Low GWP refrigerant composition

Abstract

The refrigerant composition includes an R132 (E) refrigerant, a second refrigerant, and a third refrigerant. The second refrigerant is one of an R1234ze (E) refrigerant, an R134a refrigerant, or an R1234yf refrigerant. And the third refrigerant is one of a refrigerant R32, a refrigerant R1132a, a refrigerant R1123 and CO2. The refrigerant composition has a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 750. A method of manufacturing a refrigerant composition for an HVACR system includes mixing an amount of an R132 (E) refrigerant, an amount of a second refrigerant, and an amount of a first refrigerant. A method of retrofitting an HVACR system having an existing refrigerant composition includes adding at least one of an R132 (E) refrigerant, a second refrigerant, and a third refrigerant to the existing refrigerant composition to obtain a retrofitted refrigerant composition.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to refrigerant compositions that can be used as, for example, working fluids in refrigeration, air conditioning and / or heat pump systems, such as can be incorporated into heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVACR) systems or apparatus. Background Art

[0002] Due to concerns about environmental impacts (e.g., ozone depletion) and the ratification of the Montreal Protocol, people began to explore refrigerants that could replace ozone-depleting refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Refrigerants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) have been used as replacements for existing refrigerants containing CFCs and HFCs. However, there has been a recent trend (e.g., the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the United States' Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)) to phase out refrigerants with high global warming potential (GWP), such as some HFCs. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The present invention discloses refrigerant compositions having lower global warming potential (GWP), lower toxicity, lower flammability, lower burning velocity (Bv), and similar efficiency and cooling capacity as existing refrigerant compositions (e.g., R404A, R410A, etc.). The present invention also describes methods for making or modifying such refrigerant compositions. The refrigerant compositions can have performance similar to R404A, R410A, R454A, R454B, R454C, etc.

[0004] Retrofitting a working fluid with an existing refrigerant can be used to service, control flammability, reduce GWP, improve performance, and / or increase safety of an HVACR system designed for a working fluid with an existing refrigerant composition.

[0005] In one embodiment, the present invention discloses a refrigerant composition for use in an HVACR system. The refrigerant composition includes R1132(E) refrigerant, R1234yf refrigerant, and a third refrigerant selected from the group consisting of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant, and CO2. The refrigerant composition has a global warming potential (GWP) of approximately 300 or less.

[0006] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a refrigeration capacity equal to or about equal to or greater than 85% of the refrigeration capacity of R404A.

[0007] In one embodiment, the refrigeration capacity of the refrigerant composition is equal to, about equal to, or less than 110% of the refrigeration capacity of R410A.

[0008] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a BV equal to, about equal to, or less than 10 cm / s.

[0009] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has an OEL equal to, about equal to, or greater than 400 ppm.

[0010] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of equal to, about equal to, or less than 300.

[0011] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of 150 or less.

[0012] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a temperature glide equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 10K.

[0013] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition is an A2L refrigerant.

[0014] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition comprises R32 refrigerant.

[0015] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition comprises R32 refrigerant.

[0016] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition comprises R1132a refrigerant.

[0017] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition comprises R1132a refrigerant.

[0018] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition comprises R1123 refrigerant.

[0019] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition comprises CO2.

[0020] In one embodiment, the present invention discloses a method for producing a refrigerant composition for an HVACR system, the method comprising mixing an amount of R1132(E) refrigerant, an amount of R1234yf refrigerant, and an amount of a third refrigerant, the third refrigerant being one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant, and CO. The refrigerant composition has a Globally Prevalent Wage (GWP) of approximately 300 or less.

[0021] In one embodiment, a method for retrofitting an existing refrigerant composition for use in an HVACR system is disclosed. The method includes mixing an amount of R1132(E), an amount of R1234yf, and an amount of a third refrigerant, the third refrigerant being one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant, and CO2. The refrigerant composition has a Globally Preservative Value (GWP) of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 300.

[0022] In one embodiment, the present invention discloses a method for retrofitting an HVACR system having an existing refrigerant. The method includes adding at least one of R1132(E) refrigerant, R1234yf refrigerant, and a third refrigerant to an existing refrigerant composition to obtain a retrofitted refrigerant composition. The retrofitted refrigerant composition includes R1132(E) refrigerant, R1234yf refrigerant, and one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant, and CO2. The existing refrigerant composition includes at least one of R1132(E) and R1234yf and one of R32, R1132a, R1123, and CO2, and the refrigerant composition has a Globally Preservative Value (GWP) of equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300.

[0023] In one embodiment, a refrigerant composition for an HVACR system includes R1132(E) refrigerant, a second refrigerant, and a third refrigerant. The second refrigerant is one of R1234ze(E) refrigerant and R134a refrigerant. The third refrigerant is one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant, and CO2. The refrigerant composition has a Globally Preservative Value (GWP) of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 750.

[0024] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of equal to, about equal to, or less than 500.

[0025] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of equal to, about equal to, or less than 300.

[0026] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of 150 or less.

[0027] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of 50 or less.

[0028] In one embodiment, the second refrigerant is R1234ze(E) refrigerant. The GWP of the refrigerant composition is equal to or about equal to or less than 300, and the flammability rate of the refrigerant composition is equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

[0029] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 10 cm / s.

[0030] In one embodiment, the refrigeration capacity of the refrigerant composition is equal to or about equal to or greater than 50% of the refrigeration capacity of R410A refrigerant.

[0031] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a refrigeration capacity equal to or about equal to or greater than 75% of the refrigeration capacity of R410A refrigerant.

[0032] In one embodiment, the refrigeration capacity of the refrigerant composition is equal to or about equal to or greater than 70% of the refrigeration capacity of R454A refrigerant.

[0033] In one embodiment, the second refrigerant is R134a refrigerant.

[0034] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of equal to, about equal to, or less than 300.

[0035] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

[0036] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 10 cm / s.

[0037] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a refrigeration capacity equal to or about equal to or greater than 95% of the refrigeration capacity of R404A refrigerant.

[0038] In one embodiment, a method is provided for producing a refrigerant composition for use in an HVACR system. The method includes mixing an amount of R1132(E) refrigerant, an amount of a second refrigerant, and an amount of a third refrigerant. The second refrigerant is one of R1234ze(E) refrigerant and R134a refrigerant. The third refrigerant is one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant, and CO2. The refrigerant composition has a Globally Preservative Value (GWP) of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 750.

[0039] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of equal to, about equal to, or less than 300.

[0040] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

[0041] In one embodiment, a method relates to a method for retrofitting an HVACR system containing an existing refrigerant composition. The method includes replacing at least a portion of the existing refrigerant composition to obtain a retrofitted refrigerant composition. The replacement includes adding one or more refrigerants to the HVACR system. The retrofitted refrigerant composition includes one of R1132(E) refrigerant, R1234ze(E) refrigerant, and R134a refrigerant, and one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant, and CO2. The refrigerant composition has a Globally Prevalent Wage (GWP) of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 750.

[0042] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a GWP of equal to, about equal to, or less than 300.

[0043] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0045] The described and other features, aspects, and advantages of the refrigerant compositions, methods of making the refrigerant compositions, and methods of retrofitting the refrigerant compositions in HVACR will be better understood with reference to the following drawings:

[0046] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer loop of an HVACR system according to an embodiment.

[0047] Figure 2 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0048] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0049] Figure 4 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0050] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0051] Figure 6 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1132a and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0052] Figure 7 yes Figure 6 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0053] Figure 8 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1132a and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0054] Figure 9 yes Figure 8 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0055] Figure 10 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1123 and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0056] Figure 11 yes Figure 10 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0057] Figure 12 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1123 and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0058] Figure 13 yes Figure 12 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0059] Figure 14 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R1123 and CO2 according to an embodiment.

[0060] Figure 15 yes Figure 14 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0061] Figure 16 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), CO2 and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0062] Figure 17 yes Figure 16 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0063] Figure 18 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R32 according to an embodiment.

[0064] Figure 19 yes Figure 18 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0065] Figure 20 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R32 according to an embodiment.

[0066] Figure 21 yes Figure 20 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0067] Figure 22 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1132a according to an embodiment.

[0068] Figure 23 yes Figure 22 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0069] Figure 24 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1132a according to an embodiment.

[0070] Figure 25 yes Figure 24 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0071] Figure 26 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1123 according to an embodiment.

[0072] Figure 27 yes Figure 26 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0073] Figure 28 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1123 according to an embodiment.

[0074] Figure 29 yes Figure 28 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0075] Figure 30 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and CO2 according to an embodiment.

[0076] Figure 31 yes Figure 30 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0077] Figure 32 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and CO2 according to an embodiment.

[0078] Figure 33 yes Figure 32 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0079] Figure 34 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R134a, and R32 according to an embodiment.

[0080] Figure 35 yes Figure 34 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0081] Figure 36 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R134a, and R32 according to an embodiment.

[0082] Figure 37 yes Figure 36 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0083] Figure 38 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R134a, and R1132a according to an embodiment.

[0084] Figure 39 yes Figure 38 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0085] Figure 40 is a matrix showing refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R134a, and R1132a according to an embodiment.

[0086] Figure 41 yes Figure 40 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0087] Figure 42 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R134a and R1123 according to an embodiment.

[0088] Figure 43 yes Figure 42 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0089] Figure 44 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R134a and R1123 according to an embodiment.

[0090] Figure 45 yes Figure 44 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0091] Figure 46 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R134a and CO2 according to an embodiment.

[0092] Figure 47 yes Figure 46 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0093] Figure 48 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R134a and CO2 according to an embodiment.

[0094] Figure 49 yes Figure 48 A matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to an embodiment.

[0095] Figure 50 is a matrix showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf according to an embodiment.

