Multi-target freckle removal and whitening cell active peptide composition, preparation method, and cosmetic application thereof

Abstract

The present invention relates to the fields of medicine and cosmetology, and discloses a multi-target freckle removal and whitening efficacy cell active peptide composition, its preparation method and cosmetic application. The composition includes raw materials such as hexapeptide-2, acetylcysteine, ergothioneine, alfalfa extract, resveratrol, vitamin E, asiaticoside, mandelic acid, ceramide, acetyl tetrapeptide-5, tranexamic acid, and carnosine. The composition can thicken the skin barrier; inhibit melanin synthesis and promote melanin metabolism; protect against ultraviolet rays and blue light, and repair sun damage; inhibit pigmentation caused by inflammation; improve vascular microcirculation; inhibit lipofuscin production; and promote carotene metabolism. The composition is applied to dermatology and cosmetology, effectively reducing skin darkening, dullness, yellowing, and red blood streaks, fading pigmentation and spots, reducing the a value of the red zone, improving skin gloss and whiteness, and having a multi-target freckle removal, whitening, brightening, and yellowing effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the fields of medicine and cosmetology, and in particular to a multi-target freckle-removing and whitening cell active peptide composition, a preparation method thereof, and cosmetic applications thereof. Background Art

[0002] The factors that influence skin color are very complex, including the external environment, genetics, endocrine system, and lifestyle habits. For example, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, bad weather, air pollution, ionizing radiation, frequent late nights, stress, smoking, diet, endocrine disorders, and genetic factors that lead to excessive pigment production can all cause dullness, spots, wrinkles, dryness, and other skin problems.

[0003] Factors that determine skin color include: the color and thickness of the skin itself; the number and distribution of melanin particles, the amount of pigments such as lipofuscin and carotene, and the content of oxygenated hemoglobin in the skin; the formation of racial skin color differences depends on melanin particles.

[0004] Human skin contains flesh and blood vessels. Regardless of skin color, the flesh and blood vessels beneath the skin are the same color. Therefore, skin thickness is key to revealing the original color. The thicker the skin, the easier it is to mask the original color. Conversely, the thinner the skin, the clearer the original color beneath the skin.

[0005] Skin color is determined by the amount of melanin in the skin. In the cold, cold Nordic climate, people are shielded from the sun's intense rays and have very little melanin, resulting in a white complexion. In tropical regions, where sunlight is concentrated at the equator and often receives intense sunlight (ultraviolet rays), the body produces large amounts of melanin to protect the skin, resulting in a dark or brownish-black skin tone. In temperate zones, skin is a neutral yellow or brownish-yellow.

[0006] Melanin, along with the free radicals and reactive oxygen species produced during skin oxidation and glycation, are key factors influencing skin color. Excessive pigmentation, or darkening of the skin, is often caused by an abnormal increase in melanin. This can be due to factors such as sun exposure, skin damage, inflammation, sensitivity to UV rays, or abnormal skin proliferation. Melanin production is significantly influenced by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and tyrosinase activity within melanocytes. Therefore, inhibiting the activity of these two factors can significantly reduce melanin synthesis. Furthermore, inhibiting melanin transport and accelerating its metabolism can effectively help whiten the skin.

[0007] The causes of dull, yellowish skin have been extensively studied. Research indicates that skin yellowing is closely linked to the carbonylation and glycation of proteins in the dermis, a direct consequence of skin oxidation and glycation.

[0008] In organisms, oxidative metabolism is an essential process for cell survival. During this process, the oxidation of substances produces free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Although a certain amount of free radicals is essential for life activities, the accumulation of excessive free radicals may have adverse effects. They may trigger the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids, forming difficult-to-decompose α- and β-unsaturated aldehyde compounds, such as acrolein or 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). These substances not only affect skin elasticity and promote the aging process, but also make the skin appear yellow. The direct external manifestation of skin lipid oxidation is yellowing of the skin color and loss of its original luster.

