Airflow ventilation structure and roadbed structure

Abstract

The airflow ventilation structure comprises a heat exchange pipe embedded in a roadbed asphalt layer, the two ends of the heat exchange pipe extend out of the asphalt layer, one end of the heat exchange pipe is connected with a positive pressure air supply mechanism, and the positive pressure air supply mechanism can guide natural air into the heat exchange pipe under the action of the natural air. According to the technical scheme, under the action of natural air, the natural air flows outside the horizontal air guide pipe and forms a flow speed difference with air in the horizontal air guide pipe, so that pressure difference is formed inside and outside the end position of the horizontal air guide pipe, the air in the horizontal air guide pipe is sucked out under the action of the pressure difference, and the heat exchange pipe is communicated with the horizontal air guide pipe. And the internal air also flows towards the end part of the horizontal air guide pipe, so that the air in the heat exchange pipe is pushed to flow.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of road construction, and in particular to an airflow ventilation structure and a roadbed structure. Background Art

[0002] Thermothaw landslides are a type of thermal thaw slope instability phenomenon that is common in permafrost areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The occurrence of thermal thaw landslides is the result of permafrost degradation. At the same time, their development and growth in turn accelerate permafrost degradation and affect the stability of road projects.

[0003] High-grade roads are wide and paved with asphalt. Since black asphalt pavement absorbs heat strongly and stores high heat in thick pavement layers, the two combine to form a strong thermal effect, which causes greater thermal disturbance to the underlying permafrost, making it extremely difficult to control freeze-thaw deformation of roads. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide an airflow ventilation structure and a roadbed structure to solve the problem that the black asphalt pavement of high-grade roads in the prior art has strong heat absorption and high heat storage in the thick pavement, and the combination of the two forms a strong thermal effect, which causes greater thermal disturbance to the underlying permafrost and makes it extremely difficult to control the freeze-thaw deformation of the road.

[0005] The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0006] An airflow ventilation structure includes a heat exchange tube buried in a roadbed asphalt layer, both ends of the heat exchange tube extend out of the asphalt layer, one end of the heat exchange tube is connected to a positive pressure air supply mechanism, and the positive pressure air supply mechanism can introduce natural wind into the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind.

[0007] It is further defined that the positive pressure air supply mechanism includes a first support tube and a first right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, and the first right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the first support tube through the vertical port;

[0008] The back side of the first right-angle elbow is connected to a first air guide plate extending away from the horizontal port.

[0009] An airflow ventilation structure includes a heat exchange tube buried in an asphalt layer of a roadbed, with both ends of the heat exchange tube extending out of the asphalt layer. One end of the heat exchange tube is connected to a negative pressure suction mechanism, which can form a low pressure area at one end of the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind, so that a pressure difference is formed at both ends of the heat exchange tube, and the air in the heat exchange tube flows through the pressure difference.

[0010] It is further defined that the negative pressure adsorption mechanism includes a second support tube and a second right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, and the second right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the second support tube through the vertical port;

[0011] The horizontal port of the second right-angle elbow is connected to a horizontal air guide duct, and the outer wall of the horizontal air guide duct is connected to a second air guide plate.

[0012] An airflow ventilation structure comprises a heat exchange tube buried in a roadbed asphalt layer, both ends of the heat exchange tube extend out of the asphalt layer, and one end of the heat exchange tube is connected to a positive pressure air supply mechanism and a negative pressure air suction mechanism;

[0013] The positive pressure air supply mechanism can introduce natural wind into the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind;

[0014] The negative pressure air suction mechanism can form a low pressure area at one end of the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind, so that a pressure difference is formed at both ends of the heat exchange tube, and the air in the heat exchange tube is driven to flow by the pressure difference.

[0015] It is further defined that the positive pressure air supply mechanism includes a first support tube and a first right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, and the first right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the first support tube through the vertical port;

[0016] The back side of the first right-angle elbow is connected to a first air guide plate extending away from the horizontal port;

[0017] The negative pressure adsorption mechanism includes a second support tube and a second right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, and the second right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the second support tube through the vertical port;

[0018] The horizontal port of the second right-angle elbow is connected to a horizontal air guide duct, and the outer wall of the horizontal air guide duct is connected to a second air guide plate.

