adding a trace amount of pigment: the amount of pigment added is 1 drop (about 0.05 ml).

[0057] S12, Prepare the second solution;

[0058] First, add 175 parts of ultrapure water to the second preparation container; then, under stirring conditions, add the following raw materials in the second order to the second preparation container: sodium thiosulfate, sodium citrate, and sodium chloride to prepare the second solution; during the preparation of the second solution, it is necessary to stir until the first raw material is fully dissolved before adding the next raw material in the second order.

[0059] S13. Under stirring conditions, the second solution is slowly added to the first solution and mixed evenly to obtain the decontamination agent;

[0060] Optionally, in step S13, "mixing evenly" means using an emulsifier to thoroughly mix all the raw materials in the first preparation container to ensure that the prepared detergent is uniform, clear, and transparent.

[0061] Specifically, the prepared decontamination agent has a viscosity of 4000–8000 mPa·s at room temperature. The prepared decontamination agent is poured into a vacuum filling machine and then filled into pre-made press-fit bottles. In use, the decontamination agent can be dispensed by pressing and applied to radioactively contaminated skin.

[0062] The prepared disinfectant is a neutral solution (i.e., the pH value of the disinfectant is 7 at room temperature).

[0063] Example 2

[0064] A radioactive contaminated skin decontamination agent, comprising, per 1000 parts by weight, the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0065]

[0066]

[0067] The preparation method of Example 2 is the same as that of Example 1, and will not be repeated here.

[0068] Example 3: Verification of the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1

[0069] 3.1 Verify the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 for actinide nuclides;

[0070] A mixed solution of uranium and thorium as the poisoning nuclides was used as the actinide poisoning solution, and the medium of the mixed solution was a 0.5 mol / L HNO3 solution. A certain weight of the actinide poisoning solution was applied to the surface of pigskin, and decontamination was carried out using the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 after 0 h, 6 h, and 12 h, respectively.

[0071] Decontamination efficiency testing method: The contents of uranium and thorium in the solution after treatment with actinide nuclides and the solution after decontamination were detected by ICP-MS instrument, and the readings were made and the errors in the experiment were corrected.

[0072] The method for verifying the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 against actinide nuclides includes the following steps:

[0073] ① Materials needed: pigskin, uranium standard solution, thorium standard solution, shaker, decontamination box, 50ml solution tubes, decontamination reagent, ICP-MS, label paper, pen, tweezers, waste bin, cotton swabs, pipette, pipette tip, high-precision electronic balance, 0.5mol / L HNO3 solution, etc.

[0074] ② Cut the pigskin (without scalding with boiling water) to the appropriate size and place it in the cleaning and disinfection box. Label it and number it. Set up three experimental groups: 0h, 6h, and 12h. Set up three parallel control samples in each experimental group. Set up one control group in each experimental group. Do not put pigskin in the control group.

[0075] ③ Preparation of actinide exposure solution: Take 0.1 ml (or 1 g) of uranium and thorium, mix them, add 0.5 mol / L HNO3 solution and dilute to 10 PPM, use as actinide exposure solution (the specific preparation method is not described here, but the concentration should be accurate).

[0076] ④ Take 1 ml (or 1 g) of the actinide poisoning solution (uranium and thorium) prepared in step ③, inject it into the pigskin surface of each experimental group in step ② using a pipette, and spread it evenly.

[0077] The control group of each experimental group waited until the decontamination process was carried out, and then injected 1 ml (or 1 g) of the actinide poisoning solution prepared in step ③ directly into the decontamination agent in the decontamination box.

[0078] ⑤ The 0h experimental group started decontamination 5-10 minutes after exposure, the 6h experimental group started decontamination 6 hours after exposure, and the 12h experimental group started decontamination 12 hours after exposure.

[0079] The disinfection treatment method is as follows: Apply 20ml of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 to the surface of the pigskin (the control group was directly applied to the disinfection box); place the disinfection box on a shaker, set it to 200 rpm, and disinfect for 10 minutes; after the disinfection is completed, collect the disinfection solution.

