A large-scale intercropping cultivation method for alleviating the obstacle of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco
By sowing oil and vegetables in the middle of the tobacco cured fields, the problem of poor effectiveness of existing chemical reagents in preventing and controlling continuous cropping obstacles of flue-cured tobacco cured has been solved, and the soil bacterial community structure has been improved and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco cured is improved, and environmentally friendly and efficient flue-cured tobacco production solutions have been provided.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202211673503.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2022-12-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-11
- Estimated Expiration
- 2042-12-26
AI Technical Summary
The existing chemical reagents for preventing and controlling continuous cropping obstacles of flue-cured tobacco are of poor effect, polluting the environment and prone to drug resistance.
An intercropping cultivation method is adopted to sow oil-beef vegetables in the middle of the tobacco field. The specific steps include transplanting tobacco before early May, and sowing oil-beef vegetables during tobacco plant clusters from the end of May to the beginning of June. The oil-beef vegetables are 12-15cm away from the tobacco plant. The intercropping oil-beef vegetables are sown 2,100-2,300 plants every 667M2. When grown to 20-25cm, harvest and repeat until the tobacco leaves are harvested.
This method significantly improves the soil bacterial community structure, increases bacterial richness and diversity, improves the yield and quality of tobacco cured tobacco, reduces the use of pesticides, avoids environmental pollution, and does not have drug resistance problems, and provides technical guarantees for the production of green, organic, pollution-free tobacco cured tobacco.
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco quality improvement, and particularly relates to a field intercropping cultivation method for alleviating the obstacle of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. Background Art
[0002] As an important component of agricultural ecosystems, soil microorganisms form a variety of products such as organic acids, hormones, antibiotics and vitamins, which play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. In addition, the types, numbers and community structure of soil microorganisms not only directly affect the transformation and composition of nutrients, but are also one of the main factors in maintaining and restoring soil productivity. Soil bacteria are the main components of the microbial flora in the ecosystem, and the evolution of the microbial flora (quantity and composition structure) is an important biological indicator reflecting changes in soil environmental quality.
[0003] A large number of studies have shown that the use of plant-microbe interactions can improve resource utilization, reduce the input of pesticides and fertilizers, and is one of the important contents of green agricultural development; in intercropping, relay cropping and rotation patterns, plants can improve the soil environment through direct or indirect effects, so that plants can fully utilize water and nutrients, inhibit weed growth and control pests and diseases. Studies have shown that the imbalance of the rhizosphere microecological environment of flue-cured tobacco is the main biological factor causing its continuous cropping obstacles; in the continuous cropping pattern of flue-cured tobacco, the same tobacco root secretions may cause the soil to contain a simpler microbial community structure, thereby affecting the physical and chemical and biological activity of the soil, and ultimately causing the decline of tobacco field soil quality, the stunted growth and development of tobacco plants, the reduction of tobacco leaf yield and quality, the increase of tobacco plant pathogens and the aggravation of soil-borne diseases; and the adoption of intercropping and rotation planting patterns is conducive to the construction of a good tobacco field soil microecological system, which can regulate the structure of soil beneficial microbial populations to a certain extent, thereby alleviating the continuous cropping obstacles of flue-cured tobacco; and the development of high-pass sequencing technology can simultaneously sequence multiple microbial genomes, which is helpful to better study the relationship between microorganisms and crop growth and development compared with traditional isolation and culture methods, and provide data support for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles.
[0004] Previous research on overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco has mainly focused on crop rotation, and research on intercropping has also mainly focused on disease prevention and control, but there is little research on the microbial environment of the rhizosphere soil of flue-cured tobacco under intercropping conditions. Summary of the invention
[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to solve the problems of poor control effect, environmental pollution and drug resistance of chemical reagents used in the existing prevention and control of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco, and to provide an intercropping cultivation method for alleviating the continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. The method is environmentally friendly and efficient, can prevent soil compaction and pollution problems, and can also improve soil shape and enhance tobacco leaf quality.
[0006] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
[0007] A large-scale intercropping cultivation method for alleviating the obstacle of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
[0008] (1) Planting flue-cured tobacco;
[0009] (2) Intercrop lettuce on both sides of the tobacco plants.