[0009] Similarly, glycation of skin proteins can affect skin tone. The non-enzymatic glycation reaction between reducing sugars and collagen not only accelerates collagen aging but also leads to the deposition of brown proteins, causing the skin to appear dull and yellow. Furthermore, glycation reduces the skin's ability to retain moisture, as glycation products reduce the content of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF), causing dryness and roughness.

[0010] More seriously, skin oxidation and glycation can exacerbate oxidative stress, triggering the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can activate key signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses, potentially leading to skin inflammation and cell apoptosis. This inflammatory response not only deepens skin dullness but also accelerates skin aging.

[0011] Skin dullness and aging are the result of multiple factors, including excessive melanin secretion, oxidation, glycation, and subsequent inflammation and cell damage. Current topical whitening products target only a single target, lack a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms, and employ incomplete pathways, making it difficult to achieve the desired freckle removal and whitening effects. Therefore, providing a highly effective freckle removal and whitening composition with multi-target action is a currently unresolved technical challenge. Summary of the Invention

[0012] The present invention aims to solve the above-mentioned technical problems and thus proposes the concept and complete technical solution of the present invention.

[0013] The technical solution of the present invention includes a multi-target freckle removal and whitening cell active peptide composition, a preparation method thereof, and cosmetic applications.

[0014] The invention adopts hexapeptide-2, acetylcysteine, ergothioneine, alfalfa extract, resveratrol, vitamin E, asiaticoside, mandelic acid, ceramide, acetyl tetrapeptide-5, tranexamic acid, carnosine, polyol and water to prepare a multi-target freckle removal and whitening cell active peptide composition.

[0015] Hexapeptide-2: Its structure is similar to α-MSH, and it can effectively bind to the α-MSH receptors on melanocytes, reduce the secretion of melanocytes stimulated by α-MSH, and reduce the production and distribution of melanin to keratinocytes.

[0016] Ergothioneine: It can resist the peroxidation reaction of ultraviolet rays and the expression of inflammatory factors, thereby reducing the adverse effects caused by sun exposure, and has excellent antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects.

[0017] Centella asiatica: It has anti-inflammatory effects and can reduce the release of inflammatory factors by inhibiting inflammatory response-related signaling pathways, such as the activation of TLR4 / NF-KB and MAPK, thereby weakening the inflammatory response. This anti-inflammatory effect may help alleviate the symptoms of post-inflammatory pigmentation.

[0018] Mandelic acid: It helps alleviate the thickening of the skin's stratum corneum. It can accelerate the skin's pigment metabolism and effectively lighten pigments, which is beneficial for skin whitening and freckle removal, and improves dull skin tone and spots.

[0019] Ceramides: Strengthen the skin's barrier function and reduce water loss, thereby helping to maintain the skin's moisture balance and health.

[0020] Tranexamic acid: It has the effect of whitening, removing spots and brightening the skin. It interferes with the functioning of melanocytes by acting on keratinocytes, thereby indirectly reducing the production of melanin. It can gently and slowly brighten the skin tone.

[0021] Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5: It can reduce the permeability of blood vessels and reduce the leakage of water from blood vessels.

[0022] Carnosine: It can eliminate reactive oxygen free radicals (ROS) and α, β unsaturated carbonyl compounds formed during the human body's oxidative stress, complex free metal ions, and competitively prevent the cross-linking of reducing sugars and proteins.

[0023] Acetylcysteine: It is a precursor for the synthesis of reduced glutathione, which can inhibit ROS and tyrosinase activity.

[0024] Alfalfa extract: has the effects of light protection and light damage repair; Alfalfa extract contains a variety of chemical components, including flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, coumarins, proteins and polysaccharides, etc. These components give alfalfa extract a variety of biological activities, among which the antioxidant effect is particularly prominent.