[0080] ⑥ Depending on the disinfection results, repeat the disinfection process in step ⑤ twice; collect a total of 60 ml (or 60 g) of disinfection solution and mix well;

[0081] ⑦ Take 1 ml (or 1 g) of the disinfection solution collected in step ⑥, dilute it to 40 ml (or 40 g) with 0.5 mol / L HNO3 solution, shake it evenly on a shaker to obtain the first diluted disinfection solution;

[0082] ⑧ Take 1 ml (or 1 g) of the first diluted washing and disinfection solution in step ⑦, and then dilute it to 40 ml / 40 g with 0.5 mol / L HNO3 solution. Shake it evenly on a shaker to obtain the second diluted washing and disinfection solution.

[0083] ⑨ Place the second diluted decontamination solution obtained in step ⑧ onto an ICP-MS for measurement, and read and record the total count of uranium and thorium nuclides in each experimental group and the total count of uranium and thorium nuclides in the control group of each experimental group; wherein, the total count of uranium and thorium nuclides in each experimental group is the content in the decontamination solution, and the total count of uranium and thorium nuclides in the control group of each experimental group is the content in the solution after exposure to actinide nuclides.

[0084] Decontamination efficiency = (Concentration in decontamination solution / Concentration in actinide-contaminated solution) × 100%; the data were entered into the database, and the decontamination efficiency was calculated using the formula. The decontamination efficiencies of uranium and thorium in the three experimental groups of 0h, 6h, and 12h are shown in Table 1 below.

[0085] Table 1. Decontamination efficiency of uranium and thorium in the three experimental groups at 0h, 6h, and 12h.

[0086]

[0087] As shown in Table 1, when using the above decontamination method, if decontamination is started 5-10 minutes after exposure (0h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 91.5% of uranium and 96.2% of thorium from the body surface; if decontamination is started 6 hours after exposure (6h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 74.1% of uranium and 74% of thorium from the body surface; if decontamination is started 12 hours after exposure (12h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 67.2% of uranium and 59.3% of thorium from the body surface. The data above shows that in the event of a nuclear accident or incident, if the source of the unknown radionuclide contamination on the skin includes actinides, immediate cleaning with the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove the vast majority of the actinides uranium and thorium. If the contamination occurs within 12 hours of skin contact, most of the actinides uranium and thorium can still be removed; however, as time increases, the radionuclides may penetrate the skin and enter the body, making complete removal increasingly unlikely. In other words, if the source of the unknown radionuclide contamination on the skin includes actinides, the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 is particularly suitable for decontaminating such unknown radioactive contamination that has been present for 5-10 minutes.

[0088] 3.2 Verify the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 against transition metal nuclides;

[0089] A mixed solution of cobalt and cesium as the contaminants was used as the contamination solution for transition metal nuclides, and the medium of the mixed solution was an aqueous solution. 0.5 ml of the transition metal nuclide contamination solution was applied to the surface of pigskin, and after 0 h, 6 h, and 12 h, it was decontaminated using the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1.

[0090] Decontamination efficiency testing method: The radioactivity content of cobalt and cesium in pigskin after exposure and decontamination was detected by gamma spectrometer, and the readings were made and the errors in the experiment were corrected.

[0091] The method for verifying the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 against transition metal nuclides includes the following steps:

[0092] ① Materials needed: pigskin, transition metal nuclide disinfectant, shaker, decontamination box, decontamination agent prepared in Example 1, high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer, label paper, pen, non-woven fabric, tweezers, waste bin, cotton swabs, pipette, pipette tip, etc.

[0093] ② Cut the pigskin (without scalding with boiling water) to the appropriate size and place it in a disinfection box. Label it and assign a number. Set up three experimental groups: 0h, 6h, and 12h. Set up three parallel control samples in each experimental group. Then place them on a high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer for measurement. The measurement time is 200s. Read the background total count and count rate of cesium, cobalt, and manganese respectively and record them (multiple experiments show that the background total count and count rate are all 0).

[0094] ③ Take 1 ml (the amount can be changed according to the activity) of transition metal nuclide poisoning solution, inject it into the surface of pigskin of each experimental group in step ② with a pipette and spread it evenly to obtain poisoned pigskin;

[0095] ④ Place the disinfection box containing the contaminated pigskin onto a high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer for measurement. The measurement time is 200s. Read and record the total count and count rate of the contaminated nuclides cesium, cobalt, and manganese to obtain the total count after contamination.

