Composting process research and development reaction system

Abstract

The invention provides a compost process research and development reaction system, which belongs to the technical field of intelligent devices and comprises at least one compost reaction device, a compost gas detection device and a remote server, the compost gas detection device responds to the gas detection instruction, collects fermentation gas from at least one compost reaction device, and sends detection result data to the remote server; the remote server receives the detection result data and the device temperature data sent by the composting reaction device when the composting material is subjected to the fermentation reaction, and then generates a temperature regulation and control instruction and a gas detection instruction. When a compost material is subjected to a fermentation reaction, the remote server receives temperature data and gas detection data dynamically fed back by the compost reaction device and the compost gas detection device, so that an operator can master the whole process of waste fermentation in real time, and the temperature of the compost reaction device is controlled in real time; and through whole-course real-time monitoring and real-time adjustment of the fermentation reaction process of the compost materials, the speed of researching and determining the optimal composting process of the compost materials with specific types and formulas is accelerated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of intelligent devices, and in particular to a composting process research and development reaction system. Background Art

[0002] Composting process research and development is an important part of solid waste resource utilization.

[0003] Traditional composting process optimization research and development often uses composting reactors larger than 50L and relies on customized PLC control systems.

[0004] On the one hand, due to the use of larger reactors in the reaction system, the workload of composting process optimization and research and development is large, time-consuming and labor-intensive; on the other hand, due to the lack of coupling and integration with the Internet of Things, databases, and intelligent algorithms, the overall intelligence level of the composting reactor is relatively low, which limits the precise control of the composting process and the real-time evaluation of the control effect, making it difficult to achieve optimization of the entire composting process. Summary of the invention

[0005] The present invention provides a composting process research and development reaction system, which is used to solve the defects of the prior art that the reaction system is large and the intelligence level is low, realizes the whole process of real-time monitoring and real-time adjustment of the fermentation reaction process of composting materials, and speeds up the research and development to determine the best composting process for composting materials of specific types and formulas.

[0006] The present invention provides a composting process research and development reaction system, comprising: at least one composting reaction device, a composting gas detection device and a remote server; The composting reaction device is used to send device temperature data when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction to the remote server; The compost gas detection device is used to respond to the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server, collect fermentation gas generated by the fermentation reaction of the compost material from at least one of the compost reaction devices, and send the detection result data of the fermentation gas to the remote server; The remote server is used to receive the device temperature data and the detection result data, and generate a temperature control instruction and a gas detection instruction based on the device temperature data and the detection result data, and send the temperature control instruction to the composting reaction device and send the gas detection instruction to the composting gas detection device; The temperature control instruction is used to instruct the composting reaction device to adjust the device temperature when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction.

[0007] According to a composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention, the composting reaction device comprises: an outer tank, an inner tank, an air intake pipe, a heating module and a first controller; The outer tank comprises an outer tank body and an outer tank cover; a first cavity is formed between the outer tank and the inner tank; The inner tank comprises an inner tank body and an inner tank cover; the inner tank is used to provide a space for the compost material to undergo a fermentation reaction; One end of the air intake pipe penetrates the outer tank cover and the inner tank cover in sequence and extends to the interior of the inner tank body; the other end of the air intake pipe is connected to the compost gas detection device so that the compost gas detection device can collect the fermentation gas from the inner tank; The heating module is arranged on the outer wall of the outer tank and is connected to the first controller; The first controller is used to perform the following operations: sending the device temperature data to the remote server; In response to the temperature control instruction, the heating module is controlled to operate to heat the air in the first cavity to adjust the device temperature when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction.

[0008] According to a composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention, the inner tank is a closed tank; The composting reaction device further includes: an aeration pipe; one end of the aeration pipe penetrates the inner tank cover and extends to the interior of the inner tank body; the other end of the aeration pipe is located in the first cavity.

[0009] According to a composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention, the device temperature data is determined based on the ambient temperature data of the first cavity and the reaction temperature data of the inner tank; The composting reaction device also includes: a first temperature sensor for collecting the environmental temperature data and a second temperature sensor for collecting the reaction temperature data; the first temperature sensor is connected to the first controller; and the second temperature sensor is connected to the first controller.

[0010] According to a composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention, there are at least two first temperature sensors; each of the first temperature sensors is vertically arranged in the first cavity; and the installation intervals of any two adjacent first temperature sensors are the same.

[0011] According to a composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention, the outer tank body comprises an outer tank body and an inner tank body, and a second cavity for storing water is formed between the outer tank body and the inner tank body; The heating module is arranged on the outer wall of the outer tank body, and is used for heating the water stored in the second cavity, so as to heat the air in the first cavity.

[0012] According to a composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention, the heating module includes a first heating ring and a second heating ring.

[0013] According to a composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention, the inner tank also includes a fermentation barrel, and the fermentation barrel is a filtering porous metal barrel.

[0014] According to a composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention, the composting gas detection device comprises: a gas collection component, a gas detection probe and a second controller; the second controller is connected to the gas collection component and the gas detection probe respectively; The gas collection component is connected to the air intake pipe of at least one of the composting reaction devices to collect the fermentation gas generated by the fermentation reaction of the compost material from at least one of the composting reaction devices; The gas detection probe is connected to the second controller and is used to detect the gas type and gas concentration of the fermentation gas; The second controller is used to perform the following operations: receiving and responding to the gas detection instruction, and controlling the gas collection component to collect the fermentation gas from at least one of the composting reaction devices; Controlling the gas collection component to deliver the fermentation gas to the gas detection probe to obtain type data and concentration data of the fermentation gas; The species data and the concentration data are sent to the remote server.

