Construction method of inverted stone arch culvert

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of arch culvert construction, and particularly relates to a construction method of inverted stone arch culvert. The inverted stone arch culvert constructed according to the method can fully meet the two functions of safe flood discharge design and ensuring the continuity and stability of the highway, can be designed and constructed under special complex conditions in deep mountainous areas and mountainous areas, not only scientifically solves the technical problems that general bridges and culverts cannot be set and built under special complex conditions, but also fully meets and optimizes the two functions of safe flood discharge design and organic connection of the route under the premise of ensuring safety and applicability.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of arch culvert construction, in particular to a reverse table stone arch culvert construction method. BACKGROUND

[0002] Stone arch culvert is one of the main forms of bridge culvert, and the design of stone arch culvert belongs to the pre-stage work before construction. The position, direction, aperture, length, entrance and exit elevation of the stone arch culvert should be designed in combination with the actual terrain and geological conditions. The selection of the type of culvert is basically in accordance with the principles of adapting to local conditions, using local materials and facilitating construction and maintenance. At present, the stone arch culvert is constructed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Technical Standards for Highway Engineering and the Highway Bridge and Culvert Design Manual. Engineers design the stone arch culvert according to the construction site, but it is difficult to design the stone arch culvert structure in complex terrain. SUMMARY

[0003] The present application provides a reverse table stone arch culvert construction method to solve the problem that the existing stone arch culvert cannot be set in complex terrain. The construction method is suitable for stone arch culvert construction of various geological structures and has a wider application range.

[0004] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the technical scheme of the present application is as follows:

[0005] The reverse table stone arch culvert construction method comprises the following steps:

[0006] Step 1: Investigate the construction site to determine whether the reverse table stone arch culvert can be set. The structure type of the reverse table stone arch culvert can only be set as a mortar block and a stone arch culvert. The reverse table stone arch culvert can be specially set in deep mountainous areas, mountainous and hilly areas, and special and complex terrain conditions. It can only be set in the case of highway subgrade design as fill, high fill and half-excavation and half-filling. The natural ground cross section of the bridge culvert must be in the condition of inclination, steep slope or interweaving of slope and step, and the natural ground cross section must be greater than 20 degrees and above, and the relative height difference between the left and right ends of the cross section must be greater than two meters and above. The reverse table bridge culvert can be considered to be set.

[0007] When setting and constructing bridge culverts in plain and micro-hilly areas, in the case of fill, high fill, half-excavation and half-filling sections, if similar special and complex terrain and objects are encountered, firstly, the natural ground cross slope and the relative height difference between the left and right ends of the cross section are checked to see whether they are too large. The original ground is stable and solid, and there are rich stone resources in the local area. The reverse table type bridge culvert can also be considered to be set.

[0008] Step two, according to the geological structure design inverted stone arch culvert height, inverted table length, span and hole, the minimum height of each inverted table is not less than 50 cm, the maximum is not more than 2 meters; the span of inverted stone arch culvert is limited to 5 meters within the small bridge culvert, which is inverted stone arch culvert can only set single hole, not set two holes and multiple holes, bridge is small, not suitable for inverted type.

[0009] The length of each section of inverted stone arch culvert can be reasonably distributed according to the change of original natural terrain and the total length of inverted stone arch culvert design, and the height of each inverted table can be reasonably distributed according to the change of original natural terrain, the total length of designed inverted culvert and the relative total height difference. The number and height of inverted tables are different for each bridge and culvert.

[0010] Step three, base treatment, excavate foundation soil and stone, repair base trench, set two layer culvert foundation for soil foundation and single layer culvert foundation for stone foundation;

[0011] Step four, segment masonry stone foundation, consider whether to deepen the foundation according to the height of inverted table and the number of culvert foundation; the inverted table height is within 60 cm, whether the inverted culvert design foundation is single layer or double layer, no need to consider the design of part of the foundation deepening; the inverted table height is within 1.2 meters, the inverted culvert foundation design is double layer foundation, no need to consider the design of part of the foundation deepening; the inverted table height is more than 60 cm, the bridge and culvert design foundation is single layer, then the part of culvert foundation should be considered to be designed to increase; the inverted table height is more than 1.2 meters, whether the inverted culvert design foundation is single layer or double layer, part of the culvert foundation needs to be considered to be designed to deepen.