[0096] Figure 51 yes Figure 50 Matrix showing refrigerant compositions selected according to embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0097] The present invention describes refrigerant compositions having lower GWP, lower toxicity, lower burn rate (BV), and / or similar efficiency and cooling capacity as existing refrigerant compositions (e.g., R404A, R410A, etc.), and methods of making such refrigerant compositions. In some embodiments, the present invention describes refrigerant compositions having performance similar to R404A, R410A, R454A, R454B, R454C, etc. The present invention describes retrofit refrigerant compositions, methods of making retrofit refrigerant compositions, and methods of retrofitting existing refrigerant compositions. The present invention describes retrofitting existing refrigerant compositions that can be used to repair, control flammability, reduce GWP, improve performance, and / or improve safety of HVACR systems that are designed for or use existing refrigerant compositions.

[0098] For example, the HVACR system may be designed for R404A, R410A, R454A, R454B, R454C, etc., or the HVACR system may use R404A, R410A, R454A, R454B, R454C, etc., and use one or two of R1132(E), a second refrigerant, and a third refrigerant. The second refrigerant may be R1234yf, R1234ze(E), or R134a. The third refrigerant may be R32, R1132a, R1123, or CO2.

[0099] The disclosed embodiments relate to one or more refrigerant compositions, methods of making refrigerant compositions containing the disclosed compositions, and methods of retrofitting existing refrigerant compositions in HVACR systems.

[0100] The disclosed refrigerant compositions can have the same or similar cooling capacity, so that HVACR systems can accept the disclosed refrigerant compositions without modification. If the disclosed refrigerant compositions are intended to replace existing refrigerants in HVACR systems that use or are designed for existing refrigerants, the disclosed refrigerant compositions can be retrofit refrigerants or retrofit refrigerant compositions. The retrofit refrigerant compositions can have the same or similar cooling capacity as the existing refrigerant compositions they replace. Compared to the existing refrigerants they replace, the retrofit refrigerant compositions can have lower global warming potential (GWP), better safety performance (e.g., lower body temperature (BV), less flammability, higher occupational exposure limit (OEL), etc.), the same or better coefficient of performance (COP), etc.

[0101] The refrigerant composition may consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise R1132(E), the second refrigerant, and the third refrigerant. The refrigerant composition consists essentially of R1132(E), the second refrigerant, and the third refrigerant, and may be mixed with, for example, impurities, contaminants, additives, and the like.

[0102] In one embodiment, the second refrigerant may be R1234yf, and the refrigerant composition may consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise R1132(E), R1234yf, and a third refrigerant. The refrigerant composition consists essentially of R1132(E), R1234yf, and the third refrigerant, and may be mixed with, for example, impurities, contaminants, additives, and the like.

[0103] In one embodiment, the second refrigerant may be R1234ze(E), and the refrigerant composition may consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and the third refrigerant. The refrigerant composition consists essentially of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and the third refrigerant, and may be mixed with, for example, impurities, contaminants, additives, and the like.

[0104] In one embodiment, the second refrigerant may be R134a, and the refrigerant composition may consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise R1132(E), R134a, and a third refrigerant. The refrigerant composition consists essentially of R1132(E), R134a, and the third refrigerant, and may be mixed with, for example, impurities, contaminants, additives, and the like.

[0105] In one embodiment, the disclosed refrigerant composition can be retrofitted from an existing refrigerant composition. Retrofitting can include mixing a working fluid containing an existing refrigerant composition with a refrigerant, refrigerant mixture, or chemical compound to obtain a working fluid containing the disclosed refrigerant composition or a refrigerant composition equivalent to one or more embodiments of the disclosed refrigerant composition.

[0106] In one embodiment, existing refrigerant compositions may include R410A, R404A, etc. In one embodiment, existing refrigerant compositions may include R125, R143a, R134a, R32, etc. In one embodiment, the disclosed refrigerant compositions may replace refrigerant compositions such as R454A, R454B, R454C, etc.

[0107] The chemical formula of R1132(E) refrigerant is (E)1,1-difluoroethylene, which has high flammability (BV>25 centimeters per second (cm / s)) and a GWP of less than 1. The chemical formula of R1234yf refrigerant is 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene-1-ene, which has low flammability (BV<2 cm / s) and a GWP of less than 1.

[0108] R32 is difluoromethane, slightly flammable (BV between 6 cm / s and 8 cm / s), and has a GWP of approximately 677. R1132a is 1,1-difluoroethylene, highly flammable (e.g., Class A2), and has a GWP of less than 1. CO2 is non-flammable and has a GWP of 1. R1123 is trifluoroethylene, slightly flammable (e.g., BV between 6 cm / s and 8 cm / s), and has a GWP of less than 1.

[0109] The existing refrigerant composition may be a traditional refrigerant with a high GWP and / or high safety risk, which is being phased out due to environmental and / or safety concerns. For example, the existing refrigerant composition may include R404A, R410A, etc. The existing refrigerant composition may be a previously proposed refrigerant composition. For example, the existing refrigerant composition may include R454A, R454B, R454C, etc. For example, R454A has a GWP of 239 and is classified as A2L; R454B has a GWP of 466; and R454C has a GWP of 146 and is classified as A2L.

[0110] R404A is a mixture of R125 (pentafluoroethane), R134a (tetrafluoroethane), and R143a (trifluoroethane). R404A has a global warming potential (GWP) of approximately 4000. R410A, a mixture of equal or approximately equal parts R32 and R125, has a high GWP of approximately 2000. However, R410A is non-flammable and is classified as A1 according to ASHRAE Standard 34.

[0111] In some embodiments, the selection of a refrigerant composition may be based on one or more properties of the refrigerant composition, such as, but not limited to, GWP, cooling capacity relative to existing refrigerant compositions, OEL, flammability, BV, temperature glide, COP, safety classification, etc., or a combination thereof.

[0112] In some embodiments, the cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition may differ from the cooling capacity of the existing refrigerant composition by, for example, equal to or about equal to or less than 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1%. The existing refrigerant composition may be R404A.

[0113] In some embodiments, the cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition may differ from the cooling capacity of the existing refrigerant composition by, for example, equal to or about equal to or less than 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1%. The existing refrigerant composition may be R410A.

[0114] In some embodiments, the cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition may differ from the cooling capacity of the existing refrigerant composition by, for example, equal to or about equal to or less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1%. The existing refrigerant composition may be R454A.

[0115] The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 750. The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 500. The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 400. The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 300. The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 150. The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 100. The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 50. The GWP of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 1. For example, a refrigerant composition containing R1132(E) and R1234yf may have a GWP equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 1. GWP based on Figure 2-51 The GWP of each component and the mass fraction of each component in the GWP may be, for example, the GWP in the Assessment Report Version 5 (AR5) published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

[0116] In some embodiments, the flammability of the refrigerant composition may be characterized as, for example, Class 2, Class 2L, etc. Class 2L may require a BV of less than 10 cm / s.

[0117] In some embodiments, the BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 20 cm / s. The BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 15 cm / s. The BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 13 cm / s. The BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 10 cm / s. The BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 8 cm / s. The BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 6 cm / s. The BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 5 cm / s. The BV of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 1 cm / s.

[0118] In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition may meet the A1 safety group or classification according to ASHRAE Standard 34. The refrigerant composition may meet the A2 safety group or classification. The refrigerant composition may meet the A2L safety group or classification. The refrigerant composition may meet the B1 safety group or classification. The refrigerant composition may meet the B2 safety group or classification.

[0119] In some embodiments, the temperature glide of the refrigerant composition (e.g., at the condenser, evaporator, etc.) may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 20 Kelvin (K). The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 15 K. The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 10 K. The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 7.5 K. The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 5 K. The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 3 K. The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 2 K. The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 2.5 K. The temperature glide of the refrigerant composition may be equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 1 K.

[0120] In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 0.7 relative to existing refrigerant compositions (e.g., R404A, R410A, or R454A). The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 0.8. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 0.9. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 0.95. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 0.96. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 0.98. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 1.0. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 1.1. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 1.2. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 1.5. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 2.0. The refrigerant composition has a COP of at least 3.0.

[0121] In some embodiments, the refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 50 ppm. The refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 100 ppm. The refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 150 ppm. The refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 200 ppm. The refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 300 ppm. The refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 400 ppm. The refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 500 ppm. The refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 600 ppm. It will be appreciated that the refrigerant composition may be selected to have an OEL within a desired range. For example, the refrigerant composition may have an OEL of at least 50 ppm, at least 200 ppm, at least 400 ppm, or between 250 ppm and 500 ppm.

[0122] An HVACR system may be designed to utilize a specific existing refrigerant (e.g., R404A or R410A). If the HVACR system is modified to utilize a working fluid containing a refrigerant composition having a cooling capacity less than 85% of the cooling capacity of the specific existing refrigerant, this may result in, for example, the need to replace or modify the compressor to have a larger volumetric displacement, a larger process fluid volume, and / or a larger temperature difference, thereby reducing the efficiency of the HVACR system. In some embodiments, a refrigerant composition having a cooling capacity equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of the specific existing refrigerant (e.g., R404A or R410A) may be required. A working fluid having a cooling capacity that differs by, approximately equal to, or less than 10% from the cooling capacity of the specific existing refrigerant may result in, for example, minimal impact on the efficiency of the HVACR system designed for the specific refrigerant. A working fluid having a cooling capacity equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of a particular existing refrigerant (e.g., R404A, R410A, etc.) can result in, for example, an even smaller impact on the efficiency of an HVACR system designed for a particular existing refrigerant (e.g., R404A, R410A, or R454A, etc.). The performance characteristics can be comparable to those of R404A, R410A, or R454A. In some embodiments, one or more properties of the refrigerant composition can be simulated and / or estimated using a vapor compression thermodynamic cycle tool that calculates thermodynamic properties using the Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties database (REFPROP) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It should be understood that the refrigerant composition is not limited to retrofitting a particular existing refrigerant and can be selected for use, for example, in an HVACR system designed for the disclosed refrigerant composition and / or other refrigerant compositions.