[0015] According to a composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention, the gas collection component includes: a valve island, a stepper motor and an injection pump; the valve island includes a plurality of valve island passages; the valve island is connected to the suction pipe of the composting reaction device through the valve island passages; The injection pump is in communication with the valve island; The stepper motor is used to control the movement of the injection pump; The controlling the gas collecting component to collect the fermentation gas from at least one of the composting reaction devices comprises: Controlling a target valve island passage to open; the target valve island passage is a valve island passage connected to an air intake pipe of a target composting reaction device; the target composting reaction device is determined based on the gas detection instruction; Controlling the stepper motor to perform a first operation; the first operation is controlling the injection pump to collect a specified volume of fermentation gas from a specific composting reaction device; The controlling the gas collection component to deliver the fermentation gas to the gas detection probe comprises: Controlling the target valve island passage to close; The stepper motor is controlled to perform a second operation; the second operation is to control the injection pump to inject the fermentation gas of the determined volume into the gas detection probe.

[0016] The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention can enable an operator to grasp the entire process of waste fermentation in real time and perform real-time temperature control on the composting reaction device by a remote server when a fermentation reaction occurs in the composting material, and can accelerate the speed of researching and developing the best composting process for composting materials of a specific type and formula by real-time monitoring and real-time adjustment of the fermentation reaction process of the composting material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the present invention or the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0018] Figure 1 It is one of the structural schematic diagrams of the composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention.

[0019] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of the composting reaction device provided by the present invention.

[0020] Figure 3 It is a circuit diagram of the first controller provided by the present invention.

[0021] Figure 4 It is a circuit diagram of the second controller provided by the present invention.

[0022] Figure 5 This is the second structural schematic diagram of the composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention.

[0023] Figure 6 is an example diagram of the integrated control system provided by the present invention.

[0024] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the weight loss rate of compost materials with different moisture contents provided by the present invention.

[0025] Figure 8 It is a diagram of the succession rules of the microbial community in the composting process provided by the present invention.

[0026] Fig. 9 It is a graph of oxygen consumption rate of the cow dung-straw composting process provided by the present invention.

[0027] Fig.10This is a graph of oxygen consumption rate of the tomato waste composting process provided by the present invention.

[0028] Reference numerals: 100: composting reaction device; 200: composting gas detection device; 300: remote server; 110: outer tank; 111: outer tank body; 112: outer tank cover; 120: inner tank; 121: inner tank body; 122: inner tank cover; 131: suction pipe; 132: aeration pipe; 140: heating module; 141: first heating coil; 142: second heating coil; 151: first cavity; 152: second cavity; 161: first temperature probe; 162: second temperature probe; 170: fermentation barrel; 180: peristaltic pump. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] It should be noted that in the description of the present invention, the term "include" or any other variant thereof is intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, article or device including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, method, article or device. The orientation or position relationship indicated by the terms "upper", "lower", etc. is based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, which is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation of the present invention. Unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two elements. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0031] The terms "first", "second", etc. in the present invention are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the terms used in this way can be interchangeable under appropriate circumstances, so that the embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein, and the objects distinguished by "first", "second", etc. are generally of the same type, and the number of objects is not limited. For example, the first object can be one or more.

[0032] Combine the following Figure 1-Figure 10 The present invention describes a composting process development reaction system.

[0033] Organic waste is an important resource for improving the green development of farmland, with large total volume and high nutrient reserves. Every year, livestock and poultry manure in my country alone reaches 3.8 billion tons, of which nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient reserves are as high as 70 million tons, exceeding the total annual nutrient reserves of chemical fertilizers in my country by about 10 million tons.

[0034] Aerobic fermentation is an important technology for recycling and reusing organic waste. It can convert various types of organic waste into organic fertilizer, thus reducing, harmlessly treating and recycling waste. Aerobic fermentation is driven by microorganisms, and the metabolic activities of microorganisms are directly affected by the fermentation process.

[0035] In the fermentation process, on the one hand, factors such as the selection of auxiliary material types, optimization of aeration methods, addition of bacterial agents, and temperature control can greatly affect the aerobic fermentation process and the characteristics of the final product, thereby affecting the treatment efficiency and compost quality. On the other hand, there are many types of organic waste, and there are large differences in physical and chemical properties. These differences in properties are reflected in the carbon-nitrogen ratio, cellulose and lignin content, etc. These differences in properties often affect the fermentation process. Therefore, when developing the composting process, it is necessary to accurately optimize the aerobic fermentation process according to the specific characteristics of different wastes to ensure the efficiency of the fermentation process and improve the quality of the compost.

[0036] The optimization of traditional composting process often requires a large investment: in the reaction system, reactors of more than 50L are often used, which is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and difficult to sample, and has long experimental cycles. At the same time, due to the large amount of raw materials, a large amount of odor and odor are easily generated, which is not conducive to conducting composting research in the laboratory; in detection and analysis, it often relies on manual measurement and analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the final fermentation products. Although it can achieve continuous monitoring of material temperature, it often lacks dynamic tracking of key parameters such as oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rate during the reaction process and material pH, and cannot monitor the fermentation process in real time; in reactor control, traditional composting processes often rely on customized PLC control systems, lack coupling and integration with the Internet of Things, databases, and intelligent algorithms, and the overall intelligence level is relatively low, which limits the precise control of the composting process and the real-time evaluation of the control effect, and it is difficult to achieve the optimization of the process of the entire composting process. In general, the process optimization based on traditional composting has a large workload, and there are difficulties in optimizing composting processes such as multi-materials, multi-formulas, and multi-repetitions. It is difficult to meet the dynamic needs of accurately constructing composting processes for a variety of different materials / combinations.

[0037] In view of this, the present invention provides a composting process research and development reaction system to solve at least one of the above technical problems.

[0038] Figure 1 It is one of the structural schematic diagrams of the composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention, such as Figure 1 As shown, the composting process research and development reaction system includes but is not limited to at least one composting reaction device 100, a composting gas detection device 200 and a remote server 300.