[0012] How high is the inverted table, how deep is the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened, the length of the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened is equal to the height of the inverted table and the depth of the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened. The part of the foundation that needs to be deepened is designed and implemented from the end of the upper section to the water inlet direction. The cross section of the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened can be the same as the cross section of the designed bottom foundation, without designing larger foundation section. The design and construction of the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened can be based on the geological and topographical conditions, and the bottom can be flat or stepped, but must ensure stability and firmness.

[0013] Step 5: Construct segmented masonry blocks for the culvert body, and lay cement mortar at the bottom of the culvert body. Connect the bottom of the upper section of the culvert at the junction of the inverted stone arch culvert with the bottom end of the lower section using a drainage slope. Construct the arch formwork, and construct segmented masonry blocks for the arch ring. Construct segmented masonry rubble arch protection. The retaining walls at the ends of the lower sections of each inverted stage can be designed as masonry blocks, with a top width of not less than 40 cm and an external wall slope of not less than 1:4. Use cement mortar for grouting and finishing. The vertical connection between the upper and lower sections of the inverted culvert must be absolute, and there must be no misalignment. All sections above the culvert abutment should be smooth, including the abutment body, arch ring, and culvert top backfill. The height of the inverted stage is determined from the end of the upper section towards the water inlet, and the slope is connected to the bottom end of the lower section at a 1:1 ratio from this point. Depending on the situation, this drainage slope can be either a sloping type or a stepped type.

[0014] Step six involves carrying out ancillary works at the entrance and exit of the culvert, cleaning the construction site, and symmetrically filling and compacting earth and stone on both sides of the culvert body.

[0015] The beneficial effects of the present invention through the above technical solution are as follows:

[0016] 1. The design of the inverted stone arch culvert of this invention scientifically and creatively solves the difficult problem of not being able to set up general-type bridges and culverts under special and complex conditions such as deep mountain areas and hilly areas. It also fully satisfies and optimizes the two major functions of safely discharging design floods and organically connecting the route while ensuring "safety and applicability".

[0017] 2. This invention can be adapted to local conditions, make reasonable use of local materials, facilitate construction, reduce engineering workload, lower project investment, and protect the environment. The inverted stone arch culvert fully meets the requirements of "safety, applicability, economy, aesthetics and environmental protection" stipulated in the "Highway Engineering Technical Standards". It also has the characteristics of wide applicability. It is not only suitable for deep mountainous areas and hilly areas, but also for low hills and plains. It can be used when the slope of the original natural ground and the relative height difference of the cross section are too large. Therefore, the inverted stone arch culvert is scientific, reasonable, widely applicable, and easy to promote and implement. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the inverted platform connection structure of the inverted platform stone arch culvert of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the upper longitudinal section of Example 1 of the inverted stone arch culvert of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the lower plane of Example 1 of the inverted stone arch culvert of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the vertical shaft elevation structure of Example 1 of the inverted stone arch culvert of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 5 is the vertical section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example one of the present application;

[0023] Figure 6 is the vertical section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example one of the present application;

[0024] Figure 7 is the lower plane section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example one of the present application;

[0025] Figure 8 is the upper vertical section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example two of the present application;

[0026] Figure 9 is the lower plane structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example two of the present application;

[0027] Figure 10 is the upstream vertical shaft vertical structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example two of the present application;

[0028] Figure 11 is the vertical structure diagram of the step upper retaining wall of the inverted stone arch culvert example two of the present application;

[0029] Figure 12 is the downstream hole opening vertical structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example two of the present application;

[0030] Figure 13 is the upper vertical section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example three of the present application;

[0031] Figure 14 is the lower plane structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example three of the present application;