[0010] In step (1), the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted before early May.
[0011] In step (1), the row spacing of flue-cured tobacco is 120 cm and the plant spacing is 50 cm.
[0012] In step (2), the rapeseed lettuce is planted when the tobacco plants are in the cluster stage from the end of May to the beginning of June, that is, the rapeseed lettuce is planted after the tobacco plants have passed the anti-seedling stage.
[0013] In step (2), the distance between the lettuce and the tobacco plant is 12-15 cm.
[0014] In step (2), two rapeseed lettuce plants are planted between every two tobacco seedlings in each row of tobacco seedlings in the tobacco field, and the rapeseed lettuce sowing rate is 667 m 2 2100-2300 plants; preferably 2200 plants.
[0015] Furthermore, the intercropped lettuce is harvested once when it grows to 20-25 cm, and this step is repeated until all the tobacco leaves are harvested.
[0016] The intercropping cultivation method of the present invention improves soil enzyme activity and organic matter while significantly improving the composition of soil bacterial communities, thereby increasing bacterial richness and diversity; it improves the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco, reduces the application of pesticides, and will not cause environmental pollution. Because the method of the present invention does not use chemical agents but is a cultivation and regulation method for improving soil, there is no problem of drug resistance, thereby providing effective technical guarantee for green, organic, and pollution-free flue-cured tobacco production. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] Figure 1 Figure 2 shows the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants under monoculture and intercropping conditions (A) and OUT analysis (B).
[0018] Figure 2 The differences in the composition of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities under flue-cured tobacco monoculture and intercropping conditions;
[0019] (A) Evolutionary relationship of bacteria in rhizosphere soil of different treatments; (B) Main bacterial groups in rhizosphere soil; (C) PCoA analysis.
[0020] Figure 3The distribution ratios of dominant bacteria in rhizosphere soil under flue-cured tobacco monoculture and intercropping conditions in different treatments (A) and LEfSe analysis (B);
[0021] Figure 4 To study the effects of intercropping different plants with flue-cured tobacco on the enzyme activity and organic matter in tobacco-growing soil.
[0022] Figure 5 Effects of different dosages of rapeseed intercropping with flue-cured tobacco on the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants (A) and bacterial OTU analysis (B);
[0023] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] The following examples are intended to further illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the present invention.
[0025] Example 1: Selection of the best plants for intercropping with flue-cured tobacco
[0026] 1. Effects of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on bacterial communities of tobacco plants
[0027] Among them, tobacco fields intercropped with lettuce (T1), leek (T2), and sweet potato (T3) were treated, and tobacco fields without intercropping were the control (CK).
[0028] (1) Abundance and diversity
[0029] Depend on Figure 1 A shows that the abundance of rhizospheric soil bacteria in tobacco fields varies greatly with different intercropped plants, and the order is T1>T2>CK>T3, and the T1 treatment is significantly higher than the T2, T3 and CK treatments; Alpha diversity results show that the Shannon, Ace, and Chao diversity indexes of intercropping treatments are higher than those of CK, and the diversity indexes of T1 and T2 treatments are significantly higher than those of T3 and CK treatments; Bacterial OTU analysis shows that ( Figure 1 B), there were 716 common bacterial OTUs in the four treatments of T1, T2, T3 and CK, and 379, 346, 306 and 274 unique bacterial OTUs in each of them, which were significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatments than in T3 and CK treatments.
[0030] (2) Bacterial community structure and composition and its differences
[0031] In order to understand the evolutionary relationship of species at the phylum level, the OTUs data corresponding to the top 35 phyla in relative abundance were aligned, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method to understand the evolutionary relationship of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of each treatment. Figure 2The results of A showed that the bacterial communities in different treatments belonged to 15 phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Chlorobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Unidentified Bacteria, Nitrospira, Crenarchaea, Bdellovibrio, Cyanobacteria, Myxomycetes and Armored Bacteria. In addition, the bacteria with relative abundance > 1% at the phylum level were the same, namely Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Chlorobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Unknown Bacteria and Other Bacteria, which were the main bacterial groups in the rhizosphere soil ( Figure 2 B); but PCoA( Figure 2 C) reflects that there are certain differences among the rhizosphere soil samples of each treatment, and the distribution ratio of dominant bacteria in different treatments and the composition of dominant bacteria in each treatment are different, indicating that different plant types intercropped with tobacco plants have different effects on the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities.