[0019] It is further defined that the horizontal air duct is provided with an air guide cover on its outer sleeve, a support plate is provided between the air guide cover and the horizontal air duct, and an air flow channel is formed between the inner wall of the air guide cover and the outer wall of the horizontal air duct;

[0020] One end of the air guide cover extends out of the end of the horizontal air guide pipe and shrinks inwards.

[0021] It is further defined that a plurality of the heat exchange tubes are arranged in parallel, and the plurality of the heat exchange tubes are laid flat on the same flat water surface.

[0022] It is further defined that the outer wall of the heat exchange tube is provided with a plurality of first ribs protruding outward and extending along the length direction, and the inner wall of the heat exchange tube is provided with a plurality of second ribs protruding inward and extending along the length direction.

[0023] A roadbed structure, comprising a base layer, a filler layer, an antifreeze layer, a thermal insulation layer, a waterproof layer, a concrete layer and an asphalt layer, which are laid on the foundation in sequence from bottom to top;

[0024] A plurality of grooves are provided on the top surface of the concrete layer, and the heat exchange pipes are located in the grooves and protrude out of the grooves.

[0025] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0026] This kind of airflow ventilation structure and roadbed structure, under the action of natural wind, the natural wind flows outside the horizontal air duct and forms a flow velocity difference with the air inside the horizontal air duct, so that a pressure difference is formed inside and outside the end position of the horizontal air duct. Under the action of the pressure difference, the air inside the horizontal air duct is sucked out, the heat exchange tube and the horizontal air duct are connected, and the internal air will also flow to the end of the horizontal air duct, thereby promoting the air flow inside the heat exchange tube.

[0027] Other advantages, objectives and features of the present invention will be described in the following description to some extent, and to some extent, will be obvious to those skilled in the art based on the following examination and study, or can be taught from the practice of the present invention. The objectives and other advantages of the present invention can be realized and obtained through the following description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 It is a three-dimensional diagram of the first embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure;

[0029] Figure 2 It is a front view of the first embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure;

[0030] Figure 3 It is a cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of the first embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure;

[0031] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the application of the first embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure in the roadbed structure;

[0032] Figure 5 It is a three-dimensional diagram of the second embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure;

[0033] Figure 6 It is a front view of the second embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure;

[0034] Figure 7 It is a cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of the second embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure;

[0035] Figure 8 It is a schematic diagram of the application of the second embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure in the roadbed structure;

[0036] Fig. 9 The three-dimensional structure of the airflow ventilation structure embodiment 3 Figure 1 ;

[0037] Fig.10 The three-dimensional structure of the airflow ventilation structure embodiment 3 Figure 2 ;

[0038] Fig.11 It is a cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of the third embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure;

[0039] Fig.12 It is a schematic diagram of the application of the third embodiment of the airflow ventilation structure in the roadbed structure;

[0040] Fig.13 It is a schematic diagram of the combination of the heat pipe, the concrete layer and the asphalt layer;

[0041] In the figure: 1. heat exchange tube; 2. first support tube; 3. first right-angle elbow; 4. first air guide plate; 5. second support tube; 6. second right-angle elbow; 7. horizontal air guide tube; 8. second air guide plate; 9. air guide cover; 10. support plate; 11. first rib; 12. second rib; 13. base layer; 14. filler layer; 15. antifreeze layer; 16. thermal insulation layer; 17. waterproof layer; 18. concrete layer; 19. asphalt layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Generally, the components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the drawings here can be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0043] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the invention claimed for protection, but merely represents selected embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters denote similar items in the following drawings, and therefore, once an item is defined in one drawing, further definition and explanation thereof is not required in subsequent drawings.

[0045] In the above description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "one side", "the other side", etc. indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship in which the product of the invention is usually placed when in use, which is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and does not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present invention. In addition, the terms "first", "second", etc. are only used to distinguish the description, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0046] In addition, the term "same" does not mean that the parts must be absolutely the same, but slight differences are allowed. The term "vertical" only means that the positional relationship between the parts is more vertical than "parallel", and does not mean that the structure must be completely vertical, but can be slightly tilted.

[0047] Embodiment 1

[0048] See also Figure 1-4 The present invention provides a technical solution: an airflow ventilation structure, comprising a heat exchange tube 1 buried in a roadbed asphalt layer 19, both ends of the heat exchange tube 1 extending out of the asphalt layer 19, one end of the heat exchange tube 1 is connected to a positive pressure air supply mechanism, and the positive pressure air supply mechanism can introduce natural wind into the heat exchange tube 1 under the action of natural wind.