[0096] ⑤ The 0h experimental group started decontamination 5-10 minutes after exposure, the 6h experimental group started decontamination 6 hours after exposure, and the 12h experimental group started decontamination 12 hours after exposure.

[0097] The disinfection method is as follows: Apply an appropriate amount of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 to the surface of the pigskin and spread it with a cotton swab; place the disinfection box on a shaker, set it to 200 rpm, and disinfect for 10 minutes; after the disinfection is completed, pour the disinfection solution into the recycling system for processing.

[0098] ⑥ Depending on the decontamination results, repeat the decontamination process in step ⑤ once; if the decontamination effect is not good, repeat step ⑥ once; the maximum number of decontaminations is 3.

[0099] ⑦ After cleaning the pigskin with a non-woven cloth, place it in a clean cleaning box and then place it on a high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer for measurement. The measurement time is 200s. Read and record the total count and count rate of cesium, cobalt and manganese after cleaning to obtain the total count after cleaning.

[0100] ⑧ Enter the data into the database and calculate the disinfection efficiency using the disinfection efficiency formula.

[0101] Decontamination efficiency = (1 - total count after decontamination / total count after exposure) × 100%; the decontamination efficiencies of cesium and cobalt in the three experimental groups of 0h, 6h and 12h are shown in Table 2 below.

[0102] Table 2. Decontamination efficiency of cesium and cobalt in the three experimental groups at 0h, 6h, and 12h.

[0103]

[0104] As shown in Table 2, when the above-mentioned decontamination method is used, if decontamination is started 5-10 minutes after exposure (0h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 98% of cesium and 96.3% of cobalt from the body surface. If decontamination is started 6 hours after exposure (6h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 71.5% of cesium and 73.9% of cobalt from the body surface. If decontamination is started 12 hours after exposure (12h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 63% of cesium and 64.7% of cobalt from the body surface. The data above shows that in the event of a nuclear accident or incident, if the source of the unknown radionuclide contamination on the skin includes cesium and cobalt, immediate cleaning with the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove most of the cesium and cobalt. If the contamination occurs within 12 hours of skin contact, most of the cesium and cobalt can still be removed. However, as time increases, the radionuclide may penetrate the skin and enter the body, making complete removal increasingly unlikely. In other words, if the source of the unknown radionuclide contamination on the skin includes transition metal nuclides, the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 is particularly suitable for decontaminating such unknown radioactive contamination within 5-10 minutes.

[0105] 3.3 Verify the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 against iodine radionuclides.

[0106] An iodine-based radionuclide solution was used as the iodine-based disinfectant, and the medium for the iodine-based solution was an aqueous solution. A 1 ml volume of the iodine-based disinfectant solution was applied to the surface of pigskin, and after 0 h, 6 h, and 12 h, the disinfectant was prepared according to Example 1 for disinfection.

[0107] Decontamination efficiency testing method: The radioactivity content of iodine in pigskin after iodine radionuclide exposure and decontamination was detected by a low-energy gamma spectrometer, and the readings were taken and the errors in the experiment were corrected.

[0108] The method for verifying the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 against iodine radionuclides includes the following steps:

[0109] ① Materials needed: pigskin, iodine radionuclide solution, shaker, decontamination box, decontamination agent prepared in Example 1, high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer, label paper, pen, non-woven fabric, tweezers, waste bin, cotton swabs, pipette, pipette tip, etc.

[0110] ② Cut the pigskin (without scalding with boiling water) to the appropriate size and place it in a disinfection box. Label and number the box. Set up three experimental groups: 0h, 6h, and 12h. Set up three parallel control samples in each experimental group. Then place the samples on a high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer for measurement. The measurement time is 200s. Read the background total count and count rate of iodine and record them (multiple experiments show that the background total count and count rate are both 0).

[0111] ③ Take 1 ml (the amount can be changed according to the activity) of iodine nuclide solution, inject it into the surface of pig skin of each experimental group in step ② with a pipette and spread it evenly to obtain pig skin after iodine nuclide exposure;

[0112] ④ Place the disinfection box containing the pigskin after iodine radionuclide contamination onto a high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer for measurement. The measurement time is 200s. Read and record the total count and count rate of iodine radionuclide contamination to obtain the total count after iodine radionuclide contamination.