[0025] The active peptide composition of the present invention comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.0001-0.5 parts of hexapeptide-2, 0.0001-0.5 parts of acetylcysteine, 0.0001-0.5 parts of ergothioneine, 0.001-0.4 parts of alfalfa extract, 0.001-0.3 parts of resveratrol, 0.0001-1 parts of vitamin E, 0.0001-1 parts of asiaticoside, 0.0001-0.5 parts of mandelic acid, 0.0001-2 parts of ceramide, 0.001-1 parts of acetyl tetrapeptide-5, 0.0001-0.5 parts of tranexamic acid, 0.0001-1 parts of carnosine, 0.1-8 parts of polyol and 2-80 parts of water.

[0026] Preferably, the amount of hexapeptide-2 is any value among 0.001 parts, 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts or 0.4 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0027] Preferably, the amount of acetylcysteine ​​used is any value among 0.001 parts, 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts or 0.4 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0028] Preferably, the consumption of ergothioneine is any value or the range between any two values ​​in 0.001 part, 0.002 part, 0.005 part, 0.01 part, 0.02 part, 0.05 part, 0.1 part or 0.4 part.

[0029] Preferably, the amount of alfalfa extract is any value among 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts, 0.2 parts or 0.3 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0030] Preferably, the mass ratio of ergothioneine to alfalfa extract is 1:2-4, 1:2.2-4, or 1:2.5-3.7.

[0031] Preferably, the amount of resveratrol is any value among 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.08 parts, 0.1 parts or 0.2 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0032] Preferably, the amount of vitamin E is any value among 0.001 parts, 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts or 0.8 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0033] Preferably, the amount of asiaticaside is any value among 0.001 parts, 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts or 0.8 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0034] Preferably, the amount of mandelic acid is any value among 0.001 part, 0.002 part, 0.005 part, 0.01 part, 0.02 part, 0.05 part, 0.1 part or 0.4 part, or a range between any two values.

[0035] Preferably, the mass ratio of hexapeptide-2 to mandelic acid is 1:0.3-0.9, 1:0.35-0.9, 1:0.4-0.8.

[0036] Preferably, the amount of ceramide used is any value among 0.001 parts, 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts, 0.5 parts or 1.5 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0037] Preferably, the amount of acetyl tetrapeptide-5 is any value among 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts or 0.8 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0038] Preferably, the amount of tranexamic acid is any value among 0.001 parts, 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts, 0.2 parts or 0.4 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0039] Preferably, the amount of carnosine used is any value among 0.001 parts, 0.002 parts, 0.005 parts, 0.01 parts, 0.02 parts, 0.05 parts, 0.1 parts, 0.5 parts or 0.8 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0040] Preferably, the amount of the polyol is any value selected from 0.2 parts, 0.25 parts, 0.5 parts, 0.8 parts, 1 part, 2 parts, 5 parts, 6 parts, or 7 parts, or a range between any two values. The polyol is at least one of glycerol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, sorbitol, and ethylene glycol.

[0041] Preferably, the amount of water is any value among 3 parts, 5 parts, 8 parts, 10 parts, 15 parts, 20 parts, 50 parts, 60 parts or 70 parts, or a range between any two values.

[0042] Preferably, the active peptide composition of the present invention comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 0.01-0.4 parts of hexapeptide-2, 0.01-0.35 parts of acetylcysteine, 0.01-0.4 parts of ergothioneine, 0.01-0.3 parts of alfalfa extract, 0.01-0.25 parts of resveratrol, 0.01-0.3 parts of vitamin E, 0.01-0.5 parts of asiaticoside, 0.01-0.4 parts of mandelic acid, 0.01-1 parts of ceramide, 0.01-0.8 parts of acetyl tetrapeptide-5, 0.01-0.4 parts of tranexamic acid, 0.01-0.8 parts of carnosine, 2-7 parts of polyols and 10-50 parts of water.