[0032] (3) Distribution ratio of dominant bacterial species in different treatments
[0033] The distribution ratio of dominant bacteria in different treatments showed that ( Figure 3 A): The proportion of each treatment in Proteobacteria is T1 (30%) > CK (27%) > T3 (24%) > T2 (21%), the proportion in Firmicutes is T1 (14%) > T3 (12%) > T2 (11%) > CK (10%), the proportion in Acidobacteria is T1 (15%) > CK (13%) > T2 = T3 (12%), the proportion in Bacteroidetes is T1 (7%) > CK (5%) > T3 (3%) > T2 (2%), and the proportion in Actinobacteria is T1 (15%) > CK (13%) > T2 = T3 (12%). (6%)>CK(4%)>T3=T2(3%), the proportion in Green Bay Bacteria is T1(9%)>T2(8%)>T3(7%)>CK(5%), the proportion in Gemmatimonadetes is T1(8%))>T2(6%)>T3=CK(5%), the proportion in Unknown Bacteria is T3(11%)>T2(10%)>CK(7%)>T1(4%)), and the proportion in other bacteria is T2(27%)>CK(24%)>T3(23%)>T1(7%).
[0034] The proportion of bacteria with relative abundance > 1% in the T1 treatment of the present invention was higher than that in other treatments. Combined with the results of LEfSe analysis ( Figure 3B) It was found that the α-Proteobacteria of the dominant community Proteobacteria in the rhizosphere soil of the intercropped rapeseed tobacco plants of the present invention not only participated in photosynthesis, but also participated in the carbon cycle, and is a type of community with important ecological effects; the genera Sphingomonas and Sphingobacteria of the Bacteroidetes can produce a variety of polypeptide and amino acid antibiotics, and have a certain resistance to most fungal pathogens; because the Actinobacteria can promote the decay of animal and plant remains in the soil and play a certain role in the nitrogen cycle in nature, it can absorb nutrients; the Firmicutes can produce spores to resist harmful factors from the outside world and have extremely strong stress resistance; in addition to being able to degrade plant residue polymers and regulate plant growth and development through photosynthesis, the Acidobacteria also have bioremediation capabilities.
[0035] 2. Effects of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on enzyme activity and organic matter in tobacco-growing soil
[0036] Depend on Figure 4 It can be seen that in enzyme activity, the performance of each treatment in urease activity is T1 (991.15) > T2 (965.32) > T3 (726.26) > CK (658.66), the performance in polyphenol oxidase is T1 (444.10) > T2 (227.84) > T3 (165.26) > CK (100.82), the performance in phosphatase is T1 (38.02) > T2 (33.41) > T3 (21.13) > CK (19.81), and the performance in sugarcane is T1 (38.02) > T2 (33.41) > T3 (21.13) > CK (19.81). The trend of carbohydrate enzymes was T1(16.97)>T3(15.21)>T2(14.56)>CK(10.33); the trend of proteases was T1(0.67)>T2(0.59)>T3(0.35)>CK(0.34); the trend of organic matter was T1(1.191)>T2(0.797)>CK(0.480)>T3(0.400); the above results showed that the enzyme activities and organic matter contents of T1 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments.
[0037] 3. Effects of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on tobacco diseases
[0038] As shown in Table 1, the incidence rate and disease index of the T1 treatment were significantly lower than those of the other treatments. The reasons were analyzed as follows: First, the proportions of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants in the T1 treatment were higher than those in other treatments, thus improving the resistance of tobacco plants and reducing the incidence of soil-borne diseases such as mosaic virus, bacterial wilt and black shank; second, the proportions of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria were also higher than those in other treatments. The tobacco plants improved the microenvironment for their growth and development by participating in the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, degrading plant residue polymers and through photosynthesis, enabling them to grow robustly and thus better resist the occurrence of other diseases.