[0123] With respect to the amount of refrigerant, "about" generally allows for a variation of up to 2% from the stated value, rounded up. In some embodiments, "about" can allow for a variation of up to 5% from the value along the flammability boundary (e.g., along a particular BV boundary), as discussed further below. It should be understood that equal to or approximately greater than zero to equal to or approximately equal to an amount of refrigerant includes a range of equal to or approximately equal to the recited amount, as well as greater than zero to equal to or approximately equal to the recited amount. It should also be understood that equal to or approximately equal to an amount of refrigerant to less than 100% of the refrigerant includes equal to or approximately equal to the recited amount, as well as a range of less than 100% to equal to or approximately equal to the recited amount.

[0124] HVACR systems can be used to cool or heat one or more specific spaces. For example, an HVACR system can cool an area by applying work to a refrigerant, exchanging heat with the air, thereby cooling the air. The cooled air can then be circulated to a specific space to cool the specific space. In some embodiments, the specific space can be a residential, commercial, industrial, public, or laboratory building. In some embodiments, the specific space can be a transportation vehicle, such as a car, truck, bus, train or light rail vehicle, container, van, ship, or vessel.

[0125] The HVACR system can utilize a working fluid in a circuit to cool a process fluid (e.g., air, coolant, water, etc.). In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition can be a mixture of R1132(E), R1234yf, R1234ze(E), R134a, R32, R1123, R1132a, CO2, etc.

[0126] A "working fluid" can be two or more components of a compound, a refrigerant, a refrigerant mixture, a refrigerant composition, and / or the like, or a mixture thereof.

[0127] The burn rate is estimated based on the properties of the individual components and various binary mixtures of the components. Thus, in one embodiment, the amount of each refrigerant in the composition on the burn rate line can vary, for example, by up to about 5%. It should be understood that the compositions and ranges shown and / or described may be updated based on further testing to confirm the position of the burn rate.

[0128] In some embodiments, the refrigerant or refrigerant composition may be the refrigerant portion of the working fluid that undergoes a phase change, such as between liquid and vapor, during one or more vapor compression cycles in the HVACR system.

[0129] Flammability is determined according to ASHRAE Standard 34 (e.g., ASHRAE 34-2019), which includes Class 1, Class 2L, Class 2, and Class 3 flammability classifications. For example, Class 2L requires the refrigerant composition to have low flammability and slow flame propagation (e.g., BV less than 10 cm / s); Class 2 allows refrigerant compositions to have low flammability but can have faster flame propagation (e.g., BV greater than 10 cm / s). Refrigerant compositions described as non-flammable (i.e., no flame propagation) are flammable and can be classified as Class 1 refrigerants according to ASHRAE Standard 34.

[0130] Toxicity is determined based on ASHRAE Standard 34. Compositions described as low toxicity have some toxicity that would classify them as Class A refrigerants according to ASHRAE Standard 34. The OEL for a Class A refrigerant may be greater than or equal to 400 ppm by volume. The OEL for a Class B refrigerant may be less than 400 ppm by volume.

[0131] Figure 1 FIG2 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer circuit 100 of an HVACR system 105, according to an embodiment. Heat transfer circuit 100 includes a compressor 120, a condenser 130, an expansion device 140, and an evaporator 150. In one embodiment, heat transfer circuit 100 may be modified to include other components. For example, in one embodiment, heat transfer circuit 100 may include one or more economizer heat exchangers, flow control devices, a receiver tank, a dryer, a suction liquid heat exchanger, and the like.

[0132] The components of the heat transfer circuit 100 are fluidically connected. The heat transfer circuit 100 can be configured as a cooling system (e.g., a fluid cooler for HVACR, an air conditioning system, etc.) that can operate in a cooling mode. The heat transfer circuit 100 can be configured as a heat pump system that can operate in a cooling mode and / or a heating mode. The heat transfer circuit 100 can be configured to operate in heating, cooling, dehumidification, refrigeration, etc. modes.

[0133] The heat transfer circuit 100 utilizes known principles of gas compression and heat transfer. The heat transfer circuit can be configured to heat or cool a process fluid (e.g., water, air). In one embodiment, the heat transfer circuit 100 can represent a chiller for cooling a process fluid (e.g., water, etc.). In one embodiment, the heat transfer circuit 100 can represent an air conditioner and / or heat pump that includes a process fluid (e.g., air, etc.).

[0134] During exemplary operation of the refrigerant circuit 100, the working fluid flows from the evaporator 150 into the compressor 120 in a gaseous state at a relatively low pressure. The compressor 120 compresses the gas to a high pressure, thereby heating the gas. After compression, the relatively higher pressure and higher temperature gas flows from the compressor 120 to the condenser 130. In addition to the refrigerant flowing through the condenser 130, an external fluid (e.g., external air, external water, chiller water, etc.) also flows through the condenser 130. The external fluid absorbs heat from the working fluid as it flows through the condenser 130. The working fluid condenses into a liquid and then flows into the expansion device 140. The expansion device 140 reduces the pressure of the working fluid. The reduced pressure causes the working fluid to expand and transform into a mixed vapor and liquid state. The relatively low temperature vapor / liquid working fluid then flows into the evaporator 150. A process fluid (e.g., air, water, chiller liquid, etc.) also flows through the evaporator 150. According to known principles, the working fluid absorbs heat from the process fluid as it flows through the evaporator 150. The working fluid absorbs heat while evaporating into a vapor state. The working fluid then returns to the compressor 120. The above process continues while the heat transfer loop 100 is operating (eg, in cooling mode).

[0135] The refrigerant compositions and methods described herein can be used in the heat transfer circuit 100 of the HVACR system 105. For example, the methods of retrofitting existing refrigerant compositions can be applied to Figure 1 The heat transfer circuit 100. In addition, the refrigeration composition described herein can be used Figure 1 The working fluid of the heat transfer circuit 100. In addition, the method of modifying the refrigerant composition described herein can be used Figure 1 Modification of the working fluid in the heat transfer circuit 100.

[0136] Should be understood that refrigerant composition can be made up of, be substantially made up of or comprise R1132 (E), the second refrigerant and the third refrigerant.The second refrigerant is one among R1234yf, R1234ze (E) and R134a.The third refrigerant is one among R32, R1132a, R1123 and CO 2.Should also be understood that working fluid can comprise refrigerant composition, impurity and / or additive, such as but not limited to lubricant, refrigeration system additive, tracer, ultraviolet (UV) dye, solubilizing agent etc.Should be understood that each weight percentage provided herein can be used as the endpoint of given refrigerant and / or the refrigerant (such as, the second refrigerant, the third refrigerant) of its representative.

[0137] Refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234yf and a third refrigerant

[0138] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition consists of, consists essentially of, or comprises R1132(E), R1234yf, and a third refrigerant. Figure 2-50 5 and 51 each show matrices 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, or 1600 of compositions of R1132(E), R1234yf, and a third refrigerant. In each matrix, the properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., GWP, toxicity, flammability, coefficient of performance, discharge temperature difference, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to another refrigerant composition, etc.) are plotted as a function of the weight percentage (wt %) of R1132(E), R1234yf, and the third refrigerant. In one embodiment, the method of making a refrigerant composition utilizes Figure 2-17 , 50 and 51, so that the refrigerant composition has one or more desired properties.

[0139] For example, Figure 2 As shown, each side 210, 220, and 230 of the triangle may correspond to the weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R1234yf, and a third refrigerant, respectively. The third refrigerant is R32. Each vertex 211, 221, and 231 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf, respectively. For example, at 211, it is indicated that the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1132(E); at 221, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R32; and at 231, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1234yf. Matrix 200 can be used to estimate the properties of refrigerant compositions (e.g., GWP, toxicity, flammability, coefficient of performance, discharge temperature difference, temperature glide, and cooling capacity relative to R404A) and the weight percentages of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. Based on the experimental results, a thermodynamic model is used to determine the properties of the composition represented in matrix 200 . Figure 3 Embodiments of refrigerant compositions are shown having preferred weight percentage ranges of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf, and are selected based on one or more characteristics of the refrigerant composition.

[0140] Figure 4-17 Similarly shown are the refrigerant composition of R1132(E), R1234yf, and the third refrigerant; the characteristics of the refrigerant composition according to weight percentages of R1132(E), R1234yf, and the third refrigerant; and / or preferred ranges.

[0141] See also Figure 2According to one embodiment, a matrix 200 shows a refrigerant composition including R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The matrix 200 is a triangle having three sides 210, 220, and 230 and three vertices 211, 221, and 231, representing the composition (e.g., weight percentage) of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf, respectively. Figure 2 The matrix 200 includes one or more lines representing properties (eg, cooling capacity based on R404A, temperature glide, OEL, BV, and GWP) of the refrigerant compositions relative to weight percentage of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf, respectively.

[0142] It will be appreciated that the boundary between meeting the Class 2L and Class 2 classifications may be a linear BV of 100 mm per second, as determined, for example, based on ASHRAE Standard 34. Figure 2 As shown, the boundary line between flammable and non-flammable compositions is represented by line 240 extending from edge 210 to edge 220. Class 2 refrigerant compositions are located on the right side of line 240, and Class 2L refrigerant compositions are located on the left side of line 240. Line 240 is based on the flammability and / or inhibitor properties of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The flammability boundary is estimated based on the properties of various binary mixtures of each component and component. Therefore, in one embodiment, the amount of each refrigerant along the flammability boundary in the composition may, for example, vary by about 5%. It should be understood that the compositions and ranges shown and / or described may be updated based on further testing to confirm the position of the flammability boundary.