[0043] On the other hand, the present invention also provides a method for preparing the composition, comprising the following steps: adding water and a polyol to a reactor, starting stirring, then adding hexapeptide-2, acetylcysteine, ergothioneine, alfalfa extract, resveratrol, vitamin E, asiaticoside, mandelic acid, ceramide, acetyl tetrapeptide-5, tranexamic acid, and carnosine, stirring evenly, and sterilizing to obtain the composition.

[0044] In another aspect, the present invention also provides applications of the composition, including applications in medicine or cosmetics.

[0045] On the other hand, the present invention also provides applications of the composition, including applications in preparing external skin preparations.

[0046] On the other hand, the present invention also provides applications of the composition, including applications in the preparation of medicines or cosmetics.

[0047] In another aspect, the present invention further provides a cosmetic comprising 0.1-5% by mass of the above composition and a cosmetic base.

[0048] The present invention has the following beneficial effects compared to the prior art:

[0049] The invention adopts hexapeptide-2, acetylcysteine, ergothioneine, alfalfa extract, resveratrol, vitamin E, asiaticoside, mandelic acid, ceramide, acetyl tetrapeptide-5, tranexamic acid, carnosine, polyol and water to prepare a multi-target freckle removal and whitening cell active peptide composition.

[0050] The composition of the present invention has low irritation and is harmless to the skin.

[0051] The composition prepared by the present invention has a good melanin removal effect and imparts a skin whitening and freckle removal effect; the composition of the present invention can reduce the skin melanin content by 27.82% and 39.43% after 20 days and 40 days of use. Hexapeptide-2 and mandelic acid of the present invention have a significant impact on the whitening and freckle removal effect of the composition, and the addition of both significantly enhances the whitening and freckle removal effect of the composition. When hexapeptide-2 and mandelic acid are used in a ratio of 1:0.3-0.9, the composition has a better melanin removal effect. When different active peptides are omitted in the present invention, the whitening and freckle removal effect of the product is poor.

[0052] The composition prepared by the present invention has a good free radical scavenging effect and imparts anti-aging function to the skin. After dilution, the composition of the present invention can scavenge 87.32% of DPPH free radicals. Raw materials such as hexapeptide-2 and mandelic acid of the present invention have a certain influence on the antioxidant effect of the composition. The ergothioneine and alfalfa extract used in the present invention have a relatively large influence on the antioxidant effect of the composition. The effect of omitting one of them is lower than the effect of the combination of the two. The combination of the two increases the efficacy of the antioxidant active ingredients and has a promoting relationship. And the antioxidant effect of using ergothioneine and alfalfa extract in the composition of the present invention in a ratio of 0.4-0.8:1 is better. And when the present invention omits different active peptides, the antioxidant effect of the product is poor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] The present invention will be described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, and various effects of the present invention will be more clearly presented. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that these specific embodiments are for illustrating the present invention, rather than for limiting the present invention.

[0054] Unless otherwise specified, various raw materials, reagents, instruments and equipment used in the present invention can be purchased from the market or prepared by existing methods.

[0055] The raw material information of the specific embodiment of the present invention is as follows:

[0056] Hexapeptide-2: Chengdu Yunxi Chemical Co., Ltd. Acetylcysteine: Shandong Pingju Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Ergothioneine: Shaanxi Hongchangkang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Alfalfa Extract: Shaanxi Dashi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Resveratrol: Shanghai Jizhi Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Vitamin E: Hebei Yulongxiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Asiaticoside: Hubei Xinghengye Technology Co., Ltd. Mandelic Acid: Xi'an Xihai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Ceramide: specifically Ceramide NP, Hubei Handafei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5: Jining Tangyi Chemical Co., Ltd. Tranexamic Acid: Jiangsu Caiwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Carnosine: specifically L-carnosine, Zhejiang Yicun Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0057] 1. Preparation of active peptide composition

[0058] Prepare the raw materials according to the contents in Table 1 and measure them in parts by mass; the mass ratio of hexapeptide-2 to mandelic acid is marked as a, and the mass ratio of ergothioneine to alfalfa extract is marked as b.