[0039] Table 1 Effects of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on tobacco diseases
[0040]
[0041] 4. Effects of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on economic traits and quality of flue-cured tobacco
[0042] The yield per mu, output value per mu, proportion of high-quality tobacco and proportion of medium-quality tobacco in T1 treatment were all higher than those in other treatments. In terms of quality, the total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine and potassium contents in T1 treatment all met the requirements of high-quality tobacco leaves, while the total sugar and reducing sugar contents in other treatments exceeded the maximum limit of high-quality tobacco leaves, and the total nitrogen and nicotine contents were high, while the potassium content was low (Table 2).
[0043] Table 2 Effects of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on economic traits and quality of flue-cured tobacco
[0044]
[0045] Based on the above results: the present invention believes that the rhizosphere soil bacteria of tobacco plants intercropped with lettuce are significantly better than those intercropped with leek and sweet potato in improving the characteristics of tobacco-growing soil and alleviating the continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco plants, and the economic significance and quality of flue-cured tobacco are also significantly better than those intercropped with leek and sweet potato. Therefore, the present invention gives priority to lettuce among the intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco.
[0046] Example 2: Effects of different dosages of lettuce intercropped with flue-cured tobacco on rhizosphere soil bacteria and tobacco plants
[0047] Among them: every 667M 2 Intercropping lettuce <2200 plants (T1, 1800-1900 plants), about 2200 plants (T2), >2200 plants (T3, 2400-2500 plants)
[0048] 1. Effects of different dosages of rapeseed intercropping with flue-cured tobacco on the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants
[0049] Depend on Figure 5 A shows that the abundance of rhizospheric soil bacteria in tobacco fields varies greatly with intercropping plants, and the order of abundance is T2>T1>T3, and T2 is significantly higher than T1 and T3. Alpha diversity results show that the Shannon, Ace, and Chao diversity indices of T2 are higher than those of T1 and T3. Bacterial OTU analysis shows that ( Figure 5B), the total OTUs of bacteria in the three treatments of T1, T2 and T3 were T2 (2519) > T3 (2196) > T1 (1925), and the number of OTUs in T2 treatment was significantly higher than those in T1 and T3 treatments, while the number of OTUs in T1 treatment was significantly higher than that in T3 treatment; the unique OTUs of the three treatments were T2 (650) > T3 (381) > T1 (362), and the number of OTUs in T2 treatment was significantly higher than those in T1 and T3 treatments, while the difference between T1 and T3 treatments was not significant.
[0050] This shows that there are great differences in the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria in tobacco plants intercropped with different dosages of lettuce. This may be because the roots of lettuce continuously release a large amount of secretions to the surrounding area during its growth and development. These secondary metabolites will change the abundance and diversity of rhizosphere soil bacteria in tobacco plants intercropped with it.
[0051] 2. Effects of different dosages of lettuce and intercropping with flue-cured tobacco on tobacco plants
[0052] (1) Tobacco plant growth and root system
[0053] As shown in Table 3, due to the small amount of lettuce intercropped in the T1 treatment, the growth and root development of tobacco plants were higher than those in the T2 and T3 treatments at different development stages, but the difference between the T1 treatment and the T2 treatment was not significant, while the difference between the T1 treatment and the T3 treatment was significant.
[0054] Table 3 Effects of different dosages of lettuce intercropped with flue-cured tobacco on tobacco plant growth and root system
[0055]
[0056]
[0057] (2) Economic traits and quality of tobacco plants
[0058] It can be seen from Table 4 that the per mu yield, per mu output value and proportion of upper and middle tobacco leaves of T2 treatment are higher than those of other treatments, especially the yield, output value and proportion of middle tobacco leaves are significantly higher than those of T1 and T3 treatments; in terms of quality, the total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine and potassium contents of T2 treatment all meet the requirements of high-quality tobacco leaves, especially the potassium content is significantly higher than that of T1 and T3 treatments; while the potassium content of T1 and T3 treatments does not meet the requirements of high-quality tobacco leaves.