[0143] Figure 2 Matrix 200 shows a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. As shown in the legend of matrix 200, the cooling capacity, temperature glide, OEL, BV, and GWP of the refrigerant composition are shown relative to the weight percentage of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf in the refrigerant composition. Figure 2 The cooling capacity is displayed relative to that of R404A.

[0144] In one embodiment, a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf may be selected based on cooling capacity, temperature glide, OEL, BV and / or GWP, for example, Figure 2 shown.

[0145] In one embodiment, Figure 2The refrigerant composition represented in FIG. 2 can be selected based on its cooling capacity relative to that of R404A. Line 250 represents a refrigerant composition having the same cooling capacity as R404A. With a cooling capacity that is the same or similar to that of R404A, the refrigerant composition can be used as a working fluid in an HVACR system designed for R404A with little or no modification to the HVACR system equipment. In one embodiment, the cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition can be Figure 2 20% or about 20% as shown, bounded by lines 251 and 252. Line 251 represents Figure 2 The cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition in is equal to or about equal to 1.2 times (i.e., 20% more) the cooling capacity of R404A. Line 252 represents Figure 2 The refrigeration capacity of the refrigerant composition in the present invention is equal to or approximately equal to 0.8 times the refrigeration capacity of R404A (ie, 20% lower).

[0146] In one embodiment, Figure 2 The refrigerant composition represented in can be selected based on the temperature glide of the refrigerant composition. The temperature glide is the temperature difference between the saturation temperatures of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf at the same pressure level in the refrigerant composition. It should be understood that for the refrigerant composition in the working fluid of the HVACR system, a lower temperature glide is generally preferred. For example, a temperature glide equal to, about equal to, or less than 3K (i.e., 2 degrees Kelvin) may be preferred. Figure 2 As shown, for example, line 260 (or line segment 260) represents Figure 2 The weight percentages of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf in the refrigerant composition wherein the temperature glide is equal to or approximately equal to 3 K. Line 261 (or line segment 261) represents Figure 2 The weight percentages of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf in a refrigerant composition wherein the temperature glide is equal to or approximately equal to 2 K. The area between lines 260 and 261 represents Figure 2 The weight percentage range of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf in the refrigerant composition wherein the temperature glide is between equal to or approximately equal to 2K and equal to or approximately equal to 3K.

[0147] In one embodiment, Figure 2The refrigerant composition represented in can be selected based on the OEL of the refrigerant composition. The OEL can be an upper limit of the time-weighted average concentration of the refrigerant composition that a user can come into contact with, for example, according to ASHRAE Standard 34, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, etc. In one embodiment, the OEL of the refrigerant composition can be equal to or approximately equal to 400 ppm. In one embodiment, according to the ASHRAE classification standard, refrigerant compositions having an OEL equal to, or approximately equal to, or higher than 400 ppm can be classified as Class A (e.g., low toxicity), and refrigerant compositions having an OEL equal to, or approximately equal to, or lower than 400 ppm can be classified as Class B (e.g., high toxicity). In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition can be selected based on an OEL equal to or approximately equal to 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, or 800 ppm, and / or any value therebetween. For example, a refrigerant composition having an OEL between any of the aforementioned values ​​(eg, 400 ppm to 500 ppm, 450 ppm to 500 ppm, 400 ppm to 600 ppm, etc.) may be selected.

[0148] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition may be selected based on its safety classification (e.g., A1, A2, A2L, B2, B2L, etc.) For example, the A2L classification requires a BV less than 10 cm / s and an OEL greater than 400 ppm, among other requirements.

[0149] In one embodiment, Figure 2 The refrigerant compositions shown in can be selected based on the BV of the refrigerant composition. The BV can be determined to evaluate the flammability of the refrigerant composition. According to ASHRAE Standard 34, a BV above 100 mm / s can be classified as Class 2, and a BV below 100 mm / s can be classified as Class 2L. For example, Figure 2 As shown, line 240 represents a BV of 100 mm / s (or Figure 2 241 represents a refrigerant composition having a BV of 5 cm / s, and line 242 represents a refrigerant composition having a BV of 15 cm / s. The area between lines 241 and 242 may represent refrigerant compositions having a BV between 5 cm / s and 10 cm / s.

[0150] In one embodiment, Figure 2 The refrigerant compositions shown in can be selected based on the GWP of the refrigerant composition. For example, Figure 2As shown, line 270 represents a refrigerant composition having a GWP of 300, line 271 represents a refrigerant composition having a GWP of 10, and line 272 represents a refrigerant composition having a GWP of 150. The region between lines 271 and 272 may represent refrigerant compositions having a GWP between 10 and 150.

[0151] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 The matrix 200 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 3 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include (i.e., consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise) R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The refrigerant composition may be selected based on one or more properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., cooling capacity, temperature glide, OEL, BV, and GWP relative to R404A).

[0152] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 300 and a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desired properties, Figure 3 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 240 is shown in the matrix 200. Useful refrigerant compositions 240 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0153] In one embodiment, useful compositions 240 may include, for example Figure 3 The preferred composition 242 is shown. The preferred composition 242 has properties including a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of that of R404A. The preferred refrigerant composition 242 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-89 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0154] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 242 may include Figure 3A more preferred composition 244 is shown. Further preferred properties of composition 244 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of that of R404A. A further preferred refrigerant composition 244 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-86 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0155] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 244 may include Figure 3 A more preferred composition 246 is shown. The properties of the more preferred composition 246 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The more preferred refrigerant composition 246 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-82 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0156] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 246 may include Figure 3 A further more preferred composition 248 is shown. The properties of the further more preferred composition 248 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The further more preferred refrigerant composition 248 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-79 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0157] In one embodiment, a further more preferred composition 248 may include Figure 3 An even more preferred composition 250 is shown. The properties of the even more preferred composition 250 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. An even more preferred refrigerant composition 250 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-75 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0158] Figure 3 Also included is a shaded area 260. The compositions in the shaded area 260 have a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower GWP (e.g., a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150) provided by the compositions in the shaded areas 260, 262. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 3 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 240, preferred composition 242, further preferred composition 244, more preferred composition 246, further more preferred composition 248, even further more preferred composition 250) are selected and as Figure 3 As depicted, it is located within shaded area 260 .

[0159] For example, such desired compositions of useful composition 240 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 38 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred composition 242 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 38-89 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired composition of further preferred composition 244 includes R1132(E) at or about 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf at or about 38-86 wt%; and R32 at or about 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%. For example, such desired composition of more preferred composition 246 includes R1132(E) at or about 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf at or about 38-82 wt%; and R32 at or about 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred composition 248 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 38-79 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred composition 250 include equal to or approximately equal to 4-43 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 38-74 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0160] Figure 3 Also included is a dark region 270. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 270. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 3 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 240, preferred composition 242, further preferred composition 244, more preferred composition 246, further more preferred composition 248, even further more preferred composition 250) are selected and as Figure 3 As depicted, it is located within the dark region 270 .

[0161] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 240 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 242 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-89 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired composition of further preferred composition 244 includes equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-86 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired composition of more preferred composition 246 includes equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-82 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred composition 248 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-79 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 1-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred composition 250 include equal to or approximately equal to 4-27 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-75 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 5-44 wt% of R32.

[0162] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 150. In such embodiments, a desired composition may be obtained from Figure 3 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 240, preferred composition 242, further preferred composition 244, more preferred composition 246) are selected and as Figure 3 As depicted, they are within the shaded area 260 and the dark area 270. For example, the upper limit of R32 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt %, and the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 55 wt %.

[0163] In some embodiments, the desired set of properties for the refrigerant composition may include a GWP different from those described above, a cooling capacity different from those described above, a BV different from those described above, and / or a temperature glide. In one embodiment, a BV equal to or less than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a glide equal to or less than 3 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 2.5 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 2 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 50 may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 10 may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 140% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 130% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. It is understood that Figure 3 The matrix 200 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired GWP, BV, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide. Figure 3 The different ranges of compositions discussed can be based on Figure 3 Modifications / selections are made to obtain a range of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf having the desired properties (e.g. GWP, cooling capacity, BV and / or temperature glide). It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above.

[0164] Figure 4 4 is a matrix 400 showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf according to an embodiment. Figure 2 and 3 Compared with the matrix 200, Figure 4 The cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition is relative to the cooling capacity of R410A. Figure 4 , matrix 400 shows a graph of the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A and OEL of the refrigerant composition as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf. In one embodiment, the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A and OEL of the refrigerant composition can be calculated based on the weight percentage of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf. Figure 4 A refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is selected based on the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A, and OEL. Similar to the description of matrix 200 above, Figure 4 The matrix 400 in FIG. 4 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt %) of R1132(E), R1234yf, and R32, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to the compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234yf, and 100% R32, respectively.

[0165] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 Matrix 400 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 5 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The refrigerant composition may be selected based on one or more characteristics of the refrigerant composition, such as GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A, and OEL.

[0166] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 300, a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or greater than 50% of the cooling capacity relative to R410A, and an OEL of at least 400 ppm. Based on these desired properties, Figure 5 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 240 is shown in the matrix 400. Useful refrigerant compositions 440 include greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 87 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R32.

[0167] In one embodiment, useful compositions 440 may include, for example Figure 5 The preferred composition 442 is shown. The preferred composition 442 has characteristics including a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity relative to R410A, and an OEL of at least 400 ppm. The preferred refrigerant composition 442 includes greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0168] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 442 may include Figure 5A further preferred composition 444 is shown. The properties of the further preferred composition 444 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity relative to R410A, and an OEL of at least 400 ppm. A further preferred refrigerant composition 444 includes equal to or approximately equal to 8 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 48 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0169] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 444 may include Figure 5 A more preferred composition 446 is shown. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 446 include a GWP of 300 or less, a cooling capacity of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and an OEL of at least 400 ppm. The more preferred refrigerant composition 446 includes 16 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); 39 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 1-44 wt% of R32.

