A method for feeding fermented feed to promote the growth of channel catfish and improve the intestinal flora

Abstract

The application discloses a fermentation feed feeding method for promoting growth of Ictalurus punctatus and improving intestinal flora. When cultivated, the Ictalurus punctatus is fed with puffed compound feed and fermentation feed; every other week, 20% of the puffed compound feed is replaced by the fermentation feed, and the mixed feed is fed for one week, and the feed is fed twice a day in the morning and in the evening. When cultivated by the method, the weight of the Ictalurus punctatus in the experimental group with the added fermentation feed is higher than that in the control group, and the weight of the Ictalurus punctatus in the interval feeding group is the highest and is significantly higher than that in the control group. Because the fermentation feed is continuously added, the diversity and richness of the intestinal flora of the Ictalurus punctatus decrease, especially the abundance of the actinobacteria and cyanobacteria, and the relative abundance of the opportunistic pathogen proteobacteria is increased, thereby affecting the growth of the Ictalurus punctatus.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of aquaculture, and particularly relates to a method for feeding fermented feed for promoting the growth of channel catfish and improving intestinal flora. Background Art

[0002] Channel Catfish ( Ictalures punctatus The Siluriformes, a large fish native to North America, was introduced to my country in the 1980s. Successive breakthroughs in aquaculture, breeding, feeding, processing, and export have resulted in the discovery of a variety of technical challenges. Its tender, flavorful meat, lack of intramuscular spines, and strong environmental adaptability have made it a key economic fish in my country.

[0003] Spotted abalone feed in low light conditions. Therefore, specialized pelleted feeds should be used in production, avoiding moldy or expired feeds to ensure high yields and quality. Feeding principles: Feed according to the season, weather, water quality, and fish activity and feeding habits. Generally, feed less or not at all on rainy days, and feed less when fish are feeding less. Feeding should be targeted, timed, quantitative, and of a consistent quality. The specific feed amount should be calculated based on the season, water temperature, and the total amount of fish in the water. Feeding should be done while feeding, ensuring that the feed is even, sufficient, and effective.

[0004] Conventional feeding methods have not been effective in promoting the growth of channel catfish, and feeding methods need further exploration. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to overcome the problems in the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a method for feeding fermented feed to promote the growth of channel catfish and improve intestinal flora.

[0006] As one aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a method for feeding channel catfish, which is characterized in that: during breeding, the channel catfish are fed with expanded compound feed and fermented feed;

[0007] Every other week, the fermented feed was used to replace 20% of the extruded compound feed, mixed and fed to the pigs for one week, twice a day, morning and evening;

[0008] The feed ingredients and nutritional composition of the extruded compound feed are as follows: moisture ≤ 12.0%, crude protein ≥ 32.0%, crude fat ≥ 4.0%, crude ash ≤ 16.0%, crude fiber ≤ 8.0%, total phosphorus ≥ 0.5%, lysine ≥ 1.6%. The extruded compound feed is fed twice a day, morning and evening, and is fed continuously. The feed amount for the first month is 4-5% of the fish body weight;

[0009] The feed ingredients and nutritional composition of the fermented feed are as follows: moisture ≤ 32.0%, crude protein ≥ 35.0%, crude ash ≤ 12.0%, crude fiber ≤ 12.0%, total phosphorus ≥ 0.4%, lysine ≥ 1.8%, organic acid ≥ 2.0%, total probiotics 3×10 6 CFU / g.

[0010] Preferably, the fish size of the channel catfish is 40-70 g.

[0011] Preferably, the breeding cycle is more than 3 months.

[0012] Preferably, the breeding cycle is 3-5 months.

[0013] Preferably, the breeding includes cement pool breeding and / or pond breeding.

[0014] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0015] When the method of the present invention is used for breeding, the weight of the channel catfish cultured in the experimental group supplemented with fermented feed is higher than that of the control group, and the weight of the intermittent feeding group is the highest, significantly higher than that of the control group. This is because the continuous addition of fermented feed reduces the diversity and richness of the intestinal flora of the channel catfish, especially the abundance of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria, and increases the relative abundance of the opportunistic pathogen Proteobacteria, thereby affecting the growth of the channel catfish. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Figure 1 This is the diversity analysis of the dominant bacterial communities in the three groups at the phylum level in Example 2 of the present invention;

[0017] Figure 2 This is an analysis of the diversity of dominant bacterial communities in the three groups at the genus level in Example 2 of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] In order to make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the specific embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below.

