Method and device for evaluating the effect of variable slippage water on the stability of a proppant pack

Abstract

In view of the fact that the prior art mainly adopts indirect technical methods for the compressibility evaluation, and the stability of the proppant packing layer cannot be directly and accurately measured when fracturing flowback, the present application provides an evaluation method and device for the influence of variable viscosity slick water on the stability of the proppant packing layer, and belongs to the technical field of oil and gas field development and oil and gas stimulation and reconstruction. The present application specifically provides a calculation method and a testing device, a parallel pressure plate is used to simulate the formation closure pressure, and a proppant packing layer with a specified size is arranged in the middle of the parallel pressure plate; after the formation closure pressure is loaded, the proppant packing layer is compacted, different flow rates of variable viscosity slick water are used to flush the proppant packing layer, and a high-definition camera is used to record the area of the proppant packing layer being flushed in real time, so as to calculate the stability of the proppant packing layer. The method and device can directly calculate the stability of the proppant packing layer, and can more directly and accurately measure the stability index of the proppant packing layer compared with the indirect technical method.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of oil and gas field development and oil and gas production enhancement technology, and relates to the evaluation of the influence of viscous slickwater on the stability of proppant filling layers. Specifically, it proposes a calculation method and a testing device. Background Technology

[0002] Tight sandstone cannot naturally build up production capacity, requiring reservoir stimulation measures. This involves pumping slickwater into the tight sandstone reservoir to create artificial fractures and injecting a large amount of proppant. After fracturing, the fracturing fluid in the reservoir must be rapidly flowed back to minimize damage to the formation. A reasonable flowback regime is crucial for high post-fracturing production; too low a flowback rate or untimely flowback can damage the reservoir, while too high a rate can lead to proppant backflow, impairing the conductivity of the fractures. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the stability of the proppant-filled layer under different closure pressure conditions and select appropriate parameters to prevent rapid instability of the proppant-filled layer and excessive proppant backflow.

[0003] Domestic and international scholars mainly employ indirect technical methods for compressibility evaluation, rarely using direct methods. For example, CN 109236262 A, "A Method for Propuppet Reflow Analysis Considering Propuppet Wettability After Fracturing," describes "Step 1: Performing Stress Analysis on Propuppet Particles After Fracturing" and "Step 2: Establishing a Kinematic Model of Propuppet Particles." Therefore, this invention describes a theoretical calculation method, without addressing whether the actual stress change process of the proppant-filled layer is completely consistent with the theoretical process. CN 107476796 A, "An experimental device and method for simulating fracturing fluid flowback and controlling proppant backflow," describes "simulating the fracturing fluid flowback and formation fluid loss to the fracture by injecting a fluid circulation system into the pipeline, thus matching the actual fracturing flowback process in the field." Therefore, this invention also indirectly tests the proppant backflow by simulating formation conditions. The description of the proppant backflow evaluation method states that "mechanism experimental data shows that when the proppant backflow is minimal, it corresponds to the optimal fracturing fluid flowback rate." This invention patent uses the optimal flowback rate as the final evaluation method, and the backflow caused by the instability of the proppant-filled layer is an indirect test. CN 111060284 A, "A Test Device and Method for Simulating Propionate Backflow After Fracture Closure," describes the invention as "making the experiment more efficient and closer to the actual formation conditions through...design," indicating a focus on the realistic simulation of the experimental device. The evaluation of proppant backflow is described as "opening the visual sand collector, flushing at a fixed flow rate for a certain time in each stage, observing the changes in the graduated tube, and calculating the mass of the sand sample in each stage through the graduated volume." Therefore, this method does not directly measure the backflow phenomenon of proppant-filled layer instability, but rather uses the amount of sand indirectly produced as an evaluation indicator. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies that primarily employ indirect methods for assessing compressibility, which cannot directly and accurately measure the stability of the proppant-filled layer during fracturing flowback, this invention proposes a method and apparatus for evaluating the impact of viscous slickwater on the stability of the proppant-filled layer. The aim is that this method and apparatus can directly calculate the stability of the proppant-filled layer, and compared to indirect methods, can more directly and accurately measure the stability index of the proppant-filled layer.

[0005] This invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0006] On the one hand, a calculation method is proposed for the influence of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers, including the following steps:

[0007] (1) Using experimental fluids with different flow rates, the proppant filling layer under formation closure pressure was impacted in a fixed direction.

