A concentrate supplement for preventing rumen tympanites in cattle and sheep and its preparation method

Abstract

The present invention discloses a concentrate supplement for preventing ruminal tympany in cattle and sheep and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of animal feeds. The raw materials of the concentrate supplement for preventing ruminal tympany in cattle and sheep are counted by mass parts and include: 30.2 - 40.5 parts of corn, 15 - 20 parts of sorghum, 14 - 20 parts of brown rice, 12 - 25 parts of heat-treated soybean meal, 0.2 - 1 part of condensed tannin, 0.1 - 0.05 part of compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 - 1.8 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.5 - 2.6 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.3 - 0.5 part of NaCl, and 0.3 - 0.5 part of premix. The designed concentrate supplement of the present invention has lower contents of soluble non-starch polysaccharides, rumen-degradable protein, and magnesium ions, and higher contents of tannin, soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, and sodium ions, and can better prevent the problem of frothy ruminal tympany in goats caused by high-concentrate feeds.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of animal feeds, and particularly relates to a concentrate supplement for preventing ruminal tympany in cattle and sheep and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] Although the fatality rate of animal ruminal tympany is not high, from the onset, treatment to recovery of ruminal tympany, it takes at least more than 20 days. During this period, the production performance of animals will be significantly reduced, and farmers will also suffer serious economic losses. Therefore, how to prevent the occurrence of animal ruminal tympany has become the current research focus.

[0003] Research shows that feeding high-concentrate diets to goats is the main cause of inducing ruminal tympany in them, and the incidence rate can be as high as over 20%. Under the condition of feeding high-concentrate diets, the gas generated by rumen fermentation in goats mixes with the rumen contents to form a large amount of stable foam, and the gas cannot be discharged, thus forming tympany. Therefore, ruminal tympany is also called frothy tympany. When frothy ruminal tympany occurs, the gas emission of the rumen is usually inhibited by the frothy rumen contents, and the gas stays in the rumen fluid, forming a small bubble-like emulsion with a diameter of about 1-2 mm. The rumen will gradually be filled with the expanding foam, resulting in the inhibition of the excitability of the nerve endings that control the opening of the esophageal orifice, thereby blocking eructation. There are two necessary conditions for the formation of a large amount of stable foam in the rumen: one is to have a foaming agent to promote the production of foam in the rumen fluid; the other is that the foam should have good foam stability to maintain stability without breaking.

[0004] The substances that act as foaming agents and foam stabilizers in the rumen mainly include proteins, soluble non-starch polysaccharides, and metal ions. The main components of the foam are hydrophobic proteins and polypeptides. Among them, surfactants and proteins are important keys affecting the foaming property and foam stability of liquids. Proteins bind to the bubble interface and interact with the interface through electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen bond, or covalent bonds to form a viscoelastic film, which not only has a high tensile strength but also can withstand the thickness of the film. Protein itself is also a surfactant with low activity. After its peptide chain unfolds on the liquid surface, through the interaction of intramolecular and intermolecular forces, a two-dimensional protection network is formed at the bubble edge to stabilize the foam. The hydrophobic side stabilizes the gas, and the hydrophilic side stabilizes the aqueous phase.

[0005] Existing technology shows that reducing the level of soluble protein in rumen fluid can reduce the risk of rumen bloating. And when soluble non-starch polysaccharides are dissolved in water, the viscosity of the solution will increase significantly. The viscosity of the solution will affect the flow rate of the foam liquid film. The greater the viscosity of the solution, the slower the drainage flow rate on the foam surface and the more stable the foam. In addition, the greater the viscosity of the foam liquid film, the stronger the air tightness of the foam and the stronger the stability of the generated foam. The more non-starch polysaccharides dissolved in the liquid, the higher the viscosity and the longer the life of the foam formed. Therefore, how to design a concentrate supplement to solve the problem of foamy rumen bloating caused by high-concentrate goats is extremely important for the high-value breeding of goats. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloating in cattle and sheep and a preparation method thereof. The concentrate supplement designed by the present invention has lower soluble non-starch polysaccharide, rumen degradable protein, and magnesium ion content, higher tannin, soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, and sodium ion content, can prevent the generation of foam in the rumen and reduce the foam holding capacity of rumen foam, thereby better preventing the problem of foamy rumen bloating in goats caused by high concentrate.

