A micro-electric perturbation bionic antifouling surface and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application provides a kind of micro electric perturbation bionic antifouling surface and its preparation method.The antifouling surface takes the dynamic epidermal structure of cetacean skin as the bionic prototype, can simulate the reversible macroscopic mechanical deformation and microscopic fluid flow of cetacean skin under the action of external electric stimulation, effectively prevent microorganisms from adhering to the material surface.The antifouling surface is prepared from hydrogel, electrode and low surface energy antifouling surface layer material.Because the antifouling surface is constructed based on electroosmosis effect, the surface can realize excellent deformation performance under ultra-low voltage (<3V).The antifouling surface belongs to pure physical anti-biofouling, avoiding the harm of biochemical reagents to the environment.The antifouling mechanism driven by electroosmosis allows dynamic control of antifouling effect, and optimizes the antifouling performance in different environments by adjusting voltage and current.This technology is particularly suitable for high-tech equipment and environmentally sensitive areas that require adaptive antifouling ability, such as marine exploration and marine sports equipment.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of marine antifouling functional surface, belongs to a new type of intelligent response surface, and particularly relates to a micro-electric disturbance biomimetic antifouling surface and a preparation method thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] Marine biofouling refers to the attachment and growth of fouling organisms (such as bacteria, algae, barnacles, etc.) on underwater surfaces. Marine biofouling has been hindering human exploration of the ocean since ancient times. Nowadays, with the flourishing of global shipping trade, the economic losses and environmental problems caused by the large accumulation of marine organisms on the surfaces of marine equipment such as ships, wharfs, drilling platforms and cross-sea bridges are becoming increasingly serious. The main consequences are: ① The weight and surface roughness of underwater equipment increase, significantly increasing the sailing resistance and fuel consumption, and causing a substantial rise in operating costs. Studies have shown that even if the ship surface produces light biofouling in the form of a slime film, the shaft power required to overcome the additional resistance and maintain the running speed will increase by 11%. In contrast, if the biofouling produces heavy calcium deposition, the power loss of the ship will be as high as 86%. ② Excessive fuel consumption increases the emission of greenhouse gases and harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, ultimately affecting the climate environment and endangering human health. ③ Changes in the local microenvironment of the underwater surface accelerate the corrosion rate of the surface and affect the safety of underwater equipment. ④ Causes biological invasion, fouling organisms travel around the world with ships, and when they reach new sea areas without natural enemies, they are likely to cause biological invasion and harm the local ecological environment.

[0003] The process of biofouling can be divided into four stages: ① Conditioning film formation: Within the first few seconds of a material being immersed in seawater, inorganic and organic macromolecules (such as proteins) are adsorbed onto the surface through physical action. This stage creates the basic environment for the survival of microorganisms, which is the first step of bioadhesion. The duration of this stage depends on the physicochemical properties of the solid material surface, such as surface roughness and chemical composition. ② Reversible adhesion and colonization: Within the next few hours, microorganisms such as bacteria and algae migrate to the surface and secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to promote adhesion, forming a biofilm. Under external forces, bacteria and algae can detach from the surface, so this process is reversible. ③ Irreversible adhesion and aggregation: Within the next few days, multicellular organisms (such as large algae and spores of protozoa) reach the surface, after which they begin to grow and reproduce in large numbers and secrete harmful substances, accelerating the corrosion rate of underwater surfaces. ④ Biofilm maturation and re-colonization: Within the next few weeks, the biofilm has formed and stabilized, and some animal larvae begin to aggregate (such as barnacles and mussels), gradually reaching the peak of their impact on the facility. The above-mentioned biofouling formation process is generally accepted by researchers, but it is also influenced by the sea area, season, and species of fouling organisms, and some stages may overlap or occur in parallel. In general, interfering with the formation of bacterial biofilms is the key to blocking subsequent biofouling.

[0004] Existing antifouling surfaces can be divided into two categories: traditional toxic antifouling surfaces and new environmentally friendly antifouling surfaces.