[0049] The heat exchange tube 1 has a flow channel for air flow inside, and a positive pressure air supply mechanism is provided at one end thereof. When natural wind acts on the positive pressure air supply mechanism, the natural wind is introduced into the heat exchange tube 1 under the guidance of the positive pressure air supply mechanism, so that the natural wind flows in the heat exchange tube 1.

[0050] The heat exchange tube 1 can be made of a metal tube with good thermal conductivity such as a stainless steel tube, which has good thermal conductivity and can form a heat exchange structure between the asphalt layer 19 and the flowing air;

[0051] Specifically, the heat exchange tube 1 is buried in the asphalt layer 19, and the heat accumulated in the asphalt layer 19 is discharged by continuous heat exchange with flowing air, which can effectively reduce the intensity of the strong thermal effect formed by the asphalt layer 19, thereby reducing the thermal disturbance to the permafrost and protecting the roadbed as a whole.

[0052] In this embodiment, the positive pressure air supply mechanism includes a first support tube 2 and a first right-angle elbow 3 arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube 2 is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube 1, and the first right-angle elbow 3 has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the first support tube 2 through the vertical port;

[0053] The back side of the first right-angle elbow 3 is connected with a first air guide plate 4 extending away from the horizontal port.

[0054] The vertical port of the first right-angle elbow 3 is rotated downward and connected to the first supporting tube 2, and is connected to the first air guide plate 4 on the back side. The first air guide plate 4 extends away from the horizontal port, so that the first right-angle elbow 3 constitutes a weather vane structure, and under the action of external natural wind, the horizontal port of the first right-angle elbow 3 can always face the incoming wind direction, so that the external natural wind can be poured into the right-angle elbow from the horizontal port, and pass through the right-angle elbow and the first supporting tube 2 in turn into the heat exchange tube 1, and finally be discharged from the other end of the heat exchange tube 1, which can be unaffected by the wind direction of the external natural wind and keep the natural wind flowing into the heat exchange tube 1.

[0055] Embodiment 2

[0056] See also Figure 5-8 The present invention provides a technical solution: an airflow ventilation structure, comprising a heat exchange tube 1 buried in a roadbed asphalt layer 19, both ends of the heat exchange tube 1 extending out of the asphalt layer 19, one end of the heat exchange tube 1 is connected to a negative pressure suction mechanism, the negative pressure suction mechanism can form a low pressure area at one end of the heat exchange tube 1 under the action of natural wind, so that a pressure difference is formed at both ends of the heat exchange tube 1, and the air in the heat exchange tube 1 is driven to flow by the pressure difference.

[0057] The heat exchange tube 1 has a flow channel for air flow inside, and a negative pressure suction mechanism is provided at one end thereof. When natural wind acts on the negative pressure suction mechanism, the negative pressure suction mechanism will form a low pressure area at one end of the heat exchange tube 1, so that the air inside the heat exchange tube 1 will flow to the low pressure area.

[0058] The heat exchange tube 1 can be made of a metal tube with good thermal conductivity such as a stainless steel tube, which has good thermal conductivity and can form a heat exchange structure between the asphalt layer 19 and the flowing air;

[0059] Specifically, the heat exchange tube 1 is buried in the asphalt layer 19, and the heat accumulated in the asphalt layer 19 is discharged by continuous heat exchange with flowing air, which can effectively reduce the intensity of the strong thermal effect formed by the asphalt layer 19, thereby reducing the thermal disturbance to the permafrost and protecting the roadbed as a whole.

[0060] In this embodiment, the negative pressure adsorption mechanism includes a second support tube 5 and a second right-angle elbow 6 arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube 2 is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube 1, and the second right-angle elbow 6 has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the second support tube 5 through the vertical port;

[0061] The horizontal port of the second right-angle elbow 6 is connected to a horizontal air guide duct 7 , and the outer wall of the horizontal air guide duct 7 is connected to a second air guide plate 8 .

