Phosphorus regulation and control method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of ginseng

Abstract

The invention discloses a phosphorus regulation and control method for relieving ginseng continuous cropping obstacles, ginseng continuous cropping soil is improved by using a phosphate fertilizer, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is optimized, and the repaired ginseng continuous cropping soil is subjected to phosphorus monitoring and regulation and control treatment, and the phosphorus regulation and control method specifically comprises the following steps: selecting a test site; performing test treatment; transplanting the ginseng seedlings; field planting and management; and sampling and data processing. The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and particularly provides a phosphorus regulation and control method for relieving continuous cropping obstacles of ginseng, which studies the quality change of ginseng under different application amounts of phosphate fertilizer, is used for solving the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by abuse of the phosphate fertilizer, improves the utilization rate of the phosphate fertilizer from the perspective of soil nutriology, and reduces the cost. The ginseng continuous cropping obstacle is relieved, the ginseng yield is improved, and the ginseng quality is optimized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of Chinese medicinal herb cultivation technology, specifically referring to a phosphorus regulation method to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of ginseng. Background Technology

[0002] Ginseng ( Panax ginseng *Callicarpa spp.* (CA Mey.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Araliaceae family. It has a long history of medicinal use in China and is a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal herb. Ginseng production is mainly based on farmland cultivation. Due to its strict requirements for growing conditions, continuous cropping presents a problem: replanting ginseng in old ginseng fields results in low seedling survival rates, and most ginseng plants suffer from root burn, rootlet loss, and root rot, which severely limits the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. Currently, low levels of intensive ginseng cultivation and complex fertilizer application systems are widespread in farmland, leading to low seedling survival rates and severe disease problems. Therefore, scientific fertilization techniques are crucial for improving ginseng yield and quality.

[0003] Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. It plays a crucial role in energy transfer, photosynthesis, respiration, and cell membrane structure. Although phosphorus is relatively abundant in soil, most of it is unavailable to plants due to its strong binding with soil minerals and low solubility. The amount of phosphorus available for plant absorption in the soil is usually insufficient, limiting crop growth and yield.

[0004] Currently, there are no technical solutions for applying phosphate fertilizer in ginseng cultivation. In actual cultivation, problems such as high phosphate fertilizer input and low utilization efficiency exist. Although phosphate fertilizer can promote plant growth and development, improper control of the application amount can lead to excessive phosphorus content in the soil, reducing the ginseng roots' ability to absorb phosphorus and thus affecting ginseng growth. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer causes an imbalance in the soil nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, limiting the efficient use of nutrients and leading to a large accumulation of phosphorus in the soil, increasing the risk of phosphorus movement and loss. In conclusion, in the process of ginseng cultivation and in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles, the rational application of phosphate fertilizer is an important means to improve yield and quality, as well as to solve continuous cropping problems. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In response to the above situation and to overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a phosphorus regulation method to alleviate the obstacles of continuous ginseng cropping. The method studies the changes in ginseng quality under different application rates of phosphate fertilizer, which is used to solve the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by the overuse of phosphate fertilizer. At the same time, from the perspective of soil nutrition, it improves the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer, alleviates the obstacles of continuous ginseng cropping, increases ginseng yield, and optimizes ginseng quality.