[0005] (1) Traditional toxic antifouling surfaces

[0006] The history of human struggle against marine biofouling is long. In 700 BC, the Phoenicians began to use lead-coated ship bottoms to suppress fouling. Subsequently, toxic substances such as mercury, arsenic, and cuprous oxide were used as antifouling agents to kill fouling organisms and achieve antifouling purposes. In the 1950s, tributyltin (TBT) was discovered and widely used due to its excellent antifouling ability. TBT has broad-spectrum and long-acting characteristics, but due to its negative impact on the marine environment, the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has issued regulations prohibiting the use of TBT surfaces on ship surfaces since 2008. Since then, environmentally friendly antifouling surfaces have become a research hotspot.

[0007] (2) Environmentally friendly antifouling technology

[0008] The environmentally friendly antifouling surfaces appeared in recent years are roughly divided into the following categories: ①Antifouling surfaces containing natural products, the natural products with antifouling activity are extracted from marine organisms (mainly algae, seaweed, marine invertebrates and microorganisms) and terrestrial organisms (such as chili), and are compounded into other materials to obtain antifouling surfaces. However, the biological antifouling strategy is usually diverse, and it is difficult for the surfaces containing a single antifouling agent to achieve broad-spectrum and long-term antifouling, and is still limited in actual engineering applications. ②Fouling release surfaces, the fouling organisms have small adhesion force on the low surface energy surfaces, and are easily detached from the surfaces under the action of shear force such as water flow, thereby playing an antifouling role. However, such surfaces are effective only under the shear of a certain water power, which means that they can only be applied to high-speed ships, and the effect is not great for ships in a parked state and aquaculture facilities. ③Conductive antifouling surfaces, a conductive coating is coated on the surface of a ship, and electric current is passed to electrolyze seawater, thereby generating hypochlorite ions to prevent the adhesion of marine organisms such as bacteria, algae and shellfish. Although the conductive antifouling coating has excellent potential, its practical application as an antifouling technology needs further in-depth study. ④Bionic antifouling surfaces, by simulating typical biological surfaces (such as sharks and lotus leaves), advanced manufacturing technologies (such as reactive ion beam etching, plasma etching, laser processing, nano-imprint lithography, electrospinning, electrochemical deposition, etc.) are used to construct single-stage or multi-stage topological bionic micro-nano structure surfaces, which have excellent antifouling effect, but also have certain defects. A typical example is the Sharklet antifouling surface in the United States, which has failed in commercial application in the field of ships due to its high production cost. SUMMARY

[0009] In order to solve the above problems, inspired by the dynamic epidermal antifouling structure of typical cetaceans, the present application provides a micro-electric disturbance bionic antifouling surface and a preparation method thereof.

[0010] The bionic antifouling surface in the present application is composed of a hydrogel material, an electrode material on the surface of the hydrogel material and an antifouling surface layer material on the surface of the electrode material. The hydrogel material has a porous three-dimensional network structure, can absorb and retain a large amount of water, and has strong softness and elasticity. The conductive electrode can drive the hydrogel to generate electroosmotic flow under the stimulation of an external electric field, and the hydrogel material can be deformed macroscopically under the action of electroosmosis, so that the antifouling surface layer material on the surface of the electrode material produces microfluid flow.

[0011] The preparation method of the micro-electric disturbance bionic antifouling surface in the present application is as follows:

[0012] (1) Preparation of hydrogel material

[0013] The hydrogel material is prepared by initiating free radicals under the action of heat, light or chemicals, initiating free radical polymerization of the hydrogel monomer, and adding a crosslinking agent to form a hydrogel crosslinking network.

[0014] The hydrogel monomer is a combination of one or more of N-isopropyl acrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and acrylamide; and the initiator is one of potassium persulfate, azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetyl phenone (DMPA), ammonium persulfate, tetrabutylammonium persulfate, and N-isopropyl acrylamide. Different hydrogel monomers will affect the electro-osmotic responsiveness, mechanical properties (strength, elasticity and toughness, etc.), binding force with electrode materials, water absorption (porosity, pore size, swelling rate, etc.) and other properties of the hydrogel, thereby affecting the antifouling performance of the hydrogel.