[0007] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0008] One of the technical solutions of the present invention is to provide a concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloating of cattle and sheep. The raw materials, measured by mass, include: 30.2 parts of corn, 20 parts of sorghum, 20 parts of brown rice, 25 parts of heat-treated soybean meal, 1 part of concentrated tannin, 0.1 part of composite soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 part of NaCl and 0.5 part of premix.

[0009] Preferably, the preparation method of the heat-treated soybean meal is: heating the soybean meal at 110° C. for 50 minutes to obtain the heat-treated soybean meal.

[0010] The present invention reduces the degradation rate of soybean meal in the rumen by heat-treating the soybean meal, so that more protein can be digested in the small intestine after passing through the rumen, thereby reducing the protein content in the rumen fluid.

[0011] Preferably, the complex soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme consists of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and pectinase.

[0012] More preferably, the enzyme activities of the composite soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme are: xylanase 15000 U / g, glucanase 2500 U / g, mannanase 2000 U / g and pectinase 500 U / g.

[0013] Preferably, the formula of the premix is as follows by mass fraction: 2.0 parts of FeSO4·7H2O, 0.82 parts of CuSO4·5H2O, 1.74 parts of ZnSO4·7H2O, 2.52 parts of MnSO4·H2O, 0.41 parts of Na2SeO3·5H2O, 0.42 parts of CoCl2·6H2O, 0.12 parts of CaI2O6, 2.0 parts of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate, 0.04 parts of vitamin D3, 0.2 parts of retinol, and 89.73 parts of bentonite.

[0014] The second technical solution of the present invention: provides a preparation method of the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen flatulence in cattle and sheep as described above, including the following steps:

[0015] (1) Crush corn, sorghum, brown rice and heat-treated soybean meal to obtain powder A;

[0016] (2) Mix powder A with the remaining raw materials to obtain the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen flatulence in cattle and sheep.

[0017] Preferably, in step (1): the crushing is to crush to a particle size of less than 6 mm.

[0018] Preferably, after the mixing step in step (2), a granulation operation is further included; the specifications of the granulation are: diameter 3 mm, length 6 mm.

[0019] The third technical solution of the present invention: provides an application of the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen flatulence in cattle and sheep as described above in preventing rumen flatulence in goats, characterized in that the concentrate supplement is mixed with goat roughage at a mass ratio of 7:3, and then goats are fed.

[0020] The beneficial technical effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0021] By selecting sorghum with a high tannin content and adding condensed tannins to the diet, the present invention increases the tannin content in the concentrate supplement. In the rumen with a pH value of 5.0 - 7.0, tannins can form stable tannin-protein complexes with proteins dissolved in the rumen fluid. This complex is insoluble and has the effect of resisting the degradation by rumen microorganisms. Subsequently, this complex will decompose and release proteins under the acidic conditions of the abomasum, so as not to reduce the total intestinal digestibility of proteins. This enables proteins to bypass degradation in the rumen and undergo enzymatic hydrolysis in the abomasum, effectively reducing the concentration of soluble proteins in the rumen fluid.

[0022] The soluble non - starch polysaccharide content of the brown rice selected in the present invention is lower than that of components such as wheat and wheat bran. And a compound soluble non - starch polysaccharide enzyme composed of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and pectinase is added to the concentrate supplement, which effectively degrades the content of soluble non - starch polysaccharide in the rumen fluid, significantly reduces the viscosity of the rumen fluid, and thus reduces the foaming power and foam stability of the rumen fluid.

[0023] The inventors found through research that the concentrations of metal ions potassium, nickel, magnesium and calcium in the rumen fluid are significantly positively correlated with the foaming power and foam - holding capacity of the rumen fluid, while sodium ions are significantly negatively correlated with the foaming power and foam - holding capacity of the rumen fluid. The buffer in the conventional goat concentrate supplement formula is used in a combination of sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide at a ratio of 2:1. To prevent frothy ruminal bloat, the present invention only selects sodium bicarbonate as the buffer, aiming to increase the concentration of sodium ions in the diet and reduce the concentration of magnesium ions in the diet. Moreover, when formulating the goat concentrate supplement, raw materials with low potassium and magnesium contents such as brown rice are selected, and raw materials with high potassium and magnesium contents such as rice bran are not selected. On the premise of meeting the requirements, the concentrations of potassium and magnesium in the diet are reduced as much as possible, so that the concentrations of potassium and magnesium in the final concentrate supplement can be reduced to about 0.7 wt.% and 0.2 wt.% respectively.