[0059] Table 1: Raw material composition of the product

[0060]

[0061]

[0062]

[0063]

[0064] The preparation method of the above-mentioned product 1-14 is as follows:

[0065] Water and polyol were added to a reaction kettle, stirring was started (rotation speed was 100 rpm), and then the remaining raw materials were added, stirred for 0.8 hours to be uniformly stirred, and sterilized to obtain the composition.

[0066] 2. Effect Verification

[0067] 1. Irritation test

[0068] Products 1-14 were used as test materials in a skin patch test. The experimental method was to recruit volunteers aged 35-45 with sensitive skin and randomly divide them into 14 groups, with 8 participants in each group. Using a patch test device, 0.02 mL of the test material was placed in the patch test chamber. The patch test chamber was then taped to the volunteer's back for 24 hours. The patch test chamber was then removed. One hour after removal, the skin was observed according to the skin reaction grading criteria for the occluded patch test in Table 2. The results were recorded and shown in Table 3.

[0069] Table 2: Skin reaction grading criteria

[0070]

[0071] Table 3: Irritation Test

[0072]

[0073]

[0074] The test results in Table 2 show that the composition of the present invention has low irritation and is harmless to the skin.

[0075] 2. Whitening and freckle removal test

[0076] Excessive secretion of melanin affects the whiteness and pigmentation of the skin. The efficiency of reducing melanin content in the skin is used to verify the whitening and freckle removal effect. The experimental method is: recruit a number of volunteers with healthy skin aged 40-55 years old, randomly divide them into groups according to age, and apply 0.25g of the above product every morning and evening after washing their faces. Apply it evenly and use it continuously for 40 days. The MX18 melanin meter of the German CK company was used to test the skin melanin content of the cheeks on the 0th day, the 20th day, and the 40th day (the melanin content of 5 different locations on the cheeks was collected for each test, and the average value was calculated). Then, the reduction rate of the skin melanin content of each group at different test times compared to the 0th day was calculated. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0077] Table 4: Whitening and freckle removal test

[0078]

[0079] The test results in Table 4 show that the composition prepared by the present invention has a good effect of removing melanin and imparts skin whitening and freckle removal effects; the composition of the present invention can reduce the melanin content of the skin by 27.82% and 39.43% after 20 days and 40 days of use.

[0080] Combining the test results of products 1 and 4, it can be seen that the hexapeptide-2 and mandelic acid of the present invention have a greater impact on the whitening and freckle-removing effect of the composition, and the addition of both significantly improves the whitening and freckle-removing effect of the composition. Combining the test results of products 1, 5-8, it can be concluded that when the present invention uses hexapeptide-2 and mandelic acid in a ratio of 1:0.3-0.9, the composition has a better melanin removal effect. According to the test of product 14, it can be seen that after omitting different active peptides, the whitening and freckle-removing effect of the product is poor.

[0081] 3. Antioxidant test

[0082] The above products 1-14 were diluted to a mass concentration of 5% (the solvent used for dilution was an ethanol solution with a volume fraction of 20%) as samples, and the effect of the test samples on scavenging DPPH free radicals was tested. The test method was as follows: 50 μL of the sample was mixed with 2 mL of a 120 μmol / L DPPH free radical solution to obtain a test sample; 50 μL of a 20% volume fraction of an ethanol solution was mixed with 2 mL of a 120 μmol / L DPPH free radical solution to obtain a control sample. The above test solutions all needed to be stored in the dark for half an hour for reaction, and then the absorbance value A of the test solution at 520 nm was tested to calculate the scavenging DPPH free radical effect of the test sample. The calculation formula for the sample's scavenging DPPH free radical effect was 100% × (absorbance value A of the control sample to be tested - absorbance value A of the test sample to be tested) / absorbance value A of the control sample to be tested. The specific test results are shown in Table 5.