[0006] The technical solution adopted in this application is as follows: This scheme provides a phosphorus regulation method to alleviate the obstacle of continuous ginseng cultivation, including the following steps: Step S1: Site selection: Based on the large-scale soil collection work in the early stage, phosphorus fertilizer regulation was implemented. A batch of two-year-old healthy ginseng seedlings were selected for cultivation. The cultivation was carried out in the constant temperature culture room of the Ginseng Science Research Institute of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, with a temperature of 20℃, humidity of 70%, light intensity of 3000 Lux, and light duration of 12h / d. Step S2 Experimental Treatment: After dividing the ginseng seedlings into groups, different amounts of phosphate fertilizer were applied to different experimental groups. Step S3: Transplanting ginseng seedlings: Select seedlings and remove ginseng seedlings with damaged buds. Select healthy seedlings that are uniform in shape and size for transplanting. Step S4 Field Planting and Management: Conduct normal ginseng field management; Step S5: Sampling and Data Processing: After ginseng seedlings emerge, water them once with a phosphorus nutrient solution (conversion factor to superphosphate 42%), 200 mL per pot. Sampling is then conducted every 14 days for a total of five samplings. During sampling, the entire ginseng plant is dug up, the topsoil and soil around the roots are removed, and the rhizosphere soil is collected with a brush. Part of the soil is air-dried for later use, and the other part is immediately stored in a -20℃ refrigerator. The collected ginseng is washed, its fresh weight is measured, and it is dried in an oven (40℃). The dry weight is then measured. Simultaneously, three uniformly sized ginseng plants from each treatment group are selected, crushed, and sieved through a No. 2 sieve for saponin content determination.

[0007] Preferably, the two-year-old ginseng seedlings in step S1 are provided by Jilin Province Fusong County Shenwang Plant Protection Co., Ltd., and the variety is Da Ma Ya. The test soil is ginseng continuous cropping soil that has been treated with strong reducing soil ecological restoration technology in the early stage. The alkaline nitrogen content is 35 mg·kg-1, the total phosphorus content is 476 mg·kg-1, the available phosphorus is 64.384 mg·kg-1, the pH value is 4.52, the soil bulk density is 1.16 g·cm-3, and the water content is 23%.

[0008] Preferably, in step S2, four test groups are set up, each including: Group 1: No phosphorus treatment CK (0 g·kg) -1 The same amount of water can be used to replace the phosphorus nutrient solution.

[0009] Group 2: Phosphorus treatment P1 (0.44 g·kg) -1 After the ginseng sprouts, spray the surface of the liquid with phosphorus nutrient solution once, 200mL per pot.

[0010] Group 3: Phosphorus treatment P2 (0.62 g·kg) -1 After the ginseng sprouts, spray the surface of the liquid with phosphorus nutrient solution once, 200mL per pot.

[0011] Group 4: Phosphorus treatment P3 (0.80 g·kg) -1 After the ginseng sprouts, spray the surface of the liquid with phosphorus nutrient solution once, 200mL per pot.

[0012] Preferably, the effects of different phosphorus application treatments on the fresh and dry weight of cultivated ginseng, the content of ginsenosides and total ginsenosides in cultivated ginseng, the content of available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil, and the soil enzymes in rhizosphere soil were statistically analyzed. This yielded the effects of different phosphorus fertilizer application rates on ginseng growth and quality, as well as the effects of different phosphorus fertilizer application rates on the nutrients and soil enzyme activity of the rhizosphere soil in the improved ginseng continuous cropping soil.

[0013] The beneficial effects achieved by the present invention using the above solution are as follows: 1. Based on the previous work of strong reducing soil ecological restoration technology, phosphorus monitoring and regulation of the restored soil plays an important role in improving soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency, which can increase ginseng planting yield, improve ginseng quality, achieve soil-fertility coordination, and provide technical support for high-yield and high-quality ginseng cultivation.

[0014] 2. This plan provides targeted phosphate fertilizer formulas and application techniques for agricultural production, tailored to different soil and growing environment conditions, to improve ginseng yield and quality. Optimizing the application rate of phosphate fertilizer is of great significance for enhancing ginseng yield and quality. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram showing the changes in fresh weight and dry weight of cultivated ginseng provided in Example 2; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram showing the changes in ginsenoside and total saponin content provided in Example 3. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the change in available phosphorus content under phosphorus application treatment provided in Example 4. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the changes in soil enzyme activity under phosphorus application treatment provided in Example 5. Figure 5 These are the gravel map and PCA analysis diagram in this embodiment.

[0016] The meanings of the labels in the attached diagram are as follows: Figure 1 (a) shows the variation in the fresh weight of cultivated ginseng; Figure 1 (b) shows the change in the dry weight of cultivated ginseng.