[0008] (2) Real-time recording of the cross-sectional area S of the proppant-filled layer after impact. b ;

[0009] (3) Calculate the proppant-filled layer stability coefficient F using the following formula:

[0010]

[0011] S a —Initial cross-sectional area of ​​the proppant-filled layer, mm 2 ;

[0012] S b —Cross-sectional area of ​​the proppant-filled layer after impact, mm 2 ;

[0013] t — time of impact on the proppant-filled layer, seconds;

[0014] (4) Select the optimal parameter based on the minimum value of the stability coefficient F of the proppant filling layer under different experimental conditions, and use it as the basis for formulating the backflow system.

[0015] As a preferred calculation method, the stability coefficient F of the proppant-filled layer is obtained by changing different experimental conditions, such as different flow rates, closure pressures, proppant types, or impact flow rates.

[0016] On the other hand, a test device for the influence of variable viscosity slick water on the stability of proppant-filled layers is proposed, including a parallel pressure plate, a pressure device, a proppant-filled layer, an impact system, and a camera system. The pressure device applies a load to the parallel pressure plate to simulate the formation closure pressure, and a proppant-filled layer of a specified size is set in the middle of the parallel pressure plate. The impact system is used to flush the proppant-filled layer with variable viscosity slick water at different flow rates, and the camera system is used to record the cross-sectional area of ​​the proppant-filled layer after being impacted in real time.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the testing device, the parallel pressure plate includes a glass upper plate and a steel lower plate arranged in parallel at intervals. The pressure device is a piston press, which acts on the steel lower plate. The camera of the camera system is set on one side of the glass upper plate.

[0018] As a preferred embodiment of the testing device, the impact system includes a sealing groove, with parallel pressure plates embedded in the sealing groove to form a closed space. The sealing groove has an inlet and an outlet end for viscous slippery water that communicate with the closed space on opposite sides.

[0019] As a preferred embodiment of the testing device, the impact system includes a water tank and a horizontal pump. The water tank is connected to the inlet end via a pipeline, and the horizontal pump is installed on the pipeline.

[0020] As a preferred embodiment of the testing device, the impact system includes a waste liquid collection tank connected to the outlet end.

[0021] As a preferred embodiment of the testing device, the impact system includes a sand discharge baffle, which is located at the outlet end.

[0022] As a preferred option for the testing device, it includes a data acquisition and analysis system, which is connected to the camera system and the pressure equipment via signal connection.

[0023] As a preferred option for the testing device, the cross-sectional shape of the proppant filling layer is any one of a circle, a square, a rectangle, or a triangle.

[0024] In summary, compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects: In view of the technical defect that the prior art cannot directly measure the stability of the proppant filling layer, the present invention provides an evaluation method and device for the influence of viscous slickwater on the stability of the proppant filling layer, which can directly measure the stability index of the proppant filling layer and reduce problems such as wellbore sand settling and wellhead blockage caused by the return of fracturing fluid to sand. Attached Figure Description

[0025] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the present invention and form part of this application, are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram (top view) illustrating the principle of an evaluation method for the influence of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to the present invention.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the proppant-filled layer loading process for evaluating the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of the proppant-filled layer according to the present invention.

[0028] Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of a combination of methods for evaluating the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to the present invention;

[0029] Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating the evaluation method of the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to the present invention.

[0030] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the calculation results of the evaluation method for the influence of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant filling layer according to the present invention.

[0031] The attached diagrams and their corresponding component names are as follows: 201 is the upper glass plate, 202 is the proppant filling layer, 203 is the lower steel plate; 301 is the camera, 303 is the sealing groove, 304 is the outlet end, 305 is the piston press, 307 is the inlet end; 402 is the data acquisition and analysis system, 406 is the waste liquid collection tank, 410 is the horizontal flow pump, and 411 is the water tank. Detailed Implementation

[0032] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the principles and features of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments and accompanying drawings. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions of the present invention are only used to explain the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0033] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these specific details are not necessary to practice the invention. In other instances, well-known structures, circuits, materials, or methods have not been specifically described in order to avoid obscuring the invention.

[0034] Throughout this specification, references to "an embodiment," "an example," or "an example" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Therefore, the phrases "an embodiment," "an example," "an example," or "an example" appearing in various places throughout the specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, specific features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in one or more embodiments or examples in any suitable combination and / or sub-combination. Moreover, those skilled in the art will understand that the illustrations provided herein are for illustrative purposes and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The term "and / or" as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0035] The following discloses various implementation methods or embodiments of the described subject matter technical solutions. To simplify the disclosure, specific embodiments of one or more arrangements of the features are described below, but the embodiments are not intended to limit this specification. The connection between the first feature and the second feature described later in the specification can include implementations with direct connection, implementations that form additional features, and further, implementations that use one or more other intervening features to indirectly connect or combine the first feature and the second feature with each other, so that the first feature and the second feature are not directly connected.