[0170] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 446 may include Figure 5 A further preferred composition 448 is shown. The properties of the further preferred composition 3048 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity relative to R410A, and an OEL of at least 400 ppm. The further preferred refrigerant composition 448 includes equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 3-44 wt% of R32.

[0171] In one embodiment, a further more preferred composition 448 may include Figure 5An even more preferred composition 450 is shown. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 450 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity relative to R410A, and an OEL of at least 400 ppm. An even more preferred refrigerant composition 450 includes equal to or approximately equal to 33 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 4-44 wt% of R32.

[0172] Figure 5 Also included is a shaded area 460. The GWP of the compositions in the shaded area 460 is equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower GWP (e.g., a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150) provided by the compositions within the shaded area 460. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 5 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 440, preferred composition 442, further preferred composition 444, more preferred composition 446, further more preferred composition 448, even further more preferred composition 450) are selected and as Figure 5 As depicted, it is located within shaded area 460 .

[0173] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 440 include greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 87 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 442 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 51 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred composition 444 include 35 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of more preferred composition 446 include 43 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); 35 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 1-22 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred composition 448 include equal to or approximately equal to 51 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 3-22 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred composition 450 include equal to or approximately equal to 59 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 4-22 wt% of R32.

[0174] Figure 5 Also included are dark regions 470, 472. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark regions 470, 472. In such embodiments, a desired composition may be selected from Figure 5 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 440, preferred composition 442, further preferred composition 444, more preferred composition 446, further more preferred composition 448, even further more preferred composition 450) are selected and as Figure 5As depicted, it is located within the dark regions 470 , 470 .

[0175] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 440 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-87 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 442 include equal to or approximately equal to 42 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-56 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 10-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred compositions 444 include equal to or approximately equal to 8-40 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-48 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 18-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of a more preferred composition 446 include equal to or approximately equal to 16-39 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-39 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 26-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of a still more preferred composition 448 include equal to or approximately equal to 25-37 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-31 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 33-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of an even further more preferred composition 450 include equal to or approximately equal to 33-36 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-22 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 42-44 wt% of R32.

[0176] Figure 5 The dark areas 470, 472 in the embodiment include a first dark area 470 and a second dark area 472. The BV of the composition in the first dark area 470 is equal to or less than 15 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s) provided by the composition in the first dark area 470. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 5 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 440, preferred composition 442, further preferred composition 444, more preferred composition 446) are selected and as Figure 5 As depicted, it is located within the first dark region 470 .

[0177] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 440 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-87 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 442 include equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-56 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 26-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred compositions 444 include equal to or approximately equal to 8-22 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-48 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 33-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of the more preferred composition 446 include equal to or approximately equal to 16-20 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-39 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 41-44 wt% R32.

[0178] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 150. In such embodiments, a desired composition may be obtained from Figure 5 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 440, preferred composition 442, further preferred composition 444, more preferred composition 446, further more preferred composition 448, even further more preferred composition 450) are selected and as Figure 5 As depicted, it is located within the shaded area 460 and the dark areas 470, 472. For example, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, the upper limit of R32 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt%, and the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 5 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 440) are selected and Figure 5 As depicted, it is within the shaded area 460 and the first dark area 470. For example, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt %, the upper limit of R32 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt %, and the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt %.

[0179] In some embodiments, the desired set of properties of the refrigerant composition may include a GWP different from that described above, a cooling capacity different from that described above, a BV different from that described above, and / or a temperature glide. In one embodiment, a BV equal to or less than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a glide equal to or less than 4K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 4K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 3K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 2K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 1K may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 50 may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 10 may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. It is understood that Figure 5 The matrix 400 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired GWP, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide. Figure 5 The different ranges of compositions discussed may be based on Figure 5 Modifications / selections are made to obtain a range of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf having the desired properties (e.g. GWP, cooling capacity, BV and / or temperature glide). It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria set out above.

[0180] Figure 6 Matrix 600 shows a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1132a and R1234yf according to an embodiment. Figure 6 As shown, the sides 610, 620, and 630 of the triangle can correspond to the weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf, respectively. The vertices 611, 621, and 631 correspond to compositions of 100% R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf, respectively. For example, at 611, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1132(E); at 621, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1132a; and at 631, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1234yf. Matrix 600 can be used to estimate the properties (e.g., temperature glide, BV, and / or cooling capacity relative to R404A) of refrigerant compositions containing weight percentages of R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf. The properties of the composition of matrix 600 may be estimated or determined using thermodynamic models and / or experimental results.

[0181] Figure 6The matrix 600 includes one or more lines representing properties of the refrigerant compositions (eg, cooling capacity, temperature glide, and BV relative to R404A) relative to the weight percentages of R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf, respectively. Figure 7 yes Figure 6 Matrix 600 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 7 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), R1132a and R1234yf.

[0182] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desired properties, Figure 7 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 640 is shown in the matrix 600. Useful refrigerant compositions 640 include R1132(E) at or about 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf at or about 52 wt% or more and less than 100 wt%; and R1132a at or about 48 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%.

[0183] In one embodiment, useful compositions 640 may include, for example Figure 7 The preferred composition 642 is shown. The preferred composition 642 has characteristics including a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The preferred refrigerant composition 642 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 52-89 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 48 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0184] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 642 may include Figure 7 A further preferred composition 644 is shown. Properties of the further preferred composition 644 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of R404A. A further preferred refrigerant composition 644 includes R1132(E) at or about 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf at or about 52-87 wt%; and R1132a at or about 48 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%.

[0185] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 644 may include Figure 7A more preferred composition 646 is shown. The properties of the more preferred composition 646 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a refrigeration capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of R404A. The more preferred refrigerant composition 646 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 52-84 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 48 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132a.

[0186] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 646 may include Figure 7 A further more preferred composition 648 is shown. The properties of the further more preferred composition 648 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a refrigeration capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of R404A. The further more preferred refrigerant composition 648 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 52-82 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 48 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132a.

[0187] In one embodiment, a further more preferred composition 648 may include an even further more preferred composition 650, such as Figure 7 Even more preferred properties of the composition 650 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Even more preferred refrigerant compositions 650 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 52-80 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 48 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0188] Figure 7 Also included is a shaded area 660. The BV of the composition in the shaded area 660 is equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the shaded area 660. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 7 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 640, preferred composition 642, further preferred composition 644, more preferred composition 646, further more preferred composition 648, even further more preferred composition 650) are selected and as Figure 7 As depicted, it is located within shaded area 660 .

[0189] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 640 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1234yf; equal to or approximately equal to 30 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 642 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70-89 wt% of R1234yf; equal to or approximately equal to 30 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 644 include 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 70-87 wt% of R1234yf; and 30 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of more preferred refrigerant compositions 646 include 23 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 70-84 wt% of R1234yf; and 4-30 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred refrigerant compositions 648 include equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70-82 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 8-30 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred refrigerant compositions 650 include equal to or approximately equal to 16 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70-80 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 12-30 wt% of R1132a.

[0190] Figure 7 Also included is a first dark region 670 and a second dark region 672. The temperature glide of the composition in the first dark region 670 is equal to or greater than 10 K. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide (e.g., a temperature glide equal to or less than 10 K) provided by the composition outside the first dark region 670. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 7 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 640, preferred composition 642, further preferred composition 644, more preferred composition 646, further more preferred composition 648, even further more preferred composition 650) are selected and as Figure 76. The compositions described above are omitted so as to omit those compositions within the first darkened region 670. For example, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 54 wt%, and the upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%.

[0191] The temperature glide of the composition in the first dark region 670 and the second dark region 672 is greater than 7.5 K. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide (e.g., a temperature glide equal to or less than 7.5 K) provided by the composition outside of the dark regions 670, 672. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 7 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 640, preferred composition 642, further preferred composition 644, more preferred composition 646, further more preferred composition 648, even further more preferred composition 650) are selected and as Figure 7 670, 672. For example, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt%, and the upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 14 wt%.

[0192] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 10 K. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 7 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 640, preferred composition 642, further preferred composition 644, more preferred composition 646, further more preferred composition 648, even further more preferred composition 650) are selected and as Figure 7 As depicted, it is outside the first dark region 670 and within the shaded region 660. For example, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 71 wt %, while the upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt %.

[0193] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 7.5 K. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 7 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 640, preferred composition 642, further preferred composition 644, more preferred composition 646, further more preferred composition 648, even further more preferred composition 650) are selected and as Figure 7As depicted, it is outside the shaded regions 670, 672 and within the shaded region 660. For example, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 71 wt%, while the upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 14 wt%.

[0194] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties for a refrigerant composition may include a cooling capacity different from that described above, a BV different from that described above, a temperature glide, a COP relative to R404A. In one embodiment, a BV equal to or less than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 15K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 5K may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a COP that is at least 100% of the COP of R404A may be desired. It is understood that Figure 7 The matrix 600 in FIG. 6 can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired cooling capacity, BV, COP, and / or temperature glide. For example, Figure 7 The different ranges of compositions discussed may be based on Figure 6 Modifications / selections are made to obtain a range of R1132(E), R1132a and R1234yf having the desired characteristics (e.g. cooling capacity, BV, COP and / or temperature glide). It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limited to the selection criteria set out above.

[0195] Figure 8 8 is a matrix 800 showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf according to an embodiment. Figure 6 Compared with the matrix 600, Figure 8 The cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition is relative to the cooling capacity of R410A. Figure 8 , matrix 800 shows a graph of BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity relative to R410A as a function of weight percentage of R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf. In one embodiment, a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf may be based on Figure 4 The BV, temperature glide and / or cooling capacity relative to R410A are selected. Similar to the description of matrix 600 above, Figure 8The matrix 800 in FIG. 8 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt %) of R1132(E), R1234yf, and R1132a, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234yf, and 100% R1132a, respectively.

