Display article with diffractive anti-glare surface and thin durable anti-reflective coating

Abstract

Described herein is a display article, comprising: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; a diffractive surface region bounded by the major surface; and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the diffractive surface region. The diffractive surface region comprises structural features comprising different heights in a multi-modal distribution. The substrate exhibits a sparkle of <4% and a transmittance haze of <20% each at an angle of incidence of 0°. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers. Further, each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average visible specular reflectance of less than 0.2% at an angle of incidence of 20° and a maximum hardness of >8 GPa in a Vickers indenter hardness test.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 049,843, filed July 9, 2020, entitled “DISPLAY ARTICLES WITH DIFFRACTIVE, ANTIGLARE SURFACES AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] This application is related to the following commonly owned and assigned patent applications, but does not claim priority to these patent applications: U.S. Patent Application Serial No. (D31977), entitled "TEXTURED REGION TO REDUCE SPECULAR REFLECTANCE INCLUDING A LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX SUBSTRATE WITH HIGHER ELEVATED SURFACES AND LOWER ELEVATED SURFACES AND A HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX MATERIAL DISPOSED ON THE LOWER ELEVATED SURFACES" and filed on, ; U.S. Patent Application Serial No. (D31038 / 32632), entitled "ANTI-GLARE SUBSTRATE FOR A DISPLAY ARTICLE INCLUDING A TEXTURED REGION WITH PRIMARY SURFACE FEATURES AND SECONDARY SURFACE FEATURES IMPARTING A SURFACE ROUGHNESS THAT INCREASES SURFACE SCATTERING" and filed on, ; U.S. Patent Application Serial No. (D32630 / 32632), entitled "TEXTURED REGION OF A SUBSTRATE TO REDUCE SPECULAR REFLECTANCE INCORPORATING SURFACE FEATURES WITH AN ELLIPTICAL PERIMETER OR SEGMENTS THEREOF, AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME" and filed on, ; and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. (D32623), entitled "T DISPLAY ARTICLES WITH ANTI-GLARE SURFACES AND THIN, DURABLE ANTI-REFLECTION COATINGS" and filed on,. The entire disclosure of each of the foregoing U.S. Patent Applications, Publications, and Patent Documents is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0004] The present disclosure relates generally to display articles having diffractive anti-glare surfaces with thin, durable anti-reflective coatings, and in particular to display articles comprising a substrate having one or more major surfaces with a diffractive surface region having anti-glare properties and a multi-layer anti-reflective coating thereon. BACKGROUND

[0005] Anti-glare surfaces are commonly used in display devices such as LCD screens, tablet computers, smart phones, OLEDs, and touch screens to avoid or reduce the specular reflection of ambient light. In many display devices, such anti-glare surfaces are formed by providing a level of roughness to one or more surfaces of the glass and / or a film on the glass to diffuse and scatter incident light. Anti-glare surfaces in the form of roughened glass surfaces are commonly used on the front surface of such display devices to reduce the apparent visibility of external reflections from the display and to improve readability of the display under different lighting conditions.

[0006] Prior methods for imparting anti-glare properties on glass substrates employed in display articles have been successful to some extent. Typically, such methods have been used to employ a randomized surface roughness profile in the surface of the substrate and / or within a film on such a substrate. However, such methods result in glass substrates and display articles having high haze and / or high display flicker. High haze levels can reduce display contrast by scattering high angle light towards the user, making black levels appear 'washed out'. High display flicker levels are unwanted random variations in pixel brightness that result in a grainy appearance as the viewing angle shifts.

[0007] In addition, shield articles are commonly used to protect devices within electronic products, providing a user interface for input and / or display and / or many other functions. Such products include mobile devices, such as smart phones, smart watches, mp3 players, and tablet computers. Such display articles can also benefit from certain levels of transparency, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, or a combination thereof. Such applications often require scratch resistance as well as strong optical performance characteristics in terms of maximum light transmission and minimum reflectance.

[0008] Such display articles are often used in applications having packaging constraints (e.g., mobile devices). In particular, many of such applications can benefit significantly from a reduction in overall thickness, even a few percent. In addition, many applications employing such display articles and non-display articles benefit from low manufacturing costs, for example, through raw material cost minimization, process complexity minimization, and yield improvement. Smaller packaging with comparable optical and mechanical characteristic performance attributes to existing display articles and non-display articles can also serve the desire to reduce manufacturing costs (e.g., through reduction of raw material costs, through reduction of the number of layers in the anti-reflective structure, reduction of process time, resulting in higher manufacturing throughput and thus lower capital equipment costs per part).

[0009] The optical performance of a cover display article can be improved by using various anti-reflective coatings; however, known anti-reflective coatings are susceptible to abrasion or wear. Such wear can compromise any optical performance improvements achieved by the anti-reflective coating. Abrasion damage can include reciprocating sliding contact from opposing objects (e.g., fingers). Additionally, abrasion damage can generate heat, which can degrade chemical bonds in the film material and cause spalling and other types of damage to the cover glass. Because abrasion damage typically occurs over a longer period of time than a single event that results in a scratch, the disposed coating material that experiences abrasion damage can also oxidize, which further degrades the durability of the coating.

[0010] In view of these considerations, there is a need for display articles and substrates having improved anti-glare properties, including but not limited to suppression of specular reflection, low flicker, and low image clarity. Furthermore, there is a need for these same display articles to also have abrasion resistance and anti-reflective optical properties. SUMMARY

[0011] According to an aspect of the disclosure, a display article is provided, comprising: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; a diffractive surface region defined by the major surface; and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate. The diffractive surface region comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a plurality of different heights in a multimodal distribution. Furthermore, the substrate exhibits a flicker of less than 4% as measured by pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) at an incident angle of 0° from normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 40% at an incident angle of 0° from normal. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high and low refractive index layers. Furthermore, each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index of less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index of greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.2% at an incident angle of 20° from normal in the visible spectrum from about 450 nm to 650 nm. Additionally, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich indenter hardness test over an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

[0012] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a display article comprising: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; a diffractive surface region defined by the major surface; and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate. The diffractive surface region comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a pitch less than 125 pm and a fill fraction from 30% to 70%, each structural feature comprising a diameter from 5 pm to 120 pm. Further, the substrate exhibits a sparkle less than 4% as measured by pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) at an angle of incidence of 0° from the normal, and a transmittance haze less than 40% at an angle of incidence of 0° from the normal. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers. Further, each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance (%R) less than 0.2% at an angle of incidence of 20° from the normal in the visible spectrum from about 450 nm to 650 nm. In addition, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test over an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

[0013] According to another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a display article comprising: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; a diffractive surface region defined by the major surface; and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate. The diffractive surface region comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a pitch less than 125 pm and a fill fraction from 30% to 70%, each structural feature comprising a diameter from 5 pm to 120 pm. Further, the substrate exhibits a sparkle less than 4% as measured by pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) at an angle of incidence of 0° from the normal, and a transmittance haze less than 40% at an angle of incidence of 0° from the normal. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers. Further, each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance (%R) less than 0.2% at an angle of incidence of 20° from the normal in the visible spectrum from about 450 nm to 650 nm. In addition, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test over an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

[0014] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art who practice the embodiments as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

[0015] It should be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary and intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and characteristics of the claimed disclosure.

[0016] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the principles of this disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments and, together with the description, explain the principles and operation of this disclosure by example. It should be understood that the various features of this disclosure disclosed in this specification and the accompanying drawings can be used in any and all combinations. Attached Figure Description

[0017] These and other features, aspects and advantages of this disclosure can be better understood when the following detailed description of this disclosure is read with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0018] FIG. 1A This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a display article according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 1B This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a display article according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 1C This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a display article having an anti-reflective coating according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 2 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a diffraction anti-glare structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B The diffraction efficiencies of reflection and transmission according to embodiments of this disclosure are respectively used as... FIG. 2 A plot of the structural depth as a function of the described diffraction anti-glare structure.

[0023] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C The diffraction efficiencies of reflection at 15%, 30%, and 70% fill fractions, respectively, according to embodiments of this disclosure, are used as... FIG. 2 A plot of the structural depth as a function of the described diffraction anti-glare structure.

[0024] FIG. 5 The diffraction efficiency of reflected light at different incident light wavelengths, according to embodiments of this disclosure, is used as... FIG. 2 A plot of the structural depth of the depicted diffraction anti-glare surface as a function of .

[0025] FIG. 6 This is a schematic flowchart of a method for manufacturing a display article according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 7A to FIG. 7D is an optical micrograph of a diffractive surface area of a substrate employed in a display article according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 8 is a plot of etch depth as a function of etch time to form two structural features of a diffractive surface area of a substrate employed in a display article according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B is a plot of distinctness of image (DOI) as a function of etch depth for structural features having different sizes and fill fractions that are part of a diffractive surface area of a substrate employed in a display article according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B is a plot of pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) and haze as a function of etch depth for structural features having different sizes and fill fractions that are part of a diffractive surface area of a substrate employed in a display article according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 10C and FIG. 10D is a plot of pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) and haze as a function of etch depth for structural features having different sizes and fill fractions that are part of a diffractive surface area of a substrate employed in a display article according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 11A is an optical image and surface height profile bar of a diffractive surface area having a first set of structural features having a depth of about 150 nm and a fill fraction of about 50% according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 11B is an angular plot of reflectance magnitude versus reflection angle in degrees for three articles having different diffractive surface areas according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 12 is an angular plot of reflectance magnitude versus reflection angle in degrees for a display article having a diffractive surface area according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 13A and FIG. 13Bis an optical image of a display article having diffractive surface regions before and after a mask and etchant employed in a method of making the display article are removed, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 14 is a plot of distinctness of image (DOI) of structural features of a diffractive surface region of a display article as a function of etch depth, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 15 is a schematic plot of seven structural features of a diffractive surface region configured in a hexagonal pattern to depict a hexagonal percentage (H), according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 16A and FIG. 16B are nearest neighbor distributions and pattern period plots, respectively, of a diffractive surface region of a display article, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0038] FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B are nearest neighbor distributions and pattern period plots, respectively, of a diffractive surface region of a display article, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0039] FIG. 18A is a plan view of an exemplary electronic device incorporating any of the articles disclosed herein.

[0040] FIG. 18B is a perspective view of the exemplary electronic device of FIG. 18A .

[0041] FIG. 19 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a display article, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0042] FIG. 20 is a plot of hardness versus indentation depth of a display article as measured according to a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] In the following detailed description, for the purposes of explanation and not limitation, exemplary embodiments disclosing specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the various principles of the disclosure. One skilled in the art, however, will understand that the present disclosure can be practiced in other embodiments that depart from the specific details disclosed herein. Moreover, descriptions of well-known devices, methods, and materials can be omitted so as to not obscure the descriptions of various principles of the disclosure. Finally, where applicable, like reference numerals denote like elements throughout the specification.

[0044] RANGES can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and / or to "about" another particular value. When such ranges are expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations by using the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of the ranges are included in the range, whether the

[0045] Directional terms as used herein (e.g., "up," "down," "right," "left," "front," "back," "top," "bottom") are made only with reference to the figures as drawn and are not intended to imply absolute orientation.

[0046] Unless specifically stated otherwise, no aspect of the present disclosure is intended to be construed as requiring its steps to be performed in a particular order. Accordingly, unless specifically stated otherwise, no aspect is intended to imply that the steps are to be performed in a particular order, nor that the steps are to be performed in a particular order as described in the claims or in the description. This is true even if the steps are described in an order other than the order in which they are performed. This is also true for any possible non- recited interpretation of the order or sequence of steps. This is also true for any possible non- recited interpretation of the logical arrangement of steps or the process flow described in the specification.

[0047] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a component" includes aspects with two or more such components, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0048] As used herein, "Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test" includes measuring the hardness of a material on a surface of the material by pressing a diamond Berkovich indenter into the surface. The Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test includes pressing a diamond Berkovich indenter into the display article 100 of the present disclosure (see FIG. 1) to a depth of 2 pm, and measuring the force required to press the indenter into the surface to the depth of 2 pm. The Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test includes pressing a diamond Berkovich indenter into the display article 100 of the present disclosure (see FIG. 1) to a depth of 2 pm, and measuring the force required to press the indenter into the surface to the depth of 2 pm. FIG. 1CThe air-side surface 61 of the anti-reflective coating 60 (to Figure IE and corresponding description) is indented to form an indentation having an indentation depth in a range from about 50 nm to about 1000 nm (or the entire anti-reflective coating or layer thickness, whichever is less); and the hardness is measured at various points along the entire indentation depth range, along a specified segment of this indentation depth (e.g., in a range of depths from about 100 nm to about 500 nm), or at a particular indentation depth (e.g., at a 100 nm depth, at a 500 nm depth, etc.) according to the methods set forth in Oliver, W. C.; Pharr, G. M., “An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments”, J. Mater. Res., Vol. 7, No. 6, 1992, 1564-1583; and Oliver, W. C. and Pharr, G. M., “Measurement of Hardness and Elastic Modulus by Instrument Indentation: Advances in Understanding and Refinements to Methodology”, J. Mater. Res., Vol. 9, No. 1, 2004, 3-20. Further, when the hardness is measured over a range of indentation depths (e.g., in a range of depths from about 100 nm to about 500 nm), the results can be reported as the maximum hardness over the specified range, where the maximum is selected from the measurements obtained at each depth in the range. As used herein, “hardness” and “maximum hardness” each refer to the measured hardness value, not an average of hardness values. Similarly, when the hardness is measured at an indentation depth, the hardness value obtained from a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test is the one obtained for that particular indentation depth.

[0049] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to display articles having a combination of antireflective (AR) and antiglare (AG) optical properties, as well as mechanical strength and abrasion resistance. Such display articles advantageously have a lower first surface specular reflectance level (e.g., less than 0.08% at 20° incidence from normal) compared to articles having only AR or AG properties and characteristics. More particularly, the display articles have one or more diffractive AG substrate surfaces (e.g., diffractive surface regions having structural features such as posts, which include different heights in a multimodal distribution) with a thin, durable multilayer AR coating (e.g., having a plurality of alternating low and high refractive index layers). Since the diffractive AG surface regions can scatter light in both transmission and reflection, it can also reduce the occurrence of hidden reflections in the display. The multilayer AR coating can be disposed on top of the diffractive AG surface regions of the substrate, creating an overall lower specular reflectance for the combined structure. This approach is complementary in that it creates two different additional optical mechanisms. The diffractive AG surface regions reduce the specular reflectance by diffractively scattering the specularly reflected light to non-specular reflection angles, while the multilayer AR coating reduces the specular reflectance by thin film interference. Furthermore, such display articles have antiglare properties such as low pixel power deviation (PPD 140 )(e.g., less than 4%) and low transmission haze (e.g., less than 40%). In addition, the AR coating can enable the article to exhibit a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater, as measured by Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

[0050] Additional aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to display articles having diffractive antiglare surfaces and methods of making the same, and in particular to display articles comprising a substrate having one or more major surfaces with diffractive surface regions and antiglare properties. Generally, the display articles and substrates of the present disclosure employ specially designed diffractive surface regions having antiglare properties such as low distinctness of image (DOI), low pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ), and low transmission haze. Each of these antiglare properties is desirable for display applications, and conventional approaches have not achieved this combination of antiglare properties. According to aspects of the present disclosure, the diffractive surface regions have structural features such as holes and / or posts with diameters less than 100 pm, pitches less than 125 pm, and fill fractions of 40% to 55%. The diffractive surface regions including these holes and / or posts can enable display articles employing the diffractive surface regions to exhibit a first surface reflectance DOI of less than 80%, a PPD 140and a transmission haze of less than 20%. Moreover, such properties can be achieved without any anti-reflective coating otherwise present over the diffractive surface region. Further, in some embodiments, the diffractive surface region can have a height and / or depth of a multi-modal distribution (e.g., a bi-modal distribution) of surface heights from 120 nm to 200 nm, which can reduce specular reflectivity through diffractive interference.