[0036] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "front", "rear", "left", "right", "upper", "lower", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "high", "low", "inner", "outer", "center", "length", "circumference", "circumferential", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of this invention.

[0037] In the description of this specification, "multiple" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise expressly and specifically limited.

[0038] The terminology used in this specification is that which is currently widely used in the art in consideration of the functionality of this disclosure; however, these terms may vary depending on the intent, precedent, or new technology of those skilled in the art. Furthermore, specific terms may be chosen by the applicant, and in such cases, their detailed meanings will be described in the detailed description of this disclosure. Therefore, the terminology used in this specification should not be construed as simple names, but rather based on the meaning of the terms and the overall description of this disclosure.

[0039] This specification uses flowcharts or text to illustrate the operational steps performed according to the embodiments of this application. It should be understood that the operational steps in the embodiments of this application are not necessarily performed precisely in the order described. Instead, as needed, various steps can be processed in reverse order or simultaneously. Furthermore, other operations can be added to these processes, or one or more operations can be removed from these processes.

[0040] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies that primarily employ indirect methods for evaluating compressibility, this invention proposes a method and apparatus for evaluating the impact of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers. The aim is that this method and apparatus can directly calculate the stability of proppant-filled layers, and compared to indirect methods, can more intuitively and accurately measure the stability indicators of proppant-filled layers.

[0041] This invention relates to the field of testing apparatus and calculation methods for analyzing the stability of proppant-filled layers after fracturing in viscous slickwater. The invention is implemented through the following embodiments and mainly consists of two parts: a testing apparatus and a calculation method.

[0042] Example 1

[0043] This embodiment proposes a calculation method for the influence of viscous slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layer 202, including the following steps:

[0044] (1) Using specific experimental fluids with different flow rates, proppant-filled layer 202 (e.g., under formation closure pressure) is impacted in a fixed direction to apply formation closure pressure. Figure 2 (as shown);

[0045] (2) Real-time recording of the cross-sectional area S of the proppant-filled layer 202 after impact. b (Area of ​​the upper surface);

[0046] (3) Calculate the stability coefficient F of the proppant-filled layer 202 using the following formula:

[0047]

[0048] S a —Initial cross-sectional area of ​​proppant-filled layer 202, mm 2 ;

[0049] S b —Cross-sectional area of ​​proppant-filled layer 202 after impact, mm 2 ;

[0050] t — Impact time of proppant-filled layer 202, s;

[0051] (4) Draw S a / S b The slope F of the curve relating proppant to t is obtained, which directly determines the stability of the proppant-filled layer 202. The optimal parameter is selected based on the minimum value of the stability coefficient F of the proppant-filled layer 202 under different experimental conditions, serving as the basis for formulating the backflow regime.

[0052] As an alternative implementation of the calculation method, the stability coefficient F of the proppant-filled layer 202 is obtained by changing different experimental conditions, under different flow rates, closure pressures, proppant types, or impact flow rates.

[0053] Example 2

[0054] This embodiment proposes a testing device for the effect of viscous slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layer 202, such as... Figure 2-4As shown, it includes a parallel pressure plate, a pressure device, a proppant filling layer 202, an impact system, and a camera system. The pressure device applies a load to the parallel pressure plate to simulate the formation closure pressure, and a proppant filling layer 202 of a specified size is set in the middle of the parallel pressure plate. The impact system is used to flush the proppant filling layer 202 with viscous slick water at different flow rates, and the camera system is used to record the cross-sectional area of ​​the proppant filling layer 202 after being impacted in real time.

[0055] As an optional implementation of the testing device, such as Figure 2-4 As shown, the parallel pressure plate includes a glass upper plate 201 and a steel lower plate 203 arranged parallel to each other. A proppant filling layer 202 is loaded between the steel lower plate 203 and the glass upper plate 201. The pressure device is a piston press 305, which acts on the steel lower plate 203. A camera 301 of the camera system is positioned on one side of the glass upper plate 201. The camera bracket is adjusted so that the camera system faces the proppant filling layer 202. This part of the design is mainly used to observe and record the changes in the state of the proppant filling layer 202 after being eroded through the glass upper plate 201 in real time. The glass upper plate 201 is inserted into the upper end of the sealing groove 303 and fixedly sealed. This part of the design is mainly used to provide a viewing window; when the proppant is filled between the steel lower plate 203 and the glass upper plate 201, the changes in the shape of the proppant after being eroded can be directly displayed through the glass upper plate 201. The glass upper plate 201 is fixedly connected to the sealing groove 303 and cannot be moved. The steel lower plate 203 is installed at the lower end of the sealing groove 303, and can move slightly up and down while sealing. The steel lower plate 203 is connected to the piston press 305. This part is designed to simulate the formation pressure loading process. The piston press 305 transmits pressure to the proppant filling layer 202 through the steel lower plate 203 and applies a certain pressure.