[0196] Figure 9 yes Figure 8 Matrix 800 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 9 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), R1132a, and R1234yf. The refrigerant composition may be selected based on one or more characteristics of the refrigerant composition (eg, cooling capacity, temperature glide, and / or BV relative to R410A).

[0197] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R410A and a burning rate equal to or about equal to or less than 25 cm / s. Based on these desired properties, Figure 9 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 840 is shown in the matrix 800. Useful refrigerant compositions 840 include equal to or approximately equal to 76 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 17-75 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 83 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0198] In one embodiment, useful compositions 840 may include, for example Figure 9 The preferred composition 842 is shown. The preferred composition 842 has properties including a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of that of R410A and a burning rate equal to or approximately equal to or less than 25 cm / s. The preferred refrigerant composition 842 includes R1132(E) at or approximately equal to 76 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf at or approximately equal to 17-72 wt%; and R1132a at or approximately equal to 83 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%.

[0199] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 842 may include Figure 9A further preferred composition 844 is shown. The properties of the further preferred composition 844 include a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R410A and a burning rate equal to or approximately equal to or less than 25 cm / s. The further preferred refrigerant composition 844 includes equal to or approximately equal to 76 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 17-69 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 83 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0200] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 844 may include Figure 9 A more preferred composition 846 is shown. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 846 include a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R410A and a burning rate equal to or approximately equal to or less than 25 cm / s. The more preferred refrigerant composition 846 includes equal to or approximately equal to 74 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 17-66 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 1-83 wt% of R1132a.

[0201] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 846 may include Figure 9 A further more preferred composition 848 is shown. The properties of the further more preferred composition 848 include a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R410A and a burning rate equal to or approximately equal to or less than 25 cm / s. The further more preferred refrigerant composition 848 includes equal to or approximately equal to 70 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 17-64 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 7-83 wt% of R1132a.

[0202] Figure 9 Also included are shaded regions 860, 862. The temperature glide of the compositions in the shaded regions 860, 862 is equal to or less than 10 K. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower GWP (e.g., a temperature glide is equal to or less than 10 K) provided by the compositions in the shaded regions 860, 862. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 9 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 840, preferred composition 842, further preferred composition 844, more preferred composition 846, further more preferred composition 848) are selected and as Figure 9 As depicted, it is located within the shaded areas 860 , 862 .

[0203] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 840 include equal to or approximately equal to 19-76 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 21-65 wt% R1234yf; equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 842 include equal to or approximately equal to 24-76 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 21-59 wt% R1234yf; equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 844 include equal to or approximately equal to 29-76 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 21-53 wt% of R1234yf; equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of more preferred refrigerant compositions 846 include equal to or approximately equal to 33-74 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 21-47 wt% of R1234yf; equal to or approximately equal to 1-36 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of still more preferred refrigerant compositions 848 include equal to or approximately equal to 37-70 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 21-43 wt% of R1234yf; equal to or approximately equal to 7-36 wt% of R1132a.

[0204] Figure 9 The shaded areas 860, 862 in the figure include a first shaded area 860 and a second shaded area 862. The temperature glide of the composition in the first shaded area 860 is equal to or less than 7.5 K. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include an even lower temperature glide (e.g., a temperature glide equal to or less than 7.5 K) provided by the composition within the first shaded area 860. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 9 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 840, preferred composition 842, further preferred composition 844, more preferred composition 846, further more preferred composition 848) are selected and as Figure 9 %, which is located within the first shaded area 860. For example, the lower limit of R1132(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 33 wt %, the upper limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 57 wt %, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 21 wt %, and the upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt %.

[0205] Figure 9Also included are dark regions 870, 872. The BV of the composition in the dark regions 870, 872 is equal to or less than 15 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s) provided by the composition in the dark regions 870, 872. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 9 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 840, preferred composition 842, further preferred composition 844, more preferred composition 846, further more preferred composition 848) are selected and as Figure 9 As described, it is located within the dark regions 870, 870. For example, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 52 wt%, the upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 48 wt%, and the lower limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 8 wt%.

[0206] Figure 9 The dark areas 870, 872 in the first dark area 870 include a first dark area 870 and a second dark area 872. The BV of the composition in the first dark area 870 is equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV of 10 cm / s or less) provided by the composition in the first dark area 470. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 9 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 840, preferred composition 842) are selected and Figure 9 As described, it is located within the first dark region 870. For example, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 9 wt %, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 70 wt %, the upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt %, and the lower limit of R1132a in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 21 wt %.

[0207] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 10 K. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 9 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 840, preferred composition 842) are selected and Figure 9 As depicted, it is located within the shaded areas 860, 862 and the dark areas 870, 872. It will be appreciated that such a range of desired compositions may be used. Figure 9The composition shown in FIG and / or the endpoints of the ranges described by the compositions in the dark area 870, the first shaded area 860, and / or the two shaded areas 882, 882. For example, the lower limit and upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired compositions are equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt% and equal to or approximately equal to 24 wt%, respectively, the lower limit and upper limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions are equal to or approximately equal to 54 wt% and equal to or approximately equal to 65 wt%, respectively, and the lower limit and upper limit of R1132a in such desired compositions are equal to or approximately equal to 8% and equal to or approximately equal to 17 wt%.

[0208] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties for a refrigerant composition may include a different cooling capacity than described above, a different BV, and / or a different temperature glide than described above. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 15K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 12.5K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 5K may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. It is understood that Figure 9 The matrix 800 in FIG. 8 can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired BV, cooling capacity, and / or temperature glide. For example, one can Figure 9 Modify / select Figure 9 Different ranges of compositions are discussed in order to obtain ranges of R1132(E), R1132a and R1234yf having the desired properties (e.g. BV, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide). It will also be understood that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the above selection criteria.

[0209] Figure 10 1 is a matrix 1000 showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1123 and R1234yf according to an embodiment. Figure 10As shown, each side 1010, 1020, 1030 of the triangle can correspond to a weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf, respectively. Each vertex 1011, 1021, 1031 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf, respectively. For example, at 1011, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1132(E); at 1021, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1123; and at 1031, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1234yf. Matrix 1000 can be used to estimate the properties (e.g., temperature glide, BV, OEL, and / or cooling capacity relative to R404A) of a refrigerant composition having weight percentages of R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf. The properties of the composition of matrix 1000 may be estimated or determined using thermodynamic models and / or experimental results.

[0210] Figure 10 The matrix 1000 includes one or more lines representing properties of the refrigerant compositions (eg, cooling capacity, temperature glide, OEL, and BV relative to R404A) relative to the weight percentages of R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf, respectively. Figure 11 yes Figure 10 Matrix 1000 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to one embodiment. Figure 11 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), R1123 and R1234yf.

[0211] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 5 K. Based on these desired properties, Figure 11 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 1040 is shown in the matrix 1000. Useful refrigerant compositions 1040 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0212] In one embodiment, useful compositions 1040 may include, for example Figure 11The preferred composition 1042 is shown. The preferred composition 1042 has properties including a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 5K, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The preferred refrigerant composition 1042 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 78 wt% or less of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0213] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 1042 may include Figure 11 A further preferred composition 1044 is shown. The properties of the further preferred composition 1044 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 5K or less, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R404A. A further preferred refrigerant composition 1044 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 73 wt% or less of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0214] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 1044 may include Figure 11 A more preferred composition 1046 is shown. The properties of the more preferred composition 1046 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 5K, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The more preferred refrigerant composition 1046 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to or less than 68 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0215] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 1046 may include Figure 11 A further more preferred composition 1048 is shown. The properties of the further more preferred composition 1048 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 5K, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R404A. A further more preferred refrigerant composition 1048 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 63 wt% or less of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0216] In one embodiment, a further more preferred composition 1048 may include Figure 11 An even more preferred composition 1050 is shown. The properties of the even more preferred composition 1050 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 5K, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. An even more preferred refrigerant composition 1050 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 58 wt% or less of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0217] Figure 11 The first shaded region 1060 is included. The OEL of the compositions in the first shaded region 660 is equal to or greater than 400 ppm. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a higher OEL (e.g., an OEL equal to or greater than 400 ppm) provided by the compositions in the first shaded region 660. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 11 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1040, preferred composition 1042, further preferred composition 1044, more preferred composition 1046, further more preferred composition 1048, even further more preferred composition 1050) are selected and as shown in Figure 11 As depicted, it is located within the first shaded region 1060 .

[0218] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 1040 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 50 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 1042 include equal to or approximately equal to 5-43 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 50-76 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1044 include R1132(E) at or about 11-43 wt %; R1234yf at or about 50-72 wt %; and R1123 at or about 17 wt % or less and greater than 0 wt %. For example, such desired compositions of more preferred refrigerant compositions 1046 include R1132(E) at or about 18-43 wt %; R1234yf at or about 50-62 wt %; and R1123 at or about 15 wt % or less and greater than 0 wt %. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1048 include equal to or approximately equal to 25-43 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 50-62 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to or less than 12 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1123. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1050 include equal to or approximately equal to 32-43 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 50-57 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to or less than 10 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1123.

[0219] Figure 11 Also included is a second shaded region 1062. The temperature glide of the composition in the second shaded region 1062 is equal to or less than 4 K. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide (e.g., a temperature glide equal to or less than 4 K) provided by the composition within the second shaded region 1062. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 11 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1040, preferred composition 1042, further preferred composition 1044, more preferred composition 1046, further more preferred composition 1048, even further more preferred composition 1050) are selected and as shown in Figure 11As depicted, it is located within the second shaded area 1062. For example, such a desired composition includes equal to or approximately equal to 38 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of 1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 35 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0220] Figure 11 Also included are dark regions 1070A, 1070B. The BV of the composition in the dark regions 1070A, 1070B is equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition in the dark regions 1070A, 1070B. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 11 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1040, preferred composition 1042, further preferred composition 1044, more preferred composition 1046, further more preferred composition 1048, even further more preferred composition 1050) are selected and as shown in Figure 11 As described, it is located within the dark areas 1070 and 1070B. For example, in the first dark area 1070A, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt %, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 58 wt %, and the upper limit of R1123 in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt %. For example, in the second dark area 1070B, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt %, the upper limit of R1234yf in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt %, and the lower limit of R1123 in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 50 wt %.