[0039] The composting reaction device 100 is used to send device temperature data when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction to the remote server 300. The device temperature data is the temperature data of the composting reaction device 100 recorded when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction.

[0040] The composting gas detection device 200 is used to respond to the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server 300, collect fermentation gas from the fermentation reaction of the compost material from at least one composting reaction device 100, and send the detection result data of the fermentation gas to the remote server 300.

[0041] The remote server 300 is used to receive device temperature data and detection result data, and generate temperature control instructions and gas detection instructions based on the device temperature data and the detection result data, and send the temperature control instructions to the composting reaction device 100 and the gas detection instructions to the composting gas detection device 200; the temperature control instructions are used to instruct the composting reaction device 100 to adjust the device temperature when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction.

[0042] It can be understood that the composting gas device 200 is connected to at least one composting reaction device 100 to collect fermentation gas generated by the fermentation reaction of the compost material from the at least one composting reaction device 100 .

[0043] Specifically, the composting reaction device 100 is a reaction device for fermenting compost materials. When the compost materials undergo fermentation, the composting reaction device 100 sends its own device temperature data to the remote server 300 .

[0044] Optionally, the device temperature data is collected by a temperature sensor installed in the composting reaction device 100 .

[0045] It can be understood that, when the composting process development reaction system has multiple composting reaction devices 100, the types and formulas of organic wastes as composting materials loaded in each composting reaction device 100 can be the same or different.

[0046] At the same time, when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction, the compost gas detection device 200 responds to the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server 300, parses the gas detection instruction to obtain at least one compost reaction device 100 from which the fermentation gas needs to be collected, and then collects the fermentation gas generated by the fermentation reaction of the compost material from these compost reaction devices 100, detects the fermentation gas, and sends the detection result data of the fermentation gas to the remote server 300.

[0047] After receiving the device temperature data and the detection result data, the remote server 300 generates instructions for controlling the operation of the composting reaction device 100 and the compost gas detection device 200 by using the device temperature data and the detection result data.

[0048] First, a temperature control instruction is generated to instruct the composting reaction device 100 to adjust the device temperature when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction. After the temperature control instruction is sent to the composting reaction device 100, the composting reaction device 100 parses the temperature control instruction to obtain target temperature data, and then controls its own heating module to adjust the device temperature to the target temperature.

[0049] The remote server continuously adjusts the real-time reaction temperature of the composting reaction device 100 so that the composting material fermentation reaction can be carried out at a temperature with a faster reaction rate, and the optimal temperature for composting fermentation is quickly determined.

[0050] Second, a gas detection instruction is generated to instruct the compost gas detection device 200 to collect fermentation gas, and the gas detection instruction is sent to the compost gas detection device 200, so that the compost gas detection device 200 collects fermentation gas from at least one composting reaction device 100 and performs detection, for example, detecting the gas types in the fermentation gas and the concentrations of various gases.

[0051] Optionally, the composting process research and development reaction system has multiple composting reaction devices 100, and when the type and formula of organic waste as compost material loaded in each composting reaction device 100 are the same, the temperature control instructions sent by the remote server 300 to each composting reaction device 100 are different, so as to further speed up the determination of the optimal temperature of composting fermentation.

[0052] Optionally, the composting reaction device 100 is a micro-reactor.

[0053] For example, the capacity of the composting reaction device 100 is 250 ml, 300 ml, 500 ml, and so on.

[0054] Optionally, the composting gas detection device 200 collects fermentation gas from a composting reaction device 100 and directly detects the fermentation gas.

[0055] Optionally, the composting gas detection device 200 collects fermentation gas from two or more composting reaction devices 100 and performs detection after mixing the fermentation gas from each composting reaction device 100 .

[0056] The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention can enable an operator to grasp the entire process of waste fermentation in real time and perform real-time temperature control on the composting reaction device by a remote server when a fermentation reaction occurs in the composting material, and can accelerate the speed of researching and developing the best composting process for composting materials of a specific type and formula by real-time monitoring and real-time adjustment of the fermentation reaction process of the composting material.

[0057] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the structure of the composting reaction device provided by the present invention, such as Figure 2 As shown, the composting reaction device 100 includes but is not limited to an outer tank 110, an inner tank 120, an air intake pipe 131, a heating module 140 and a first controller ( Figure 2 not shown).

[0058] The outer tank 110 includes an outer tank body 111 and an outer tank cover 112 , the inner tank 120 includes an inner tank body 121 and an inner tank cover 122 , and a first cavity 151 is formed between the outer tank 110 and the inner tank 120 .

[0059] The inner tank 120 is used to provide a space for the compost material to undergo a fermentation reaction.

[0060] One end of the air intake pipe 131 penetrates the outer tank cover 112 and the inner tank cover 122 in sequence and extends to the interior of the inner tank body 121. The other end of the air intake pipe 131 is connected to the compost gas detection device ( Figure 2The inner tank 120 is connected to the composting gas detection device (not shown) so as to collect fermentation gas from the inner tank 120.

[0061] The heating module 140 is disposed on the outer wall of the outer tank body 111 and is connected to the first controller.

[0062] The first controller is used to perform the following operations: sending the device temperature data to the remote server; responding to the temperature control instruction, controlling the heating module 140 to work, heating the air in the first cavity 151, so as to adjust the device temperature when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction.

[0063] Specifically, on one hand, the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction in the inner tank 120, and the first controller sends the device temperature data during the fermentation reaction to the remote server.

[0064] On the other hand, the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction in the inner tank 120 to produce fermentation gas. After the compost gas detection device responds to the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server, it collects the target volume of fermentation gas from the inner tank 120 of the target composting reaction device through the suction pipe 131, detects the fermentation gas, and sends the detection result data to the remote controller.