[0113] ⑤ The 0h experimental group started decontamination 5-10 minutes after exposure, the 6h experimental group started decontamination 6 hours after exposure, and the 12h experimental group started decontamination 12 hours after exposure.

[0114] The disinfection method is as follows: Apply an appropriate amount of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 to the surface of the pigskin and spread it with a cotton swab; place the disinfection box on a shaker, set it to 200 rpm, and disinfect for 10 minutes; after the disinfection is completed, pour the disinfection solution into the recycling system for processing.

[0115] ⑥ Depending on the decontamination results, repeat the decontamination process in step ⑤ once; if the decontamination effect is not good, repeat step ⑤ once more; the maximum number of decontaminations is 3.

[0116] ⑦ After cleaning the pigskin with a non-woven cloth, place it in a clean cleaning box and then place it on a high-purity germanium gamma spectrometer for measurement. The measurement time is 200s. Read the total count and count rate of iodine after cleaning and record them to obtain the total count after cleaning.

[0117] ⑧ Enter the data into the database and calculate the disinfection efficiency using the disinfection efficiency formula.

[0118] Decontamination efficiency = (1 - total count after decontamination / total count after iodine radionuclide exposure) × 100%; the decontamination efficiency of iodine in the three experimental groups of 0h, 6h and 12h is shown in Table 3 below.

[0119] Table 3. Iodine removal efficiency in the three experimental groups at 0h, 6h, and 12h.

[0120]

[0121]

[0122] As shown in Table 3, when using the above decontamination method, if decontamination is started 5-10 minutes after exposure (0h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 93.3% of the iodine contamination on the skin surface; if decontamination is started 6 hours after exposure (6h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 67.6% of the iodine contamination on the skin surface; if decontamination is started 12 hours after exposure (12h experimental group), the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove 53.6% of the iodine contamination on the skin surface. These data indicate that in the event of a nuclear accident or incident, if the unknown radionuclide source on the skin includes iodine, immediate cleaning with the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can remove most of the radionuclide iodine. If the contamination occurs within 12 hours of skin exposure, most of the radionuclide iodine can still be removed. However, as time increases, the radionuclide may penetrate the skin and enter the body, making complete removal increasingly unlikely. In other words, if the source of the unknown radionuclide that forms a contamination on the skin includes iodine, the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 is particularly suitable for decontaminating such unknown radionuclide contamination for 5 to 10 minutes.

[0123] In the event of an emergency, the main sources of unknown radionuclide contamination on personnel's skin are transition metal nuclides, actinides, and iodine nuclides. Based on the decontamination efficiency of the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 (shown in Tables 1-3), it is evident that if the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 can be used to decontaminate unknown radionuclide contamination on the body surface for 5-10 minutes, the vast majority of the radionuclide contamination can be removed, thus minimizing the risk of radionuclides entering the body and causing greater harm. In other words, the decontamination agent prepared in Example 1 is a broad-spectrum radionuclide decontamination agent for surface radionuclide contamination, capable of simultaneously removing major sources of radionuclide contamination such as transition metal nuclides, actinides, and iodine nuclides. It is suitable for effectively decontaminating unknown radionuclide contamination on the skin and hair.

[0124] Example 4: Skin irritation test of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1

[0125] Example 4 presents an animal irritation experiment conducted on the disinfectant prepared in Example 1. Three adult male white rabbits were selected, with left and right controls on the same rabbit. The control side was treated with physiological saline, while the experimental side was treated with the disinfectant prepared in Example 1. The disinfectant was applied to the rabbits' ears, eyes, exposed skin, and skin wounds. Changes at the application sites were qualitatively assessed and quantitatively scored before application and at 0h, 1h, 4h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, and 120h after application. Scoring criteria included whether redness and swelling or inflammation occurred on the skin and ears; whether redness and swelling or congestion occurred in the eyes; and whether redness, swelling, inflammation, or delayed healing occurred in the wounds. The experimental results showed that the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 did not cause any irritation to the rabbits' ears, eyes, exposed skin, or skin wounds.