[0017] Figure 5 (a) is a scree diagram; Figure 5 (b) is a PCA analysis diagram. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0019] Currently, there are no technical solutions for applying phosphate fertilizer in ginseng cultivation. In actual cultivation, problems such as high phosphate fertilizer input and low utilization efficiency exist. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer causes an imbalance in the nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in the soil, limiting the efficient use of nutrients and leading to a large accumulation of phosphorus in the soil, increasing the risk of phosphorus movement and loss. Therefore, optimizing the application rate of phosphate fertilizer is of great significance for improving ginseng yield and quality.

[0020] This technology provides targeted phosphate fertilizer formulations and application techniques for agricultural production, tailored to different soil and growing environment conditions, thereby improving the yield and quality of ginseng.

[0021] The following examples illustrate the invention in a more detailed manner, but the invention is not limited to these examples.

[0022] The experimental procedure includes: A. Experimental Site Selection: The experiment was conducted in the constant-temperature culture room of the Ginseng Science Research Institute of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, with the temperature set at [temperature value] and light intensity [light intensity value]. Two-year-old ginseng seedlings, of the variety "Da Ma Ya," were provided by Jilin Fusong County Shenwang Plant Protection Co., Ltd. The experimental soil was ginseng continuous cropping soil that had undergone prior treatment with strong reducing soil ecological restoration technology, and the alkaline nitrogen content was measured to be 35 mg·kg⁻¹. -1 The total phosphorus content is 476 mg·kg. -1 Available phosphorus 64.384 mg·kg -1 The pH value is 4.52, and the soil bulk density is 1.16 g·cm³. -3 The moisture content is 23%.

[0023] B. Experimental Treatments: This experiment included four treatments: No phosphorus treatment (CK) (0 kg / acre) Phosphorus treatment P1 (73 kg / mu) Phosphorus treatment P2 (103 kg / mu) Phosphorus treatment P3 (133 kg / mu) C. Transplanting of ginseng seedlings: Select seedlings and remove ginseng seedlings with damaged buds, and select healthy seedlings of uniform shape and size for transplanting.

[0024] D. Field Planting and Management: The experiment consisted of 4 treatments, with 15 replicates for each treatment, totaling 60 pots. Ginseng seedlings were transplanted on May 1, 2023, and harvested on July 29, 2023. Except for the amount of fertilizer applied to each treatment according to the experimental requirements, all other management measures were consistent, following normal ginseng field management practices.

[0025] E. Sampling and Data Processing: After ginseng seedlings emerged, they were watered once with a phosphorus nutrient solution (conversion factor to superphosphate 42%), 200 mL per pot. Samples were taken every 14 days thereafter, for a total of five samplings. During sampling, the entire ginseng plant was dug up, the topsoil and soil around the roots were removed, and the rhizosphere soil was collected with a brush. Part of the soil was air-dried for later use, and the other part was immediately stored in a -20℃ refrigerator for later use. The collected ginseng was washed, its fresh weight was measured, and it was dried in an oven (40℃). Its dry weight was also measured. Simultaneously, three uniformly sized ginseng plants from each treatment group were selected, crushed, and sieved through a No. 2 sieve for saponin content determination.

[0026] The following are the experimental results of different treatments according to the present invention: Example 1

[0027] Analysis of the effects of different phosphorus application treatments on the fresh and dry weight of cultivated ginseng: Depend on Figure 1 It can be seen that at different growth and development stages, the fresh weight of ginseng in the CK group showed an "N"-shaped change. Compared with the CK group, the fresh weight of ginseng in the P2 and P3 groups showed similar trends, with a significant increase in fresh weight, exceeding that of the CK and P1 groups. After 62 days of cultivation, the fresh weight of the P1, P2, and P3 groups was similar, and significantly higher than that of the CK group. P <0.05); after 90 days of cultivation, the fresh weight of P2 was higher than that of other treatment groups.