[0083] Table 5: Antioxidant test

[0084]

[0085]

[0086] The test results in Table 5 show that the composition prepared by the present invention has a good free radical scavenging effect and imparts anti-aging function to the skin. After dilution, the composition of the present invention can scavenge 87.32% of DPPH free radicals.

[0087] In conjunction with product 1,4-8 test results, it is known that the raw materials such as hexapeptide-2 of the present invention, mandelic acid have a certain impact on the composition antioxidant effect. The thioneine that the present invention uses, alfalfa extract have a relatively large impact on the composition antioxidant effect, and omitting one of them is the effect lower than the effect of both collocations, and both collocations increase the efficacy of antioxidant active ingredients, and there is a relationship promoted, and the content is obtained in conjunction with the test results of product 1,9-11. And in the present invention's composition, thioneine, alfalfa extract are used according to the antioxidant effect of ratio 0.4-0.8:1 better. According to product 14 tests, after the present invention omits different active peptides, the antioxidant effect of product is poor.

[0088] Factors that affect skin color include melanin, skin thickness, melanin, the content of oxygenated hemoglobin in the skin, lipofuscin and carotene, etc. The combination of different functional raw materials in the present invention gives the composition different functions, which can regulate skin color according to different targets. The present invention adopts various active raw materials, so that the active peptide composition has multiple targets for removing spots and whitening the skin, and also has excellent resistance to free radical oxidation. The present invention creatively selects the combination of raw materials and compounds specific proportions and types of cell active peptides and functional ingredients to thicken the skin barrier; inhibit melanin synthesis, promote melanin metabolism; protect against ultraviolet rays and blue light, repair sun damage; inhibit pigmentation caused by inflammation; improve vascular microcirculation; inhibit lipofuscin production; promote carotene metabolism, etc., to achieve multi-target and multi-pathway spot removal and whitening and resistance to free radicals.

[0089] Obviously, those skilled in the art may make various changes and modifications to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the claims and their equivalents, the present invention is intended to include such changes and modifications.

Claims

1. An active peptide composition with multi-target freckle removal and whitening effects, characterized in that: The raw materials are composed of the following components in parts by mass: 0.085-0.123 parts of hexapeptide-2, 0.01-0.35 parts of acetylcysteine, 0.04-0.066 parts of ergothioneine, 0.134-0.16 parts of alfalfa extract, 0.01-0.25 parts of resveratrol, 0.01-0.3 parts of vitamin E, 0.01-0.5 parts of asiaticoside, 0.037-0.075 parts of mandelic acid, 0.01-1 parts of ceramide, 0.01-0.8 parts of acetyl tetrapeptide-5, 0.01-0.4 parts of tranexamic acid, 0.01-0.8 parts of carnosine, 2-7 parts of polyol and 10-50 parts of water; the mass ratio of hexapeptide-2 to mandelic acid is 1:0.3-0.9; the mass ratio of ergothioneine to alfalfa extract is 1:2-4.

2. The active peptide composition according to claim 1, characterized in that The polyol is at least one of glycerol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, sorbitol, and ethylene glycol.

3. A method for preparing the active peptide composition according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: The method comprises the following steps: adding water and polyol into a reaction kettle, starting stirring, then adding hexapeptide-2, acetylcysteine, ergothioneine, alfalfa extract, resveratrol, vitamin E, asiaticoside, mandelic acid, ceramide, acetyl tetrapeptide-5, tranexamic acid and carnosine, stirring evenly, and sterilizing to obtain the active peptide composition.

4. Use of the active peptide composition according to any one of claims 1 to 2 in the preparation of a skin external preparation for removing spots or whitening.

5. Use of the active peptide composition according to any one of claims 1 to 2 in the preparation of a medicament or cosmetic for removing freckles or whitening skin.

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