[0051] Compared to display articles utilizing conventional methods to achieve anti-reflective properties, display articles of the present disclosure, including diffractive surface regions (with or without anti-reflective coatings), provide several advantages. For example, display articles of the present disclosure can use diffractive light scattering to suppress specular reflectivity by a factor of 10 or more, while also achieving a combination of low haze, low flicker, and high mechanical durability. High mechanical durability is associated with the relatively low aspect ratio of the structural features of the diffractive surface region. Additionally, some display articles according to the present disclosure employ diffractive surface regions and multi-layer anti-reflective coating structures to achieve greater than 20x, 50x, or even 100x reduction in specular reflectance. Another advantage of display articles of the present disclosure is that the planar step and semi-planar morphology of the diffractive surface region, along with a controlled structure depth of less than 1 pm or less than 250 nm, allows for easy fabrication of display articles with much lower glass material and etching chemical (such as HF) consumption compared to conventional etched anti-glare glass substrates, resulting in less environmental waste and potential cost benefits. Various processes can be employed to create such structures (e.g., organic mask and etching, organic mask and vapor deposition, organic mask and liquid deposition of oxides), which can help to keep low manufacturing costs. A further advantage of such display articles is that the display articles can exhibit a combination of optical properties that conventional anti-glare methods have not achieved. For example, display articles of the present disclosure incorporating diffractive surface regions have achieved a DOI of less than 80%, a PPD of less than 2%, and a haze of less than 5%. 140

[0052] Reference is made to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B A display article 100 is depicted as including a substrate 10 having a plurality of major surfaces 12 and 14 and a thickness 13. The major surface 12 of the substrate 10 also includes a diffractive surface region 30a. Thus, the diffractive surface region 30a is defined on the major surface 12 such that the diffractive surface region 30a is formed from or otherwise is a part of the substrate 10, as shown. In some embodiments (not shown), the diffractive surface region 30a can also be defined by the major surface 14 of the substrate 10. Moreover, in some embodiments, the diffractive surface region 30a is defined by both major surfaces 12 and 14. Also as shown, the diffractive surface region 30a includes a plurality of diffractive features 32a, 32b, and 32c. FIG. 1A FIG. 1A ​​As depicted, diffractive surface region 30a includes a plurality of structural features 20 comprising a plurality of different heights and / or depths in a multi-modal distribution.

[0053] Referring again to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B As shown, diffractive surface region 30a can describe a surface comprising cylindrical or circular holes (i.e., structural features 20) having a fixed set of several possible discrete height or depth levels above or below the major surface 12 of the substrate 10. In some cases, each feature 20 can have a planar top characterized by a single height or depth. Such features 20 can have the same diameter or a limited number of different diameters. The placement of features 20 can be random, but this is by design or otherwise intentionally engineered rather than a function of the manufacturing process. The manufacturing process can use some form of precision engineered mask to produce the designed feature shape exactly (within a tolerance). As used herein, a diffractive surface region 30a having a plurality of structural features 20 with a plurality of different heights in a "multi-modal distribution" (as shown in exemplary forms in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B means that the diffractive surface region 30a is composed primarily of two (e.g., bi-modal distribution), three (e.g., tri-modal distribution), four, five or more distinct and intentionally engineered average or dominant heights, and each of these average or dominant heights is composed of a distribution whose width is less than or comparable to the vertical separation between heights. Referring again to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B , the exemplary diffractive surface region 30a comprises a plurality of heights and / or depths in a bi-modal distribution. Further, as used herein, "bi-modal distribution" means that the diffractive surface region 30a is composed primarily of two distinct and intentionally engineered average or dominant heights, and each of these average or dominant heights is composed of a distribution whose width is less than or comparable to the vertical separation between heights.

[0054] In embodiments, the plurality of structural features 20 comprises posts and / or holes, and these posts and / or holes constitute a multi-modal distribution of surface heights and / or depths. According to some embodiments, diffractive surface region 30a can comprise a two-dimensional array of circular, square, hexagonal, polygonal, or irregular structural features 20. Further, these structural features 20 can be configured in an ordered or semi-ordered array - essentially any of a variety of array schemes that can be reproducibly manufactured and function independent of manufacturing process randomness. Thus, in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B In some embodiments of the display article 100 as depicted, diffractive surface region 30a includes a plurality of structural features 20 comprising a plurality of different heights in a multi-modal distribution and distributed across the surface region 30a in a semi-ordered or ordered array.

[0055] Referring again to the display article 100 of FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B , the substrate 10 can exhibit a flicker of less than 4% as measured by PPD 140 at an incident angle of 0° from normal. The substrate 10 can also exhibit a DOI of less than 80% at an incident angle of 20° from normal. Further, the substrate 10 of the display article 100 can exhibit a transmittance haze of less than 40% at an incident angle of 0° from normal. FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B Embodiments of the display article 100 depicted by

[0056] According to some embodiments of the display article 100 depicted by FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B , the multimodal distribution of diffractive surface regions 30a further includes first portion structural features 22a, 22a’ at a first average height 24a (or interchangeably referred to as a first average depth 24a) and second portion structural features 22b, 22b’ at a second average height 24b (or interchangeably referred to as a second average depth 24b). According to embodiments of the display article 100, the first portion structural features 22a, 22a’ can be posts 22a as shown in the exemplary form of FIG. 1A According to embodiments of the display article 100, the first portion structural features 22a, 22a’ can be holes 22a’ as shown in the exemplary form of FIG. 1B According to some of these embodiments, the second portion structural features 22b, 22b’ can be a set of ligaments 22b (as shown in FIG. 1C between the posts 22a) or facets 22b’ (as shown in FIG. 1AAs shown, ligaments 22b' are located between the holes 22a'). According to embodiments, when the first portion structural features 22a, 22a' are configured as posts 22a, the ligaments 22b can be ligaments, matrices, or other comparable structures located between the first portions. Further, when the first portion structural features 22a, 22a' are configured as holes 22a', the faces 22b' can be faces, platforms, matrices, or other comparable structures located between the first portions. It should be appreciated, however, that the second portion structural features 22b, 22b' include a surface height distribution having a second average height 24b as do the first portion structural features 22a, 22a'. Further, depending on the configuration of the diffractive surface region 30a, the first average height 24a of the posts 22a or the first average depth 24a of the holes 22a' can range from about 25 nm to about 300 nm, from about 50 nm to about 250 nm, from about 75 nm to about 225 nm, from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, from about 120 nm to about 180 nm, or from about 130 nm to about 170 nm.

[0057] As previously noted, FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C The depicted display article 100 includes a substrate 10 having a diffractive surface region 30a that can include a plurality of structural features 20 of different heights in a multi-modal distribution. The multi-modal distribution can have a plurality of surface height modes, for example, the distribution can be bi-modal (e.g., having first portion structural features 22a, 22a' and second portion structural features 22b, 22b'), tri-modal, quadri-modal, penta-modal, etc. In embodiments, the diffractive surface region 30a is configured such that each of the modes is characterized by a distinct spike in the area fraction of surface height versus surface height distribution. The spikes can be distinguished by a reduction in the area fraction by at least 20%, at least 50%, or at least 80% from the spike surface height value between the distinct spikes associated with each of the modes. Further, the spikes of each of the modes can have different widths, and the area fraction need not drop to zero between the spikes of the distribution. In some embodiments, however, the area fraction of height between each of the spikes on the surface height versus area plot can drop to zero or near zero.

[0058] Referring again to FIG. 1C and FIG. 1CFurther characteristics of the multi-modal distribution of diffractive surface regions 30a of the depicted display article 100 can be such that the difference between the first average height 24a and the second average height 24b is from about 25 nm to about 300 nm, from about 50 nm to about 250 nm, from about 75 nm to about 225 nm, from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, from about 120 nm to about 200 nm, from about 120 nm to about 180 nm, from about 130 nm to about 170 nm, or from about 140 nm to about 180 nm. For example, the difference between the first average height 24a and the second average height 24b can be about 25 nm, 50 nm, 75 nm, 100 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 175 nm, 180 nm, 200 nm, 225 nm, 250 nm, 275 nm, 300 nm, and all height differences between the foregoing levels. In some embodiments, the difference between the first average height 24a and the second average height 24b can be in a range corresponding to about ¼ of an air- visible light wavelength, or an odd multiple of about ¼ of a visible light wavelength.

[0059] Referring again to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B The depicted display article 100, embodiments are configured such that the diffractive surface region 30a includes a first planar region 21a corresponding to the first portion of structural features 22a, 22a’ of the first average height 24a and a second planar region 21b corresponding to the second portion of structural features 22b, 22b’ of the second average height 24b. That is, each of the first planar region 21a and the second planar region 21b are planar in that these regions have a surface height that is nearly the same (i.e., within one mode of the area fraction distribution of surface heights over the surface heights of the plurality of structural features 20). Further, each of these planar regions 21a and 21b can be characterized by a surface height variation (or roughness) within the planar region of less than 50 nm root-mean-square (RMS), less than 20 nm RMS, less than 10 nm RMS, less than 5 nm RMS, less than 2 nm RMS, or less than 1 nm RMS. For example, each of these planar regions 21a and 21b can be characterized by a surface height variation of from 0.1 nm RMS to 50 nm RMS, from 0.1 nm RMS to 20 nm RMS, from 0.1 nm RMS to 10 nm RMS, or 0.1 nm RMS to 1 nm RMS. Further, according to some embodiments, the planar regions 21a and 21b can also include a surface area within each domain of greater than 5 pm 2 , greater than 10 pm 2 , greater than 20 pm 2 , greater than 50 pm 2or greater than 100 pm 2 of the average area of the individual sub-regions or domains (not shown).

[0060] According to FIG. 1C and FIG. 1C Some embodiments of the display article 100 depicted as previously noted, the diffractive surface region 30a can comprise two or more planar regions (e.g., a first planar region 21a and a second planar region 21b). Further, each of these planar regions (e.g., platforms, faces, etc.) can be substantially planar, meaning that more than 50%, more than 80%, or more than 90% of the diffractive surface region 30a is planar. In some embodiments, the total surface area of the first planar region 21a and the second planar region 21b is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80, or at least 90% of the total surface of the diffractive surface region 30a.

[0061] According to FIG. 1C and FIG. 1C Embodiments of the display article 100 depicted as previously noted, the diffractive surface region 30a can comprise two or more planar regions (e.g., a first planar region 21a and a second planar region 21b). Further, each of these planar regions (e.g., platforms, faces, etc.) can be substantially planar, meaning that more than 50%, more than 80%, or more than 90% of the diffractive surface region 30a is planar. In some embodiments, the total surface area of the first planar region 21a and the second planar region 21b is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80, or at least 90% of the total surface of the diffractive surface region 30a.

[0062] As used herein, the terms “pixel power deviation” and “PPD 140 ” refer to a quantitative measure of display flicker. Further, as used herein, the term “flicker” is used interchangeably with “pixel power deviation” and “PPD 140 ”. PPD 140 is calculated from image analysis of display pixels according to the following procedure. A grid box is drawn around each LCD pixel. The total power within each grid box is then calculated from charge-coupled device (CCD) camera data and apportioned as the total power of each pixel. Thus, the total power of each LCD pixel becomes a numerical array from which the mean and standard deviation can be calculated. PPD 140The value is defined as the standard deviation of the total power per pixel divided by the average power per pixel (multiplied by 100). The total power collected by the eye simulator camera from each LCD pixel is measured and the standard deviation of the total pixel power (PPD 140 ) is calculated across a measurement area, which typically contains about 30x30 LCD pixels.

[0063] Details of the measurement system and image processing calculations used to obtain the PPD 140 value are described in U.S. Patent No. 9,411,180, entitled “Apparatus and Method for Determining Sparkle,” the pertinent portions of which relating to PPD measurements are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In addition, the SMS-1000 system (Display-Messtechnik & Systeme GmbH & Co. KG) is employed to generate and evaluate the PPD 140 measurements of the present disclosure, unless otherwise indicated. The PPD 140 measurement system includes a pixilated source (e.g., a Lenovo Z50 140 ppi laptop computer) including a plurality of pixels, each of which has reference indices i and j, and an imaging system optically disposed along an optical path from the pixilated source. The imaging system includes an imaging device disposed along the optical path and having a pixilated sensitive area including a second plurality of pixels, each of which is referenced with indices m and n, and a pellicle disposed on the optical path between the pixilated source and the imaging device, where the pellicle has an adjustable collection angle for images originating from the pixilated source. The image processing calculations include acquiring a pixilated image of a transparent sample, the pixilated image including a plurality of pixels, determining boundaries between adjacent pixels in the pixilated image, integrating within the boundaries to obtain an integrated energy for each source pixel in the pixilated image, and calculating a standard deviation of the integrated energy for each source pixel, where the standard deviation is the power dispersed per pixel. As used herein, all “PPD 140 ” and “sparkle” values, properties, and limitations are calculated and evaluated using a test apparatus employing a display device having a pixel density (also referred to herein as “PPD 140 ”) of 140 pixels per inch (PPI).

[0064] According to FIG. 1C and FIG. 1CSome embodiments of the display article 100 illustrated, the substrate 10 exhibits a sparkle of less than 4%, 3.5%, 3%, 2.5%, 2%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, and all sparkle thresholds between the aforesaid levels, as measured by PPD 140 For example, the substrate 10 can exhibit a sparkle of 3.5%, 3.25%, 3%, 2.75%, 2.5%, 2.25%, 2%, 1.75%, 1.5%, 1.25%, 1%, 0.75%, 0.5%, and all sparkle values between the aforesaid levels, as measured by PPD 140 at 0° angle of incidence from the normal.

[0065] Referring again to FIG. 1C and FIG. 1C The display article 100 depicted can also be configured to achieve optimal anti-glare performance, as embodied by a low distinctness of image (DOI) value. As used herein, “DOI” is equal to 100*(R s -R 0.3° ) / R s , where R s is the specular reflectance flux measured from incident light (at 20° from the normal) on the diffractive surface area 30a of the display article 100 of the present disclosure, and R 0.3° is the reflectance flux measured from the same incident light at 0.3° according to the specular reflectance flux R s . Unless otherwise indicated, the DOI values and measurements reported in the present disclosure are obtained according to ASTM D5767-18 entitled “Standard Test Method for Instrumental Measurement of Distinctness-of-Image (DOI) Gloss of Coated Surfaces using a Rhopoint IQ Gloss Haze & DOI Meter” (Rhopoint Instruments Ltd.). According to FIG. 1C and FIG. 1CSome embodiments of the display article 100 exhibit a DOI of less than 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, and all DOI critical values between the foregoing levels, as measured at an incident angle of 20° from normal. For example, the substrate 10 can exhibit a DOI of 87.5%, 85%, 82.5%, 80%, 77.5%, 75%, 72.5%, 70%, 67.5%, 65%, 62.5%, 60%, 57.5%, 55%, 52.5%, 50%, 47.5%, 45%, 42.5%, 40%, and all DOI values between the foregoing levels, as measured at an incident angle of 20° from normal.