[0028] The dry weight and fresh weight of ginseng in the CK group showed similar trends, both exhibiting an "N"-shaped change. Compared with the CK group, the dry weight of ginseng in groups P2 and P3 showed a significant upward trend; at 62 days of cultivation, the dry weight of ginseng in group P3 was significantly higher than that of other treatment groups ( P <0.05); at 90 days of cultivation, the dry weight of ginseng in group P2 was significantly higher than that in other treatment groups ( P <0.05). Example 2

[0029] Analysis of the effects of different phosphorus application treatments on the content of ginsenosides and total ginsenosides in cultivated ginseng: The changes in ginsenoside and total saponin content after 90 days of ginseng cultivation are as follows: Figure 2 Significant changes were observed in each group.

[0030] Compared with the CK group, the contents of ginsenosides Ro, Rg1, Re, Rf, Rc, Rd, Rg3 and total saponins showed similar trends, and the contents of each group were significantly higher than those of the CK group. P <0.05), and the content in group P1 was significantly higher than that in groups P2 and P3 ( P <0.05); meanwhile, the variation trends of the three ginsenoside monomers Rb2, Rb3, and Rh2 were similar, and the contents of each group were significantly higher than those of the CK group ( P <0.05), and the content in group P2 was significantly higher than that in groups P1 and P3 ( P<0.05); In addition, the content of monomeric saponin Rb1 increased significantly ( P <0.05), there was no significant difference in content between groups P1 and P2. Example 3

[0031] Analysis of the effects of different phosphorus application treatments on the available phosphorus content in rhizosphere soil: To understand the utilization of soil phosphorus by ginseng cultivated at different times, this experiment measured the available phosphorus in the soil, which is an indicator of the supply of phosphorus nutrients in the soil.

[0032] like Figure 3 As shown, compared with 34 days of cultivation, the available phosphorus content in all groups showed a significant decreasing trend at 62 days of cultivation. P <0.05), among which, the effective phosphorus content of CK, P1 and P3 groups showed similar trends, all exhibiting a "V"-shaped change, with a slow upward trend in the later stages of cultivation. The effective phosphorus content of P2 group showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, with no significant difference in effective phosphorus content at 62d and 90d of cultivation. Example 4

[0033] The effects of different phosphorus application treatments on the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil were analyzed. The changes in soil physicochemical properties under different phosphorus concentrations are shown in Table 1.

[0034] Table 1. Changes in the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil

[0035] As shown in Table 1, with the increase of cultivation time, the soil pH value of groups CK and P1 showed a significant decreasing trend, while the soil pH value of groups P2 and P3 showed a significant increasing trend, with the overall variation range between 4.82 and 6.21. The electrical conductivity of each group increased to varying degrees with the increase of cultivation time, reaching a peak of 344.67 μS·cm in group P2 after 62 days of cultivation. -1 After 90 days of cultivation, the P1, P2, and P3 groups were 3.06, 3.62, and 2.48 times that of the CK group, respectively.

[0036] Compared with the control group, the contents of available nitrogen and available potassium in each group increased to varying degrees. After 90 days of cultivation, the contents of available nitrogen in the soil of groups P1, P2, and P3 increased significantly by 118.67%, 134.59%, and 172.50%, respectively. P <0.05%, and the content of available potassium increased significantly by 9.84%, 11.88%, and 5.27%, respectively. P <0.05).

[0037] After the cultivation period ended, the soil organic matter content in the CK and P3 groups showed a significant decreasing trend. P<0.05), the soil organic matter content in groups P1 and P2 showed a significant upward trend ( P <0.05). At 90 days after planting, compared with the control group, the organic matter content of each treatment significantly increased, by 30.37%, 48.81%, and 58.05%, respectively. P <0.05). Example 5

[0038] Analysis of the effects of different phosphorus application treatments on soil enzymes in the rhizosphere: Depend on Figure 4 It is evident that cellulase activity changes to varying degrees with increasing exogenous phosphorus concentration. Specifically, the cellulase activity in the P2 treatment group reached its peak (33.06 mg / g) after 34 days of cultivation. -1 ·d -1 At 48 days of cultivation, the cellulase activity in the P3 treatment group reached its peak (34.00 mg / g). -1 ·d -1 At 90 days of cultivation, compared with the CK group, the cellulase activity in the P1 and P2 treatment groups showed no significant change, while the cellulase activity in the P3 treatment group decreased significantly by 14.75%. P <0.05).