[0062] The second right-angle elbow 6 is rotatably connected to the upper end of the second support tube 5 through the vertical port. The horizontal air guide 7 serves as a structural extension of the horizontal port and as an installation base for the second air guide plate 8. The second air guide plate 8 serves as a contact portion with the external natural wind. The force of the external natural wind will directly act on the second air guide plate 8. Since the position of the second air guide plate 8 deviates from the rotation axis of the second right-angle elbow 6, after contacting the natural wind, the second right-angle elbow 6 will be pushed to rotate under the action of the natural wind, and the end of the horizontal air guide 7 will face away from the wind direction of the natural wind.

[0063] Under the action of natural wind, the natural wind flowing outside the horizontal air duct 7 forms a flow velocity difference with the air inside the horizontal air duct 7, so that a pressure difference is formed inside and outside the end position of the horizontal air duct 7. Under the action of the pressure difference, the air inside the horizontal air duct 7 is sucked out, and the heat exchange tube 1 is connected to the horizontal air duct 7. The internal air will also flow to the end of the horizontal air duct 7, thereby promoting the flow of air inside the heat exchange tube 1.

[0064] In this embodiment, the horizontal air duct 7 is provided with an air guide cover 9, a support plate 10 is provided between the air guide cover 9 and the horizontal air duct 7, and an air flow channel is formed between the inner wall of the air guide cover 9 and the outer wall of the horizontal air duct 7;

[0065] One end of the air guide cover 9 extends out of the end of the horizontal air guide pipe 7 and shrinks inward.

[0066] The wind guide cover 9 shrinks inward at one end facing away from the wind direction of the external natural wind, and accelerates the flow of internal air by changing the inner diameter. Even if the difference between the air flow velocity at the end position of the horizontal air guide 7 and the air flow velocity in the end of the air guide duct increases, the pressure difference can be increased, thereby improving the driving effect on the air flow inside the heat exchange tube 1.

[0067] In this embodiment, a plurality of heat exchange tubes 1 are arranged in parallel, and the plurality of heat exchange tubes 1 are laid flat on the same level water surface.

[0068] During the specific implementation, multiple heat exchange tubes 1 can be arranged into a group and arranged in parallel. The roadbed can be divided into sections according to the arrangement width of the heat exchange tubes 1, and each group of heat exchange tubes 1 corresponds to one section of the roadbed.

[0069] Embodiment 3

[0070] See also Figure 9-12 , the present invention provides a technical solution: an airflow ventilation structure, comprising a heat exchange tube 1 buried in a roadbed asphalt layer 19, both ends of the heat exchange tube 1 extending out of the asphalt layer 19, and one end of the heat exchange tube 1 connected to a positive pressure air supply mechanism and a negative pressure air suction mechanism;

[0071] The positive pressure air supply mechanism can introduce natural wind into the heat exchange tube 1 under the action of natural wind;

[0072] The negative pressure suction mechanism can form a low pressure area at one end of the heat exchange tube 1 under the action of natural wind, so that a pressure difference is formed at both ends of the heat exchange tube 1, and the air in the heat exchange tube 1 is driven to flow by the pressure difference.

[0073] Embodiment 1 is combined with Embodiment 2, by respectively arranging a positive-pressure air supply mechanism and a negative-pressure air suction mechanism at both ends of the heat exchange tube 1, the positive-pressure air supply mechanism and the negative-pressure air suction mechanism push the air in the heat exchange tube 1 in the same direction, and the two continuously push the air flow in the heat exchange tube 1 under the joint action of the external natural wind, which can effectively increase the air flow speed in the heat exchange tube 1, thereby improving the heat exchange effect on the asphalt layer 19.

[0074] A roadbed structure, comprising a base layer 13, a filler layer 14, an antifreeze layer 15, a thermal insulation layer 16, a waterproof layer 17, a concrete layer 18 and an asphalt layer 19, which are sequentially laid on the foundation from bottom to top;

[0075] The top surface of the concrete layer 18 is provided with a plurality of grooves, and the heat exchange tubes 1 are located in the grooves and protrude out of the grooves.

[0076] The concrete layer 18 serves as the foundation for laying the asphalt layer 19. The top surface of the concrete layer 18 has a groove as the installation position for the heat exchange tube 1, which can effectively improve the installation structural strength of the heat exchange tube 1. At the same time, the inner wall of the groove will also be in direct contact with the outer wall of the heat exchange tube 1, which can also have a heat exchange effect on the concrete layer 18 and further reduce the amount of heat transferred downward.