[0019] Example 1: Cement pond farming

[0020] The experiment was conducted at the Yangzhong Base of the Jiangsu Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute. Nine standardized cement ponds (5 m × 5 m, 1.2 m depth) were selected. In early June, 50 fingerlings of channel catfish weighing approximately 60 g were stocked into each pond. Three replicates were included in the experiment: a continuous feeding group, an intermittent feeding group, and a blank control group. The experimental feed used was extruded channel catfish feed (Zhejiang Aohua Feed Co., Ltd.). The feed composition and nutritional status were as follows: moisture ≤ 12.0%, crude protein ≥ 32.0%, crude fat ≥ 4.0%, crude ash ≤ 16.0%, crude fiber ≤ 8.0%, total phosphorus ≥ 0.5%, and lysine ≥ 1.6%. The fermented feed was bio-feed Fengyu Peptide Type I (Guangxi Aohua Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd.). The feed ingredients and nutritional composition were as follows: moisture ≤ 32.0%, crude protein ≥ 35.0%, crude ash ≤ 12.0%, crude fiber ≤ 12.0%, total phosphorus ≥ 0.4%, lysine ≥ 1.8%, organic acid ≥ 2.0%, and total probiotics 3 × 10 6 CFU / g.

[0021] Fish were fed twice daily, morning and evening. The feed rate was 5% of their body weight for the first month, then gradually decreased to 3% in August. Fermented feed was added to the fish's total feed, mixed with the extruded feed, and fed directly. The continuous feeding group continued to add fermented feed to the extruded feed throughout the experiment. The intermittent feeding group added fermented feed to the extruded feed at weekly intervals, with fermented feed added every other week. The blank control group received only extruded feed.

[0022] After three months of culture, at the end of August, all fish in the nine cement ponds were weighed and statistically analyzed. The results in Table 1 show that the weight of the channel catfish in the experimental group supplemented with fermented feed was higher than that in the control group, and the weight of the intermittent feeding group was the highest, significantly higher than that in the control group ( P <0.05).

[0023] Table 1

[0024]

[0025] Example 2: Pond culture

[0026] A pond experiment was conducted at the Yongning Base of the Jiangsu Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute. Nine standardized aquaculture ponds (approximately 0.667 hectares, 1.5 m deep) were selected. In late May, channel catfish fingerlings weighing approximately 60 g were stocked at a density of 18,000 per hectare. Three replicates were included in the experiment: a continuous feeding group (A), an intermittent feeding group (B), and a blank control group (C). The experimental feed used was an extruded channel catfish feed (Zhejiang Aohua Feed Co., Ltd.), and the fermented feed was the biofeed Fengyu Peptide Bao Type I (Guangxi Aohua Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd.). Feeding was administered twice daily, morning and evening. The feed rate was 4% of fish body weight for the first month, then gradually decreased to 2% from October to November. The fermented feed was added to the fish feed at 20% of the total feed, mixed with the extruded feed, and fed directly to the fish. The continuous feeding group (A) added fermented feed to the extruded feed throughout the experiment, the intermittent feeding group (B) added fermented feed to the extruded feed at intervals of weekly intervals, and the control group (C) was fed only extruded feed.

[0027] After five months of breeding, at the end of October, 9 ponds were randomly sampled and 30 fish were weighed in each pond for statistical analysis. The results showed that the intermittent feeding group (B) had the highest body weight, significantly higher than the continuous feeding group (A) and the control group (C). P <0.05).

[0028] Three fish were randomly selected from each pond, and their intestinal contents were collected. Total intestinal bacterial DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region fragment was amplified. The diversity, community composition, and differential metabolites were analyzed. The results are shown in Tables 3 and Figure 1 、 2 .

[0029] Table 2

[0030]

[0031] Table 3

[0032]

[0033] The results showed that the Shannon index was the highest and the Simpson index was the lowest in the intermittently fed group B, indicating that the intestinal microbial diversity of channel catfish was the highest with intermittent feeding. The Simpson index of the continuously fed group A was greater than that of the control group, while the Ace index and Chao index were lower than those of the control group. This indicates that the continuous addition of fermented feed actually reduced the diversity and richness of the intestinal microbial community in channel catfish.

[0034] like Figure 1At the phylum level, the dominant bacteria in the control group (C) were Firmicutes (29.77%), Actinobacteria (20.97%), Cyanobacteria (15.82%), Proteobacteria (14.28%), Fusobacteria (12.68%), and Chloroflexus (2.19%); the dominant bacteria in the continuous feeding group (A) were Firmicutes (39.3%), Actinobacteria (16.50%), Cyanobacteria (10.28%), Proteobacteria (16.65%), Fusobacteria (13.17%), and Chloroflexus (1.92%); the dominant bacteria in the intermittent feeding group (B) were Firmicutes (32.82%), Actinobacteria (27.05%), Cyanobacteria (19.16%), Proteobacteria (11.02%), Fusobacteria (3.13%), and Chloroflexus (3.72%). Intermittent feeding of fermented feed can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria in the intestinal flora of channel catfish. Continuous feeding of fermented feed reduced the abundance of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria in the intestinal flora of spotted catfish, and increased the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria Proteobacteria.