[0015] The crosslinking agent is a combination of one or more of N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, glutaraldehyde, trimethyl acrylate, diisocyanate, 1,4-butanediol dimethyl acrylate, diethylene triamine, persulfate, disulfide, epoxy compound, formaldehyde, and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate.

[0016] (2) Preparation of conductive electrode

[0017] A conductive electrode with an electrical conductivity of >10 3 S·cm -1 is prepared on the surface of the hydrogel material by one of physical deposition, chemical deposition, conductive polymer coating, nanomaterial composite, deposition of metal thin film, self-assembly monolayer, and 3D printing method.

[0018] The electrode material is a combination of one or more of metal and its alloys (copper, silver, gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium, etc.), carbon-based materials (graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, etc.), MXenes (Ti3C2, Ti2C, V2C, Nb2C, Mo2C, Ti4N3, Ti2N, etc.), two-dimensional materials (transition metal sulfide, black phosphorus), conductive polymer materials (polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, etc.), conductive oxides (zinc oxide, iron oxide, indium tin oxide, etc.), polymer / inorganic composite materials (metal / carbon composite materials, conductive polymer composite materials), perovskite materials, conductive ink and adhesive materials, etc.

[0019] After the electrode material is prepared on the surface of the hydrogel material, the electrode material is subjected to a direct current voltage, so that the whole hydrogel is in an electric field environment. The liquid (sea water) in the pore of the hydrogel forms a double electric layer, and the net charge in the double electric layer moves under the action of the electric field coulomb force, and the movement of the charge will drive the flow of the liquid around the charge due to the solvation effect, thereby causing the liquid in the pore of the hydrogel to flow to form an electroosmotic flow. Macroscopically, the liquid flow will cause the expansion / contraction of the volume of the hydrogel, thereby causing the deformation of the hydrogel.

[0020] (3) Preparation of a low-surface-energy antifouling layer

[0021] In order to further reduce the possibility of marine organisms adhering to the surface, it is also necessary to construct a low-surface-energy antifouling layer on the surface of the material. A low-surface-energy antifouling layer is formed on the surface of the conductive electrode material by one of the following methods: coating, chemical grafting, plasma treatment to introduce fluorine or silicon groups, blending, physical adsorption, nanotechnology, and 3D printing method. Among them, the chemical grafting is free radical grafting, surface activation or photochemical grafting.

[0022] The low-surface-energy material is one or a combination of the following materials: fluoropolymer, silicon polymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyepoxide, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyether ether ketone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyisobutylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, and a combination of monomers or monomer derivatives of these substances.

[0023] The thickness of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface finally prepared in the application is 10-5000 microns.

[0024] The beneficial effects of the application are as follows:

[0025] 1. The micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface is constructed based on electroosmosis effect. Electroosmosis (electroosmotic flow) is a phenomenon of liquid movement caused by an electric field. When the solid surface in the solution is charged due to the dissociation of surface groups or the selective adsorption of certain ions from the solution, the liquid near the charged surface must have an excess of counterions equal in number but opposite in sign to the solid surface charge due to the requirement of electrical neutrality, forming a so-called double electric layer. When an electric field is applied to this system, the net charge in the double electric layer moves under the action of the coulomb force, causing liquid flow, which is electroosmotic flow. Under the action of external electric stimulation, the biomimetic antifouling surface exhibits reversible macroscopic mechanical deformation and microscopic fluid flow similar to the skin of cetaceans. The application provides a new antifouling scheme based on this principle.

[0026] 2. The microscopic fluid flow of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface can effectively destroy the stable microenvironment for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, prevent the adhesion of microorganisms to the surface of the material, and play an efficient antifouling role in components such as ships, seawater pipelines, ocean exploration equipment, and high-performance ocean sports equipment.

[0027] 3. Macroscopic fluid disturbance of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface can effectively drive away large-scale fouling organisms and prevent their adhesion on the surface.