[0032] Figure 15 is the vertical section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example three of the present application;

[0033] Figure 16 is the vertical structure diagram of the step joint retaining wall of the inverted stone arch culvert example three of the present application;

[0034] Figure 17 is the lower plane section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example three of the present application;

[0035] Figure 18 is the upper vertical section structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example four of the present application;

[0036] Figure 19 is the lower plane structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example four of the present application;

[0037] Figure 20 is the one-wall and water channel structure diagram of the inverted stone arch culvert example four of the present application;

[0038] Figure 21 is the upstream valve port shaft structure schematic diagram of the inverted table stone arch culvert example four of the present application;

[0039] Figure 22 is the flow water tank section structure schematic diagram of the inverted table stone arch culvert example four of the present application;

[0040] Figure 23 is the step upper joint retaining wall structure schematic diagram of the inverted table stone arch culvert example four of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] The present application will be further described below in combination with the drawings and specific embodiments:

[0042] General provisions and applicable scope of the inverted table culvert design of the present application:

[0043] When can the inverted table culvert be specially set: the inverted table stone arch culvert can be specially set in the deep mountain area, mountainous area, and special and complex topography and geomorphology. It can only be set in the case of highway subgrade design as fill, high fill, and subgrade half-excavation and half-filling. The natural ground cross section at the position of the bridge and culvert must be in the condition of inclination, steep slope, or interweaving of slope and step, and the natural ground cross slope at the position is greater than 20 degrees and above, and the relative height difference between the left and right ends of the cross section is greater than two meters and above. In this case, the inverted table bridge and culvert can be considered to be set. The position of the bridge and culvert is in the design excavation section, regardless of how special and complex the original terrain is, and the inverted table bridge and culvert cannot be designed. This is the basic principle.

[0044] When can the inverted table culvert be considered to be set in the plain area and hilly area: when setting and constructing the bridge and culvert in the plain area and hilly area, in the fill, high fill, and half-excavation and half-filling section, if similar special and complex topography and objects are encountered, first, whether the natural ground cross slope and the relative height difference between the left and right ends of the cross section are too large is observed. The original ground is stable and solid, and there are rich stone resources in the local area. In this case, the inverted table bridge and culvert can also be considered to be set. Because relatively speaking, the inverted table culvert is also economical and applicable.

[0045] General provisions of the inverted table culvert structure type: the setting of the structure type of the highway bridge and culvert is scientifically set according to different conditions and applicable situations, and the inverted table culvert is a relatively unique product set under specific conditions. According to the unique structure type, the organic connection of each section of the culvert body, and the convenience of construction and other aspects of technicality and rationality, the structure type of the inverted table stone arch culvert can only be set as mortar block, stone arch culvert, or precast concrete block arch culvert. The structure types of the plate culvert, garden pipe culvert, and box culvert cannot be set as inverted table type.

[0046] General provisions for span and number of holes of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert: first, the span of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert is limited to small bridge culvert with span less than 5 meters; second, inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert can only be set with single hole in principle, and cannot be set with two or more holes; third, small bridges with span more than 5 meters are not suitable to be set with inverted-tai-shaped type in principle.

[0047] General provisions for name of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert: it can be called "inverted-tai-shaped stone arch small bridge culvert of highway", "inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert of highway" or "inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert".

[0048] General provisions for length of inverted-tai section and height of inverted-tai of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert: the length of each section of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert can be reasonably distributed according to the change of original natural terrain and the total length of design of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert; the height of each inverted-tai is reasonably distributed according to the change of original natural terrain, the total length of design of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert and the relative total height difference. Since the conditions of each bridge culvert are different, the number of inverted-tai and the height are different, therefore, the length of inverted-tai and the height are not uniformly regulated, which are flexibly and reasonably grasped by designers according to different conditions of each bridge culvert.

[0049] To which highways is the setting of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert applicable: the setting of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert is applicable to ordinary highways, expressways and various highways and special roads outside the grades.