[0039] With increasing exogenous phosphorus concentration, compared with the CK group, the protease activity in the P2-treated group was significantly increased. P <0.05), with significant increases of 13.42%, 13.86%, 15.71%, 5.22%, and 46.01% at each stage, respectively. Throughout the cultivation period, the protease activity in the P3 treatment group first increased and then decreased. After 90 days of cultivation, the protease activity in the P1 and P2 treatment groups increased significantly, while the protease activity in the P3 treatment group decreased significantly by 16.45%, indicating that high concentrations of phosphorus may have an inhibitory effect on protease activity, and the inhibitory effect increases with the extension of cultivation time.

[0040] Compared with the CK group, soil amylase activity was significantly increased in all groups during the early cultivation period (0-62 days). P <0.05, but the differences between groups were not significant; in the later stages of cultivation (76d~90d), the amylase activity in the CK group was significantly higher than that in all other groups ( P The value was <0.05, indicating that the difference between groups was not significant, suggesting that phosphorus has a weak effect on soil amylase activity.

[0041] The sucrase activity in the P2 and P3 treatment groups showed a significant increasing trend. P <0.05), the activity of sucrase in the P3 treatment group was the highest at all cultivation stages, at 69.37 mg / g. -1 ·d -1 82.34 mg·g -1 ·d-1 , 87.41 mg·g -1 ·d -1 , 101.49 mg·g -1 ·d -1 , indicating that high - concentration phosphorus may have a promoting effect on soil sucrase.

[0042] When cultivated for 34 days, compared with the CK group, the dehydrogenase activities of the P1 and P2 treatment groups were significantly inhibited ( P < 0.05), and the dehydrogenase activity of the P3 treatment group had a significant promoting effect ( P < 0.05); when cultivated for 90 days, compared with the CK group, there were no significant differences in dehydrogenase activities among the groups.

[0043] With the increase in the concentration of exogenous phosphorus, the lipase activity increased significantly ( P < 0.05). Compared with the CK group, the soil lipase activities of each group were P3 > P2 > P1 ( P < 0.05). It shows that the soil lipase activity may be positively correlated with the concentration of exogenous phosphorus. Example 6

[0044] Test instruments: Agilent 1260 high - performance liquid chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, USA), M200pro microplate reader (TECAN, Switzerland), ZQZY - 85CNS oscillator incubator (Shanghai Zhichu Instrument Co., Ltd.), HH - 8 digital display constant temperature water bath (Changzhou Jiangnan Experimental Instrument Factory), ME204 electronic balance (Mettler - Toledo Instruments Co., Ltd.), electrothermal blast drying oven (Shanghai Hengyi Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd.), KQ - 500DA numerical control ultrasonic cleaner (Kunshan Ultrasonic Instrument Co., Ltd.).

[0045] Test materials: Two - year - old ginseng seedlings were provided by Fusong Shenwang Plant Protection Co., Ltd. in Jilin Province. The variety is Dama Ya, which is Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer of the Araliaceae family; Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer); Triple superphosphate (analytical pure, Shanghai Yien Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.). The phosphorus nutrient solution used was prepared with triple superphosphate, and the P2O5 content was ≥ 42%; Reference substances ginsenoside Ro (34367 - 04 - 9), Rg1 (22427 - 39 - 0), Re (52286 - 59 - 6), Rf (52286 - 58 - 5), Rb1 (41753 - 43 - 9), Rc (11021 - 14 - 0), Rb2 (11021 - 13 - 9), Rb3 (68406 - 26 - 8), Rd (52705 - 93 - 8), Rh2 (78214 - 33 - 2), Rg3 (14197 - 60 - 5) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio - Technology Co., Ltd., and the mass fractions were all greater than 98%.

[0046] The experimental soil was ginseng continuous cropping soil that had been treated with the strong reduction soil ecological restoration technology of the research group in the early stage.