[0028] 4. The low-surface-energy antifouling surface layer greatly reduces the possibility of marine organisms forming biofilms on it by creating a microscopic level of extremely smooth and unfavorable surface for microbial adhesion.

[0029] 5. The micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface is based on the construction of electroosmotic effect, which can achieve excellent material deformation performance and electroosmotic flow under low voltage (<3V). When a low voltage is applied, these structures can generate a small electric field, which causes the electroosmotic flow effect on the surface of the material, thus generating a micro-flow. This flow helps to push away the liquid and suspended particles on the surface, including dirt and microorganisms, thus preventing their accumulation on the surface. The effect of electroosmotic flow is not only very effective in preventing the adhesion of organisms, but also has very low energy consumption because the voltage used is very low, which has almost no impact on the overall energy efficiency of the device.

[0030] 6. This electroosmotic-driven antifouling mechanism allows dynamic control of antifouling effect. By adjusting the applied voltage and current, the strength of the electroosmotic flow can be adjusted as needed, thus optimizing the antifouling performance under different environmental conditions.

[0031] 7. It can resist the adhesion of various biological fouling such as bacteria, algae and other organisms in a purely physical way, and belongs to the environmentally friendly antifouling technology. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 Structure diagram of micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface;

[0033] Figure 2 Electron microscope image of porous hydrogel;

[0034] Figure 3 Actual photos of the surface of the hydrogel before and after covering the metal electrode;

[0035] Figure 4 Actual photos of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface deformed under 3V voltage;

[0036] Figure 5 Actual photos of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface under the effect of electroosmotic flow under 3V voltage;

[0037] Figure 6 Comparison of real sea hanging plate test of micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface and PU antifouling coating. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] For a further understanding of the present application, the preparation method and application of the biomimetic antifouling surface provided by the present application are described below in conjunction with examples, and the protection scope of the present application is not limited by the following examples.

[0039] Example 1

[0040] 1. Preparation of hydrogel

[0041] First, 12 mmol of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 3 mmol of acrylamide (AAm) were dissolved in 15 mL of deionized water. Then, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (200 μL) and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (30 mg) dissolved in 300 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide were added to the aqueous solution of methyl methacrylate and acrylamide as a crosslinking agent and an initiator. The prepared solution was placed in a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) mold and clamped between glass sheets (thickness 50-2000 microns). Ultraviolet irradiation for 30 minutes allowed the solution to solidify, and a hydrogel film was obtained.

[0042] 2. Synthesis of Au nanoparticles

[0043] First, tetraoctylammonium bromide (concentration 20 mmol / L) dissolved in 80 mL of toluene was mixed with tetrachloroauric acid trihydrate (concentration 30 mmol / L) dissolved in deionized water (30 mL) for more than 30 min, and the toluene phase was separated. Then, sodium borohydride (concentration 400 mmol / L) dissolved in 25 mL of deionized water was added to the separated toluene phase and stirred to obtain a toluene solution of Au nanoparticles. After 3 hours of reduction reaction, the Au nanoparticle solution was washed several times with H2SO4 (0.1 M), NaOH (0.1 M), and deionized water to obtain a toluene solution of Au nanoparticles.

[0044] 3. Preparation of biomimetic antifouling surface

[0045] First, the PAA-co-PAAm hydrogel was immersed in a polyethyleneimine (PEI) aqueous solution (1 to 30 mg mL -1 ) for more than 24 hours. As PEI penetrates into the hydrogel matrix, the hydrogel film swells to different degrees depending on the concentration of the PEI solution. Then, the swelled hydrogel was immersed in a toluene solution containing Au nanoparticles. As the deposition time of Au nanoparticles increases, the adsorbed Au nanoparticles are converted into a porous Au nanomembrane through capillary-assisted in situ nanoparticle assembly. Subsequently, the hydrogel coated with the gold nanomembrane electrode was subjected to additional deswelling treatment in air (3 hours) or toluene (3 days), which produced biomimetic antifouling surfaces with different relative surface ratios.