[0065] The remote controller generates a temperature control instruction based on the received device temperature data and the detection result data, and sends the temperature control instruction to the first controller of the target composting reaction device. The first controller responds to the temperature control instruction and controls the heating module 140 to work. The air temperature in the first cavity 151 is increased to the target temperature indicated by the temperature control instruction under the operation of the heating module 140, thereby indirectly adjusting the device temperature when the compost material in the inner tank 120 undergoes a fermentation reaction.

[0066] Optionally, the outer tank 110 and the inner tank 120 are movably connected.

[0067] In the related art, the structure of the composting reaction device is a single tank, and the silo and reactor are often made by an integrated molding process. The silo and reactor cannot be separated, and because the stirring equipment is also integrated on the silo, cleaning is time-consuming. In addition, the heating components usually include two working states: heating and non-heating. Its working temperature is often difficult to control accurately. Using heating components to directly heat the single tank will cause a large change in gas temperature. At the same time, there are also differences in the state of the components during operation, and it is impossible to accurately control the temperature of the air and materials in the tank.

[0068] The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention adopts a double-layer structure composting reaction device with an inner tank and an outer tank. The heating module arranged on the outer wall of the outer tank works to heat the air in the first cavity, thereby indirectly adjusting the device temperature when the compost material in the inner tank undergoes a fermentation reaction, playing a certain buffering role, and being able to stably control the temperature of the compost material fermentation reaction, and maintain the temperature inside the composting reaction device; moreover, the inner tank in the composting reaction device can be disassembled for cleaning and loading, and does not need to be operated together with the overall equipment connected together, which is more simple and efficient.

[0069] Combination Figure 2 As shown, the inner tank 120 of the composting reaction device 100 in the composting process research and development reaction system is a closed tank body; the composting reaction device 100 also includes an aeration pipe 132.

[0070] One end of the aeration pipe 132 penetrates the inner tank cover 122 and extends to the interior of the inner tank body 121 ; the other end of the aeration pipe 132 is located in the first cavity 151 .

[0071] Specifically, the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction in the inner tank 120 to produce fermentation gas. After the compost gas detection device responds to the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server, it collects the target volume of fermentation gas from the inner tank 120 of the target composting reaction device through the suction pipe 131. The interior of the inner tank 120 is in a negative pressure state, and the air in the first cavity 151 that has been preheated by the heating module 140 flows into the inner tank 120 through the aeration pipe 132. While maintaining the air pressure balance, the reaction temperature of the fermentation reaction of the compost material in the inner tank 120 is adjusted.

[0072] The composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention has the following advantages: after the composting gas detection device collects fermentation gas from the composting reaction device through the suction pipe, the air in the first cavity enters the inner tank of the composting reaction device through the aeration pipe under the action of negative pressure, thereby realizing the coupling of aeration of the composting reaction device and real-time detection of the composting gas detection device; and the air in the first cavity has been preheated by the heating module, which can prevent the inside of the composting reaction device from being affected by relatively cold air while maintaining the air pressure balance of the inner tank, and adjust the reaction temperature of the fermentation reaction of the compost material in the inner tank; at the same time, the inner tank using a closed tank body is conducive to realizing accurate aeration and accurately calculating the consumption and generation of various gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide during the composting process.

[0073] Based on the above embodiment, as an optional embodiment, the device temperature data is determined based on the ambient temperature data of the first cavity and the reaction temperature data of the inner tank; The composting reaction device also includes: a first temperature sensor for collecting the environmental temperature data and a second temperature sensor for collecting the reaction temperature data; the first temperature sensor is connected to the first controller; and the second temperature sensor is connected to the first controller.

[0074] Specifically, a first temperature sensor connected to the first controller is also provided in the composting reaction device. The first temperature sensor is used to collect ambient temperature data in the first cavity and transmit the ambient temperature data to the first controller so that the first controller can send the device temperature data to the remote server.

[0075] The composting reaction device is also provided with a second temperature sensor connected to the first controller. The second temperature sensor is used to collect reaction temperature data of the fermentation reaction of the compost material in the inner tank and transmit the reaction temperature data to the first controller so that the first controller can send the device temperature data to the remote server.

[0076] The device temperature data sent by the composting reaction device to the remote server is determined based on the ambient temperature data of the first cavity and the reaction temperature data of the inner tank.

[0077] Optionally, the first controller packages the ambient temperature data and the reaction temperature data as device temperature data, and sends them to the remote server.

[0078] Optionally, the first controller averages the ambient temperature data and reaction temperature data collected by the temperature sensor within a period of time (such as 10 minutes, 30 minutes, etc.), and sends the average ambient temperature data and average reaction temperature data within a period of time as device temperature data to the remote server.

[0079] After the remote server receives the ambient temperature data of the first cavity of the composting reaction device and the reaction temperature data of the inner tank, it combines the gas detection results over a period of time, including the oxygen consumption rate, the carbon dioxide production rate, the ambient temperature data of the first cavity, the reaction temperature data of the inner tank, the heating performance of the heating module, etc., to comprehensively determine the target temperature of the air in the first cavity heated by the heating module, the heating working time of the heating module, the volume of fermentation gas that the composting gas detection device needs to collect from the composting reaction device, and other data, and then generates temperature control instructions and gas detection instructions.

[0080] Based on the above embodiment, as an optional embodiment, there are at least two first temperature sensors; each of the first temperature sensors is vertically arranged in the first cavity; and the installation intervals of any two adjacent first temperature sensors are the same.

[0081] By setting more than two first temperature sensors in a multi-point testing manner and setting the installation intervals of any two adjacent first temperature sensors to be the same, the ambient temperature data in the first cavity can be tested more accurately, so as to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of the remote server generating temperature control instructions and gas detection instructions based on the ambient temperature data.