[0047] Soil nutrient content in the test soil: available nitrogen content was 35 mg·kg⁻¹ -1 The total phosphorus content is 476 mg·kg. -1 Available phosphorus 64.384 mg·kg -1 The pH value is 4.52, and the soil bulk density is 1.16 g·cm³. -3 The moisture content is 23%.

[0048] Specific experimental procedures: Step 1. Transplanting ginseng seedlings: In a plastic flowerpot (20cm top diameter, 13.5cm bottom diameter, 22cm height), spread one-third of the improved ginseng continuous cropping soil evenly. Plant 3 ginseng seedlings obliquely in the pot, and continue to cover them with soil until the ginseng buds are completely covered by 2-3cm. Water each pot with an equal amount of clean water, and then place them under the same cultivation conditions (temperature 20℃, humidity 70%, light intensity 3000Lux, light duration 12h / d). After the ginseng seedlings emerge, water them once with phosphorus nutrient solution (conversion factor with heavy calcium 42%), 200mL per pot.

[0049] Step 2. Sampling period: After the ginseng seedlings emerge, apply phosphorus nutrient solution once and take samples every 14 days for a total of five sampling times, namely 34 days, 48 ​​days, 62 days, 76 days and 90 days after planting.

[0050] Step 3. Sampling and Processing Methods: During sampling, the entire ginseng plant was dug up, and the topsoil and soil around the roots were removed. The soil around the roots was collected using a brush; a portion was air-dried for later use, and the remainder was immediately stored in a -20℃ refrigerator. The collected ginseng was washed and its fresh weight was measured. It was then dried in an oven (40℃) and its dry weight was measured. Simultaneously, three uniformly sized ginseng plants from each treatment group were selected, crushed, and passed through a No. 2 sieve for saponin content determination.

[0051] Step 4. Determination of ginsenoside content: Accurately weigh 1.000 g of ginseng powder and place it in an Erlenmeyer flask. Add 30 ml of methanol and extract using ultrasound at 90 Hz for 30 min. Filter the supernatant. Repeat three times. Combine the filtrates and transfer them to an evaporating dish for evaporation in a 60 ℃ water bath. Make up to a final volume of 5 ml in a brown volumetric flask and filter through a 0.22 μm pinhole filter for subsequent analysis. Each sample should be tested in triplicate.

[0052] Step 5. Determination of total ginsenoside content: Prepared and determined according to the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the national standard GB / T19506-2009.

[0053] Step 6. Chromatographic conditions for ginsenoside monomers: Octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel was used as the packing material. An Elite Hypersil ODS2 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was employed. Acetonitrile was used as mobile phase A, and Wahaha purified water was used as mobile phase B. Gradient elution was performed according to the specifications in the table below. The detection wavelength was 203 nm, the column temperature was 25℃, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min. -1 The injection volume is 10 μL.

[0054] Table 2 Gradient elution conditions

[0055] Step 7. Determination of soil physicochemical properties: Soil moisture was determined by the oven drying method; soil bulk density was determined by the ring sampler method; soil pH was determined by the potentiometry method; electrical conductivity was determined by an electrical conductivity meter; the methods for determining available phosphorus, available potassium, alkaline nitrogen, and organic matter are as described in the third edition of "Soil Agrochemical Analysis".

[0056] Step 8. The determination methods refer to "Soil Enzymes and Their Research Methods". Soil protease activity is determined by ninhydrin colorimetric method, soil sucrase, amylase and cellulase activity is determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method, soil dehydrogenase activity is determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride colorimetric method (TTC), and soil lipase activity is determined by alkaline titration method.

[0057] In summary: 1. Correlation analysis between ginsenosides and soil physicochemical properties As shown in Table 3 below, the saponin content of cultivated ginseng under exogenous phosphorus regulation is correlated with six soil physicochemical properties.

[0058] Table 3. Correlation analysis between ginsenosides and soil physicochemical properties.

[0059] Electrical conductivity and available potassium content showed the same positive regulatory trend on ginsenoside content. Specifically, the contents of Ro, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rh2, and total saponins were significantly positively correlated with electrical conductivity (P<0.01). The contents of Rg1 and Rf were significantly negatively correlated with available phosphorus content (P<0.01). No significant difference was observed between ginsenoside content and organic matter content.