[0024] The concentrate supplement designed in the present invention has lower contents of soluble non - starch polysaccharide, rumen - degradable protein and magnesium ions, and higher contents of tannin, soluble non - starch polysaccharide enzyme and sodium ions, which can prevent the generation of foam in the rumen and reduce the foam - holding capacity of rumen foam, thus better preventing the problem of frothy ruminal bloat in goats caused by high - concentrate diets. And the concentrate supplement designed in the present invention also has a good preventive effect on frothy ruminal bloat in cattle. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0025] Figure 1 It is a picture of the rumen fluid of the first control group.

[0026] Figure 2 It is a picture of the rumen fluid of the second control group.

[0027] Figure 3 It is a picture of the rumen fluid of the third control group.

[0028] Figure 4 It is a picture of the rumen fluid of the experimental group. Detailed Embodiments

[0029] Now, various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, characteristics and implementation schemes of the present invention. It should be understood that the terms described in the present invention are only for describing specific implementation modes and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0030] In addition, for the numerical ranges in the present invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. Intermediate values within any stated value or stated range, as well as each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, are also included in the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded from the range.

[0031] Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains. Although the present invention only describes preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention.

[0032] Regarding "comprising", "including", "having", "containing", etc. used in the present invention, they are all open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0033] The preparation method of the heat-treated soybean meal used in the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention is as follows: The soybean meal is dry heat-treated at 110 °C for 50 min and then cooled in an open environment to obtain the heat-treated soybean meal.

[0034] The composite soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme used in the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention is composed of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase, and pectinase. The enzyme activities of various enzymes are: xylanase 15000 U / g, glucanase 2500 U / g, mannanase 2000 U / g, and pectinase 500 U / g.

[0035] The formula of the premix used in the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention is by mass parts: FeSO4·7H2O 2.0 parts, CuSO4·5H2O 0.82 parts, ZnSO4·7H2O 1.74 parts, MnSO4·H2O 2.52 parts, Na2SeO3·5H2O 0.41 parts, CoCl2·6H2O 0.42 parts, CaI2O6 0.12 parts, DL-α-tocopheryl acetate 2.0 parts, vitamin D3 0.04 parts, retinol 0.2 parts, bentonite 89.73 parts.

[0036] All raw materials used in the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention are commercially available products.

[0037] Example 1

[0038] By mass parts, the raw materials of the concentrate supplement are:

[0039] 30.2 parts of corn, 20 parts of sorghum, 20 parts of brown rice, 25 parts of heat-treated soybean meal, 1 part of condensed tannin, 0.1 part of compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 part of NaCl, and 0.5 part of premix.

[0040] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0041] (1) Crush corn, sorghum, brown rice, and heat-treated soybean meal to a particle size of less than 6 mm to obtain powder A;

[0042] (2) Pour powder A and the remaining raw materials into a horizontal feed mixer according to the formula ratio and mix for 10 min, then extrude them into particles with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 6 mm at 85 °C using a ring die with a compression ratio of 9:1 to obtain the concentrate supplement.

[0043] Comparative Example 1

[0044] By mass, the raw materials of the concentrate supplement in Comparative Example 1 are (the difference from Example 1 is only that the heat-treated soybean meal is replaced with an equal mass of soybean meal):

[0045] 30.2 parts of corn, 20 parts of sorghum, 20 parts of brown rice, 25 parts of soybean meal, 1 part of condensed tannin, 0.1 part of compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 part of NaCl, and 0.5 part of premix.

[0046] For the specific preparation process, see Example 1 to obtain the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 1.

[0047] Comparative Example 2

[0048] By mass, the raw materials of the concentrate supplement in Comparative Example 2 are (conventional concentrate for goats):

[0049] 31.3 parts of corn, 10 parts of wheat, 10 parts of wheat bran, 20 parts of rice bran, 25 parts of soybean meal, 1.2 parts of calcium carbonate, 1 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 part of magnesium oxide, 0.5 part of NaCl, and 0.5 part of premix.