[0082] Combination Figure 2 As shown, as an optional embodiment, the first temperature sensor is two first temperature probes 161 fixed on the inner wall of the outer tank body 111, and the second temperature sensor is a second temperature probe 162 fixed on the inner tank cover 122, and the second temperature probe 162 penetrates into the compost material in the inner tank 120.

[0083] Optionally, the first temperature probe 161 and the second temperature probe 162 are temperature detection probes PT100.

[0084] The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention respectively sets temperature sensors to detect the temperature data of the first cavity and the inner tank in the composting reaction device, and adopts a multi-point detection method to detect the temperature data of the first cavity, which can improve the accuracy of temperature detection.

[0085] Combination Figure 2 As shown, based on the above embodiment, as an optional embodiment, the outer tank body 111 of the composting reaction device includes an outer tank body and an inner tank body, and a second cavity 152 for storing water is formed between the outer tank body and the inner tank body.

[0086] Furthermore, the heating module 140 is disposed on the outer wall of the outer tank body, and is used to heat the water stored in the second cavity 152 , so as to heat the air in the first cavity 151 .

[0087] Optionally, the outer tank body and the inner tank body of the outer tank body of the composting reaction device are both made of stainless steel.

[0088] Specifically, when the heating module 140 is working, it heats the water stored in the second cavity 150 by heating the outer tank body, and then heats the air in the first cavity 151, and further adjusts the real-time reaction temperature of the compost material in the inner tank 120 for fermentation reaction.

[0089] The second temperature sensor disposed in the inner tank 120 can detect the real-time reaction temperature of the compost material fermentation reaction in real time, and feed back the real-time reaction temperature to the first controller. When the real-time reaction temperature reaches the target temperature corresponding to the temperature control instruction, the first controller controls the heating module to stop working.

[0090] The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention uses an outer tank body with a double-layer hollow structure to store water in the second cavity formed by the double-layer tank body, and utilizes the characteristics that the heat capacity of water is much greater than the heat capacity of gas and has better stability to construct a temperature control buffer system to achieve more precise temperature control; and after the heating module stops heating, the water stored in the second cavity can play a role in heat preservation.

[0091] Combination Figure 2 As shown, based on the above embodiment, as an optional embodiment, the heating module 140 includes a first heating coil 141 and a second heating coil 142 .

[0092] Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of a first controller provided by the present invention, such as Figure 3 As shown, the first heating coil 141 (R1 Heater) and the second heating coil 142 (R2 Heater) are connected in parallel.

[0093] The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention can perform more efficient heating by arranging a double-layer heating coil on the outer wall of the outer tank of the composting reaction device; at the same time, the double-layer heating coils are connected in parallel. Even if one of the heating coils fails, combined with the buffering effect of the water stored in the second cavity, the reaction temperature in the composting reaction device can still be safely and accurately adjusted, and the progress determined by the composting process research and development will not be affected.

[0094] Combination Figure 2 As shown, based on the above embodiment, as an optional embodiment, the inner tank 120 further includes a fermentation barrel 170, and the fermentation barrel 170 is used to place compost materials.

[0095] Optionally, the fermentation barrel 170 is a filtering porous metal barrel.

[0096] Optionally, the fermentation tank 170 is a micro fermentation tank.

[0097] Optionally, one end of the aeration pipe penetrates the inner tank cover 122 and extends to the interior of the fermentation barrel 170 ; the other end of the aeration pipe 132 is located in the first cavity 151 .

[0098] The composting process development reaction system provided by the present invention can leach out fermentation leachate in real time by arranging a fermentation barrel in the inner tank, thereby reducing the adverse effects of the leachate on the composting process.

[0099] Combination Figure 2 As shown, as an optional embodiment, the composting reaction device also includes a peristaltic pump 180.

[0100] When the composting reaction device is equipped with a heating module, a temperature sensor, a hydrothermal circulation system, and a first controller for controlling the operation of the heating module and transmitting temperature data, the ESP32 chip, multi-channel micro relays and a tank control program based on the Internet of Things MQTT protocol can realize the functions of online receiving control parameters, detecting temperature, controlling the heating ring and peristaltic pump of the tank to adjust the tank temperature and transmitting tank status parameters to a remote server, thereby realizing real-time temperature control, preheating aeration and dynamic feedback of reactor status parameters.

[0101] Based on the above embodiment, as an optional embodiment, the composting gas detection device includes but is not limited to a gas collection component, a gas detection probe and a second controller.

[0102] The second controller is connected to the gas collection component and the gas detection probe respectively; The gas collecting component is connected to the air intake pipe of at least one composting reaction device to collect fermentation gas generated by the fermentation reaction of the compost material from the at least one composting reaction device; The gas detection probe is connected to the second controller and is used to detect the gas type and gas concentration of the fermentation gas; The second controller is used to perform the following operations: receiving and responding to a gas detection instruction, and controlling a gas collection component to collect fermentation gas from at least one composting reaction device; Control the gas collection component to transport the fermentation gas to the gas detection probe to obtain the type data and concentration data of the fermentation gas; The species data and concentration data are sent to a remote server.

[0103] Specifically, after receiving the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server, the second controller of the composting gas detection device parses the gas detection instruction, and controls the gas collection component to collect the fermentation gas of the approved volume through the air intake pipe of at least one target composting reaction device indicated by the gas detection instruction. At this time, the inner tank of the target composting reaction device is in a negative pressure state, and the preheated air in the first cavity enters the inner tank through the aeration pipe.

[0104] After the fermentation gas is collected, the second controller mixes the collected fermentation gas and sends it to the gas detection probe to detect the fermentation gas, obtain the type data and concentration data of the fermentation gas, and then sends the type data and concentration data as the detection result data to the remote server.

[0105] Based on the above embodiment, as an optional embodiment, the gas collection component includes but is not limited to a valve island, a stepper motor and a syringe pump.

[0106] The valve island comprises a plurality of valve island passages, and the valve island is connected with the air suction pipe of the composting reaction device through the valve island passages.