[0046] 4. Preparation of low surface energy antifouling surface

[0047] A layer of PDMS containing imine groups was formed on the biomimetic antifouling surface by a simple dip-coating method using bis(3-aminopropyl)-terminated PDMS and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde solution to form a PDMS layer of about 10 pm on the biomimetic antifouling surface (Figure S21).

[0048] Example 2

[0049] 1. Preparation of hydrogel

[0050] Acrylamide (monomer), potassium persulfate (initiator), N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (crosslinking agent), NaHC03(pore-forming agent) were dissolved in water in a mass ratio of 1000:10:30:5 (wherein the mass ratio of acrylamide to water is 150:1000), and stirred until uniform. The prepared solution was placed in a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) mold, sandwiched between glass sheets (thickness 50 pm to 2000 pm. Then heated at 80 °C for 1 h to cure and form a gel, and immersed in a hydrochloric acid solution with pH = 5 to remove NaHC03to obtain a hydrogel film.

[0051] 2. Preparation of conductive electrode

[0052] A total of 5 g of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) precursor and 0.5 g of crosslinking agent were dispersed in a 20 g ethyl acetate solution and stirred at room temperature until completely dissolved. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with relative mass of 13%, 15% and 17% were added to the above mixture, stirred at room temperature for 1 h, and then allowed to stand for 0.5 h by ultrasonic oscillation to obtain a conductive solution. Subsequently, the conductive solution was sprayed on the hydrogel film, paying attention to control the spraying distance and number of times, and the entire process was operated in a protective hood. After spraying, the composite film was allowed to stand for 10 minutes to avoid rapid evaporation of the organic solvent due to temperature changes. Then, the film was cured in an oven at 60 °C for 2 hours and aged at 100 °C for 2 hours. Finally, a conductive hydrogel film was successfully obtained using a sputtering current of 30 milliampere and a sputtering time of 200 seconds.

[0053] 3. Preparation of low surface energy antifouling surface

[0054] A layer of PDMS containing imine groups was formed on the biomimetic antifouling surface by a simple dip-coating method using bis(3-aminopropyl)-terminated PDMS and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde solution to form a PDMS layer of about 10 pm on the biomimetic antifouling surface.

[0055] The present application can regulate the water absorption and swelling behavior, mechanical properties, pore structure and pore size distribution, chemical stability, network structure and crosslinking density, and responsiveness of the hydrogel by changing one or more combinations of reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure, pH value, type and concentration of initiator, type and concentration of crosslinking agent, and post-treatment of the hydrogel, or by adding specific chemicals during the preparation of the hydrogel material.

[0056] During the preparation of the conductive electrode, one or more combinations of parameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity, chemical environment, and preparation time during the preparation process are adjusted to obtain a surface electrode with good conductivity, flexibility, mechanical properties, and strong bonding strength with the hydrogel matrix.

[0057] Effect verification:

[0058] As shown in Figure 1 The structure of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface is shown; as Figure 4 As shown, after applying 3V direct current to the two electrodes, the liquid (sea water) in the hydrogel pore channel will form a double electric layer, and the net charge in the double electric layer will move under the action of the electric field coulomb force. At the same time, due to the solvation effect, the movement of the charge will drive the flow of the liquid around the charge, and then cause the liquid in the hydrogel pore channel to flow to form an electroosmotic flow. Macroscopically, the flow of the liquid will cause the swelling / contraction of the hydrogel volume, and then cause the deformation of the hydrogel. Figure 5 The micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface is a real object diagram of the reversible electroosmotic flow effect under 3V voltage. The front and back comparison can see that the surface has undergone obvious shape change.

[0059] Figure 6 The real sea hanging plate test of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface and the comparison with the PU antifouling coating are shown. Among them, PU-0d, PU-30d and PU-60d are the experimental result photos of the PU antifouling coating after 0, 30 or 60 days of test, and Sample-0d, Sample-30d and Sample-60d are the experimental result photos of the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface after 0, 30 or 60 days of test, respectively. It can be seen that the PU antifouling coating has already appeared the attachment of fouling organisms, while the micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface sample has almost no attachment of fouling organisms.