[0056] As an optional implementation of the testing device, such as Figure 3-4As shown, the impact system includes a sealing groove 303, in which parallel pressure plates are embedded to form a closed space. The sealing groove 303 has an inlet end 307 and an outlet end 304 on opposite sides, communicating with the closed space. The inlet end 307 and outlet end 304 are connected to the left and right ends of the sealing groove 303, respectively. This part of the design is mainly used to provide a flow channel for the test fluid. The test fluid flows into the sealing groove 303 from the inlet end 307, passes through the proppant filling layer 202, and flows out from the outlet. The impact system also includes a water tank 411 and a horizontal flow pump 410. The water tank 411 is connected to the inlet end 307 via a pipeline. The horizontal flow pump 410 is installed on this pipeline, with the water tank 411 connected to the horizontal flow pump 410, and the horizontal flow pump 410 connected to the inlet end 307. This part of the design is mainly used to provide the flow medium and obtain flow capacity. The impact system includes a waste liquid collection tank 406, which is connected to an outlet end 304. This part is designed primarily for collecting outflowing waste liquid. The impact system also includes a sand discharge baffle, which is located at and connected to the outlet end 304. This part is designed primarily to prevent proppant particles from falling from the proppant filling layer 202 and clogging the outlet end 304, thus filtering the proppant at the outlet front.

[0057] As an optional implementation of the testing device, such as Figure 4 As shown, it includes a data acquisition and analysis system 402, which is connected to a camera system and a pressure device. The piston press 305 and the camera system are connected to the data acquisition and analysis system 402. This part is mainly designed to extract and calculate data on the control of the closing pressure of the proppant filling layer 202 and the recorded dynamic changes of the proppant filling layer 202.

[0058] As an optional implementation of the testing device, the principle of this invention is to use a fixed shape, wherein the cross-sectional shape of the proppant filling layer 202 is any one of the following: circular, square, rectangular, or triangular. Figure 1 As shown in the schematic diagram, the circular proppant filling layer 202 is presented.

[0059] Based on the above testing device, the following operating procedure is used: a parallel pressure plate is used to simulate formation closure pressure, and a proppant-filled layer 202 of a specified size is placed in the middle of the parallel pressure plate. After the formation closure pressure is applied, the proppant-filled layer 202 is compacted. Slippery water with varying flow rates is used to scour the proppant-filled layer 202, and a high-definition camera 301 records the scourted area of ​​the proppant-filled layer 202 in real time, thereby calculating the stability of the proppant-filled layer 202.

[0060] Experimental Example

[0061] The invention is explained in detail using the calculation method provided in Example 1 and the testing device provided in Example 2, combined with this experimental example. It is assumed that the initial layup area of ​​the proppant filling layer 202 is 19.625 mm². 2 The proppant layer thickness is 10 mm, and the proppant density is 1.5 g / mm². 3 The fluid used for impact is a liquid with a flow rate of 10 ml / min.

[0062] Step 1: Calculation of proppant dosage

[0063] Prop volume: 19.625 mm 2 *10mm=196.25mm 3 ;

[0064] Prop dosage: 196.25 mm 3 *1.5g / mm 3 =294.375g;

[0065] Step 2: Assembly of measuring device and preparation for experiment (taking the shape of circular proppant filling layer 202 as an example)

[0066] 1. Load the upper glass plate 201 into the sealing groove 303 and fix it in place;

[0067] 2. Spread 294.375g of proppant evenly in a circular pattern on the upper middle part of the steel lower plate 203;

[0068] 3. Carefully insert the steel lower plate 203 along with the laid proppant filling layer 202 into the sealing groove 303 and seal it;

[0069] 4. Start the piston press 305 to act on the steel lower plate 203 and apply a pressure of 500N to compact the proppant between the steel lower plate 203 and the glass upper plate 201, forming a proppant filling layer 202.

[0070] 5. Install the inlet end 307 and the outlet end 304 at the left and right ends of the sealing groove 303 respectively;

[0071] 6. The test fluid is filled into the water tank 411, the inlet of the horizontal flow pump 410 is placed into the water tank 411, and the outlet of the horizontal flow pump 410 is connected to the inlet end 307 of the sealing groove 303.