[0066] As used herein, the terms "transmission haze" and "haze" refer to the percentage of transmitted light that is scattered outside an angular cone of about ±2.5° according to ASTM D1003 entitled "Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics," the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. For optically smooth surfaces, transmission haze is typically close to zero. According to ASTM D1003, haze is measured at an incident angle of 0° from normal. FIG. 1C and FIG. 1C Embodiments of the display article 100 depicted can be characterized by a haze of less than 20%. According to ASTM D1003, haze is measured at an incident angle of 20° from normal. FIG. 1C and FIG. 1C Embodiments of the display article 100 exhibit a transmission haze of less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, and all transmission haze critical values between the foregoing levels, as measured at an incident angle of 0° from normal. As an example, the substrate 10 can exhibit a transmission haze of 38%, 36%, 34%, 32%, 30%, 28%, 26%, 24%, 22%, 20%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, and all transmission haze values between the foregoing levels, as measured at an incident angle of 0° from normal.

[0067] According to ASTM D1003, haze is measured at an incident angle of 20° from normal. FIG. 1C and FIG. 1CSome embodiments of the depicted display article 100, the diffractive surface region 30a of the substrate 10 can achieve a reduction in specular reflectance (Rs) and absolute specular reflectance (%R). As used herein, "specular reflectance (Rs)" is defined as the total reflected light from the first surface (e.g., major surface 12) of the substrate 10 within a cone angle of + / - 0.1°, or as the peak intensity of light within this specular angle range. Further, the Rhopoint IQ Meter reports the Rs value in gloss units normalized to a maximum value of 100 for a flat plate of glass having a refractive index of 1.567 and no back surface reflectance, illuminated at a 20° angle of incidence. Thus, a glass known to have a first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) of 4.91%, the Rs value reported by the Rhopoint IQ Meter in gloss units (GU) can be converted to absolute specular reflectance (%R) by multiplying by the factor 4.91 / 100. Accordingly, embodiments of the display article 100 are configured such that these embodiments exhibit a reduction in specular reflectance (Rs) or absolute specular reflectance (%R) by a factor of 2, a factor of 4, a factor of 5, or a factor of 10 or more, as compared to the same surface of a substrate without the diffractive surface region 30a. In embodiments, the substrate 10 including the diffractive surface region 30a (e.g., a glass composition having a refractive index of about 1.51) can exhibit a first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) of less than 2%, less than 1.5%, less than 1%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.6%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.4%, or even less than 0.25%, as measured at a 20° angle of incidence from the normal at a wavelength between 450 nm and 650 nm.

[0068] Reference is now made to FIG. 1C , the display article 100 is depicted as having the same features and attributes as the display article 100 shown by FIG. 1C and FIG. 1C , wherein like numbered elements have substantially the same function and structure. Further, FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C the depicted display article 100 employs an anti-reflective coating 60 disposed on the major surface 12 of the substrate 10 to further improve the anti-glare effect of the display article 100. In embodiments, as FIG. 1A to FIG. 1CThe depicted display article 100 with antireflective coating 60 is particularly advantageous for end-use applications requiring transmittance and a certain degree of transmission scattering (e.g., advantageous for display devices including features that cause subsurface reflections, such as touch sensor layers, thin-film transistor layers, indium tin oxide layers, and other subsurface features). In embodiments, the antireflective coating 60 is configured as a multilayer antireflective coating or film structure prepared to achieve the anti-glare and optical properties of the article employing the antireflective coating. As an example, the antireflective coating 60 includes a plurality of alternating low-refractive-index layers 62 and high-refractive-index layers 64. In some embodiments, the antireflective coating 60 may have a total of three (3) to nine (9) layers, three (3) to six (6) layers, three (3) to five (5) layers, for example, a total of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 layers. Furthermore, each of the low-refractive-index layers 62 contains a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8 and substantially the same as or greater than the refractive index of the substrate 10; and each of the high-refractive-index layers 64 contains a refractive index greater than 1.8. In this configuration, the first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) exhibited by the display article 100 is less than 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or even less than 0.1%, as measured at an incident angle of 0° to 20° with respect to the normal. Furthermore, according to some embodiments, the first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) exhibited by the display article 100 is less than 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or even less than 0.1%, as measured at one or more wavelengths between 450 nm and 650 nm at an incident angle of 0° to 20° with respect to the normal.

[0069] Through FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C The anti-glare effect provided by adding the anti-reflective coating 60 to the displayed display product 100 should be approximately additive in a proportional sense. That is, FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C and FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C The diffraction surface region 30a of the displayed display article 100 can reduce the specular reflectivity of the main surface 12 of the substrate 10 by a factor of 10, and the addition of the anti-reflective coating 60 can further reduce the specular reflectivity by a factor of 10, thereby resulting in FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C The specular reflectivity of the display article 100 is reduced by a factor of approximately 100. Therefore, according to some embodiments, it is believed that, according to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C The configured display article 100 may display a first surface with an absolute specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.1%, less than 0.08%, less than 0.06%, less than 0.05%, less than 0.04%, or even less than 0.025%, as measured at one or more wavelengths between 450 nm and 650 nm at an incident angle of 0° to 20° with respect to the normal.

[0070] In one exemplary implementation, such asFIG. 1A to FIG. 1C As shown, the low refractive index layer 62 of the antireflective coating 60 is directly disposed on the diffraction surface region 30a of the main surface 12 of the substrate 10. Furthermore, according to... FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C In the illustrated embodiment, the low refractive index layer 62 is disposed as the top layer of the display article 100, and the anti-reflective coating 60 has a total of five (5) layers, that is, a multilayer structure having five (5) low refractive index and high refractive index layers: 62 / 64 / 62 / 64 / 62. Suitable materials for the low refractive index layer 62 include: SiO2, Al2O3, GeO2, SiO2, etc. x AlO x N y SiO x N y SiAl y O x N y Suitable materials for high refractive index layer 64 include: Al2O3, AlO, and MgO. x N y SiO x N y SiAl y O x N y AlN, SiN x The materials used include Si3N4, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, HfO2, TiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, and diamond-like carbon. Furthermore, the thickness of each of the low-refractive-index layer 62 and the high-refractive-index layer 64 can range from about 1 nm to about 250 nm, and the total thickness of the anti-reflective coating 60 can range from about 5 nm to about 3000 nm, 5 nm to 2500 nm, 5 nm to 2000 nm, 5 nm to 1500 nm, 5 nm to 1000 nm, 5 nm to 750 nm, 5 nm to 500 nm, 5 nm to 450 nm, 5 nm to 400 nm, 5 nm to 350 nm, 5 nm to 300 nm, 5 nm to 275 nm, and 5 nm to 260 nm. m, from 5nm to 250nm, from 100nm to 500nm, from 100nm to 400nm, from 100nm to 350nm, from 100nm to 300nm, from 100nm to 275nm, from 100nm to 250nm, from 200nm to 500nm, from 200nm to 400nm, from 200nm to 350nm, from 200nm to 300nm, from 200nm to 275nm, from 200nm to 250nm, from 250nm to 350nm, from 250nm to 340nm, and all thickness values ​​within the aforementioned ranges.

[0071] according to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1CSome embodiments of the depicted display article 100, the anti-reflective coating 60 can be configured with a scratch resistant layer. In some embodiments, the scratch resistant layer can be the highest refractive index layer 64 furthest from the substrate 10, the middlemost, or the lowest. In some embodiments, the scratch resistant layer is the thickest high refractive index layer 64 in the anti-reflective coating 60, and can also comprise Si3N4, SiN x and SiO x N y . The scratch resistant layer can also have a physical thickness from 50 nm to 2000 nm, from 50 nm to 1000 nm, from 50 nm to 500 nm, from 50 nm to 400 nm, from 50 nm to 300 nm, from 50 nm to 200 nm, 50 nm to 150 nm, 75 nm to 175 nm, 100 nm to 160 nm, and all thickness values within the foregoing ranges.

[0072] According to FIG. 1A one embodiment of the depicted display article 100, the anti-reflective coating 60 can be configured with the design listed in Table 1A below. In this embodiment, the anti-reflective coating 60 has a total thickness of 260.5 nm, and employs a scratch resistant layer having a thickness of 105.9 nm and a composition of SiO x N y .

[0073] Table 1A

[0074]

[0075] According to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C another embodiment of the depicted display article 100, the anti-reflective coating 60 can be configured with the design listed in Table 1B below. In this embodiment, the anti-reflective coating 60 has a total thickness of 338.4 nm, and employs a scratch resistant layer having a thickness of 158.5 nm and a composition of SiN x .

[0076] Table 1B

[0077]

[0078] According to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C yet another embodiment of the depicted display article 100, the anti-reflective coating 60 can be configured with the design listed in Table 1C below. In this embodiment, the anti-reflective coating 60 has a total thickness of 301.48 nm, and employs a scratch resistant layer having a thickness of 135.0 nm and a composition of SiN x .

[0079] Table 1C

[0080]

[0081] According to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C According to x Scratch resistant layer of the composition.

[0082] Table 1D

[0083]

[0084] Referring again FIG. 1C According to the display article 100 shown, in this configuration, the display article 100 can exhibit a first surface average specular (or average photopic specular, as understood by one of skill in the art) reflectance (%R) of less than 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, less than 0.15%, less than 0.1%, or even less than 0.8% as measured at any incident angle from about 5° to 20° from the normal and detected in the visible spectrum from about 450 nm to 650 nm with an angular aperture of + / - 0.1 degrees (in the angular range). Further, according to some embodiments, the display article 100 can exhibit a first surface average specular (or average photopic specular) reflectance (%R) of less than 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or even less than 0.1% as measured at incident angles from about 5° to 20° from the normal at wavelengths from 450 nm to 650 nm.

[0085] In some embodiments, the Rhopoint IQ Goniophotometer instrument can be used to evaluate FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C The first surface specular reflectance of the display article 100 shown to obtain a specular reflectance value reporting level (Rspec or Rs) in a small angular aperture range of + / - 0.1 degrees (e.g., compared to + / - 2 degrees for other common instruments). This small angular aperture provides better resolution of specular and non-specular reflected light. In such embodiments, the display article 100 can exhibit a specular reflectance value reporting level (Rspec) of less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, or even less than 2. In some embodiments, the Rspec values measured from the display article 100 using the Rhopoint IQ Goniophotometer can be normalized by multiplying by the conversion factor 4.91 / 100 mentioned previously to obtain the average specular (or average photopic specular) reflectance (%R) ranges and levels reported above. Thus, Rspec*4.91 / 100 = %R.

[0086] In other embodiments, FIG. 2 The reflectivity level of the display article 100 can be characterized by gloss measurements, which can also be performed with a Rhopoint IQ instrument. In some implementations, the display article 100 can exhibit a gloss level of less than 10 or less than 5 as measured at 20° incidence, which corresponds to a reflectivity (%R) value of less than 0.5% or less than 0.25% at 20° incidence and + / - 0.9° angular acceptance. In some implementations, the display article 100 can exhibit a gloss level of less than 45, less than 40, or less than 35 as measured at 60° incidence, which corresponds to a reflectivity (%R) value of less than 2.25%, less than 2%, or less than 1.75% at 60° incidence and + / - 2.2° angular acceptance.

[0087] According to some implementations, FIG. 2 The display article 100 exhibited can also exhibit a flicker of less than 5% as measured by pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) at an incidence angle of 0° from the normal. In some embodiments, the display article 100 exhibited in exemplary form in FIG. ID can exhibit a flicker level of less than 4%, 3.5%, 3%, 2.5%, 2%, 1.5%, 1%, or 0.5% as measured by pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) at an incidence angle of 0° from the normal. In some aspects, the display article 100 of FIG. ID exhibits a flicker level from 5% to 0.1%, from 5% to 0.5%, from 5% to 1%, and all flicker levels within the foregoing ranges.

[0088] Further regarding FIG. 2 The display article 100 exhibited can exhibit a two-surface transmittance level of greater than 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, or even 95%. Such two-surface transmittance levels are reported for the display article 100 having one anti-reflective coating 60 disposed on the diffractive surface area 30a as defined by the major surface 12 of the substrate 10. The other major surface 14 of the substrate 10 remains bare and has an inherent reflectance of about 4%, meaning that the maximum possible two-surface transmittance of such display article 100 is about 96%.

[0089] Referring again to FIG. 2 According to some implementations, the article can exhibit a transmittance haze value of less than 40%. In some embodiments, FIG. 2The display article 100, shown in exemplary form, can exhibit a transmittance haze level of less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5%. For example, the display article 100 can exhibit a transmittance haze level of about 40%, 37.5%, 35%, 32.5%, 30%, 27.5%, 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.25%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, and all transmittance haze values between the foregoing levels. In some embodiments, FIG. 2 The display article 100, shown in exemplary form, can exhibit a transmittance haze level of less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5%. For example, the display article 100 can exhibit a transmittance haze level of about 40%, 37.5%, 35%, 32.5%, 30%, 27.5%, 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.25%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, and all transmittance haze values between the foregoing levels. In some embodiments, FIG. 2 The display article 100, shown in exemplary form, can exhibit a transmittance haze level of less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5%. For example, the display article 100 can exhibit a transmittance haze level of about 40%, 37.5%, 35%, 32.5%, 30%, 27.5%, 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.25%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, and all transmittance haze values between the foregoing levels. In some embodiments,

[0090] FIG. 3A The display article 100, shown in exemplary form, can exhibit a transmittance haze level of less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5%. For example, the display article 100 can exhibit a transmittance haze level of about 40%, 37.5%, 35%, 32.5%, 30%, 27.5%, 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.25%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, and all transmittance haze values between the foregoing levels. In some embodiments, FIG. 3B The display article 100, shown in exemplary form, can exhibit a transmittance haze level of less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5%. For example, the display article 100 can exhibit a transmittance haze level of about 40%, 37.5%, 35%, 32.5%, 30%, 27.5%, 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.25%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, and all transmittance haze values between the foregoing levels. In some embodiments, FIG. 2 The display article 100, shown in exemplary form, can exhibit a transmittance haze level of less than 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5%. For example, the display article 100 can exhibit a transmittance haze level of about 40%, 37.5%, 35%, 32.5%, 30%, 27.5%, 25%, 22.5%, 20%, 17.5%, 15%, 12.25%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 1%, and all transmittance haze values between the foregoing levels. In some embodiments,

[0091] Referring again to FIG. 3AThe depicted display article 100, each of such articles can exhibit a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater, as measured by Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the display article 100 can exhibit a maximum hardness level of 8 GPa, 9 GPa, 10 GPa, 11 GPa, 12 GPa, 13 GPa, 14 GPa, 15 GPa, 16 GPa, 17 GPa, 18 GPa, 19 GPa, 20 GPa, or even higher values of maximum hardness level or any maximum hardness level between the foregoing levels, as measured by Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test along an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater, or 100 nm or greater. A preferred range of maximum hardness for the antireflective coating 60 is greater than 8 GPa, 9 GPa, 10 GPa, 11 GPa, or even greater than 12 GPa, with a total thickness of the coating being less than 500 nm, less than 400 nm, less than 350 nm, or even less than 300 nm.

[0092] Referring again to FIG. 3A , the substrate 10 of the display article 100 can be configured with a multi-component glass composition having from about 40 mol% to 80 mol% silica and a balance of one or more other constituents, such as alumina, calcia, soda, boria, etc. In some embodiments, the overall composition of the substrate 10 is selected from the group consisting of aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, and phosphosilicate glass. In other embodiments, the overall composition of the substrate 10 is selected from the group consisting of aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, phosphosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, and alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. In further embodiments, the substrate 10 is a glass-based substrate, including but not limited to a glass-ceramic material comprising a glass component of about 90 wt% or greater and a ceramic component. In other embodiments of the display article 100, the substrate 10 can be a polymeric material having durability and mechanical properties suitable for development and maintenance of the diffractive surface region 30a.