[0050] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0051] (1) Crush corn, wheat, wheat bran, rice bran, and soybean meal to a particle size of less than 6 mm to obtain powder A;

[0052] (2) Pour powder A and the remaining raw materials into a horizontal feed mixer according to the formula ratio and mix for 10 min, then extrude them into particles with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 6 mm at 85 °C using a ring die with a compression ratio of 9:1 to obtain the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 2.

[0053] Comparative Example 3

[0054] By mass fraction, the raw materials of the concentrate supplement are (the difference from Comparative Example 1 is only that the compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme is replaced with an equal mass of xylanase):

[0055] 30.2 parts of corn, 20 parts of sorghum, 20 parts of brown rice, 25 parts of soybean meal, 1 part of condensed tannin, 0.1 part of xylanase, 1.2 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 part of NaCl, and 0.5 part of premix.

[0056] For the specific preparation process, see Example 1, and the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 3 was prepared.

[0057] Effect verification

[0058] (1) The proportion of chemical components in the products of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 was measured, and the measurement results are shown in Table 1.

[0059] Table 1 Chemical components

[0060]

[0061]

[0062] As can be seen from Table 1, there is no significant difference in the digestible energy and crude protein content between the concentrate supplement designed by the present invention and the conventional goat concentrate supplement (Comparative Example 2), as well as Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 3. This proves that the present invention does not treat goat ruminal tympany by reducing the proportion of nutrients such as protein and polysaccharides.

[0063] (2) Feeding tests were carried out using the products of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-3.

[0064] 1.1 Test method: A single-factor control test design was adopted. According to the dietary differences, 4 treatment groups were set up, namely the Comparative Example 1 group (fed a diet prepared from the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 1), the Comparative Example 2 group (fed a diet prepared from the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 2), the Comparative Example 3 group (fed a diet prepared from the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 3), and the test group (fed a diet prepared from the concentrate supplement of Example 1). The raw material composition of the diet is shown in Table 2. The total mixed ration was prepared according to the ratio for feeding, and the concentrate-to-forage ratio of the diet was 7:3. Forty growing goats were selected as test animals and evenly divided into 4 groups according to the principle of similar body weight and age, with 10 replicates in each group and 1 goat in each replicate. The 4 groups of goats were randomly assigned to each treatment group. The composition of the diet for each treatment group is shown in Table 2.

[0065] Table 2 Diet composition (%)

[0066]

[0067] The animal experiment was conducted at the scientific research and teaching base of the Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University. The experimental period was 40 days in total. First, a 10-day pre-feeding experiment was carried out, and then a 30-day formal feeding experiment was conducted. During the experiment, the sheep were fed individually in pens. The experimental sheep were fed twice a day with a total mixed ration (at 09:00 and 17:00), and the sheep could drink water freely.

[0068] 1.2 Collection of rumen fluid samples: On the 30th day of the formal experiment, 4 hours after the morning feeding, the rumen contents of the experimental sheep were collected using a stomach tube connected to a vacuum pump. After taking pictures of the collected samples, the filtrate was obtained by filtering through four layers of gauze, and then it was aliquoted and labeled. All samples were stored at -20 °C for the determination of rumen fermentation parameters and foaming properties.

[0069] 1.3 Rumen flatulence scoring: From the 25th to the 30th day of the experiment, the flatulence situation of the goats was checked and visually observed every morning, and rumen flatulence scoring (BS) was carried out. According to the severity of flatulence, the scoring system was: 0 - 3 points; a flatulence score of 0 (BS0) indicated no obvious signs of flatulence; a flatulence score of 1 (BS1) indicated mild flatulence on the left side of the animal; a flatulence score of 2 (BS2) indicated obvious flatulence on the left side of the animal, with the rumen bulging upward towards the back; a flatulence score of 3 (BS3) indicated severe flatulence, with the swelling above the back of the animal, visible from the right side of the animal, and the animal showing an asymmetric appearance when walking. The average flatulence value over 6 days was used as the final score for rumen flatulence in goats. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0070] 1.4 Determination of the foaming properties of rumen fluid: The foam stability of rumen fluid was measured using a combined method of the modified Rose method and the Rudin method.