[0072] 7. The outlet end 304 of the sealing tank 303 is connected to the waste liquid collection tank 406;

[0073] 8. Set up the camera 301 bracket and adjust the focal length of the camera system so that the proppant filling layer 202 is placed in the center of the camera system screen;

[0074] 9. Set the flow rate of the horizontal flow pump 410 to 10 ml / min for continuous displacement, and use a camera system to record the changes in the proppant filling layer 202 in real time.

[0075] Step 3: Data Processing

[0076] 1. The cross-sectional area S of the proppant-filled layer 202 after impact is extracted from the camera system at 1-second intervals. b Images changing over time;

[0077] 2. Using image recognition, the cross-sectional area S of the proppant-filled layer 202 after impact was obtained. b (Surface area) values, experimental data are shown in Table 1;

[0078] Table 1 Experimental Data

[0079]

[0080]

[0081] 3. Calculate the impact change of proppant-filled layer 202 over time using the following formula:

[0082]

[0083] S a —Initial cross-sectional area of ​​proppant-filled layer 202, mm 2 ;

[0084] S b —Cross-sectional area of ​​proppant-filled layer 202 after impact, mm 2 ;

[0085] t — Impact time of proppant filling layer 202, s.

[0086] 4. Draw S a / S b The relationship curve between t and t, such as Figure 5 As shown. Figure 5 In the figure, the slope of change is F = 0.0386-0.07, which is the stability coefficient of the proppant filling layer 202 under the closure pressure;

[0087] 5. Change different experimental conditions (closing pressure, proppant type, impact flow rate, etc.) and repeat steps one to three to obtain the stability coefficient of proppant-filled layer 202. Select the optimal parameter as the basis for formulating the backflow regime.

[0088] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the purpose, technical solution, and beneficial effects of the present invention. It should be understood that the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A calculation method for the influence of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Using experimental fluids with different flow rates, the proppant filling layer under formation closure pressure was impacted in a fixed direction. (2) Real-time recording of the cross-sectional area S of the proppant-filled layer after impact. b ; (3) Calculate the proppant-filled layer stability coefficient F using the following formula: S a —Initial cross-sectional area of ​​the proppant-filled layer, mm 2 ; S b —Cross-sectional area of ​​the proppant-filled layer after impact, mm 2 ; t — time of impact on the proppant-filled layer, seconds; (4) Select the optimal parameter based on the minimum value of the stability coefficient F of the proppant filling layer under different experimental conditions, and use it as the basis for formulating the backflow system.

2. The calculation method for the influence of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 1, characterized in that: By changing different experimental conditions, the stability coefficient F of the proppant-filled layer was obtained under different flow rates, closure pressures, proppant types, or impact flow rates.

3. A test apparatus for the effect of viscous slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers, characterized in that: It includes a parallel pressure plate, a pressure device, a proppant filling layer, an impact system, and a camera system; the pressure device applies a load to the parallel pressure plate to simulate the formation closure pressure, and a proppant filling layer of a specified size is set in the middle of the parallel pressure plate; the impact system is used to flush the proppant filling layer with viscous slick water at different flow rates, and the camera system is used to record the cross-sectional area of ​​the proppant filling layer after being impacted in real time; The method described in claim 1 or 2 is used to calculate the stability coefficient of the proppant-filled layer, and different experimental conditions are used to calculate the stability coefficient of the proppant-filled layer. The minimum value is selected as the optimal parameter, which serves as the basis for formulating the backflow regime.

4. The testing apparatus for the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 3, characterized in that: The parallel pressure plate includes a glass upper plate and a steel lower plate arranged in parallel at intervals. The pressure device is a piston press, which acts on the steel lower plate. The camera of the camera system is set on one side of the glass upper plate.

5. The testing apparatus for the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that: The impact system includes a sealing groove, with parallel pressure plates embedded in the sealing groove to form a closed space. The sealing groove has an inlet and an outlet end for viscous slippery water that communicate with the closed space on opposite sides.

6. The testing apparatus for the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 5, characterized in that: The impact system includes a water tank and a horizontal flow pump. The water tank is connected to the inlet end via a pipeline, and the horizontal flow pump is installed on this pipeline.

7. The testing apparatus for the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 6, characterized in that: The impact system includes a waste liquid collection tank, which is connected to the outlet.

8. The testing apparatus for the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 7, characterized in that: The impact system includes a sand discharge baffle, which is located at the outlet end.

9. The testing apparatus for the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that: It includes a data acquisition and analysis system, which is connected to the camera system and pressure equipment signals.

10. The testing apparatus for the effect of variable viscosity slippery water on the stability of proppant-filled layers according to claim 3, characterized in that: The cross-sectional shape of the proppant filling layer can be any one of a circle, square, rectangle or triangle.

Images