[0093] In FIG. 3BIn one embodiment of the depicted display article 100, the substrate 10 has an overall composition comprising an alkali alumino-silicate glass comprising alumina, at least one alkali metal, and in some embodiments greater than 50 mol% Si02, in other embodiments at least 58 mol% Si02, and in still other embodiments at least 60 mol% Si02, wherein the ratio (Al203(mol%) + B203(mol%)) / ∑alkali metal modifier (mol%) > 1, where the modifiers are alkali metal oxides. In particular embodiments, this glass comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, about 58 mol% to about 72 mol% Si02; about 9 mol% to about 17 mol% Al203; about 2 mol% to about 12 mol% B203; about 8 mol% to about 16 mol% Na20; and 0 mol% to about 4 mol% K20, wherein the ratio (Al203(mol%) + B203(mol%)) / ∑alkali metal modifier (mol%) > 1, where the modifiers are alkali metal oxides.

[0094] In another embodiment of the display article 100, as FIG. 2 shown, the substrate 10 has an overall composition comprising an alkali alumino-silicate glass comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, about 61 mol% to about 75 mol% Si02; about 7 mol% to about 15 mol% Al203; 0 mol% to about 12 mol% B203; about 9 mol% to about 21 mol% Na20; 0 mol% to about 4 mol% K20; 0 mol% to about 7 mol% MgO; and 0 mol% to about 3 mol% CaO.

[0095] In yet another embodiment, the substrate 10 has an overall composition comprising an alkali alumino-silicate glass comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of: from about 60 mol% to about 70 mol% Si02; from about 6 mol% to about 14 mol% AI2O3; from 0 mol% to about 15 mol% B203; from 0 mol% to about 15 mol% Li20; from 0 mol% to about 20 mol% Na20; from 0 mol% to about 10 mol% K20; from 0 mol% to about 8 mol% MgO; from 0 mol% to about 10 mol% CaO; from 0 mol% to about 5 mol% Zr02; from 0 mol% to about 1 mol% Sn02; from 0 mol% to about 1 mol% Ce02; less than about 50 ppm As203; and less than about 50 ppm Sb203; wherein 12 mol% < Li20 + Na20 + K20 < 20 mol% and 0 mol% < MgO + Ca < 10 mol%.

[0096] In yet another embodiment, the substrate 10 has an overall composition comprising an alkali alumino-silicate glass comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of: from about 60 mol% to about 70 mol% Si02; from about 6 mol% to about 14 mol% AI2O3; from 0 mol% to about 15 mol% B203; from 0 mol% to about 15 mol% Li20; from 0 mol% to about 20 mol% Na20; from 0 mol% to about 10 mol% K20; from 0 mol% to about 8 mol% MgO; from 0 mol% to about 10 mol% CaO; from 0 mol% to about 5 mol% Zr02; from 0 mol% to about 1 mol% Sn02; from 0 mol% to about 1 mol% Ce02; less than about 50 ppm As203; and less than about 50 ppm Sb203; wherein 12 mol% < Li20 + Na20 + K20 < 20 mol% and 0 mol% < MgO + Ca < 10 mol%.

[0097] In other embodiments, the substrate 10 has an overall composition comprising Si02, AI2O3, P205, and at least one alkali oxide (R20), where 0.75 > [(P205 (mol%) + R20 (mol%)) / M203 (mol%)] < 1.2, where M2O 3═ AI2O3 + B2O3. In some embodiments, [(P205 (mol%) + R20 (mol%)) / M203 (mol%)] = 1, and in some embodiments, the glass does not comprise B2O3, and M2O 3═Al2O3. In some embodiments, the substrate 10 comprises: about 40 to about 70 mol% SiO2; 0 to about 28 mol% B2O3; about 0 to about 28 mol% Al2O3; about 1 to about 14 mol% P2O5; and about 12 to about 16 mol% R2O. In some embodiments, the glass substrate comprises: about 40 to about 64 mol% SiO2; 0 to about 8 mol% B2O3; about 16 to about 28 mol% Al2O3; about 2 to about 12 mol% P2O5; and about 12 to about 16 mol% R2O. The substrate 10 can further comprise at least one alkaline earth metal oxide, such as, but not limited to, MgO or CaO.

[0098] In some embodiments, the substrate 10 has a bulk composition that is substantially free of lithium; that is, the glass comprises less than 1 mol% Li2O, and in other embodiments less than 0.1 mol% Li2O, and in other embodiments 0.01 mol% Li2O, and in yet other embodiments 0 mol% Li2O. In some embodiments, such glasses are free of at least one of arsenic, antimony, and barium; that is, the glass comprises less than 1 mol% As2O3, Sb2O3, and / or BaO, and in other embodiments less than 0.1 mol% As2O3, Sb2O3, and / or BaO, and in yet other embodiments 0 mol% As2O3, Sb2O3, and / or BaO.

[0099] In FIG. 3A In other embodiments of the depicted display article 100, the substrate 10 has a bulk composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a glass composition, such as Eagle glass、 glass、 Glass2、 Glass 3、 Glass4or Glass 5.

[0100] According to other embodiments, FIG. 4A to FIG. 4CThe substrate 10 of the depicted display article 100 can have an ion exchangeable glass composition that is strengthened by chemical means or thermal means known in the art. In one embodiment, the substrate 10 is chemically strengthened by ion exchange. In this process, metal ions at or near the major surface 12 and / or the major surface 14 of the substrate 10 are exchanged for larger metal ions of the same valence as the metal ions in the glass substrate. The exchange is typically performed by contacting the substrate 10 with an ion exchange medium, such as, for example, a molten salt bath containing the larger metal ions. The metal ions are typically monovalent metal ions, such as, for example, alkali metal ions. In one non-limiting example, a substrate 10 containing sodium ions that is chemically strengthened by ion exchange is done by immersing the substrate 10 in an ion exchange bath comprising a molten potassium salt, such as potassium nitrate (KNO3) or the like. In a particular embodiment, the ions in the surface layer of the substrate 10, as well as the larger ions, are monovalent alkali metal cations, such as Li + (when present in the glass), Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + . Alternatively, the monovalent cations in the surface layer of the substrate 10 can be replaced with monovalent cations other than alkali metal cations, such as Ag + or the like.

[0101] In FIG. 2 these embodiments of the depicted display article 100, the replacement of the small metal ions with the larger metal ions during the ion exchange process creates a compressively stressed region 50 in the substrate 10 that extends from the major surface 12 to a depth 52 (referred to as the "layer depth"). It should also be understood that a compressively stressed region that extends from the major surface 14 to a depth (not shown in FIG. 2 ) can be formed in the glass substrate that is comparable in nature to the compressively stressed region 50. More particularly, this compressive stress at the major surface 14 of the glass substrate is balanced by a tensile stress (also referred to as "central tension") within the interior of the glass substrate. In some embodiments, the major surface 12 of the substrate 10 described herein has a compressive stress of at least 350 MPa when strengthened by ion exchange, and the region under compressive stress extends to a depth 52 of at least 15 μm below the major surface 12, i.e., the layer depth.

[0102] The ion exchange process is typically performed by immersing the substrate 10 in a molten salt bath containing larger ions to be exchanged with the smaller ions in the glass. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the parameters of the ion exchange process are generally determined by the composition of the glass and the desired depth of layer and the compressive stress of the glass as a result of the strengthening operation, including but not limited to bath composition and temperature, immersion time, number of immersions of the glass in the salt bath (or baths), use of multiple salt baths, additional steps such as annealing, washing, and the like. For example, ion exchange of an alkali-containing glass can be achieved by immersion in at least one molten bath containing a salt such as, but not limited to, a nitrate, a sulfate, and a chloride of a larger alkali metal ion. The temperature of the molten salt bath is typically in the range from about 380°C up to about 450°C, while the immersion time ranges from about 15 minutes up to about 16 hours. However, temperatures and immersion times other than those described above can also be used. Such ion exchange treatment, when employed with a substrate 10 having an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition, results in a compressive stress region 50 having a depth 52 (depth of layer) ranging from about 10 μιη up to at least 50 μιη and a compressive stress ranging from about 200 MPa up to about 800 MPa and a central tension of less than about 100 MPa.

[0103] According to some embodiments, since the ion exchange process can be employed to create the diffractive surface region 30a of the display article 100, the compressive stress region 50 can be developed in the substrate 10 prior to the development of the diffractive surface region 30a. In other embodiments, the compressive stress region 50 can be developed in the substrate 10 prior to the development of the diffractive surface region 30a to a depth 52 sufficient to account for some loss of depth of layer associated with various processes associated with the formation of the diffractive surface region 30a, as outlined below. Alternatively, the diffractive surface region 30a can be created by an addition or coating process rather than a substrate etching process, in which case the compressive stress region 50 can need to be developed prior to such addition or coating process. FIG. 5 According to some embodiments, since the ion exchange process can be employed to create the diffractive surface region 30a of the display article 100, the compressive stress region 50 can be developed in the substrate 10 prior to the development of the diffractive surface region 30a. In other embodiments, the compressive stress region 50 can be developed in the substrate 10 prior to the development of the diffractive surface region 30a to a depth 52 sufficient to account for some loss of depth of layer associated with various processes associated with the formation of the diffractive surface region 30a, as outlined below. Alternatively, the diffractive surface region 30a can be created by an addition or coating process rather than a substrate etching process, in which case the compressive stress region 50 can need to be developed prior to such addition or coating process.

[0104] FIG. 2 ​Another embodiment of the depicted display article 100, the article can further include an easy-to-clean (ETC) coating (not shown) disposed over the diffractive surface region 30a. In most embodiments, the ETC coating is deposited over the diffractive surface region 30a such that the surface morphology of the ETC coating generally mirrors the underlying morphology of the diffractive surface region 30a. In one embodiment, the display article 100 further includes a stain resistant, fluorine-based ETC coating disposed over at least a portion of the diffractive surface region 30a. In embodiments, the ETC coating includes at least one di-aphobic species having fluorine termination groups to provide a diffractive surface region 30a having di-aphobic properties (i.e., hydrophobic and oleophobic, lacking affinity for both oil and water) to minimize wetting of the surface by water and / or oil. The fluorine termination groups of the ETC coating are less polar than surfaces having -OH termination groups and thus can minimize hydrogen (i.e., van der Waals) bonding between particles and liquids. For fingerprint oils and debris associated with fingerprints, bonding and adhesion are minimized. Thus, the mass transport of fingerprint oils and debris from a human finger to the ETC coating is minimized. In one embodiment, the ETC coating is formed by exchanging the hydrogen found in the terminating OH groups on the diffractive surface region 30a of the display article 100 with fluorine-based moieties, such as, for example, fluorine-containing monomers (e.g., fluorosilane) to form glass having terminal fluorinated groups.

[0105] In another embodiment, FIG. 5 The ETC coating of the depicted display article 100 includes a self-assembled monolayer of fluorine-terminated molecular chains. In yet another embodiment, the ETC coating includes a thin fluoropolymer coating, while in yet another embodiment, the ETC coating includes silica soot particles that have been treated to have fluorocarbon pendant groups attached to the soot particles. Such ETC coatings can be applied to the diffractive surface region 30a of the display article 100 by dipping, vapor deposition coating, spraying, application with a roller, or other suitable methods known in the art. After the ETC coating has been applied, the ETC coating can be "cured" at temperatures ranging from about 25°C up to about 150°C, and in another embodiment, at temperatures ranging from about 40°C up to about 100°C. The curing time can range from about 1 hour up to about 4 hours, and the curing can be performed in an atmosphere containing 40% to 95% moisture. After curing, the display article 100 having the ETC coating can be rinsed with a solvent prior to use to remove any unbound coating.

[0106] Referring again to FIG. 2The depicted display article 100, embodiments are configured such that the diffractive surface region 30a includes a plurality of structural features 20 having first portion structural features 22a, 22a' and second portion structural features 22b, 22b'. Further, the first portion structural features 22a (e.g., posts), 22a' (e.g., holes) can be defined by a pitch 42a of less than 125 μιη, and the second portion structural features 22b, 22b' can be defined by a pitch 42b (see FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 ) that is substantially the same or different than the pitch 42a. According to some embodiments, the second portion structural features 22b, 22b' (e.g., ligaments, mesas) can be defined by a pitch 42b of less than 125 μιη, and the pitch 42a is substantially the same or different than the pitch 42b. Further, as used herein, the pitch 42a of the first portion structural features 22a, 22a' and the pitch 42b of the second portion structural features 22b, 22b' is the pitch value of such features as generally understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the pitch 42a of the first portion structural features 22a, 22a' and / or the pitch 42b of the second portion structural features 22b, 22b' can be less than 125 μιη, 1 10 μιη, 100 μιη, 90 μιη, 80 μιη, 70 μιη, 60 μιη, 50 μιη, 40 μιη, 30 μιη, 20 μιη, and all pitch values between such upper and lower limits. In embodiments, the pitch 42a, 42b can have a lower limit, for example, the pitch value can be greater than about 2 microns, greater than 5 microns, or greater than 10 microns.

[0107] Referring again to FIG. 2 The depicted display article 100, embodiments are configured such that the first portion structural features 22a, 22a' (e.g., posts or holes) or the second portion structural features 22b, 22b' (e.g., ligaments or mesas) have a fill fraction of from about 30% to 70%, while the other portion (i.e., 22a, 22a' or 22b, 22b') has a fill fraction of 100% minus the fill fraction of the first portion 22a, 22a' or the second portion 22b, 22b'. Thus, the first portion structural features 22a, 22a' or the second portion structural features 22b, 22b' of the diffractive surface region 30a can be configured to have a fill fraction of from about 30% to 70%, from about 35% to 65%, from about 40% to 60%, or from about 40% to 55%. For example, the first portion 22a, 22a' or the second portion 22b, 22b' can be configured within the diffractive surface region 30a such that they have a fill fraction of 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, and all fill fraction values between the foregoing. In some embodiments, the fill fraction of the first portion 22a, 22a' or the second portion 22b, 22b' can be from about 30% to 70%, from about 35% to 65%, from about 40% to 60%, or from about 40% to 55%. For example, the first portion 22a, 22a' or the second portion 22b, 22b' can be configured within the diffractive surface region 30a such that they have a fill fraction of 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, and all fill fraction values between the foregoing.

[0108] Still referring to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1CThe depicted display article 100, the diffractive surface region 30a is configured within the major surface 12 of the substrate 10 such that each of the plurality of structural features 20 (e.g., the first portion 22a, 22a’ and the second portion 22b, 22b’) has a diameter 32a, 32b that is less than 125 pm or less than 100 pm. Further, as used herein, the diameter 32a of the first portion structural features 22a, 22a’ and the diameter 32b of the second portion structural features 22b, 22b’ represent the effective diameter or longest width dimension of such features at their full width half maximum (FWHM) as generally understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the pitch 32a of the first portion structural features 22a, 22a’ and / or the diameter 32b of the second portion structural features 22b, 22b’ can be less than 125 pm, 120 pm, 110 pm, 100 pm, 90 pm, 80 pm, 70 pm, 60 pm, 50 pm, 40 pm, 30 pm, 20 pm, 10 pm, 5 pm, and all values of diameter less than the foregoing. Further, the diameter 32a, 32b of the first portion structural features 22a, 22a’ and the second portion structural features 22b, 22b’ can also range, for example, from 5 pm to 120 pm, 5 pm to 100 pm, 5 pm to 80 pm, or 10 pm to 100 pm.