[0050] General provisions for bottom mortar mark of culvert body of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert: since the end of each inverted-tai of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert is slope type or step type, considering the scour of flood flow and the compaction and stability of the bottom part of inverted-tai connection, the bottom of culvert is paved with cement mortar with mark not less than 10# cement mortar, and the construction quality is strictly controlled.

[0051] General provisions for construction method and construction procedure of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert:

[0052] ① The construction method of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert should be mainly mechanical cooperation and manual construction, attention should be paid to and improvement should be made on construction technology, the construction technology and quality control of each inverted-tai node should be focused on, the construction quality should be strictly controlled, and the construction safety should be ensured.

[0053] ② The construction procedure of inverted-tai-shaped stone arch culvert should be carried out according to the following procedure:

[0054] Construction line setting - mechanical excavation of foundation earthwork - manual finishing of foundation trench - return to alignment - manual segmental segment mortar masonry stone foundation and partial deepening of foundation - segmental mortar masonry stone body - 10# cement mortar paving of culvert body bottom and inverted-tai connection water slope bottom - preparation of arch form or earth arch form - segmental mortar masonry stone arch ring - segmental mortar masonry stone arch protection - mortar masonry stone inverted-tai end blocking wall - 10# cement mortar jointing and finishing - access hole auxiliary engineering - construction site cleaning - symmetrical filling of earthwork and ramming on both sides of culvert body.

[0055] Main technical index control of inverted arch culvert design:

[0056] The minimum height and maximum height of each inverted arch of inverted arch culvert should not be less than 50 cm and not more than 2 m. That is, the height of each inverted arch of inverted arch culvert can be within the specified range, and according to the natural terrain changes of each bridge and culvert, combined with the total length of the designed bridge and culvert and the number of inverted arches, it can be reasonably distributed between 50 cm and 2 m, and flexibly and scientifically controlled.

[0057] The three main technical points of inverted arch culvert design and construction are as follows: first, the upper and lower vertical connection of each inverted arch of the inverted culvert must be ensured, and the connection must not be wrong. Second, the smoothness of each section of the inverted arch above the inverted arch must be ensured, including the body, arch ring, and culvert top fill. Third, the quality control and technical supervision of the setting and construction technology of the culvert bottom water slope at the connection end of each inverted arch and the setting and construction technology of the end head retaining wall must be done well. Although the engineering quantity is not large, its role in the inverted arch culvert is the most important and key technical point, and it must not be taken lightly. The provisions are as follows: ① The upper section of the inverted arch culvert must be connected with the end of the lower section of the inverted arch in the form of a water slope. The specific design and method are as follows: the higher the inverted arch, the higher the size of the inverted arch, and the slope point is measured from the end of the upper section to the water inlet direction, and the slope is connected to the end of the lower section of the pavement in the form of 1:1. According to different conditions, the water slope can be in the form of a stepped slope or a stepped slope (as described in Figure 1 ). ② The end head retaining wall of each inverted arch can be designed as a block (piece) stone mortar, with a top width of not less than 40 cm, an outer wall slope of not less than 1:4, and a neat and tidy appearance, with dense grouting, meeting the design requirements. (As described in Figure 1 ).

[0058] Inverted arch culvert foundation design control: In order to fully consider the overall strength and stability of the inverted arch culvert, as well as the factors of high fill roadbed soil pressure and stepped flood drainage of the inverted arch culvert, the following principles are provided: ① When the inverted arch culvert is set and built on soil foundation, the foundation of the inverted arch culvert is designed as double row, i.e. 60 cm two layers; ② If the inverted arch culvert is set and built on stone foundation, the foundation of the inverted arch culvert can be designed as single layer, i.e. 60 cm.

[0059] The conditions under which the inverted arch culvert does not need to be designed with part of the foundation deepened are as follows: first, the inverted arch height is within 60 cm, regardless of whether the inverted arch culvert is designed with single layer or double layer foundation, the part of the foundation does not need to be designed with deepening; second, the inverted arch height is within 1.2 m, and the inverted arch culvert foundation is designed as double layer foundation, and the part of the foundation does not need to be designed with deepening.