[0107] Each valve island passage of the valve island is connected to an air intake pipe of a composting reaction device.

[0108] The injection pump is connected to the valve island, and the stepper motor is used to control the movement of the injection pump, and the fermentation gas is collected from the composting reaction device through the valve island and the suction pipe.

[0109] Accordingly, the second controller controls the gas collection component to collect the fermentation gas from at least one of the composting reaction devices, including: Control the target valve island passage to open; the target valve island passage is a valve island passage connected to the suction pipe of the target composting reaction device; the target composting reaction device is determined based on the gas detection instruction; control the stepper motor to perform a first operation; the first operation is to control the injection pump to collect a determined volume of fermentation gas from a specific composting reaction device.

[0110] Accordingly, the second controller controls the gas collection component to deliver the fermentation gas to the gas detection probe, including: Controlling the target valve island passage to close; The stepper motor is controlled to perform a second operation; the second operation is to control the injection pump to inject the fermentation gas of the determined volume into the gas detection probe.

[0111] Optionally, the function of the second controller is realized by receiving instructions sent by a remote server in real time based on the ESP32 chip and a written Internet of Things program.

[0112] Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a second controller provided by the present invention, such as Figure 4 As shown, the second controller obtains the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server, and determines the target composting reaction devices that need to obtain fermentation gas and the approved volume of fermentation gas that each target composting reaction device needs to collect based on the gas detection instruction. According to the determined target composting reaction devices, the target valve island passages connected to the air intake pipes of the target composting reaction devices are determined from all valve island passages L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5.

[0113] The second controller controls the target valve island passage to open, and controls the stepper motor M1 to move, thereby controlling the injection pump to collect a certified volume of fermentation gas from a number of target composting reaction devices.

[0114] After the fermentation gas collection is completed, the second controller controls the aforementioned opened target valve island passage to close, and controls the movement of the stepper motor M1, thereby controlling the injection pump to inject the approved volume of fermentation gas into the gas detection probes, including the oxygen detection probe (O2Sensor) and the carbon dioxide detection probe (CO2Sensor), to perform gas detection, obtain the oxygen concentration data and carbon dioxide concentration data of the fermentation gas, summarize them, and send them to the remote server.

[0115] Optionally, the gas detected by the gas detection probe will be input into an odor filter bottle for treatment, thereby eliminating the odor generated during the composting process.

[0116] Optionally, after receiving the gas detection instruction, before the second controller starts to control the stepper motor to perform the first operation, the pipeline is first cleaned with air, and the gas in the pipeline is analyzed by the oxygen detection probe and the carbon dioxide detection probe after each cleaning. When the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the pipeline is close to that in the air, the fermentation gas is collected from the target composting reaction device.

[0117] Optionally, the remote server stores the received detection result data and device temperature data in a database.

[0118] Optionally, the remote server determines the way to generate the instruction according to the operation mode selected by the user on the user interface, wherein the operation mode includes but is not limited to a follow mode, a hard cycle mode, a peak mode and an oxygen consumption mode.

[0119] The following mode refers to generating a temperature control instruction according to the difference between the reaction temperature of the compost material in the inner tank of the composting reaction device and the air temperature of the first cavity, so as to reduce the heat loss of the compost material as much as possible.

[0120] The hard circulation mode refers to generating temperature control instructions based on the temperature changes during the composting process to control the device temperature of the composting reaction device to obtain the optimal temperature and corresponding aeration parameters.

[0121] Peak mode refers to controlling the device temperature of the composting reaction device according to the temperature change and oxygen consumption rate during the reaction process, so that the temperature of the material is maintained in the temperature range with high oxygen consumption to obtain the process parameters of rapid composting.

[0122] The oxygen consumption mode refers to controlling the device temperature of the composting reaction device according to the oxygen consumption rate of the pile.

[0123] The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention can obtain oxygen consumption data of different compost material combinations in different composting reaction devices according to oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide concentration over a period of time by a remote server, and can achieve "aeration on demand" by analyzing and optimizing the dynamics of oxygen consumption during fermentation and the demand for oxygen at different temperatures, thereby saving fermentation costs. In addition, the micro-composting experiment provided by the present invention is used to analyze the compost material formula that can actually be achieved, so as to find out the dynamic oxygen consumption demand of the material during the fermentation process and optimize the process. In addition, the remote server sends instructions to different composting reaction devices and gas detection devices, thereby realizing remote control of the equipment.

[0124] Through real-time monitoring and control of several composting reaction devices, composting experiments of different materials can be realized in a 250mL system, which greatly reduces the workload compared with the existing 50L large-scale composting experimental system, and can provide an efficient experimental platform for the optimization of aerobic fermentation processes such as bacterial agent screening, aeration strategy, material formulation, and exogenous inputs.

[0125] Previous studies often evaluated different processes by analyzing the physical and chemical shapes of fermentation products and the dynamics of pile temperature, but lacked dynamic monitoring of other key indicators during the fermentation process. The present invention can accurately control the aeration volume during the fermentation process, monitor temperature changes during the fermentation process, and monitor the dynamics of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, so as to use these data to optimize the fermentation process by coupling the Internet of Things, automatic control of equipment and online detection.

[0126] In addition, based on the actual fermentation situation, compost samples with high microbial activity can be discovered in real time, which helps the research and development of bio-augmentation technology. Through online control equipment, it can also realize online "stimulation-feedback" method to analyze the impact of pile temperature, aeration changes, etc. on microbial group activities in real time, which helps the research and development of precise fermentation technology. It can also control aeration enhancement and temperature online through flexible algorithms, which helps the research and development of intelligent composting technology.

[0127] In order to better illustrate the technical effects achieved by the composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention, an embodiment is provided below to illustrate the specific application process of the composting process research and development reaction system.