[0109] According to FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 Some embodiments of the depicted display article 100, the diffractive surface region 30a is configured such that each of the structural features 20 has an aspect ratio that is greater than 10. Unless otherwise indicated, the aspect ratio of each of the structural features 20 (e.g., the first portion structural features 22a, 22a’ and the second portion structural features 22b, 22b’) is given by the average diameter 32a, 32b divided by the respective average height 24a, 24b. In some embodiments, the structural features 20 of the diffractive surface region 30a have an aspect ratio that is greater than 10, greater than 20, greater than 50, or greater than 100. For example, a first portion structural feature 22a, 22a’ having an average diameter 32a of 20 pm and an average height 24a of 0.2 pm corresponds to an aspect ratio of 100. More generally, diffractive surface regions 30a featuring such aspect ratios are substantially flat or planar as observed under ambient illumination without any magnification aid. In preferred embodiments, FIG. 6 The aspect ratio of the structural features of the illustrated display article 100 can be greater than or equal to 50, which helps to ensure that an anti-reflective coating 60 disposed on such structural features does not result in significant edge effects or shading of the optical performance of the surface.

[0110] According to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1CIn some embodiments of the displayed display article, the structural feature 20 of the diffractive surface region 30a can be configured according to a period 47 to achieve anti-glare properties. In some embodiments of the display article 100, the structural feature 20 of the diffractive surface region 30a is configured with a period 47, which ranges from 1 μm to 200 μm, from 5 μm to 200 μm, from 5 μm to 150 μm, from 5 μm to 100 μm, from 5 μm to 50 μm, from 5 μm to 30 μm, from 20 μm to 150 μm, from 20 μm to 100 μm, from 10 μm to 30 μm, from 10 μm to 20 μm, and all period values ​​between the aforementioned ranges. For example, structural feature 20 can be configured with a relatively large period 47 on the order of about 100 μm (e.g., from about 70 μm to 200 μm) for end-use applications of display article 100, such as in applications with specific DOI targets, where display article 100 benefits from maximizing a scattered light component close to 0.3°. Such DOI targets may require a scattered light component at or close to 0.3° with respect to the specular reflection direction, which can be enhanced by a relatively large structural feature 20. For end-use applications of display article 100 with less stringent DOI requirements, a smaller structural feature 20 with a period 47 ranging from about 5 μm to 30 μm may be desirable, and according to some embodiments, this period 47 is semi-randomized to minimize color and / or moiré artifacts. The level and type of feature randomization in the XY dimensions can be extremely important for achieving low PPD while also minimizing other display artifacts such as moiré or banding. In other words, conventional, perfectly ordered grating-like structures are not preferred for the articles of manufacture disclosed herein. Structural features 20, ranging from approximately 5 μm to 30 μm, can influence the DOI and can be designed to achieve DOI values, for example, below 90 or below 80; therefore, it is not necessary to have large structural features 20 to have any influence on the DOI. The randomization of structural features 20 at period 47 can be characterized by variations in nearest neighbor distances within a distribution range, which can be limited to 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, or 1.5 times the minimum or average distance. These smaller periods 47 can still effectively suppress specular reflections, but it is believed that further reduction of artifacts, such as flicker (i.e., as seen through PPD), is needed in display shield applications. 140 (Measured). In some implementations, the period 47 can be configured to range from 5 μm to 30 μm, from 10 μm to 30 μm, and from 10 μm to 20 μm, which can reduce the DOI to less than 90 or even less than 80 while still maintaining the desired low flicker level.

[0111] Now for reference FIG. 1A A cross-sectional schematic diagram of the diffraction anti-glare structure is provided. For example... FIG. 1BThe schematic diagram illustrates the principle of diffraction in surface region 30a. The optical modeling calculations were performed using a commercial software suite. It was carried out. The kit employs rigorous coupled-wave analysis to find solutions to Maxwell's equation, which controls the optical performance of the diffraction grating. This is done within the context of developing the diffraction surface region 30a. The software can be applied to, for example FIG. 1C The linear rectangular diffraction anti-glare structure shown. Note that... FIG. 6 The rectangular nature of the exhibited diffraction anti-glare structure deviates from structural feature 20 of the diffraction surface region 30a, because structural feature 20 can include pillars, holes, surfaces, platforms, polygons, and other discrete non-rectangular shapes. However, in FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C The calculations performed on the illustrated diagram demonstrate the trend and provide useful data in defining the structural feature 20 of the diffracted surface region 30a, consistent with the principles of this disclosure. It is worth noting that, as... FIG. 1C The modeled diffraction anti-glare structure exhibits a 20 μm period and is integrated within the surface of a glass substrate with a refractive index of 1.518 at 550 nm. Furthermore, as shown... FIG. 1C As shown, incident light at a wavelength of 550 nm is directed at the diffraction anti-glare structure at an incident angle of 20 degrees. To obtain optimal anti-glare properties, it is usually necessary to suppress zero-order reflected light (i.e., specular light).

[0112] Now for reference FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B The diffraction efficiencies for reflection and transmission are provided respectively. FIG. 18A A plot of the structural depth of the depicted diffraction anti-glare structure. These plots are from... Software development. For example... FIG. 18B The demonstrated diffraction anti-glare structure has a period of 20 μm, and the structure depth ranges from 0 μm to 0.5 μm. Furthermore, as shown... FIG. 7A to FIG. 7D The diagram shows plots from the zeroth to the fifth order (i.e., m = 0 to 5). Notably, the zeroth-order curve represents the amplitude of specular reflectance and, as shown, is suppressed to near 0% at a structural depth of 0.14 μm to 0.15 μm. Furthermore, compared to flat glass with a structural depth of approximately 0.12 μm to 0.17 μm, corresponding to about 1 / 4 of the wavelength of light in air, the specular reflectance is suppressed by a factor of 10. A second minimum of specular reflectance is observed at a structural depth of 3 / 4 of the wavelength. FIG. 6 What is shown provides a connection with FIG. 7A to FIG. 7D and FIG. 7A to FIG. 7DThe amplitude of the transmitted diffractive orders of the same structure is shown. For display applications, it can be desirable to maximize the zeroth order, i.e., the specular transmission. At a structure depth of about 0.15 μιη, the specular transmission is 78% greater than the flat glass transmission, which is also the preferred depth for minimizing the specular reflectance. For the preferred embodiment, the total transmission (considering all angles) remains close to the flat glass value, and most of the scattered light in the transmission is within 10 degrees or 5 degrees of the specular direction.

[0113] Referring now to FIG. 7A , plots of the diffractive efficiency reflected at 15%, 30%, and 70% fill fractions, respectively, are provided as a function of the structure depth of the diffractive anti-glare structure depicted in FIG. 7B . Notably, the diffractive structures with these 15%, 30%, and 70% fill fractions do not allow the zeroth order (specular) reflectance to drop to zero. This indicates that the preferred fill fraction for simple two-mode height, single material structures such as this is close to 50%, or in the range of 35% to 65%, as modeled and depicted in FIG. 7A .

[0114] Referring now to FIG. 7C , plots of the diffractive efficiency reflected at different incident light wavelengths are provided as a function of the structure depth of the diffractive anti-glare surface depicted in FIG. 7D . In particular, this figure illustrates the effect of the incident light wavelength, especially at the zeroth order, on the suppression of specular reflection. Although the optimal structure depth varies with wavelength, as shown in FIG. 7C , a single structure depth near the first 1 / 4 wavelength minimum (at the arrow) can successfully achieve a 10-fold reduction in specular reflectance for all visible wavelengths from 450 nm to 650 nm. This indicates that it is feasible to use a basic diffractive anti-glare structure with a two-mode surface height profile, as modeled in FIG. 8 , to achieve broadband suppression of specular reflectance in the visible range.

[0115] Referring again to FIG. 7D , these figures generally provide guidance for configuring a display article 100 to maximize the specular transmission while minimizing the specular reflectance. In addition, these figures illustrate how the depth of a diffractive anti-glare structure (e.g., used as the general basis for the diffractive surface region 30a) affects the specular reflectance. As noted previously, FIG. 7C , the modeled linear diffractive anti-glare structure of FIG. 8 differs from the diffractive surface region 30a of the display article 100 shown in FIG. 9AThe modeling of the basic diffraction structure shown has the height or depth of the structural feature 20 of the diffraction surface region 30a preferably maintained within the range of 50nm to 250nm, 75nm to 225nm, 100nm to 200nm, 120nm to 190nm, or 140nm to 190nm.

[0116] More generally, once the desired structure of surface region 30a is defined, the two-dimensional array structural feature 20 of diffracting surface region 30a can be fabricated using a variety of processes, such as optical flat printing (mask), inkjet printing, laser patterning, and / or screen printing. The choice of process depends on the resolution of structural feature 20 (e.g., in terms of diameter and / or pitch) and the technical capabilities of a given process. In some embodiments, once the structural parameters of surface region 30a (e.g., pillars or holes, average height, pitch, diameter, period, etc.) are defined, the design can be converted into a computer-aided design (CAD) file, and this CAD file can then be used in conjunction with any of the aforementioned processes to transfer the design to substrate 10 to create 'dedicated' diffracting surface region 30a.

[0117] Now for reference FIG. 9B It provides a means of manufacturing display products (i.e., FIG. 7C A schematic flowchart of a method 200 for display article 100 shown and described. Method 200 includes: step 202 of masking a substrate 10 including a thickness 13 and a main surface 12 with a mask; step 204 of forming a diffraction surface region 30a within the main surface 12 of the substrate 10; and step 206 of removing the mask from the substrate 10. The final result of method 200 is display article 100, such as... FIG. 7D and FIG. 9A As depicted. In some embodiments, method 200 further includes: forming an anti-glare coating 60 over the diffraction surface region 30a to define the display article 100 (see [reference]). FIG. 7C Step 208 (and corresponding description). The diffracted surface region 30a includes a plurality of structural features 20, which include a plurality of different heights distributed in a multi-mode pattern. Furthermore, the multi-mode distribution further includes first partial structural features 22a, 22a' at a first average height 24a and second partial structural features 22b, 22b' at a second average height 24b. Additionally, the substrate 10 manufactured according to method 200 exhibits the characteristics of passing through a PPD at an incident angle of 0° with the normal. 140 The measured scintillation was less than 4%, the DOI was less than 80% at an incident angle of 20° to the normal, and the transmittance haze was less than 20% at an incident angle of 0° to the normal.

[0118] according to FIG. 9BSome embodiments of the method 200 of fabricating the display article 100 (see FIG. 7D and the previous description), the step 202 of masking the substrate 10 can include one or more of screen printing masking, inkjet printing masking, and photoresist masking. In some embodiments, the step 204 of forming the diffractive surface region 30a includes etching the major surface 12 of the substrate 10 through a mask to form the diffractive surface region 30a, where each structural feature is a hole at a depth of from 50 nm to 250 nm. The step 204 may, for example, be performed by etching the substrate 10 comprising a glass composition with an HF / HNO3 etchant. In embodiments, the wet etch solution employed in the step 204 can consist of hydrofluoric acid (HF, 49 w / w%) and nitric acid (HNO3, 69 w / w%) combined with 0.1 v / v% to 5 v / v% of HF and 0.1 v / v% to 5 v / v% of HNO3. Typical concentrations for achieving an etch depth of 100 nm to 250 nm are 0.1 v / v% of HF / 1 v / v% of HNO3 to 0.5 v / v% of HF / 1 v / v% of HNO3 solution. The etching in the step 204 may, for example, be performed from room temperature to about 45 °C using an immersion or spray etching process. In other embodiments, the step 204 of forming the diffractive surface region 30a can include depositing a film on the major surface 12 of the substrate 10 through a mask (e.g., by sputtering, evaporation, or chemical vapor deposition) to form the diffractive surface region 30a, where each structural feature is a hole at a depth of from 50 nm to 250 nm. The diffractive surface region can also be formed by masking plus ‘dry etching’, plasma-based etching, reactive ion etching, or other vacuum-based etching methods. In some embodiments, such a film can be deposited through a mask with a liquid phase silica layer or other oxide layer, followed by mask removal and lift-off.

[0119] The articles 100 disclosed herein (e.g., as FIG. 9A exhibited) can be incorporated into device articles, such as device articles having displays (or display device articles) (e.g., consumer electronic products, including mobile phones, tablet computers, computers, navigation systems, wearable devices (e.g., watches), and the like), augmented reality displays, heads-up displays, glass-based displays, architectural device articles, transportation device articles (e.g., automobiles, trains, airplanes, ships, etc.), electrical device articles, or any device article that benefits from a certain degree of transparency, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, or a combination thereof. Exemplary device articles incorporating any of the articles disclosed herein (e.g., consistent with the articles 100 FIG. 9B depicted) are exhibited in FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 and FIG. 10A In particular, FIG. 10B and FIG. 10AA consumer electronics device 1800 is shown, including a housing 1802 having a front surface 1804, a back surface 1806, and side surfaces 1808, electronic components (not shown) at least partially within the housing or entirely within the housing and including at least a controller, memory, and a display 1810 at or adjacent the front surface of the housing, and a cover substrate 1812 at or over the front surface of the housing such that it is over the display. In some embodiments, the cover substrate 1812 can include any of the articles disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least one of a portion of the housing or the cover glass comprises an article disclosed herein.

[0120] Examples

[0121] The following examples describe various features and advantages provided by the present disclosure and are in no way intended to limit the invention and the appended claims.

[0122] Example 1

[0123] General Reference FIG. 10B In this case, a photosensitive polymer (i.e., photoresist) is exposed and developed to form a three-dimensional relief image on a substrate (e.g., substrate 10). In general, the ideal photoresist image has the exact shape of the design or intended pattern in the plane of the substrate, with vertical walls through the thickness of the resist (<3 μm for spin-on resist, <20 μm for dry film resist, and <15 μm for screen-coatable photoresist). Upon exposure, the final resist pattern is binary, with portions of the substrate covered by resist and other portions completely uncovered. In contrast, the diffractive surface region structures shown developed using a mask / optical lithography process. In this case, a photosensitive polymer (i.e., photoresist) is exposed and developed to form a three-dimensional relief image on a substrate (e.g., substrate 10). In general, the ideal photoresist image has the exact shape of the design or intended pattern in the plane of the substrate, with vertical walls through the thickness of the resist (<3 μm for spin-on resist, <20 μm for dry film resist, and <15 μm for screen-coatable photoresist). Upon exposure, the final resist pattern is binary, with portions of the substrate covered by resist and other portions completely uncovered. In contrast, FIG. 7C The general order of processing steps for a typical photolithography process consistent with the method 200 depicted is as follows: substrate preparation (cleaning and dehydration, followed by application of adhesion promoters such as hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) for spin-on resists), photoresist spin-coating, pre-baking, exposure and development (i.e., step 202), followed by a wet etch process to transfer the binary image onto the glass (i.e., step 204). The final step is resist stripping after the resist pattern has been transferred into the underlying layer (i.e., step 206). In some cases, post-baking and post-exposure baking steps are required to ensure resist adhesion during the wet etch process.