[0060] There are two situations where a deeper foundation needs to be designed for a stepped stone arch culvert: First, if the stepped height exceeds 60 cm and the bridge or culvert foundation is designed as a single layer, then the design should consider adding a portion of the culvert foundation. Second, if the stepped height exceeds 1.2 meters, regardless of whether the stepped culvert foundation is designed as a single layer or a double layer, the design should consider adding a portion of the culvert foundation.

[0061] The general guidelines for designing and deepening the foundation of a stepped stone arch culvert are as follows: First, the depth of the foundation should match the height of the stepped section; second, the length of the deepened foundation should be equal to the height of the stepped section and the depth of the foundation itself. The section requiring a deepened foundation should be designed and implemented from the end of the upper section towards the water inlet; third, the cross-section of the deepened foundation can be the same as the cross-section of the initial foundation, without requiring an enlarged foundation cross-section. The design and construction of the deepened foundation can be based on geological and topographical conditions; the bottom can be flat or stepped, but the principles of stability and solidity must be ensured (e.g., ...). Figure 1 (as described).

[0062] like Figures 2-7 As shown, Example 1 of the inverted stone arch culvert is applied to a geological environment with a large cross slope and a stepped shape. The inverted culvert is located in a high embankment section. According to the environmental conditions, it is designed with four sections and three steps. Each step is 0.75 meters, with a total rise and fall of 2.25 meters. A 2 cm settlement joint is left at the step interface. There is an upstream retaining wall and a 1:1 drainage slope at the bottom. The culvert opening is designed with an upper well and an lower eight-section. The roadbed slope is 1:1.5.

[0063] like Figures 8-12 As shown, Example 2 of the inverted stone arch culvert is applied to a semi-fill and semi-excavation geological environment. The inverted platform is designed twice according to the environmental conditions, with each platform being 2 meters high. The culvert has a bottom slope of 1:1 and can be made into a slope type or a stepped type.

[0064] like Figures 13-17 As shown, Example 3 of the inverted stone arch culvert is applied to a geological environment with a large cross slope and a stepped shape. According to the environmental conditions, it is designed to invert four times, and the tunnel body is divided into five sections. Each inversion is 0.75 meters, with a total rise and fall of 3.00 meters. A 2-centimeter-wide settlement joint is left at the inversion joint. The tunnel opening is designed with a V-shaped wall, and the roadbed slope is 1:1.5.

[0065] like Figures 18-23 As shown, Example 4 of the inverted stone arch culvert is applied to a geological environment with a large cross slope and a stepped shape. According to the environmental conditions, it is designed to invert four times, with each rise and fall of 0.48 meters. The culvert is divided into five sections, with 2 centimeters between each section. Settlement joints are provided. The opening is designed as an upper well and a lower straight wall connecting to a 5-meter-long drainage channel. The roadbed slope strip is 1:1.5 to the bottom.

[0066] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Therefore, any equivalent changes or modifications made to the technical solutions described in the claims of this invention should be included within the scope of the patent application of this invention.

Claims

1. A construction method of an inverted arch culvert, characterized by, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Inspect the construction site to determine whether a stepped stone arch culvert can be constructed. The structural type of a stepped stone arch culvert can only be a masonry block or rubble masonry arch culvert. Step 2: Design the height, length, span, and number of arches of the inverted stone arch culvert according to the geological structure. The minimum height of each inverted stage shall not be less than 50 centimeters and the maximum shall not exceed 2 meters. Step 3: Foundation treatment, excavation of foundation earth and stone, repair of foundation trench, setting of two-layer culvert foundation for soil foundation, and setting of single-layer culvert foundation for rock foundation. Step 4: Lay the rubble foundation in sections, and consider whether to deepen the foundation based on the height of the abutment and the number of foundation layers. Step 5: Segmented masonry of the rubble abutment body, cement mortar paving of the culvert bottom, connecting the bottom of the upper section of the inverted stone arch culvert with the bottom end of the lower section in the form of a drainage slope, making the arch formwork, segmented masonry of the rubble arch ring, segmented masonry of the rubble arch protection, and the end retaining wall of the lower section of each inverted abutment, designed as rubble masonry, with a top width of not less than 40 cm and an external wall slope of not less than 1:4, and grouting and plastering with cement mortar; Step six involves constructing the ancillary works at the entrance and exit of the culvert, cleaning the construction site, and symmetrically filling and compacting earth and stone on both sides of the culvert body.