[0126] Taking the naked skin stimulation experiment on rabbits as an example, the specific rules for qualitative judgment and quantitative scoring are explained:

[0127] Method for applying disinfectant to the skin on the experimental side: One day before the experiment, shave rabbit hair in a 10cm×15cm area on two areas to be treated, which will be used as test and observation sites. Add 0.5ml of disinfectant to the two areas to be treated. Cover each area with 2.5cm×2.5cm gauze and fix it with adhesive tape to form a patch. Remove the patch after 4 hours, wash with warm water and dry.

[0128] Method for applying saline solution to the control side skin: Apply 0.5 ml of saline solution to the area to be treated on the control side, using the same method as applying the disinfectant to the experimental side.

[0129] Skin reactions were observed under full-spectrum light at 0h, 1h, 4h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h and 120h after the patch was removed. The skin erythema and edema reaction at each contact site at each specified time was described and scored according to the scoring system given in Table 4.

[0130] Table 4 Skin Reaction Scoring System

[0131]

[0132] After 72 hours of scoring, the scores for all erythema and edema induced by the test samples in each animal at 24 hours, 48 ​​hours, and 72 hours were summed. The sum of all scores was then divided by 6 (two application sites on the test / control sides, three time points) to calculate the primary stimulus score for each animal. The primary stimulus scores for each animal were summed and then divided by the total number of animals (3 white rabbits) to obtain the primary stimulus index for the test sample. Based on the stimulus index and corresponding stimulus response type given in Table 5, the corresponding response type was reported.

[0133] Table 5. Stimulus response types corresponding to primary or cumulative stimulus indices in rabbits.

[0134] Average score stimulus response type 0～0.4 Very slight 0.5～1.9 Mild 2～4.9 moderate 5～8 Severe

[0135] The experimental results showed that, during the 72-day observation period, the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 did not cause any irritation such as erythema or edema at the application sites on either the test or control sides. The skin irritation score for rabbits was 0, the primary irritation index was 0, and the reaction type was extremely mild irritation. In other words, the original disinfectant prepared in Example 1 caused extremely mild irritation to rabbit skin.

[0136] In addition, Example 4 also conducted a human skin irritation experiment on the disinfectant prepared in Example 1. Multiple individuals were selected, and the disinfectant was applied to their hands. After 30 minutes, the hands were rinsed with water, and changes in the skin were observed. The experimental results showed that no abnormalities occurred on the skin of any of the participants, proving that it does not irritate or damage normal human skin.

[0137] Example 5: Skin sensitization test of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1

[0138] In Example 5, an animal skin sensitization test was conducted on the disinfectant prepared in Example 1, using guinea pigs as the test animals. Both international and national standards recommend using albino guinea pig skin contact test materials or their extracts to induce and stimulate skin sensitization reactions of medical materials before evaluation.

[0139] Experimental group setup: 15 guinea pigs were selected, of which 10 were the experimental sample group and 5 were the negative control group.

[0140] Preparation of test samples: Take 1 ml of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1, add sodium chloride injection to dilute to 5 ml to obtain a 5-fold diluted solution of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1, which is the test sample.

[0141] Induction: Drop the test sample onto a 2.5×2.5cm sheet of filter paper and fix it to the induction site 1 of the corresponding group of guinea pigs (see details). Figure 2 (See schematic diagram of the skin sensitization test site). Cover with gauze and secure with adhesive tape. Remove the bandage and dressing after 6 hours, wash with warm water and dry. Repeat this procedure for 3 consecutive days within a week, for a total of 3 weeks. Control group animals were treated with 0.9% sodium chloride injection using the same procedure.

[0142] Triggering: On day 13 after the last induction patch application, hair was removed from the back of the guinea pigs. 24 hours later, 0.9% sodium chloride injection solution or 0.5 ml of the test sample was dropped onto a 2.5×2.5 cm sheet of filter paper and fixed to the triggering site 4 of the corresponding group of guinea pigs (see details). Figure 2 (See schematic diagram of the skin sensitization test site shown). Cover with gauze and fix with adhesive tape. Remove the bandage and dressing after 6 hours, wash with warm water and dry.

[0143] Observation indicators: 24h and 48h after stimulation, the stimulation sites were scored according to the Magnusson and Kligman grading standards given in Table 6.