[0035] like Figure 2 At the genus level, both intermittent feeding of fermented feed (B) and continuous feeding of fermented feed (A) can increase the number of beneficial bacteria such as Lumbusia and Clostridium ( P <0.05), Lachnospira ( P <0.01) helps promote carbohydrate metabolism in fish, boosting their growth and development while also reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Staphylococcus. Continuously feeding fermented feed can reduce the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens like Mycobacterium and increase the relative abundance of butyric acid-producing Zurichia bacteria, but it also increases the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Plesiomonas. This suggests that continuously feeding fermented feed to channel catfish during aquaculture not only increases aquaculture costs but also increases the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, predisposing the fish to illness and disease.

[0036] The attribution of differential metabolites among the continuous feeding group, intermittent feeding group and control group was further analyzed, and the results are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

[0037] KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that compared with the control group, the intermittent feeding group showed significantly enriched pathways including tryptophan metabolism, sulfur metabolism, sphingolipid signaling metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, cysteine ​​and methionine metabolism, axon regeneration, arginine biosynthesis, and human African trypanosomiasis. Serine is upregulated in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, as well as in cysteine ​​and methionine metabolism. Serine can be metabolized to pyruvate, participating in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and can also generate glycine. Furthermore, serine can provide carbon atoms for methionine, promoting the synthesis of related functional metabolites and thus influencing the expression of immune factors. Significantly enriched pathways between the continuous and intermittent feeding groups included tropane, piperidine, and pyridine biosynthesis, renal cell carcinoma, proximal tubule bicarbonate recovery, central carbon metabolism in cancer, plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis, plant hormone biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, shikimate pathway alkaloid biosynthesis, ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid biosynthesis, and axon regeneration. The biosynthesis of ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid involves two downregulated metabolites and one upregulated product: pipecolic acid, malic acid, and L-phenylalanine. L-phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that promotes fat and glucose metabolism.

[0038] Table 4 Differential metabolites between the control group and the interval feeding group

[0039]

[0040] Table 5 Differential metabolites between the continuous feeding group and the intermittent feeding group

[0041]

[0042] The results showed that the interval feeding group mainly regulated the immunity and anti-inflammatory ability of spotted catfish by affecting the amino acid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism of the intestinal flora. It mainly improved the immunity regulation and anti-inflammatory ability of spotted catfish by increasing serine, and promoted the fat metabolism and sugar metabolism of spotted catfish by increasing L-phenylalanine, thereby promoting growth.

[0043] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions of the present invention may be modified or replaced by equivalents without departing from the essence and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for feeding a fermented feed to promote the growth of channel catfish and improve intestinal flora, characterized in that: When breeding, channel catfish are fed with extruded compound feed and fermented feed; Every other week, the fermented feed was used to replace 20% of the extruded compound feed, mixed and fed to the pigs for one week, twice a day, morning and evening; The feed ingredients and nutritional composition of the extruded compound feed are as follows: moisture ≤ 12.0%, crude protein ≥ 32.0%, crude fat ≥ 4.0%, crude ash ≤ 16.0%, crude fiber ≤ 8.0%, total phosphorus ≥ 0.5%, lysine ≥ 1.6%. The extruded compound feed is fed twice a day, morning and evening, and is fed continuously. The feed amount for the first month is 4-5% of the fish body weight; The fermented feed is Fengyu Peptide Treasure Type I, and its feed ingredients and nutritional composition are as follows: moisture ≤ 32.0%, crude protein ≥ 35.0%, crude ash ≤ 12.0%, crude fiber ≤ 12.0%, total phosphorus ≥ 0.4%, lysine ≥ 1.8%, organic acid ≥ 2.0%, total probiotics 3×10 6 CFU / g; The size of the channel catfish is 40-70 g, and the breeding period is 3-5 months.

2. The fermented feed feeding method for promoting channel catfish growth and improving intestinal flora according to claim 1, wherein: The breeding includes cement pool breeding and / or pond breeding.

3. The use of fermented feed to regulate the intestinal flora of channel catfish is characterized by: Channel catfish were fed with extruded compound feed and fermented feed. The extruded compound feed was fed twice a day, morning and evening, and the feeding was continued. Every other week, 20% of the extruded compound feed was replaced with the fermented feed. The mixture was mixed and fed for one week, and the mixture was fed twice a day, morning and evening. The continuous addition of fermented feed actually reduced the diversity and richness of the intestinal flora of channel catfish, and increased the relative abundance of the opportunistic pathogen Proteobacteria.

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