[0059] Table 4 Effects of different dosages of lettuce intercropped with flue-cured tobacco on economic traits and quality
[0060]
[0061] Based on the above results: the present invention believes that every 667M 2Intercropping of about 2,200 rapeseed plants (T2) is not only more conducive to the growth and development of tobacco plants, and the improvement of economic traits and quality, but also increases the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants, thereby alleviating and inhibiting the obstacles of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco.
[0062] Example 3: Effect of the planting time of rapeseed on the root system and growth of tobacco plants
[0063] Among them: planting time is mid-May (T1, tobacco plants are in the seedling stage), planting time is late May to early June (T2, tobacco plants are in the cluster stage)
[0064] As shown in Table 5, since tobacco plants are in the seedling stage in mid-May, planting lettuce as an intercrop at this time will seriously affect the root development of tobacco plants, further restricting the economic traits and quality of tobacco plants (Table 6). In addition, planting lettuce as an intercrop after early to mid-June will not alleviate the continuous tobacco field because the tobacco plants are too large, which will affect the light conditions of the lettuce and inhibit its growth.
[0065] Therefore, the time for planting the intercropping plant lettuce should be chosen when the tobacco plants have completed the seedling stage and entered the root extension stage (clumping stage). This will achieve a balance in the growth of the tobacco plants and the intercropping plant lettuce.
[0066] Table 5 Effects of rapeseed planting time on root growth and development of tobacco plants
[0067]
[0068]
[0069] Table 6 Effects of rapeseed planting time on economic traits and quality of tobacco plants
[0070]
[0071] Example 4: Effect of the distance between lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on the root growth of tobacco plants
[0072] Among them: the distance between lettuce and flue-cured tobacco is 5cm (T1), and the distance between lettuce and flue-cured tobacco is 25cm (T2)
[0073] It can be seen from Table 7 that the root system of tobacco plants treated with T2 had the best growth, while the leaf lettuce treated with T1 severely restricted the development of the root system of tobacco plants; therefore, the present invention believes that the intercropping distance between leaf lettuce and flue-cured tobacco should be selected to be about 25 cm.
[0074] Table 7 Effect of the distance between lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on the root growth of flue-cured tobacco plants
[0075]
[0076] Example 5: Effect of the harvesting height of rapeseed on tobacco plant growth and photosynthetic characteristics
[0077] Among them: lettuce harvesting height <20cm (T1, 13-15cm), harvesting height 20-25cm (T2), not harvesting and letting it grow (T3)
[0078] It can be seen from Table 8 that the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the T1 treatment were not much different from those of the T2 and T3 treatments during the clustering stage, but as the growth process continued, during the vigorous growth period and the mature stage, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the T1 treatment were significantly higher than those of the T2 and T3 treatments, and the T2 treatment was significantly higher than that of the T3 treatment; due to the timely harvest of the lettuce in the T1 and T2 treatments, there was no covering between the leaves, so the transpiration intensity of the tobacco plants was also greater than that of the T3 treatment.
[0079] However, since the T1 treatment is to harvest the lettuce when it is less than 20 cm, the economic benefits of the lettuce will be reduced. Considering the growth of tobacco plants and the economic benefits, the present invention believes that the harvesting of the lettuce should not be too early, and it is more appropriate to harvest it when the height is 20-25 cm.
[0080] Table 8 Effects of rapeseed harvesting height on tobacco plant growth and photosynthetic rate
[0081]
Claims
1. A field intercropping cultivation method for alleviating the obstacle of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Planting flue-cured tobacco; (2) intercropping lettuce on both sides of the tobacco plants; In step (1), the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted before early May; In step (1), the row spacing of flue-cured tobacco is 120 cm and the plant spacing is 50 cm; In step (2), the lettuce is planted when the tobacco plants are in the clustering stage at the end of May to the beginning of June, that is, the lettuce is planted after the tobacco plants have passed the anti-seedling stage; In step (2), the distance between the lettuce and the tobacco plant is 12-15 cm; In step (2), two rapeseed lettuce plants are planted between every two tobacco seedlings in each row of tobacco seedlings. The rapeseed lettuce sowing rate is 667 m 2 2100-2300 plants; Harvest the intercropped lettuce once it grows to 20-25cm, and repeat this step until all the tobacco leaves are harvested.