[0144] Table 6 Magnusson and Kligman Grading Criteria

[0145] patch test response grade No significant change 0 Disseminated or spotted erythema 1 moderate confluent erythema 2 Severe erythema and / or edema 3

[0146] Sensitization is indicated when the control group animals have a grading less than 1, while the experimental group animals have a grading greater than or equal to 1. Sensitization is also considered to occur when the control group animals have a grading greater than or equal to 1, and the experimental group animals exhibit a reaction exceeding the most severe reaction observed in the control group.

[0147] The experimental results showed that the 5-fold dilution of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 and the 0.9% sodium chloride injection both had a skin sensitization level of 0 in guinea pigs; the sensitization rate of the skin in the experimental sample group and the negative control group was 0, and there were no obvious changes in the skin.

[0148] Example 6: Physical and chemical properties testing of the disinfectant prepared in Example 1

[0149] The decontaminant prepared in Example 1 is a transparent liquid with no odor, and its appearance is not layered, has no obvious suspended matter or sediment, and has no mechanical impurities.

[0150] The disinfectant prepared in Example 1 contains more than 7% total active ingredients. It is a neutral solution (pH 7 at room temperature), making it relatively mild and virtually non-irritating to undamaged normal skin and hair. Furthermore, the formaldehyde content is far below 500 mg / kg, and toxic substances such as methanol, mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, and dioxane were not detected. The total bacterial count is less than 10 CFU / g, and the levels of molds and yeasts are less than 10 CFU / g. No thermotolerant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected.

[0151] The stability test results showed that the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 did not separate into layers, precipitate, have any odor or discoloration, and remained clear after being stored at 40°C for 24 hours and then returned to room temperature; the disinfectant prepared in Example 1 did not separate into layers, precipitate, discolor, or become turbid after being stored at -5°C for 24 hours and then returned to room temperature.

[0152] The above embodiments are merely illustrative examples of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to the present invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A decontamination agent for radioactively contaminated skin, characterized in that, The decontamination agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 650-750 parts ultrapure water, 30-40 parts disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 2-10 parts tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5-15 parts tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 5-15 parts disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 25-35 parts pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, 20-30 parts sodium thiosulfate, 55-65 parts fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate, 45-55 parts lauryl ammonium sulfate, 45-55 parts glycerol, 5-15 parts sodium citrate, 10-20 parts sodium chloride, and 1-3 parts isothiazolinone.

2. The decontamination agent for radioactively contaminated skin according to claim 1, characterized in that, Each 1000 parts by weight of the aforementioned decontamination agent comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 700 parts ultrapure water, 35 parts disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 5 parts tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 10 parts tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 10 parts disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, 30 parts pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, 25 parts sodium thiosulfate, 60 parts fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate, 50 parts lauryl ammonium sulfate, 50 parts glycerol, 5 parts sodium citrate, 15 parts sodium chloride, 2 parts isothiazolinone, and 3 parts milk flavoring.

3. The decontamination agent for radioactively contaminated skin according to claim 2, characterized in that, The decontamination agent is a broad-spectrum radionuclide decontamination agent for removing radionuclide contamination from the skin and hair.

4. The decontamination agent for radioactively contaminated skin according to claim 2, characterized in that, The disinfectant caused a very mild irritation to the rabbit's skin.

5. The decontamination agent for radioactively contaminated skin according to claim 2, characterized in that, The 5-fold dilution of the disinfectant caused a grade 0 sensitization reaction to guinea pig skin.

6. A method for preparing a decontaminating agent for radioactive contaminated skin according to claim 2, characterized in that, The preparation method includes the following steps: S1. Prepare the first solution; First, add three-quarters by weight of ultrapure water to the first preparation container; then, under heating and stirring conditions, add the following raw materials to the first preparation container in the following first order: disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, tetrasodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, disodium hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate, pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, ammonium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, glycerol, isothiazolinone, and milk flavoring to prepare the first solution; During the preparation of the first solution, the mixture must be stirred until the first ingredient is fully dissolved before adding the next ingredient in the first order. S2. Prepare the second solution; First, add one-quarter of the weight of ultrapure water to the second preparation container; then, under stirring conditions, add the following raw materials in the second order as follows to the second preparation container to obtain the second solution; During the preparation of the second solution, the first ingredient must be stirred until it is fully dissolved before adding the second ingredient in the second order. S3. Under stirring conditions, the second solution is slowly added to the first solution and mixed evenly to obtain the decontamination agent.

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