[0221] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and an OEL equal to or greater than 400 ppm. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 11 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1040, preferred composition 1042, further preferred composition 1044, more preferred composition 1046, further more preferred composition 1048) are selected and as Figure 11 As depicted, it is located within the first shaded region 1060 and the dark region 1070A. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 4 K. In such embodiments, a desired composition may be obtained from Figure 11The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1040, preferred composition 1042, further preferred composition 1044, more preferred composition 1046, further more preferred composition 1048, even further more preferred composition 1050) are selected and as shown in Figure 11 As depicted, it is located within the second shaded region 1062 and the dark region 1070B. It will be appreciated that such a range of desired compositions may be used. Figure 11 The compositions shown and / or the compositions depicted in the shaded areas 1070A, 1070B and the endpoints of the compositions in the shaded areas 882, 882 are formed.

[0222] In some embodiments, the desired set of properties for the refrigerant composition may include a different cooling capacity, a different BV, a different OEL, and / or a different temperature glide than those described above. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 6K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 3K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 2K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of 300 ppm or greater may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of 200 ppm or greater may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of 100 ppm or greater may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of 150% or less than that of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of 125% or less than that of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of 120% or less than that of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of 100% or less than that of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a BV of 5 cm / s or less may be desired. Figure 11 The matrix 1000 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired BV, cooling capacity, OEL and / or temperature glide. Figure 11 The different ranges of compositions discussed can be based on Figure 11 Modifications / selections are made to obtain a range of R1132(E), R1123 and R1234yf having the desired properties (e.g. BV, cooling capacity, OEL and / or temperature glide). It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above.

[0223] Figure 12 1 is a matrix 1200 showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf according to an embodiment. Figure 10 Compared with the matrix 1000, Figure 12 The cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition is relative to the cooling capacity of R410A. Figure 12 , matrix 1200 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A, and OEL of the refrigerant composition as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf. In one embodiment, the BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A, and OEL of the refrigerant composition can be calculated based on the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf. Figure 12 The BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity and OEL of R410A in the above matrix 1000 are selected to include a refrigerant composition of R1132(E), R1123 and R1234yf. Figure 11 The matrix 1200 in is a triangle whose sides correspond to weight percentages.

[0224] Figure 13 yes Figure 12 Matrix 1200 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 13 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), R1123, and R1234yf. Useful refrigerant compositions may be selected based on one or more properties of the refrigerant composition, such as cooling capacity relative to R410A, temperature glide, OEL, and / or BV.

[0225] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or greater than 50% of the cooling capacity of R410A. Based on these desired properties, Figure 13 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 1240 is shown in the matrix 1200. Useful refrigerant compositions 1240 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 82 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0226] In one embodiment, useful compositions 1240 may include, for example Figure 13 The preferred composition 1242 is shown. The preferred composition 1242 has characteristics including a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than 75% of that of R410A. The preferred refrigerant composition 1242 includes R1132(E) at or about 41 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf at or about 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; and R1123 at or about 13 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt%.

[0227] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 1242 may include Figure 13 A further preferred composition 1244 is shown. The properties of the further preferred composition 1244 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of R410A. A further preferred refrigerant composition 1244 includes equal to or approximately equal to 40 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 40 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 21 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0228] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 1244 may include Figure 13 A more preferred composition 1246 is shown. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 1046 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The more preferred refrigerant composition 1246 includes equal to or approximately equal to 39 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 29 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0229] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 1246 may include Figure 13 A further more preferred composition 1248 is shown. The characteristics of the further more preferred composition 1248 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R410A. A further more preferred refrigerant composition 1248 includes equal to or approximately equal to 37 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 37 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0230] In one embodiment, a further more preferred composition 1248 may include an even further more preferred composition 1250, such as Figure 13Even more preferred properties of the composition 1250 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R410A. Even more preferred refrigerant compositions 1250 include equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0231] Figure 13 The first shaded region 1260 is included. The temperature glide of the composition in the first shaded region 1260 is higher than 5 K. In some embodiments, the desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide (e.g., a temperature glide of 5 K or less). In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 13 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1240, preferred composition 1242, further preferred composition 1244, more preferred composition 1246, further more preferred composition 1248) are selected and as Figure 13 1260 is depicted so that the composition within the first shaded area 1260 is omitted.

[0232] Figure 13 Also included is a second shaded area 1262. The cooling capacity of the composition in the second shaded area 1262 is greater than 110% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In some embodiments, the desired set of characteristics may include a cooling capacity more similar to that of R410A (e.g., a cooling capacity not greater than 110% of the cooling capacity of R410A). In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 13 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1240, preferred composition 1242, further preferred composition 1244, more preferred composition 1246, further more preferred composition 1248, even further more preferred composition 1250) are selected and as Figure 13 1262. For example, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 3 wt%.

[0233] Figure 13 Also included is a dark region 1270. The composition in the dark region 1270 has a BV of equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV of equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 1270. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 13The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1240, preferred composition 1242, further preferred composition 1244, more preferred composition 1246, further more preferred composition 1248, even further more preferred composition 1250) are selected and as Figure 13 As depicted, it is located within the dark region 1270 .

[0234] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 1240 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 82 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 1242 include equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1244 include 21 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 40 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 31 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of more preferred refrigerant compositions 1246 include 20 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 34 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 29 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1248 include equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 55 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1250 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 62 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of R1123.

[0235] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV of 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 5 K. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 13 1240, more preferred composition 1246, further more preferred composition 1248, and even further more preferred composition 1250) and as described in 13, which are located within the shaded area 1270 and outside the shaded area 1260. It should be understood that the range of such desired compositions can be used Figure 13 The compositions shown and / or the darkened areas 1270 and / or the compositions in the shaded areas 1260 are formed at the endpoints of the ranges depicted.

[0236] In some embodiments, the desired set of properties of the refrigerant composition may include a BV different from that described above, a cooling capacity different from that described above, a temperature glide different from that described above, and / or an OEL. In one embodiment, a BV equal to or greater than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 6K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 4K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 3K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 2K may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL equal to or greater than 400 ppm may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL equal to or greater than 300 ppm may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL equal to or greater than 200 ppm may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL equal to or greater than 100 ppm may be desired. It is understood that Figure 13 The matrix 1200 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired BV, cooling capacity, OEL and / or temperature glide. Figure 13 The different ranges of compositions discussed can be based on Figure 13 Modifications / selections are made so as to obtain a range of R1132(E), R1123 and R1234yf having the desired properties (e.g. GWP, OEL, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide). It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above.

[0237] Figure 14 14 is a matrix 1400 showing a refrigerant composition, which includes R1132(E), R1123, and CO2 according to an embodiment. Figure 14As shown, each side 1410, 1420, and 1430 of the triangle may correspond to a weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf, respectively. Each vertex 1411, 1421, and 1431 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf, respectively. For example, at 1411, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1132(E); at 1421, the refrigerant composition includes 100% CO2; and at 1431, the refrigerant composition includes 100% R1234yf. Matrix 1400 can be used to estimate the properties (e.g., temperature glide, BV, and / or cooling capacity relative to R404A) of a refrigerant composition containing weight percentages of R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf. The properties of the composition of matrix 1400 may be estimated or determined using thermodynamic models and / or experimental results.

[0238] Figure 14 The matrix 1400 includes one or more lines representing properties of the refrigerant compositions (e.g., cooling capacity, temperature glide, and BV relative to R404A) with respect to weight percentages of R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf, respectively. Figure 15 yes Figure 14 Matrix 1400 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 15 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf. The refrigerant composition may be selected based on one or more characteristics of the refrigerant composition, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, and / or BV relative to R404A.

[0239] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desired properties, Figure 15 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 1440 is shown in the matrix 1400. Useful refrigerant compositions 1440 include equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less than 46 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% CO2.

[0240] In one embodiment, useful compositions 1440 may include, for example Figure 15The preferred composition 1442 is shown. The preferred composition 1442 has characteristics including a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The preferred refrigerant composition 1442 includes R1132(E) at or about 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf at or about 94 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; and CO2 at greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt%.

[0241] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 1442 may include Figure 15 A further preferred composition 1444 is shown. Properties of the further preferred composition 1444 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R404A. A further preferred refrigerant composition 1444 includes equal to or approximately equal to or less than 46 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to or less than 92 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of CO2.

[0242] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 1444 may include Figure 15 A more preferred composition 1446 is shown. The properties of the more preferred composition 1446 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The more preferred refrigerant composition 1446 includes equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 91 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% CO2.

[0243] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 1446 may include Figure 15 A further more preferred composition 1448 is shown. The properties of the further more preferred composition 1448 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The further more preferred refrigerant composition 1448 includes equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 89 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of CO2.

[0244] In one embodiment, a further more preferred composition 1448 may include an even further more preferred composition 1450, such as Figure 15Even more preferred properties of the composition 1450 include a BV less than or equal to 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Even more preferred refrigerant compositions 1450 include equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 88 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% CO2.

[0245] Figure 15 Also included is a first shaded area 1460 and a second shaded area 1462. The temperature glide of the compositions in the first and second shaded areas 1460, 1462 is equal to or less than 10 K. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide (e.g., a temperature glide equal to or less than 10 K) provided by the compositions in the first and second shaded areas 1460, 1462. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 15 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1440, preferred composition 1442, further preferred composition 1444, more preferred composition 1446, further more preferred composition 1448, even further more preferred composition 1450) are selected and as shown in Figure 15 As described, these compositions are within the first and second shaded areas 1460, 1462. For example, such desired compositions have CO2 equal to or approximately equal to 54 wt% or more and less than 100 wt%, equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%, and R1234yf equal to or approximately equal to 15 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%, equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt% or more and less than 100 wt%.