[0128] Figure 5 This is the second structural diagram of the composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention, such as Figure 5 As shown, a composting process research and development reaction system includes four composting reaction devices, a gas collection and detection device and a remote server; the reactor controller of each composting reaction device is also the first controller, and the gas collection and detection device is also the composting gas detection device. The reactor controller and the gas collection and detection device are all connected to the remote server through WIFI communication.

[0129] Before the composting process development begins, the operator first performs initial settings on the integrated control system of the remote server.

[0130] Figure 6 is an example diagram of the integrated control system provided by the present invention, such as Figure 6 As shown, the operator can set the composting reaction device (reactor) that needs to be controlled through the integrated control system, including the composting period, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, aeration frequency, minimum aeration concentration, operation mode, temperature control mode, temperature increase / decrease rate, high / low temperature maintenance time and other data.

[0131] Taking the compost material consisting of dry cow dung, tomato and wheat straw as an example, the weight ratio of the three compost materials is 15:4:1, and the C:N of the mixture is 30.

[0132] A set of composting process research and development reaction system includes four composting reaction devices, which are filled with compost materials with moisture content of 53%, 60%, 65% and 70% respectively, and the mass of compost materials in each composting reaction device is 80 grams. After the materials are filled, the materials undergo fermentation reaction in the composting reaction device, and data collection and temperature control are carried out according to the data set by the operator through the integrated control system.

[0133] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of weight loss rate of compost materials with different moisture contents provided by the present invention, such as Figure 7 As shown in the figure, when composting with dry straw as auxiliary material, the reaction rate is higher when the moisture content of the material is 70%, and the weight loss rate reaches 12.57%, which is higher than the recommended moisture content of 50%-60%. Compared with samples with other moisture contents, a large number of white bacteria are formed on the surface of the compost sample with a moisture content of 70%, and the bacterial plaque accounts for about 35% of the cross-sectional area of ​​the fermentation tank.

[0134] Furthermore, materials with a moisture content of 70% were composted, and the physical and chemical properties of the materials were analyzed. Among them, the determination of moisture content and material pH refers to the corresponding methods of "Organic Fertilizer" (NY525-2012); the determination of soil electrical conductivity (EC) refers to the method used in "Electrode Method for Determination of Soil Electrical Conductivity" (HJ802-2016); the determination of seed germination index (GI) refers to the method described in "Technical Specifications for Composting of Livestock and Poultry Manure" (GB / T3442-2019), using cucumber (Zhongnong No. 28) seeds. The pH of the material in the composting reaction device quickly rose from 6.5 to 8.8-9.0, indicating that the material in the pile was mineralized and produced ammonia under the action of microorganisms. The GI values ​​of the formed composts were all higher than 70%, which met the standards of NY525-2012.

[0135] Furthermore, the diversity of the microbiome of the compost material was analyzed. Compost samples were collected at different times, and TC-DNA was extracted using the FastDNA Spin Kit for Soil (MP, Biomedicals, Santa Ana, Carlsbad, CA, United States); 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was performed using the analysis tool on the freebioinfo website, and the primers used for gene amplification were: 515F (SEQ ID NO:1): 5'-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3'; 909R (SEQ ID NO:2): 5'-CCCCGYCAATTCMTTTRAGT-3'.

[0136] Figure 8 The diagram of the succession law of the microbial community in the composting process provided by the present invention is as follows: Figure 8 As shown in Figure 1, the microbial community in the material is dominated by Firmicutes, accounting for more than 43%. The usual composting experiment is completed in a large system, and the results are similar to Figure 8 The microbial community in the composting process is mainly composed of Firmicutes. The composting process research and development reaction system provided by the present invention is a micro-reaction system different from the large system, but Figure 8 The displayed composting results indicate that the fermentation reaction carried out using the composting process development reaction system provided in this embodiment is consistent with the structural characteristics of the microbial community in aerobic fermentation.

[0137] Based on the above results, the composting process research and development reaction system provided in this embodiment can quickly obtain the parameters of the cow dung-straw composting process, which is a material ratio of 3:1 and a moisture content of 70%.

[0138] In another embodiment, using Figure 5 The provided composting process development reaction system was used to study the effect of compost return on the cow dung-straw fermentation process.

[0139] The material ratio of the above-mentioned cow dung-straw composting process is 3:1, and the compost with the strongest aerobic fermentation reaction is used as the recycled material. 10% of the recycled material is inoculated, and the uninoculated material is used as the control. Each treatment has four composting reaction devices in the composting process research and development reaction system, and each composting reaction device (reaction tank) is inoculated with 70% of the material. After the composting is started, the composting process research and development reaction system can track the oxygen consumption rate in different reaction tanks in real time.

[0140] Fig. 9 is the oxygen consumption rate diagram of the cow dung-straw composting process provided by the present invention, such as Fig. 9As shown in the figure, the inoculation of the returned material can significantly promote the aerobic fermentation process. When the composting process was carried out from the beginning to 6 hours, the oxygen consumption rate of the group with the addition of compost products increased from 38.73L / (h·t) to 1953.49L / (h·t); after that, the oxygen consumption rate of the two groups of treatments entered a plateau period, about 900L / (h·t). After 31 hours, the oxygen consumption rate of the two groups of composting showed an overall downward trend, decreasing at a rate of 8.88L / (h·t).

[0141] Based on the above results, the composting process development reaction system provided in this embodiment can quickly obtain the parameters of the cow dung-straw composting process, which are a material ratio of 3:1, a moisture content of 70%, 10% inoculation of return material, an aeration spectrum of 2000 L / (h·t) from 0 to 6 hours, 900 L / (h·t) from 6 to 31 hours, and then a decrease at a rate of 9 L / (h·t); aeration can be stopped after 96 hours.