Claims

1. A micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface, characterized in that, The antifouling surface is composed of a hydrogel material, an electrode material on the surface of the hydrogel material, and an antifouling surface layer material on the surface of the electrode material; the hydrogel material has a porous three-dimensional network structure, can absorb and retain a large amount of water, and has strong softness and elasticity; the electrode material can drive the hydrogel to generate electroosmotic flow under the stimulation of an applied electric field and make the hydrogel material macroscopically deform under the electroosmotic action; The hydrogel material is prepared by initiating free radicals under the action of heat, light or chemicals, initiating free radical polymerization of hydrogel monomers, and adding a crosslinking agent to form a hydrogel crosslinked network; the hydrogel monomer is a combination of one or more of N-isopropyl acrylamide, vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and acrylamide; The conductivity of the electrode material is > 10 3 S-cm -1 ; The antifouling surface layer material is a low surface energy polymer material.

2. The micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface according to claim 1, wherein, The electrode material is a combination of one or more of a metal or its alloy, a carbon-based material, MXene, a transition metal sulfide two-dimensional material, black phosphorus, a conductive polymer material, a conductive oxide, a perovskite material, and conductive ink; The metal material is one of copper, silver, gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, platinum, and palladium; The carbon-based material is one of graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive carbon black, activated carbon, and carbon fibers; The MXene is one of Ti3C2, Ti2C, V2C, Nb2C, Mo2C, Ti4N3, and Ti2N; The conductive polymer material is one of polyaniline, polypyrrole, or polythiophene; The conductive oxide is one of zinc oxide or indium tin oxide.

3. The micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface according to claim 1, wherein, The low surface energy polymer material is a combination of one or more of a fluoropolymer and a silicon polymer.

4. The micro-electric perturbation biomimetic antifouling surface according to claim 3, wherein, The low surface energy polymer material further comprises a combination of one or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyepoxide, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyether ether ketone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyisobutylene, polymethyl methacrylate, and polycarbonate.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the micro-electric perturbation is a voltage of 0.1 to 10 V. The specific steps of the method are as follows: (1) Preparation of the hydrogel material: The hydrogel material is prepared by initiating free radicals under the action of heat, light or chemicals, initiating free radical polymerization of hydrogel monomers, and adding a crosslinking agent to form a hydrogel crosslinked network; The hydrogel monomer is a combination of one or more of N-isopropyl acrylamide, vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and acrylamide; The initiator is a combination of one or more of potassium persulfate, azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetyl benzophenone, ammonium persulfate, tetrabutylammonium persulfate, and N-isopropyl acrylamide; The crosslinking agent is a combination of one or more of N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, glutaraldehyde, trimethyl acrylate, diisocyanate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, diethylenetriamine, persulfate, disulfide, epoxy compound, formaldehyde, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; (2) Preparation of the electrode: A conductive electrode with an electrical conductivity > 10 3 S·cm -1 is prepared on the surface of the hydrogel material by one of the following methods: physical deposition, chemical deposition, conductive polymer coating, nanomaterial composite, deposition of metal thin film, self-assembled monolayer, 3D printing method; (3) Preparation of the antifouling surface layer material: The low surface energy material is introduced onto the surface of the conductive electrode material by one of a coating method, a chemical grafting, a plasma treatment, a blending method, a physical adsorption, a nanotechnology and a 3D printing method to form a low surface energy antifouling layer; wherein the chemical grafting is a free radical grafting, a surface activation or a photochemical grafting.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the micro- perturbation is a surface roughness. The initiator in step (1) is a combination of one or more of potassium persulfate, azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetyl benzophenone, ammonium persulfate, tetrabutylammonium persulfate and N-isopropyl acrylamide.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the micro-jar perturbation is a mechanical vibration. The crosslinking agent in step (1) is a combination of one or more of N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, glutaraldehyde, trimethyl acrylate, diisocyanate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, diethylenetriamine, persulfate, disulfide, epoxy compound, formaldehyde and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the micro- perturbation is a nano- or micro- scale protrusion. The thickness of the biomimetic antifouling surface is 10 μm to 5000 μm.

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