[0124] Reference is now made to FIG. 10COptical micrographs of the diffracted surface regions of an aluminosilicate glass substrate prepared according to this example are provided, wherein the preferred etching depth of the holes is in the range of 100 nm to 250 nm. These diffracted surface regions are prepared by a photomask process followed by an etching process. More specifically, for preparing... FIG. 10D The wet etching solution for the sample consisted of hydrofluoric acid (HF, 49 w / w%) and nitric acid (HNO3, 69 w / w%), with 0.1 v / v% to 5 v / v% HF and 0.1 v / v% to 5 v / v% HNO3. In this example, the concentrations used to achieve etching depths from 100 nm to 250 nm ranged from 0.1 v / v% HF / 1 v / v% HNO3 to 0.5 v / v% HF / 1 v / v% HNO3. FIG. 10C and FIG. 10D The structural features of a two-dimensional (2D) ordered array of diffracted surface regions at two spatial frequencies are shown: (a) a structural feature with a diameter of 12 μm and a pitch of 17 μm. FIG. 7A (a) (referred to as the "12-17" array); and (b) a structural feature with a diameter of 25 μm and a pitch of 50 μm (referred to as the "25-50" array). The surfaces of the ordered arrays are designed using hexagonal or square filling arrays, with the fill fraction varying from 20% to 50%. Furthermore, FIG. 10A to FIG. 10D and FIG. 10A 2D array structural features of diffracted surface regions with random filling structures at two spatial frequencies: (a) 50 μm structural feature diameter with a minimum pitch of 60 μm ( FIG. 10D (a) (referred to as the “50-60” array); and (b) a 12 μm structural feature diameter with a minimum pitch of 14 μm (referred to as the “12-14” array).

[0125] Now for reference FIG. 11A Based on this example, a plot of the etch depth as a function of the etch time for two structural features forming the diffracted surface region is provided. In this example, structural features with diameters of 12 μm and 50 μm are etched, and the resulting etch depth is plotted (e.g., with...). FIG. 11B and FIG. 11B (The structure shown is consistent). In this example, the substrate is a glass composition and etched using a 49 vol% HF stock solution. The etching depth was measured using a stylus-based profilometer (Z depth resolution setting <5 μm, <200 μm scan, 3 regions under 3 mg force) or a Bruker ContourGT-X white light interferometer (20x or 50x objectives, narrow-band green light, single-field image). FIG. 11BIt is evident that larger structural features (i.e., structural features with a diameter of approximately 50 μm) are etched faster over a longer period of time compared to smaller structural features (i.e., structural features with a diameter of approximately 12 μm). This allows the same etchant and a mask to be used to tailor the diffracted surface region to features of different sizes at different depths or heights.

[0126] Now for reference FIG. 12 and FIG. 12 The above provides FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B The image depicts the structural features of diffracted surface regions with different sizes and fill fractions as a function of etch depth. (Example: A plot of DOIs representing the structural features of diffracted surface regions with different sizes and fill fractions.) FIG. 13A The diagram shows the 50-60 array structure features as a function of etch depth at 36% and 50% fill fractions (see also...). FIG. 13B The DOI level of ). Similarly, such as FIG. 14 The 12-14 array structure features shown as a function of etch depth at 20% and 50% fill fractions are illustrated (see also: FIG. 15 DOI level. For example, from FIG. 15 and FIG. 1A It is evident that the structural features of both arrays demonstrate the observation of minimum DOI at etch depths ranging from approximately 150 nm to 180 nm, as previously summarized. FIG. 1B The modeling presented typically predicts or otherwise suggests.

[0127] Now for reference FIG. 7C and FIG. 7D Based on this example, measured PPDs with structural features having different sizes and fill fractions are provided. 140 And a plot of haze as a function of etching depth. (e.g.) FIG. 7C and FIG. 15 The diagram shows 50-60 array structure features at 36% and 50% fill fractions (see also: FIG. 16A It exhibits minimal PPD at low etching depths of less than 0.2 μm. 140 And haze value. Regarding... FIG. 16B and FIG. 16B Based on this example, measured PPDs with structural features having different sizes and fill fractions are provided. 140 And a plot of haze as a function of etching depth. (e.g.) FIG. 9A and FIG. 10A 12-17 array structure features at 20% and 50% fill fractions (see also...) FIG. 17A It also exhibits minimal PPD at low etching depths of less than 0.2 μm. 140 and haze value. More generally, FIG. 17BThe arrays of such structural features at 60 pm and 17 pm periodicity, respectively, show PPD 140 and haze increase as a function of etch depth. Furthermore, as the etch depth increases, samples with larger spatial frequencies (i.e., 50-60 array) have a greater impact on PPD 140 (see FIG. 17B ), while as the etch depth increases, samples with higher frequencies (i.e., 12-17 array) have a greater impact on haze (see FIG. 6 ).

[0128] Example 2

[0129] According to this example, arrays of structural features (i.e., holes) were developed on glass substrates at depths of 0.15 pm, 0.2 pm, and 0.23 pm (samples 950, 951, 952, respectively) according to a method consistent with the principles of the present disclosure. Table 2 below lists the optical properties measured on these samples, including PPD 140 (%, as measured at 0° in units of display unity), haze (% as measured at 0° in units of transmittance), DOI (coupling, %, as measured at 20° in units of reflectance), and specular reflectance Rs (coupling, GU, as measured at 20° in units of reflectance). As evident from Table 2, the sample with 0.15 pm etch depth (950) exhibited a DOI < 80%, PPD 140 < 2%, and haze < 5%, consistent with the diffractive surface area consistent with the present disclosure. The other samples with depths of 0.2 pm and 0.23 pm did not exhibit this combination of optical properties. This illustrates the value of the range of depths for achieving a target combination of properties, which can vary for different preferred applications.

[0130] Table 2

[0131]

[0132] Referring now to FIG. 19 , optical images and surface height profile bars of diffractive surface areas having the best combination of optical properties from Table 2 (sample 950) are provided. More specifically, the structural features of this sample (sample 950) have a depth of about 150 nm, a fill fraction of 50%, a feature diameter / size of 12 pm, and a minimum pitch of 14 pm. Referring now to FIG. 6 , in this example, angular spectrum plots of the samples from Table 2 are provided. More specifically, FIG. 20 plots show the reflectance magnitude versus the reflection angle for samples 950-952. As evident from ​It is apparent that a decrease in specular reflectance is observed for sample 950 compared to samples 951 and 952. Note that the Rhopoint IQ Gloss Haze & DOI Meter reports the Rs values listed in Table 2 normalized to a maximum value of 100 in gloss units (GU) for a flat plate glass with a refractive index of 1.567 and no back surface reflectance illuminated at an angle of incidence of 20°. It is known that such a glass has an absolute reflectance value (%R) of the first surface of 4.91%. Therefore, the Rs values reported by the Rhopoint IQ Meter can be converted to absolute specular reflectance values (%R) by multiplying by the factor 4.91 / 100. Thus, a sample 950 with an Rs magnitude of about 6 at 0° corresponds to an absolute specular reflectance value (%R) of the first surface of 6 / 100*4.91% = ~0.295%.

[0133] Example 3

[0134] According to this example, samples having an array of structural features defining a diffractive surface area were fabricated using screen printing and etching to produce posts on the glass surface. The target post size / diameter on the screen printed pattern was 75 μιη, which swelled to about 100 μιη after wetting with etchant on the glass. In addition, the target pitch for these samples was 125 μιη in a hexagonal pattern, and the target fill fraction was 55% (actual fill fraction was close to 56%). The screen printed pattern was made using ink on a clean glass surface. Table 3 lists the samples fabricated according to this example, which reflect various etch times leading to various etch depths (i.e., post heights) and optical properties (glint, haze, DOI, and Rs) associated with these samples. In addition, as noted previously, the absolute specular reflectance of the first surface (Rs, in gloss units (GU)) can be converted to the absolute specular reflectance of the first surface at an angle of incidence of 20° (%R) by multiplying them by the factor 4.91 / 100. As apparent from Table 3, the range of optimal etch depths for optical property measurements corresponds to about ¼ of the wavelength of light in air, i.e., the etch depths of the samples were 0.141 μιη to 0.172 μιη.

[0135] Table 3

[0136]

[0137]

[0138] Reference is now made to ​ In this example, a plot of the angular spectrum is provided for sample C17-T10a-75H-E60-Bare-C having an etch depth of about 0.172 μιη, where the plot depicts reflectance magnitude versus reflection angle. As apparent from​ As evident from Table 3, for the structural features, the optimal etch depth for obtaining low DOI and low Rs is in the range of 120 nm to 180 nm, while other etch depths do not exhibit this combination of optical properties.

[0139] Referring now to ​ and ​ , FIG. 3 and Table 12 provide optical images of the diffractive surface area and structural features of the sample (C17-T10a-75H-E60-Bare-C) having an etch depth of 0.172 μιη, as observed before and after removal of ink as part of the screen printing and etching process. As noted previously, the target size / diameter of these structures in this example description is about 75 μιη; however, the actual size of the features (i.e., the mask) as screen printed expands upon drying of the ink, and the range of actual sizes for the features in this example is from 101 μιη to 110 μιη. Further, as evident from ​ the particular features depicted are from 101 μιη to 110 μιη. Further, as evident from ​ the areas surrounding these ink circles are etched, forming the posts of this example.

[0140] Referring now to ​ , a plot of the DOI of the structural features of this example and detailed above in Table 3 as a function of etch depth is provided. As noted previously, the preferred etch depth for DOI reduction is about ¼ of the optical wavelength, between 0.1 μιη and 0.2 μιη. Additionally, a second preferred etch depth for DOI is at about ¾ of the optical wavelength, at an etch depth between 0.4 μιη and 0.5 μιη. The ¾ wavelength etch depth can be less desirable due to the effects on transmitted light and the smaller effect on DOI relative to the ¼ wavelength etch depth samples as shown in Table 3. These results are generally consistent with the diffractive anti-glare optical model described previously. 140

[0141] Example 4

[0142] ​While the diffractive surface regions of the display articles of the present disclosure employ structure features having a multi-modal distribution of surface heights (e.g., a bimodal distribution of surface heights), embodiments of such diffractive surface regions employ spatial randomization of the features in the X-Y dimensions. In this example, two X-Y pattern randomizations are employed for the diffractive surface regions - a "hard sphere" distribution and a "Poisson disc" distribution. The former hard sphere pattern design targets structure features with an approximate 50% fill fraction, and samples with 12 pm and 50 pm diameter structure features were fabricated according to this pattern. The latter Poisson disc pattern design targets structure features with an approximate 36% fill fraction. Each of these X-Y randomization schemes can also target diffractive surface regions of structure features with different fill fractions, feature depths, and anti-glare coating combinations. Moreover, as evident from this example and previously noted, the level and type of feature randomization in the X-Y dimensions can be critically important to achieving low PPD while also minimizing other display artifacts such as moire or color bands.

[0143] X-Y pattern randomization can be defined in different ways. One approach is the hexagonal percentage, ​ The definition of the hexagonal percentage (H) is shown. The hexagonal percentage is a measure for locally quantifying how close a pattern is to a hexagonal lattice. For each point in the pattern, the hexagonal percentage (H) at that point is computed using the angles of its six nearest neighbors with respect to an arbitrary axis. The average hexagonal percentage (H) can be defined by equation (1) as follows:

[0144]

[0145] where k = 1 to 6 are the six nearest neighbor structure features to that one structure feature, and a k denotes the angle of each of the six nearest neighbor structure features with respect to an arbitrary axis. Thus, in the context of the diffractive surface regions of the display articles of the present disclosure, the spatial distribution of the plurality of structure features can have a hexagonal percentage (H) ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As ​ shown, the variable a k denotes the angles of the six nearest neighbors. With respect to a hexagonal lattice, these six angles all differ by 60 degrees (p / 3 radians), so the six addends of the refractive index differ by 2p radians, and all six complex numbers in the summation are identical. H is one in this case. The average hexagonal percentage (H) of a pattern can be taken as a global measure of deviation from a perfect hexagonal lattice, which is useful when the pattern is uniform. A perfect hexagonal lattice has an average hexagonal percentage (H) of 1.0. A perfectly random, stationary Poisson distribution of points has an average hexagonal percentage (H) of approximately 0.36 or 36%. Thus, according to ​ and ​In the depicted embodiment of the display article 100, the features of the plurality of structural features 20 may be characterized by a non-random spatial distribution. This results in H ranging from 0.4 to 0.95, from 0.4 to 0.9, from 0.4 to 0.8, from 0.36 to 0.9, from 0.36 to 0.8, from 0.36 to 0.7, and all average hexagonal percentage (H) values ​​and ranges between the aforementioned ranges.

[0146] Further regarding the hard ball randomization pattern, this pattern is used to form ​ and ​ The structural features of the diffracted surface region are depicted. These patterns were generated using the molecular dynamics simulation tool (LAMMPS). Initially, the "molecular" gas representing the features was placed on a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice to fix the fill fraction at 50%. The gas was then heated and randomized in two dimensions. The molecules were given a repulsive hard-sphere potential to maintain a minimum specified spacing. ​ The exemplary pattern in the image has an average hexagonal percentage (H) of 49% (see also...) ​ This indicates a large deviation from the regular dot matrix. The "12-14" and "50-60" arrays have the same pattern geometry: the 50-60 pattern is simply a 12-14 pattern magnified by a total factor of 50 / 12. This magnification does not affect the fill fraction, hexagonal percentage, or feature distribution function (except for obvious axial magnification), but it does affect the optical properties of the texture. The nearest neighbor distance (defined as the center-to-center distance of features in XY space) distribution of the 12 / 14 pattern is shown in... ​ The periodic diagram of this 12 / 14 pattern is shown in... ​ In the middle. Replacing spatial frequency, ​ The X-axis is converted into the scattering angle from the mirror in degrees for a light wavelength of 0.55 μm.

[0147] Switch to another 50 / 60 array (see ​ and ​ It exhibits a larger nearest neighbor distance distribution and a lower fill fraction (36%). The structural features of these samples were configured as a Passon disk pattern, generated using a "dart throwing" algorithm. This algorithm ensures an absolute minimum feature spacing (60 μm in this example), but is not very effective with fill space. The average hexagonal percentage (H) is lower, at 41%. The nearest neighbor distance distribution of the 50 / 60 Passon disk pattern is shown in... ​ The periodic diagram of the 50 / 60 Passon disk pattern is shown in... ​ In the middle. Replacing spatial frequency, ​The X-axis is converted to off-specular scattering angle in degrees for a light wavelength of 0.55 μιη.

[0148] Example 5

[0149] According to this example, a display article is fabricated using a method consistent with the embodiments described above (see corresponding description) having an enhanced aluminosilicate glass substrate having a major surface with a diffractive surface region and a multilayer AR coating structure disposed on the diffractive surface region. As shown ​ ​ The diffractive surface region includes features having a diameter of about 12 μιη in the form of holes etched into the glass surface. The holes have a randomized pattern created by photolithography (see ​

[0150] After glass etching and photomask removal, the glass substrate is strengthened by ion exchange and the entire surface, including the diffractive surface region, is coated with a 5-layer AR coating using reactive sputtering, with layer design as shown in Table 1A (i.e., having a total thickness of about 261 nm). The AR coating uniformly coats the facets and valleys of the diffractive AG surface region, such that the multilayer AR interference effect and the diffractive AG effect are simultaneously effective. This is due to the optical design strategy and high precision fabrication (dimensional control) of both the diffractive surface morphology and the multilayer AR coating. The 'edge effect' from the edges of the surface textured valleys is partially minimized by the design approach of using relatively large (12 micron diameter) holes / valleys as compared to the relatively thin (0.26 μιη) AR coating thickness and the relatively shallow (0.16 μιη) etch depth.