2. The inverted arch culvert construction method of claim 1, wherein In step one, the inverted stone arch culvert is considered to be specially set up in deep mountainous areas, hilly areas, and areas with special and complex topography. It can only be set up when the roadbed is designed as embankment or semi-cut and semi-fill. Moreover, the cross section of the natural ground where the inverted stone arch culvert is located must be in a steep slope or a combination of slope and steps, and the cross slope of the natural ground must be greater than 20 degrees or more. The relative height difference between the left and right ends of the cross section must be greater than two meters or more.

3. The inverted arch culvert construction method of claim 1, wherein In step one, when setting up and constructing inverted stone arch culverts in plains and hilly areas, if there are similar special and complex terrain features in fill or semi-fill / semi-excavation sections, the first thing to consider is whether the cross slope of the natural ground and the relative height difference between the left and right sides of the cross section are too large. If the original ground geology is stable and solid, and there are abundant stone resources in the area, inverted stone arch culverts should also be considered.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein: In step two, the span of the inverted stone arch culvert is limited to within 5 meters. The inverted stone arch culvert can only be a single arch and cannot be multi-arched.

5. The method of constructing an inverted arch culvert according to claim 1, wherein, In step two, the length of each section of the inverted stone arch culvert is reasonably distributed based on the changes in the original natural terrain and the total length of the inverted stone arch culvert design. The height of each inverted platform is reasonably distributed based on the changes in the original natural terrain, the total length of the inverted stone arch culvert design, and the relative total height difference. The number of inverted platforms and their heights are different for each inverted stone arch culvert due to the different conditions it is in.

6. The method of constructing an inverted arch culvert according to claim 1, wherein, In step four, if the height of the inverted platform is within 60 cm, regardless of whether the foundation of the inverted stone arch culvert is designed as a single layer or a double layer, the deepening of the foundation in the design section will not be considered; if the height of the inverted platform is within 1.2 m, when the foundation of the inverted stone arch culvert is designed as a double layer foundation, the deepening of the foundation in the design section will not be considered. If the height of the inverted platform is more than 60 cm, the design of the inverted platform stone arch culvert should consider increasing the foundation of the inverted platform. If the height of the inverted platform is more than 1.2 m, the design of the inverted platform stone arch culvert should consider deepening the foundation of the inverted platform, regardless of whether the design of the inverted platform stone arch culvert is single-layer or double-layer.

7. The method of constructing an inverted arch culvert according to claim 1, wherein In step four, the height of the inverted platform and the depth of the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened are equal. The part of the foundation that needs to be deepened is located at the end of the upper platform and extends in the direction of the water inlet. The cross-section of the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened is the same as the cross-section of the bottom foundation. The design and construction of the part of the foundation that needs to be deepened should be based on the geological and topographical conditions, and the bottom should be flat or stepped, but must ensure stability and firmness.

8. The method of constructing an inverted arch culvert according to claim 1, wherein, In step five, the upper and lower levels of the inverted platform of the inverted platform stone arch culvert are vertically connected, and must not be misaligned. The connection between the segments above the platform should be smooth, including the platform body, arch ring, and the connection of the fill above the culvert top.

9. The method of constructing an inverted arch culvert according to claim 1, wherein, In step five, the height of the inverted platform is measured from the end of the upper platform segment to the drop point in the direction of the water inlet. From this point, the slope is connected to the end of the lower platform segment in a 1:1 ratio. Depending on the situation, the water dispersal slope can be a drop slope or a stepped slope.

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