[0060] 2. Correlation analysis between ginsenosides and soil enzyme activity As shown in Table 4 below: Table 4 Correlation analysis between ginsenosides and soil enzyme activity

[0061] As shown in Table 4, the saponin content of cultivated ginseng under exogenous phosphorus regulation showed a certain correlation with six soil enzyme indicators. Among them, the content of ginsenosides was significantly positively correlated with the activity of protease. P <0.05, P <0.01, showing a significant negative correlation with amylase activity ( P <0.05, P <0.01 indicates that protease and amylase have opposite effects on the accumulation of ginsenosides. The contents of Rg1, Rf, and Rb3 showed a highly significant negative correlation with the contents and the activities of sucrase and dehydrogenase. P <0.01).

[0062] 3. Principal component analysis Based on the correlation analysis results, we selected four indicators with high correlation to ginsenosides: conductivity, available potassium, protease, and amylase. Rb1, Re, and Rg1 are the content determination indicators specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and total saponins are also an important indicator for evaluating ginseng quality. In summary, a total of eight indicators were selected for principal component analysis, and the raw data of these eight quality indicators were standardized before analysis.

[0063] Table 5 shows that using principal component analysis, two principal components can be extracted. The first principal component (PC1) contributes 79.24%, and the second principal component (PC2) contributes 15.48%. These two principal components can comprehensively represent 94.73% of the information, indicating that the extracted principal components can well summarize the original variables and basically represent all the information contained in the original data. Figure 5 It can be seen that the repeatability of each group is good, the PCK group is significantly different from other treatment groups, and the P1 and P2 treatment groups are highly similar.

[0064] Table 5. Eigenvalue contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of each principal component

[0065] As shown in Table 6, the main component PC1 mainly includes Rb1, Re, PPD, total saponins, available potassium and amylase, while the main component PC2 mainly includes Rg1 and PPT.

[0066] Table 6 Principal component loading matrices and score coefficient matrices

[0067] The principal component score function can be calculated as follows: PC1=0.157x1+0.078x2+0.152x3+0.149x4-0.148x5+0.147x6+0.124x7-0.149x8 PC2=-0.050x1+0.735x2-0.111x3+0.036x4-0.254x5-0.110x6+0.422x7+0.244x8 F = 0.795PC1 + 0.144C2 Principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate and rank cultivated ginseng under different exogenous phosphorus treatments. A higher comprehensive score indicates better ginseng quality and a more suitable cultivation environment for ginseng growth. Table 7 shows that under different exogenous phosphorus treatments, the scoring results P1≈P2>P3>PCK, indicating that a cultivation environment more conducive to ginseng growth is achieved when the exogenous phosphorus application rate is 70-110 kg / mu.

[0068] Table 7 Principal Component Scores and Composite Scores

[0069] Based on the above experimental results, the general principle for the rational application of phosphate fertilizer is: ginseng grows better, accumulates more effective ginsenosides, and the soil environment is more suitable for ginseng growth under the regulation of 70~110 kg / mu of phosphorus, resulting in the best overall quality.