[0151] These SiO x N y The SiO x N y The high hardness of the material results in a measurable coated surface hardness that is higher than the glass substrate. Hardness was measured on a sister test sample fabricated according to the method previously outlined in this same example. As shown ​ The following results were obtained for the hardness measured on these sister samples using the Vickers hardness test: hardness at 100 nm indentation depth = 11.9 GPa; hardness at 500 nm depth = 8.8 GPa; and maximum hardness (at about 125 nm depth) = 12.4 GPa.

[0152] ​​The following Table 4 summarizes the experimentally demonstrated optical performance of the sample in this example having a diffractive AG surface region and a multilayer AR coating (Example 5B) compared to a sample having a diffractive AG surface region without a multilayer AR (Example 5A) and the same multilayer AR coated on a glass substrate without a diffractive surface region (Comparative Example 5). These results show that enhanced performance can be achieved using the combined diffractive AG surface region plus multilayer AR coating approach. In particular, the 0.077% specular reflectance of Example 5B is significantly lower than either Example 5A (0.25%) or Comparative Example 5 (0.61%) alone.

[0153] The specular reflectance values in Table 4 were measured using a Rhopoint IQ Goniophotometer, which is somewhat unique among other instruments that measure specular reflectance in that the specular reflectance value reported (Rspec) is measured over a small angle aperture range of + / - 0.1 degrees (compared to + / - 2 degrees for other common instruments). This small angle aperture provides higher resolution in the separation between specularly reflected light and non-specularly reflected light. The 1 -side % reflectance in the following Table 4 is normalized by using the value measured (Rspec = 85) for a reference glass substrate having a known first surface reflectance (4.16% R for glass and index = 1.51 at 20°) using the same coupling method. Thus, the Rspec value of 1.6 is converted to % specular reflectance using the calculation 1.6 * (4.16% / 85) = 0.077% reflectance. This calculation method is in good agreement with the expected conversion between Rspec, gloss, and % reflectance provided by the instrument manufacturer, which is a conversion factor of 100% reflectance = 2000 gloss units, matching the ratio 4.91 / 100 described previously. Using either calculation method gives nearly the same value, so multiplying by the ratio 4.16% / 85, 100% / 2000, or 4.91 / 100 within the range of practical measurement error gives the same result. Using the same conversion ratio, the gloss units in the following Table 4 can be converted to % reflectance values. For example, the 20° gloss value of 2.7 for Example 2 corresponds to a % reflectance value of 2.7 * (100% / 2000) = 0.13%. The reason for the difference between the % R calculated from 20° gloss and the % R calculated from 20 degree Rspec is that the angle acceptance of the gloss measurement differs by + / - 0.9 degrees from the specular reflection angle according to the method of ASTM D523, while the angle acceptance range for the measured Rspec values is + / - 0.1 degrees. In addition, according to ASTM D523, the angle acceptance range is + / - 2.2 degrees for 60° gloss and + / - 2.0 degrees for 85° gloss (all angle acceptance values are in the measurement plane).

[0154] All Rhopoint IQ measurements in Table 4 below were measured in a coupled state (resulting in a first surface value), meaning the back surface of the glass sample was coupled to an absorber with an index matching oil, which effectively eliminates reflectivity from the back surface of the sample (back surface reflectivity is not included in the measured value). Pixel power deviation (PPD) or sparkle values were measured on a 140 PPI display using an internal instrument (‘SMS1’) according to the method of U.S. Patent No. 9,411,180 (US ‘180), as referenced for native display pixel power variation, the pertinent portions of US ‘180 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into this disclosure. “Sparkle”, “sparkle contrast”, “display sparkle”, “pixel power deviation”, “PPD”, or similar terms refer to a visual phenomenon that occurs when a textured transparent surface is combined with a pixelated display. In general, quantification of sparkle involves imaging a lighted display or simulated display having a textured surface in a field of view. The sparkle calculation for region P is equal to s(P) / m(P), where s(P) is the standard deviation of the integrated intensity distribution of each display pixel contained within region P divided by the average intensity m(P). Following the guidance in the literature, an imaging system can be constructed to quantify sparkle. (See, for example, US ‘180; A. Stillwell et al., “Perception of Sparkle in Anti-Glare Display Screens”, JSID 22(2), 129-136 (2014); and C. Cecala et al., “Fourier Optics Modeling of Display Sparkle from Anti-Glare Cover Glass: Comparison to Experimental Data”, Optical Society of America Imaging and Applied Optics Congress, JW5B.8 (2020)). Alternatively, a commercial system (e.g., SMS-1000, Display Messtechnik & Systeme GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) can also be used. A 140 PPI display (Z50, Lenovo Group Limited, Hong Kong) having only green sub-pixel light (R=0, B=0, G=255) was imaged at full display brightness using a f=50 mm lens / machine vision camera combination. The lens was set to aperture=5.6, depth of field=0.3; and using these settings, the ratio of display pixels to camera pixels was approximately 1 to 9. The field of view for analysis contained approximately 7500 display pixels. The camera settings turned off gain and gamma correction.During the analysis prior to the calculation of the flicker, periodic intensity variations from e.g. the display and non-periodic intensity variations from e.g. dead pixels are removed.

[0155] Furthermore, the % transmittance and % transmitted haze values reported in Table 4 are two-surface measurements (i.e. between both major surfaces of the substrate) using a BYK Haze-Gard instrument.

[0156] Table 4

[0157]

[0158] * These measurements are calculated.

[0159] 5As outlined herein, a first aspect of the present disclosure relates to a display article. The display article comprises: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; and the major surface defines a diffractive surface area. The diffractive surface area comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a plurality of different heights in a multimodal distribution. Furthermore, the substrate exhibits a flicker of less than 4% as measured by a

[0160] image power deviation (PPD 140 ) measurement at an angle of incidence of 0° from the normal, a

[0161] image clarity (DOI) of less than 80% at an angle of incidence of 20° from the normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 20% at an angle of incidence of 0° from the normal.

[0162] According to a second aspect, the first aspect is provided, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a first portion of structural features having a first average height and a second portion of structural features having a second average height.

[0163] 15According to a third aspect, the second aspect is provided, wherein the first average height and the second average height have a difference from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0164] According to a fourth aspect, the second aspect is provided, wherein the first average height and the second average height have a difference from 120 nm to 200 nm.

[0165] According to a fifth aspect, any of the second aspect to the fourth aspect is provided, wherein the diffractive surface area further comprises a first planar area corresponding to the first average height and a second planar area corresponding to the second average height. Furthermore, each of the first planar area and the second planar area comprises a root-mean-square (RMS) height variation of less than 50 nm.

[0166] According to a sixth aspect, the fifth aspect is provided, wherein the first planar area and the second planar area have a total surface area that is at least 50% of a total surface area of the diffractive surface area.

[0167] According to a seventh aspect, any of the first aspect through the sixth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate comprises a glass composition.

[0168] According to an eighth aspect, any of the first aspect through the seventh aspect is provided, wherein the substrate further exhibits a flicker as measured by a pixel power deviation (PPD) of less than 2% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal. 140

[0169] According to a ninth aspect, any of the first aspect through the eighth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate further exhibits a transmittance haze of less than 5% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal.

[0170] According to a tenth aspect, any of the first aspect through the ninth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate further exhibits a first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) of less than 1% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal.

[0171] According to an eleventh aspect, any of the first aspect through the tenth aspect is provided, further comprising: an anti-reflective coating disposed on the major surface of the substrate. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high and low refractive index layers. Each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. Further, the article exhibits a first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.1% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal.

[0172] A twelfth aspect of the present disclosure relates to a display article. The display article comprises: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; and the major surface defines a diffractive surface area. The diffractive surface area comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a pitch less than 125 pm and a fill fraction from 30% to 70%, each structural feature comprising a diameter less than 100 pm. Further, the substrate exhibits a flicker as measured by a pixel power deviation (PPD) of less than 4% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal, a distinctness of image (DOI) of less than 80% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 20% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal.

[0173] ​According to a thirteenth aspect, the twelfth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate comprises a glass composition.

[0174] According to a fourteenth aspect, the twelfth aspect or the thirteenth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate further exhibits a flicker of less than 2% as measured by PPD 140 at an incident angle of 0° from the normal.

[0175] According to a fifteenth aspect, any of the twelfth aspect through the fourteenth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate further exhibits a transmittance haze of less than 5% at an incident angle of 0° from the normal.

[0176] According to a sixteenth aspect, any of the twelfth aspect through the fifteenth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate further exhibits a first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) of less than 1% at an incident angle of 20° from the normal.

[0177] According to a seventeenth aspect, any of the twelfth aspect through the sixteenth aspect is provided, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises posts having a first average height from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0178] According to an eighteenth aspect, the seventeenth aspect is provided, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a plurality of heights in a multimodal distribution. The multimodal distribution further comprises the first portion of structural features at the first average height and a second portion of structural features at a second average height. Further, the first portion of the distribution has a first fill fraction from 30% to 70% and the second portion of the distribution has a second fill fraction of 100% minus the first fill fraction.

[0179] According to a nineteenth aspect, any of the twelfth aspect through the sixteenth aspect is provided, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises holes having a first average depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0180] According to a twentieth aspect, the nineteenth aspect is provided, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a plurality of depths in a multimodal distribution. The multimodal distribution further comprises the first portion of structural features at the first average depth and a second portion of structural features at a second average depth. Further, the first portion of the distribution has a first fill fraction from 30% to 70% and the second portion of the distribution has a second fill fraction of 100% minus the first fill fraction.

[0181] According to a twenty-first aspect, any of the twelfth aspect through the twentieth aspect is provided, wherein the fill fraction is from 40% to 55%.

[0182] According to a twenty-second aspect, there is provided any one of the twelfth to twenty-first aspects, wherein each structural feature further comprises an aspect ratio of more than 10.

[0183] According to a twenty-third aspect, there is provided any one of the twelfth to twenty-second aspects, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a period from 5 pm to 100 pm.

[0184] According to a twenty-fourth aspect, there is provided any one of the twelfth to sixteenth aspects, further comprising: an anti-reflective coating disposed on the major surface of the substrate. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers. Each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8 and substantially the same as or greater than a refractive index of the substrate. Each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. Further, the article exhibits a first surface absolute specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.1% at an incident angle of 20° from normal.

[0185] A twenty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure relates to a display article. The display article comprises: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; and the major surface defines a diffractive surface region. The diffractive surface region comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a pitch less than 125 pm and a fill fraction from 30% to 70%. Further, each structural feature comprises a height or a depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0186] According to a twenty-sixth aspect, there is provided the twenty-fifth aspect, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a non-random spatial distribution.

[0187] According to a twenty-seventh aspect, there is provided the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth aspect, the substrate exhibits a flicker of less than 4% as measured by pixel power deviation (PPD 140 ) at an incident angle of 0° from normal, a distinctness of image (DOI) of less than 80% at an incident angle of 20° from normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 20% at an incident angle of 0° from normal.

[0188] According to a twenty-eighth aspect, there is provided any one of the twenty-fifth to twenty-seventh aspects, wherein the non-random spatial distribution of the plurality of structural features comprises an average hexagon percentage (H) from greater than 0.4 to less than 1.0, wherein the hexagon percentage (H) of one structural feature is given by equation (1):

[0189]

[0190] where k = 1 to 6 is the six nearest neighbor structural features to this one structural feature, and a k represents the angle of each of these six nearest neighbor structural features with an arbitrary axis.

[0191] According to a twenty-ninth aspect, any of the twenty-fifth aspect to the twenty-eighth aspect is provided, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises pillars having a first average height from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0192] According to a thirtieth aspect, the twenty-ninth aspect is provided, wherein the height of each pillar is from 120 nm to 180 nm.

[0193] According to a thirty-first aspect, any of the twenty-fifth aspect to the twenty-eighth aspect is provided, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises holes having a first average depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0194] According to a thirty-second aspect, the thirty-first aspect is provided, wherein the depth of each hole is from 120 nm to 180 nm.

[0195] According to a thirty-third aspect, any of the twenty-fifth aspect to the thirty-second aspect is provided, further comprising: an anti-reflective coating disposed on the major surface of the substrate. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers. Each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8 and substantially the same as or greater than a refractive index of the substrate. Each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. Further, the article exhibits a first surface absolute specular reflectance (%Rs) of less than 0.1% at an incident angle of 20° from normal.

[0196] A thirty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of manufacturing a display article. The method comprises: masking a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface with a mask; forming a diffractive surface region within the major surface of the substrate; and removing the mask from the substrate. The diffractive surface region comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a plurality of different heights in a multi-modal distribution. The multi-modal distribution further comprises a first portion of structural features at a first average height and a second portion of structural features at a second average height. Further, the substrate exhibits a pixel power deviation (PPD 140) a flare of less than 4% as measured by pixel power difference (PPD), a distinctness of image (DOI) of less than 80% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 20% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal.

[0197] According to a thirty-fifth aspect, the thirty-fourth aspect is provided, wherein the masking step comprises one or more of screen printing masking, inkjet printing masking, photoresist masking.

[0198] According to a thirty-sixth aspect, the thirty-fourth aspect or the thirty-fifth aspect is provided, wherein the forming step comprises etching the major surface of the substrate through the mask to form the diffractive surface region, and wherein each structural feature is a hole comprising a depth of from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0199] According to a thirty-seventh aspect, the thirty-fourth aspect or the thirty-fifth aspect is provided, wherein the forming step comprises depositing a film on the major surface of the substrate through the mask to form the diffractive surface region, and wherein each structural feature is a post comprising a height of from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0200] According to a thirty-eighth aspect of the disclosure, a display article is provided, comprising: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; a diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate; and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate. The diffractive surface region comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a multi-modal distribution of different heights. Further, the substrate exhibits a flare of less than 4% as measured by pixel power difference (PPD), a distinctness of image (DOI) of less than 80% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 20% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high and low refractive index layers. Further, each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.2% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal in the visible spectrum of from about 450 nm to 650 nm. In addition, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test over an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater. 140 ) a flare of less than 4% as measured by pixel power difference (PPD), a distinctness of image (DOI) of less than 80% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 20% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high and low refractive index layers. Further, each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.2% at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal in the visible spectrum of from about 450 nm to 650 nm. In addition, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test over an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

[0201] According to a thirty-ninth aspect, the thirty-eighth aspect is provided, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a total physical thickness of from 200 nm to 500 nm, and wherein the anti-reflective coating has a total of three (3) to nine (9) layers.

[0202] According to a forty-first aspect, any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty- first aspect is provided, wherein one of the low refractive index layers is disposed directly on the major surface of the substrate. x and SiO x N y .

[0203] According to a forty-first aspect, any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty- first aspect is provided, wherein one of the low refractive index layers is disposed directly on the major surface of the substrate.

[0204] According to a forty-second aspect, any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty- first aspect is provided, wherein each of the low refractive index layers comprises SiO2or SiO x .

[0205] According to a forty-third aspect, any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty- second aspect is provided, wherein the anti-reflective coating further comprises a scratch resistant layer, the scratch resistant layer being the thickest of the high refractive index layers, wherein the scratch resistant layer comprises one of Si3N4, SiN x and SiO x N y , has a bulk thickness from 50 nm to 200 nm, and further wherein the anti- reflective coating has a total of three (3) to six (6) layers.

[0206] According to a forty-fourth aspect, the forty-third aspect is provided, wherein the total bulk thickness of the anti-reflective coating is from 200 nm to 350 nm and the total bulk thickness of the scratch resistant layer is from about 75 nm to 175 nm.