[0077] See also Fig.13 In this embodiment, the outer wall of the heat exchange tube 1 is provided with a plurality of first ribs 11 protruding outward and extending along the length direction, and the inner wall of the heat exchange tube 1 is provided with a plurality of second ribs 12 protruding inward and extending along the length direction.

[0078] The first rib 11 is extended as the external structure of the heat exchange tube 1, increasing the contact area with the asphalt layer 19 and improving the heat exchange effect with the asphalt layer 19. Similarly, the second rib 12 is extended as the internal structure of the heat exchange tube 1, increasing the contact area with the internal air and improving the heat exchange effect with the internal air.

[0079] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solution of the present invention can be modified or replaced by equivalents without departing from the purpose and scope of the technical solution of the present invention, which should be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. An airflow ventilation structure, comprising a heat exchange tube buried in a roadbed asphalt layer, both ends of the heat exchange tube extending out of the asphalt layer, characterized in that: One end of the heat exchange tube is connected to a positive pressure air supply mechanism, and the positive pressure air supply mechanism can introduce natural wind into the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind.

2. The airflow ventilation structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The positive pressure air supply mechanism comprises a first support tube and a first right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, the first right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the first support tube through the vertical port; The back side of the first right-angle elbow is connected to a first air guide plate extending away from the horizontal port.

3. An airflow ventilation structure, comprising a heat exchange tube buried in a roadbed asphalt layer, both ends of the heat exchange tube extending out of the asphalt layer, characterized in that: One end of the heat exchange tube is connected to a negative pressure suction mechanism, which can form a low pressure area at one end of the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind, so that a pressure difference is formed at both ends of the heat exchange tube, and the air in the heat exchange tube flows through the pressure difference.

4. The airflow ventilation structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The negative pressure adsorption mechanism includes a second support tube and a second right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, and the second right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the second support tube through the vertical port; The horizontal port of the second right-angle elbow is connected to a horizontal air guide duct, and the outer wall of the horizontal air guide duct is connected to a second air guide plate.

5. An airflow ventilation structure, comprising a heat exchange tube buried in a roadbed asphalt layer, both ends of the heat exchange tube extending out of the asphalt layer, characterized in that: One end of the heat exchange tube is connected to a positive pressure air supply mechanism and a negative pressure air suction mechanism; The positive pressure air supply mechanism can introduce natural wind into the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind; The negative pressure air suction mechanism can form a low pressure area at one end of the heat exchange tube under the action of natural wind, so that a pressure difference is formed at both ends of the heat exchange tube, and the air in the heat exchange tube is driven to flow by the pressure difference.

6. The airflow ventilation structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The positive pressure air supply mechanism comprises a first support tube and a first right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, the first right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the first support tube through the vertical port; The back side of the first right-angle elbow is connected to a first air guide plate extending away from the horizontal port; The negative pressure adsorption mechanism includes a second support tube and a second right-angle elbow arranged vertically, the lower end of the first support tube is connected and communicated with one end of the heat exchange tube, and the second right-angle elbow has a vertical port and a horizontal port, and is rotatably connected and communicated with the upper end of the second support tube through the vertical port; The horizontal port of the second right-angle elbow is connected to a horizontal air guide duct, and the outer wall of the horizontal air guide duct is connected to a second air guide plate.

7. The airflow ventilation structure according to claim 4 or 6, characterized in that: The horizontal air duct is provided with an air guide cover on its outer sleeve, a support plate is provided between the air guide cover and the horizontal air duct, and an air flow channel is formed between the inner wall of the air guide cover and the outer wall of the horizontal air duct; One end of the air guide cover extends out of the end of the horizontal air guide pipe and shrinks inwards.

8. The airflow ventilation structure according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: A plurality of heat exchange tubes are arranged in parallel, and the plurality of heat exchange tubes are laid flat on the same flat water surface.

9. The airflow ventilation structure according to claim 8, characterized in that: The outer wall of the heat exchange tube is provided with a plurality of first ribs protruding outward and extending along the length direction, and the inner wall of the heat exchange tube is provided with a plurality of second ribs protruding inward and extending along the length direction.

10. A roadbed structure comprising the airflow ventilation structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: It includes the base layer, filler layer, antifreeze layer, insulation layer, waterproof layer, concrete layer and asphalt layer laid on the foundation from bottom to top; A plurality of grooves are provided on the top surface of the concrete layer, and the heat exchange pipes are located in the grooves and protrude out of the grooves.

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