[0071] Foam holding capacity: 30 mL of rumen fluid was introduced into a 100 mL airtight separatory funnel tube, and CO2 gas was slowly introduced into the rumen fluid to convert it into a large amount of foam. The ventilation pressure and ventilation time were made the same. CO2 gas was bubbled at 1 Pa for 60 s, and the time required for the foam column to collapse by itself until all the foam disappeared was used to calculate the foam stability. The foam stability was expressed in terms of foam holding capacity in minutes. Each sample was measured 3 times and the average value was taken. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0072] 1.5 Measurement of the viscosity of rumen fluid: The viscosity of rumen fluid was measured using the capillary viscometer method (GB / T 22235 - 2008). The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0073] 1.6 Measurement of the protein content in rumen fluid: The protein concentration in rumen fluid was detected using the Coomassie brilliant blue method. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0074] 2 Experimental results

[0075] Figures 1-4Pictures of rumen fluid of the control group 1, control group 2, control group 3 and experimental group respectively. Among them, the left picture is the front view of the rumen fluid, and the right picture is the top view of the rumen fluid. From Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 , it can be seen that a large amount of foam is contained in the rumen content samples of the control group fed with the diet, and the proportion of foam in the control group 2 is the largest, while the foam in the rumen content of the experimental group is significantly less than that of the control group.

[0076] Table 3 Rumen data analysis

[0077]

[0078] Note: The same superscript letter in the same row of numbers indicates no significant difference (P>0.05), adjacent superscript letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05), and alternate superscript letters indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01).

[0079] As can be seen from Table 3, for the foam holding capacity of rumen foam and the viscosity of rumen fluid, the experimental group is the lowest, followed by the control group 1, and the control group 2 is the highest. The differences among the four treatment groups have reached a significant level (P<0.05), and the experimental group is extremely significantly lower than the control group 2 and the control group 3 (P<0.01). For the foaming power of rumen fluid and the protein content of rumen fluid, the experimental group is significantly lower than the control group 1 and the control group 3 (P<0.05), and extremely significantly lower than the control group 2 (P<0.01). There is no significant difference between the control group 1 and the control group 3 (P>0.05), but both are significantly lower than the control group 2 (P<0.05). No rumen flatulence phenomenon was found in the goats of the experimental group, while flatulence occurred in other groups. Especially, the degree of rumen flatulence in the control group 2 is the most serious.

[0080] The embodiments described above are only descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the design spirit of the present invention, various deformations and improvements made by those of ordinary skill in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A concentrate supplement for preventing rumen tympany in cattle and sheep, characterized in that, The raw materials, by mass parts, are as follows: 30.2 - 40.5 parts of corn, 15 - 20 parts of sorghum, 14 - 20 parts of brown rice, 12 - 25 parts of heat-treated soybean meal, 0.2 - 1 part of condensed tannin, 0.1 - 0.05 part of compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 - 1.8 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.5 - 2.6 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.3 - 0.5 part of NaCl, and 0.3 - 0.5 part of premix; The preparation method of the heat-treated soybean meal is: heating the soybean meal at 110°C for 50 min to obtain the heat-treated soybean meal; The formula of the premix, by mass parts, is: 2.0 parts of FeSO4·7H2O, 0.82 part of CuSO4·5H2O, 1.74 parts of ZnSO4·7H2O, 2.52 parts of MnSO4·H2O, 0.41 part of Na2SeO3·5H2O, 0.42 part of CoCl2·6H2O, 0.12 part of CaI2O6, 2.0 parts of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate, 0.04 part of vitamin D3, 0.2 part of retinol, and 89.73 parts of bentonite.

2. The concentrate supplement for preventing ruminal tympany in cattle and sheep according to claim 1, wherein The compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme is composed of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase, and pectinase.

3. A method for preparing the concentrate supplement for preventing ruminal tympany in cattle and sheep according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: (1) Crushing corn, sorghum, brown rice, and heat-treated soybean meal to obtain powder A; (2) Mixing powder A with the remaining raw materials to obtain the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen flatulence in cattle and sheep.

4. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step (1): The crushing is to crush to a particle size of less than 6 mm.

5. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, After the mixing step in step (2), a granulation operation is further included; the specifications of the granulation are: diameter 3 mm, length 6 mm.

6. Use of the concentrate supplement for preventing ruminal tympany in cattle and sheep according to claim 1 or 2 in preventing ruminal tympany in goats, characterized in that, Mix the concentrate supplement with goat roughage at a mass ratio of 7:3, and then conduct goat feeding.

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