[0207] According to a forty-fifth aspect, the forty-third aspect is provided, wherein the total bulk thickness of the anti-reflective coating is from 250 nm to 340 nm and the total bulk thickness of the scratch resistant layer is from 100 nm to 160 nm.

[0208] According to a forty-sixth aspect, any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty-fifth aspect is provided, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a first portion of structural features having a first average height and a second portion of structural features having a second average height.

[0209] According to a forty-seventh aspect, the forty-sixth aspect is provided, wherein the first average height and the second average height have a difference from 120 nm to 200 nm.

[0210] According to a forty-eighth aspect, any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty-seventh aspect is provided, wherein the substrate comprises a glass substrate or a glass-ceramic substrate.

[0211] According to a forty-ninth aspect, there is provided any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty-eighth aspect, wherein the sparkle is less than 2% as measured by pixel power difference (PPD 140 ) at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal.

[0212] According to a fiftieth aspect, there is provided any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the forty-ninth aspect, wherein the transmittance haze is less than 10% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal.

[0213] According to a fifty-first aspect, there is provided any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the fiftieth aspect, wherein the first surface average specular reflectance (%R) is less than 0.1% in the visible spectrum from about 450 nm to 650 nm at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal.

[0214] According to a fifty-second aspect, there is provided a consumer electronic product, comprising: a housing including a front surface, a back surface, and side surfaces; electronic components at least partially located within the housing, the electronic components including a controller, a memory, and a display located at or adjacent to the front surface of the housing; and a cover substrate disposed over the display. At least one of the housing or the cover substrate includes the article provided in any one of the thirty-eighth aspect through the fifty-first aspect.

[0215] According to a fifty-third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a display article, comprising: a substrate including a thickness and a major surface; a diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate; and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate. The diffractive surface region includes a plurality of structural features including a pitch of less than 125 pm and a fill fraction of from 30% to 70%, each structural feature including a diameter of from 5 pm to 120 pm. Further, the substrate exhibits a sparkle of less than 4% as measured by pixel power difference (PPD 140 ) at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal, and a transmittance haze of less than 40% at an angle of incidence of 0° from normal. The anti-reflective coating includes a plurality of alternating high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers. Further, each of the low refractive index layers includes a refractive index of less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers includes a refractive index of greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.2% in the visible spectrum from about 450 nm to 650 nm at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal. Additionally, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test over an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

[0216] According to a fifty-fourth aspect, the fifty-third aspect is provided, wherein the anti-reflective coating comprises a physical thickness of from 200 nm to 500 nm, and wherein the anti-reflective coating has a total of three (3) to nine (9) layers.

[0217] According to a fifty-fifth aspect, the fifty-third aspect or the fifty-fourth aspect is provided, wherein each high refractive index layer comprises one of Si3N4, SiN x , and SiO x N y .

[0218] According to a fifty-sixth aspect, any one of the fifty-third aspect through the fifty-fifth aspect is provided, wherein one of the low refractive index layers is disposed directly on the major surface of the substrate.

[0219] According to a fifty-seventh aspect, any one of the fifty-third aspect through the fifty-sixth aspect is provided, wherein each low refractive index layer comprises SiO2or SiO x .

[0220] According to a fifty-eighth aspect, any one of the fifty-third aspect through the fifty-seventh aspect is provided, wherein the anti-reflective coating further comprises a scratch resistant layer, the scratch resistant layer being the thickest of the high refractive index layers, wherein the scratch resistant layer comprises one of Si3N4, SiN x , and SiO x N y , has a physical thickness of from 50 nm to 200 nm, and further wherein the anti-reflective coating has a total of three (3) to six (6) layers.

[0221] According to a fifty-ninth aspect, any one of the fifty-third aspect through the fifty-eighth aspect is provided, wherein the substrate comprises a glass substrate or a glass-ceramic substrate.

[0222] According to a sixtieth aspect, any one of the fifty-third aspect through the fifty-ninth aspect is provided, wherein the sparkle is less than 2% as measured by PPD 140 at an incident angle of 0° from normal.

[0223] According to a sixty-first aspect, any one of the fifty-third aspect through the sixtieth aspect is provided, wherein the transmittance haze is less than 10% at an incident angle of 0° from normal.

[0224] According to a sixty-second aspect, any one of the fifty-third aspect through the sixty-first aspect is provided, wherein the first surface average specular reflectance (%R) is less than 0.1% at an incident angle of 20° from normal in the visible spectrum of from about 450 nm to 650 nm.

[0225] According to a sixty-third aspect, there is provided any one of the fifty-third aspect to the sixty-second aspect, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises posts having a first average height from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0226] According to a sixty-fourth aspect, there is provided any one of the fifty-third aspect to the sixty-second aspect, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises holes having a first average depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0227] According to a sixty-fifth aspect, there is provided any one of the fifty-third aspect to the sixty-fourth aspect, wherein the fill fraction is from 40% to 55%.

[0228] According to a sixty-sixth aspect, there is provided any one of the fifty-third aspect to the sixty-fifth aspect, wherein each structural feature further comprises an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 50.

[0229] According to a sixty-seventh aspect, there is provided a consumer electronic product, comprising: a housing comprising a front surface, a back surface, and side surfaces; electronic components at least partially located within the housing, the electronic components comprising a controller, a memory, and a display located at or adjacent to the front surface of the housing; and a cover substrate disposed over the display. At least one portion of the housing or the cover substrate comprises the article of any one of the fifty-third aspect to the sixty-sixth aspect.

[0230] According to a sixty-eighth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a display article, comprising: a substrate comprising a thickness and a major surface; a diffractive surface region defined by the major surface; and an anti-reflective coating disposed on the diffractive surface region defined by the major surface of the substrate. The diffractive surface region comprises a plurality of structural features comprising a pitch less than 125 pm and a fill fraction from 30% to 70%, each structural feature comprising a height or a depth from 50 nm to 250 nm. The anti-reflective coating comprises a plurality of alternating high and low refractive index layers. Further, each of the low refractive index layers comprises a refractive index less than or equal to about 1.8, and each of the high refractive index layers comprises a refractive index greater than 1.8. The article exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance (%R) of less than 0.2% in the visible spectrum from about 450 nm to 650 nm at an angle of incidence of 20° from normal. In addition, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Berkovich Indenter Hardness Test within an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

[0231] According to a sixty-ninth aspect, there is provided the sixty-eighth aspect, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a non-random spatial distribution.

[0232] According to a seventy-first aspect, there is provided the sixty-eighth aspect or the sixty-ninth aspect, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises holes having a first average depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0233] According to a seventy-first aspect, there is provided the sixty-eighth aspect or the sixty-ninth aspect, wherein a first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises holes having a first average depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

[0234] According to a seventy-second aspect, there is provided any of the sixty-eighth aspect to the seventy-first aspect, wherein each structural feature further comprises an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 50.

[0235] According to a seventy-third aspect, there is provided any of the sixty-eighth aspect to the seventy-second aspect, wherein the substrate comprises a glass substrate or a glass-ceramic substrate.

[0236] According to a seventy-fourth aspect, there is provided a consumer electronic product, comprising: a housing comprising a front surface, a back surface, and side surfaces; electronic components at least partially within the housing, the electronic components comprising a controller, a memory, and a display at or adjacent the front surface of the housing; and a cover substrate disposed over the display. At least one portion of the housing or the cover substrate comprises the article of any of the sixty-eighth aspect to the seventy-third aspect.

[0237] Many modifications and variations of the above-described implementations of the present disclosure can be made without departing from the spirit and various principles of the present disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of the present disclosure and are protected by the following claims.

Claims

1. A display article comprising: A substrate, the substrate comprising a thickness and a main surface; A diffracting surface region, the diffracting surface region being defined by the main surface; and An anti-reflective coating is disposed on the diffraction surface region defined by the main surface of the substrate. The substrate includes a glass substrate, a glass-ceramic substrate, or a polymer substrate. The diffracted surface region comprises multiple structural features, which include multiple different heights distributed in a multi-modal pattern. The substrate described above exhibits pixel power deviation (PPD) at an incident angle of 0° to the normal. 140 The measured scintillation was less than 4%, and the transmittance haze was less than 40% at an incident angle of 0° to the normal. The anti-reflective coating comprises multiple alternating high-refractive-index layers and low-refractive-index layers. Each of the low-refractive-index layers contains a refractive index less than or equal to 1.8, and each of the high-refractive-index layers contains a refractive index greater than 1.

8. The article described therein exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance %R of less than 0.2% at an incident angle of 20° to the normal in the visible spectrum from 450 nm to 650 nm, and Furthermore, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Glass indenter hardness test at an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

2. The display article of claim 1, wherein the antireflective coating has a total bulk thickness of 200 nm to 500 nm, and wherein the antireflective coating has a total of three (3) to nine (9) layers.

3. The display article of claim 1, wherein each high refractive index layer comprises Si3N4, SiN x and SiO x N y one of them.

4. The display article of any one of claims 1-3, wherein one of the low refractive index layers is disposed directly on the main surface of the substrate.

5. The display article of any one of claims 1-3, wherein each low-refractive-index layer comprises SiO2 or SiO2. x .

6. The display article of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the antireflective coating further comprises a scratch-resistant layer, the scratch-resistant layer being the thickest of the high refractive index layers, wherein the scratch-resistant layer comprises Si3N4, SiN x and SiO x N y One of them has a solid thickness from 50 nm to 200 nm, and further wherein the antireflective coating has a total of three (3) to six (6) layers.

7. The display article of claim 6, wherein the antireflective coating has a total bulk thickness of 200 nm to 350 nm and the bulk thickness of the scratch-resistant layer is 75 nm to 175 nm.

8. The display article of claim 6, wherein the antireflective coating has a total bulk thickness of 250 nm to 340 nm and the bulk thickness of the scratch-resistant layer is 100 nm to 160 nm.

9. The display article of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a first partial structural feature having a first average height and a second partial structural feature having a second average height.

10. The display article of claim 9, wherein the first average height and the second average height have a difference from 120 nm to 200 nm.

11. The display article according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the substrate comprises a glass substrate or a glass-ceramic substrate.

12. The display article of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the flicker is transmitted through the PPD at an incident angle of 0° with respect to the normal. 140 The measured value is less than 2%.

13. The display article of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the transmittance haze is less than 10% at an incident angle of 0° with respect to the normal.

14. The display article of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the average specular reflectance %R of the first surface is less than 0.1% in the visible spectrum from 450 nm to 650 nm at an incident angle of 20° with respect to the normal.

15. A consumer electronic product comprising: An outer casing, the outer casing comprising a front surface, a back surface, and side surfaces; An electronic component, at least partially located within the housing, the electronic component including a controller, memory, and a display, the display being located on or adjacent to the front surface of the housing; and A protective substrate, which is mounted on the display. At least one portion of the housing or the protective substrate comprises the article of any one of claims 1-3.

16. A display article comprising: A substrate, the substrate comprising a thickness and a main surface; A diffracting surface region, the diffracting surface region being defined by the main surface; and An anti-reflective coating is disposed on the diffraction surface region defined by the main surface of the substrate. The substrate includes a glass substrate, a glass-ceramic substrate, or a polymer substrate. The diffraction surface region comprises multiple structural features, each with a pitch of less than 125 μm and a fill fraction ranging from 30% to 70%, and each structural feature having a diameter ranging from 5 μm to 120 μm. The substrate described above exhibits pixel power deviation (PPD) at an incident angle of 0° to the normal. 140 The measured scintillation was less than 4%, and the transmittance haze was less than 40% at an incident angle of 0° to the normal. The anti-reflective coating comprises multiple alternating high-refractive-index layers and low-refractive-index layers. Each of the low-refractive-index layers contains a refractive index less than or equal to 1.8, and each of the high-refractive-index layers contains a refractive index greater than 1.

8. The article described therein exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance %R of less than 0.2% at an incident angle of 20° to the normal in the visible spectrum from 450 nm to 650 nm, and Furthermore, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Glass indenter hardness test at an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

17. The display article of claim 16, wherein the antireflective coating has a total bulk thickness of 200 nm to 500 nm, and wherein the antireflective coating has a total of three (3) to nine (9) layers.

18. The display article of claim 16, wherein each high refractive index layer comprises Si3N4, SiN x and SiO x N y one of them.

19. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein one of the low refractive index layers is disposed directly on the main surface of the substrate.

20. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein each low-refractive-index layer comprises SiO2 or SiO2. x .

21. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the antireflective coating further comprises a scratch-resistant layer, the scratch-resistant layer being the thickest of the high refractive index layers, wherein the scratch-resistant layer comprises Si3N4, SiN x and SiO x N y One of them has a solid thickness from 50 nm to 200 nm, and further wherein the antireflective coating has three (3) to six (6) layers.

22. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the substrate comprises a glass substrate or a glass-ceramic substrate.

23. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the flicker is transmitted through the PPD at an incident angle of 0° with respect to the normal. 140 The measured value is less than 2%.

24. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the transmittance haze is less than 10% at an incident angle of 0° with respect to the normal.

25. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the average specular reflectance %R of the first surface is less than 0.1% in the visible spectrum from 450 nm to 650 nm at an incident angle of 20° with respect to the normal.

26. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises a column having a first average height from 50 nm to 250 nm.

27. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises a hole having a first average depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

28. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the fill fraction is from 40% to 55%.

29. The display article of any one of claims 16-18, wherein each structural feature further comprises an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 50.

30. A consumer electronic product comprising: An outer casing, the outer casing comprising a front surface, a back surface, and side surfaces; An electronic component, at least partially located within the housing, the electronic component including a controller, memory, and a display, the display being located on or adjacent to the front surface of the housing; and A protective substrate, which is mounted on the display. The outer casing or the protective substrate comprises at least one portion of the article as claimed in any one of claims 16-18.

31. A display article comprising: A substrate, the substrate comprising a thickness and a main surface; A diffracting surface region, the diffracting surface region being defined by the main surface; and An anti-reflective coating is disposed on the diffraction surface region defined by the main surface of the substrate. The substrate includes a glass substrate, a glass-ceramic substrate, or a polymer substrate. The diffraction surface region comprises multiple structural features, including a pitch of less than 125 μm and a fill fraction ranging from 30% to 70%. Each structural feature contains a height or depth ranging from 50 nm to 250 nm. The anti-reflective coating comprises multiple alternating high-refractive-index layers and low-refractive-index layers. Each of the low-refractive-index layers contains a refractive index less than or equal to 1.8, and each of the high-refractive-index layers contains a refractive index greater than 1.

8. The article described therein exhibits a first surface average specular reflectance %R of less than 0.2% at an incident angle of 20° to the normal in the visible spectrum from 450 nm to 650 nm, and Furthermore, the article exhibits a maximum hardness of 8 GPa or greater as measured by a Glass indenter hardness test at an indentation depth of 50 nm or greater.

32. The display article of claim 31, wherein the plurality of structural features further comprises a non-random spatial distribution.

33. The display article of claim 31, wherein the first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises a column having a first average height from 50 nm to 250 nm.

34. The display article of claim 31, wherein the first portion of the plurality of structural features comprises a hole having a first average depth from 50 nm to 250 nm.

35. The display article of any one of claims 31-34, wherein each structural feature further comprises an aspect ratio greater than or equal to 50.

36. The display article of any one of claims 31-34, wherein the substrate comprises a glass substrate or a glass-ceramic substrate.

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