[0142] In another embodiment, using Figure 5 The provided composting process research and development reaction system refers to the steps of determining the cow dung-straw composting process mentioned above to develop a tomato waste composting process, specifically a composting process for processing waste formed by pruning and forking during tomato planting.

[0143] The composting material is a mixture of tomato tails, straw and cow dung in a ratio of 7:1:2. 70g of material is added to each composting reaction device. After the composting process development reaction system is started, the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of the composting material are measured in real time.

[0144] Fig.10 : is the oxygen consumption rate diagram of the tomato waste composting process provided by the present invention, such as Fig.10 As shown, 10 hours after the start of composting, oxygen consumption increased rapidly to 968 L / (h·t), reached a peak at 20-22 hours, and the consumption rate reached a peak of 1038 L (h·t), then slowly decreased to 652 L / (h·t) in the next 19 hours, and maintained at around 820 L / (h·t) until 75 hours, after which the oxygen consumption rate decreased rapidly.

[0145] Based on the above results, the composting process research and development reaction system provided in this embodiment can quickly obtain a tomato tail vegetable composting process in which aeration starts 10 hours after the pile is set up, and the aeration strategy is to first quickly increase to 68.1 L / (h·t) and maintain it for 20 hours, then slowly decrease to 490 L / (h·t) at a rate of 1.71 L / (h·t), maintain it until the 4th day, and then stop aeration.

[0146] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A composting process development reaction system, characterized in that: include: At least one composting reaction device, a composting gas detection device and a remote server; The composting reaction device is used to send device temperature data when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction to the remote server; The compost gas detection device is used to respond to the gas detection instruction sent by the remote server, collect fermentation gas generated by the fermentation reaction of the compost material from at least one of the compost reaction devices, and send the detection result data of the fermentation gas to the remote server; The remote server is used to receive the device temperature data and the detection result data, and generate a temperature control instruction and a gas detection instruction based on the device temperature data and the detection result data, and send the temperature control instruction to the composting reaction device and send the gas detection instruction to the composting gas detection device; The temperature control instruction is used to instruct the composting reaction device to adjust the device temperature when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction.

2. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The composting reaction device comprises: an outer tank, an inner tank, an air intake pipe, a heating module and a first controller; The outer tank comprises an outer tank body and an outer tank cover; a first cavity is formed between the outer tank and the inner tank; The inner tank comprises an inner tank body and an inner tank cover; the inner tank is used to provide a space for the compost material to undergo a fermentation reaction; One end of the air intake pipe penetrates the outer tank cover and the inner tank cover in sequence and extends to the interior of the inner tank body; the other end of the air intake pipe is connected to the compost gas detection device so that the compost gas detection device can collect the fermentation gas from the inner tank; The heating module is arranged on the outer wall of the outer tank and is connected to the first controller; The first controller is used to perform the following operations: sending the device temperature data to the remote server; In response to the temperature control instruction, the heating module is controlled to operate to heat the air in the first cavity to adjust the device temperature when the compost material undergoes a fermentation reaction.

3. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The inner tank is a closed tank; The composting reaction device further includes: an aeration pipe; one end of the aeration pipe penetrates the inner tank cover and extends to the interior of the inner tank body; the other end of the aeration pipe is located in the first cavity.

4. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The device temperature data is determined based on the ambient temperature data of the first cavity and the reaction temperature data of the inner tank; The composting reaction device also includes: a first temperature sensor for collecting the environmental temperature data and a second temperature sensor for collecting the reaction temperature data; the first temperature sensor is connected to the first controller; and the second temperature sensor is connected to the first controller.

5. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 4, characterized in that: There are at least two first temperature sensors; each of the first temperature sensors is vertically arranged in the first cavity; and the installation intervals of any two adjacent first temperature sensors are the same.

6. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The outer tank body comprises an outer tank body and an inner tank body, and a second cavity for storing water is formed between the outer tank body and the inner tank body; The heating module is arranged on the outer wall of the outer tank body, and is used for heating the water stored in the second cavity, so as to heat the air in the first cavity.

7. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The heating module includes a first heating coil and a second heating coil.

8. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The inner tank also includes a fermentation barrel, which is a filtering porous metal barrel.

9. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The composting gas detection device comprises: a gas collection component, a gas detection probe and a second controller; the second controller is connected to the gas collection component and the gas detection probe respectively; The gas collection component is connected to the air intake pipe of at least one of the composting reaction devices to collect the fermentation gas generated by the fermentation reaction of the compost material from at least one of the composting reaction devices; The gas detection probe is connected to the second controller and is used to detect the gas type and gas concentration of the fermentation gas; The second controller is used to perform the following operations: receiving and responding to the gas detection instruction, and controlling the gas collection component to collect the fermentation gas from at least one of the composting reaction devices; Controlling the gas collection component to deliver the fermentation gas to the gas detection probe to obtain type data and concentration data of the fermentation gas; The species data and the concentration data are sent to the remote server.

10. The composting process development reaction system according to claim 8, characterized in that: The gas collection component includes: a valve island, a stepper motor and an injection pump; the valve island includes a plurality of valve island passages; the valve island is connected to the suction pipe of the composting reaction device through the valve island passages; The injection pump is in communication with the valve island; The stepper motor is used to control the movement of the injection pump; The controlling the gas collecting component to collect the fermentation gas from at least one of the composting reaction devices comprises: Controlling a target valve island passage to open; the target valve island passage is a valve island passage connected to an air intake pipe of a target composting reaction device; the target composting reaction device is determined based on the gas detection instruction; Controlling the stepper motor to perform a first operation; the first operation is controlling the injection pump to collect a specified volume of fermentation gas from a specific composting reaction device; The controlling the gas collection component to deliver the fermentation gas to the gas detection probe comprises: Controlling the target valve island passage to close; The stepper motor is controlled to perform a second operation; the second operation is to control the injection pump to inject the fermentation gas of the determined volume into the gas detection probe.

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