[0070] The above are merely several embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Although the present invention has been disclosed above with reference to preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications or variations made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention using the disclosed technical content are equivalent to equivalent implementations and fall within the protection scope of the present invention. The above descriptions are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles, for ginseng continuous cropping soil that has been treated with strong reduction soil ecological restoration technology in the early stage, characterized in that: The ginseng continuous cropping soil is improved by using phosphorus fertilizer, the application amount of phosphorus fertilizer is optimized, and phosphorus monitoring and regulation treatment is performed on the repaired ginseng continuous cropping soil, which specifically includes the following steps: S1 Experimental site selection: Based on the previous large-scale soil collection work, phosphorus fertilizer regulation was implemented, and a batch of healthy ginseng seedlings were selected for cultivation in a constant temperature culture room; S2 Experimental treatment: Ginseng seedlings were divided into groups and then tested, with different phosphorus fertilizer application rates applied to different experimental groups; S3 Transplantation of ginseng seedlings: Select seedlings and remove ginseng seedlings with damaged spores, and select healthy seedlings with uniform shape and size for transplanting; S4 Field planting and management: Carry out normal ginseng field management; S5 Sampling and data processing: After ginseng seedlings emerge, water them with phosphorus nutrient solution, 200 mL per pot, and then sample them every 14 days, for a total of five times; when sampling, dig up the whole ginseng plant, remove the surface soil and the soil around the roots, and use a brush to collect the ginseng rhizosphere soil. Part of it will be naturally air-dried for later use, and part will be immediately stored in a -20℃ refrigerator for later use; the collected ginseng will be washed and measured for fresh weight, placed in a 40℃ oven to dry, and the dry weight will be measured. At the same time, 3 ginseng plants of uniform size are selected from each treatment group, crushed and sieved through a No. 2 sieve for the determination of saponin content; comprehensively monitor the changes in soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzyme activity, and ginsenoside and total saponin content indicators.

2. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the phosphorus nutrient solution is prepared with triple superphosphate, and the P2O5 content is ≥42%. The experimental group is set up in four groups, including: Group 1: No phosphorus application treatment CK (0 kg / mu), with an equal amount of water replacing the phosphorus nutrient solution; Group 2: Phosphorus treatment P1 (73 kg / mu), spray phosphorus nutrient solution once on the liquid surface after ginseng seedlings emerge, 200 mL per pot; Group 3: Phosphorus treatment P2 (103 kg / mu), spray phosphorus nutrient solution once on the liquid surface after ginseng seedlings emerge, 200 mL per pot; Group 4: Phosphorus treatment P3 (133 kg / mu), spray phosphorus nutrient solution once on the liquid surface after ginseng seedlings emerge, 200 mL per pot.

3. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles according to claim 2, characterized in that: The effects of different phosphorus application treatments on the fresh weight and dry weight of cultivated ginseng, the content of saponins and total saponins in cultivated ginseng, the content of available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, the physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil, and the soil enzymes in rhizosphere soil were statistically analyzed. The effects of different phosphorus fertilizer application rates on ginseng growth and quality were obtained, as well as the effects of different phosphorus fertilizer application rates on the nutrients and soil enzyme activity of the rhizosphere soil of improved ginseng continuous cropping soil.

4. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step S2, except for the different amounts of phosphorus applied, the contents of other elements are the same. Each pot is filled with 3 kg of soil and 3 plants are planted.

5. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles according to claim 4, characterized in that: In step S4, the experiment is set up with 4 treatments in total, each treatment is repeated 15 times, and the experimental process is carried out in the same management measures except that the amount of fertilizer applied in each treatment is in accordance with the experimental requirements, and the ginseng field is managed normally.

6. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles according to claim 5, characterized in that: In the step S5, the ginseng is watered with phosphorus nutrient solution once after the ginseng seedlings emerge, and samples are taken every 14 days, for a total of five times, namely 34 days, 48 ​​days, 62 days, 76 days, and 90 days after planting.

7. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles according to claim 6, characterized in that: In the step S1, the test soil is ginseng continuous cropping soil that has been treated with strong reduction soil ecological restoration technology in the early stage. The alkaline nitrogen content is 35 mg·kg-1, the total phosphorus content is 476 mg·kg-1, the available phosphorus is 64.384 mg·kg-1, the pH value is 4.52, the soil bulk density is 1.16 g·cm-3, and the water content is 23%; the ginseng seedlings are two-year-old ginseng seedlings, provided by Jilin Province Fusong County Shenwang Plant Protection Co., Ltd., and the variety is big horse teeth; the parameters of the constant temperature culture room are: set temperature 20°C, humidity 70%, light intensity 3000Lux, and light duration 12h / d.

8. A phosphorus regulation method for alleviating ginseng continuous cropping obstacles according to claim 7, characterized in that: The application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 70-110 kg / mu.

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