[0246] Figure 15 Also included is a third shaded area 1464. The compositions in the first and third shaded areas 1460, 1464 have a temperature glide of 15K or less and a cooling capacity of 200% or less than that of R404A. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide and a cooling capacity more similar to R404A (e.g., a temperature glide of 15K or less and a cooling capacity of 200% or less than that of R404A) provided by the compositions in the first and third shaded areas 1460, 1464. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 15 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1440, preferred composition 1442, further preferred composition 1444, more preferred composition 1446, further more preferred composition 1448, and even further more preferred composition 1450) are selected and as shown in Figure 15 As depicted, it is within the first and third shaded areas 1460, 1464. For example, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt%, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt%, and the upper limit of CO2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%.

[0247] The compositions in the first shaded region 1460 may have a temperature glide of 10K or less and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide and a cooling capacity even more similar to R40A (e.g., a temperature glide of 10K or less and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A) provided by the compositions within the first shaded region 1460. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 15 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1440, preferred composition 1442, further preferred composition 1444, more preferred composition 1446, further more preferred composition 1448, even further more preferred composition 1450) are selected and as shown in Figure 15 As depicted, it is within first shaded region 1460. For example, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt %, and the upper limit of CO 2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt %.

[0248] Figure 15 Also included is a dark region 1470. The composition in the dark region 1470 has a BV of equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a composition within the dark region 1470 providing a lower BV (e.g., a BV of equal to or less than 10 cm / s). In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 15 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1440, preferred composition 1442, further preferred composition 1444, more preferred composition 1446, further more preferred composition 1448, even further more preferred composition 1450) are selected and as shown in Figure 15 Description, it is located in the dark area 1470.

[0249] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 1440 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% CO. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 1442 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 94 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% CO. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1444 include 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 92 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of CO. For example, such desired compositions of more preferred refrigerant compositions 1446 include 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 91 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 1 wt% or greater than 1 wt% and less than 100 wt% of CO. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1448 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 89 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 3 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of CO. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1450 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 88 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 4 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of CO.

[0250] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 10 K. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 15 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1440, preferred composition 1442, further preferred composition 1444, more preferred composition 1446, further more preferred composition 1448, even further more preferred composition 1450) are selected and as shown in Figure 15As depicted, it is located within first and second shaded areas 1460, 1462 and dark area 1470. For example, such a desired composition has equal to or approximately equal to 65 wt% or more and less than 100 wt%, equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO2; equal to or approximately equal to 15 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%, equal to or approximately equal to 53 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1123ze(E).

[0251] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 15K, and a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or less than 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be obtained from Figure 15 , wherein the composition is selected from the compositions shown in , for example, useful composition 1440, preferred composition 1442, further preferred composition 1444, more preferred composition 1446, further more preferred composition 1448, and even further more preferred composition 1450. Figure 15 %, and are located within the first and third shaded regions 1460, 1464 and the dark region 1470. For example, in such embodiments, the upper limit of R1234ze(E) is equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt%, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 53 wt%, and the upper limit of CO2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt%.

[0252] In some embodiments, the desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 10K, and a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 15 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1440, preferred composition 1442, further preferred composition 1444, more preferred composition 1446, further more preferred composition 1448, and even further more preferred composition 1450) are selected and as shown in Figure 15 As depicted, it is located within first shadow region 1460 and dark region 1470 .

[0253] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 1440 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 63 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 1442 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 63-94 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1444 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 63-92 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of CO2. For example, such desired compositions of more preferred refrigerant compositions 1446 include equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 63-91 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of CO2. For example, such desired compositions of further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1448 include equal to or approximately equal to 2-28 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 63-88 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1450 include equal to or approximately equal to 9-28 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 63-82 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 9 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO.

[0254] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties for a refrigerant composition may include a BV different from that described above, a cooling capacity different from that described above, and / or a temperature glide different from that described above. In one embodiment, a BV equal to or less than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 20K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 15K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 12.5K may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 250% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 15 The matrix 1400 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired BV, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide. Figure 15 The different ranges of compositions discussed may be based on Figure 15 Modifications / selections are made to obtain a range of R1132(E), R1123, and CO2 with the desired characteristics (e.g., GWP, cooling capacity, and / or temperature glide). It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above. It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above.

[0255] Figure 16 16 is a matrix 1600 showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf according to an embodiment. Figure 14 Compared to matrix 1400, the cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition in matrix 1600 is relative to the cooling capacity of R410A. Figure 16 , matrix 1600 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of a refrigerant composition relative to R410A as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf. In one embodiment, a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf may be based on Figure 16 The BV, temperature glide and cooling capacity relative to R410A are selected. Similar to the above description for matrix 1400, Figure 16The matrix 1600 in FIG. 1 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt %) of R1132(E), R1234yf, and R32, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to the compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% CO2, and 100% R1234yf, respectively.

[0256] Figure 17 yes Figure 16 Matrix 1600 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 16 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), CO2, and R1234yf. The refrigerant composition may be selected based on one or more characteristics of the refrigerant composition, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, and / or BV relative to R410A.

[0257] In one embodiment, a desired set of properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or greater than 50% of the cooling capacity of R410A. Based on these desired properties, Figure 17 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 1640 is shown in the matrix 1600. Useful refrigerant compositions 1640 include equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 95 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and greater than 0 wt% and less than 100 wt% of CO2.

[0258] In one embodiment, useful compositions 1640 may include Figure 17 The preferred composition 1642 is shown. The preferred composition 1642 has a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The preferred refrigerant composition 1642 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf equal to or approximately equal to 85 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; and CO2 equal to or approximately equal to 3 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt%.

[0259] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 1642 may include Figure 17A further preferred composition 1644 is shown. The properties of the further preferred composition 1644 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R410A. A further preferred refrigerant composition 1644 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf equal to or approximately equal to 84 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt%; and CO2 equal to or approximately equal to 5 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt%.

[0260] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 1644 may include Figure 17 A more preferred composition 1646 is shown. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 1646 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The more preferred refrigerant composition 1646 includes equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 82 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 7 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of CO2.

[0261] In one embodiment, a more preferred composition 1646 may include Figure 17 A further more preferred composition 1648 is shown. The properties of the further more preferred composition 1648 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The further more preferred refrigerant composition 1648 includes equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 80 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 9 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% of CO2.

[0262] In one embodiment, a further more preferred composition 1650 may include Figure 17 An even more preferred composition 1650 is shown. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 1650 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R410A. An even more preferred refrigerant composition 1650 includes equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 78 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% CO2.

[0263] Figure 17 Also included is a first shaded area 1660 and a second shaded area 1662. The temperature glide of the compositions in the first and second shaded areas 1660, 1662 is equal to or less than 10 K. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide (e.g., a temperature glide equal to or less than 10 K) provided by the compositions in the first and second shaded areas 1660, 1662. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 17 As depicted, it is within first and second shaded areas 1460, 1462. For example, such a desired composition has 54-95 wt% or approximately 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO2; 15 wt% or approximately 15 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1234yf, 45 wt% or approximately 45 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt%.

[0264] Figure 17 Also included is a third shaded area 1664 and a fourth shaded area 1666. The compositions in the first, third, and fourth shaded areas 1660, 1664, 1666 have a temperature glide of 15K or less and a cooling capacity of 200% or less than that of R410A. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide and a cooling capacity more similar to R404A (e.g., a temperature glide of 15K or less and a cooling capacity of 200% or less than that of R410A) provided by the compositions in the first, third, and fourth shaded areas 1660, 1464, 1466. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, and even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 17 As depicted, it is located within the first, third, and fourth shaded regions 1660 , 1664 , 1666 .

[0265] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 1640 include equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 4-95 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 1642 include equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 4-85 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 3-56 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1644 include equal to or approximately equal to 3-46 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 4-82 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 5-56 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of a more preferred refrigerant composition 1646 include equal to or approximately equal to 9-46 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 4-75 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 7-56 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of an even more preferred refrigerant composition 1648 include equal to or approximately equal to 15-46 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 4-69 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 9-56 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of an even more preferred refrigerant composition 1650 include equal to or approximately equal to 20-46 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 4-63 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11-56 wt% CO2.

[0266] The compositions in the first shaded area 1660 and the third shaded area 1664 have a temperature glide of 10K or less and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide and a cooling capacity even more similar to R410A (e.g., a temperature glide of 15K or less and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A) provided by the compositions in the first and third shaded areas 1660. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 17As depicted, it is within the first and third shaded regions 1660. For example, the upper limit of R1234(E) in such embodiments is equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt %, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 53 wt %, and the upper limit of CO2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 33 wt %.

[0267] The compositions in the first shaded area have a temperature glide of 10K or less and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 100% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower temperature glide and a cooling capacity even more similar to R410A (e.g., a temperature glide of 10K or less and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 100% of the cooling capacity of R404A) provided by the compositions within the first shaded area 1660. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 16 As depicted, it is located within first shaded region 1660 .

[0268] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 1640 include equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 45-95 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 1642 include equal to or approximately equal to 22-45 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 45-69 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 3-11 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1644 include equal to or approximately equal to 29-45 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 45-62 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 5-11 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of a more preferred refrigerant composition 1646 include equal to or approximately equal to 35-45 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 45-56 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 7-11 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of an even more preferred refrigerant composition 1648 include equal to or approximately equal to 40-45 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 45-50 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 9-11 wt% CO2. For example, such desired compositions of an even more preferred refrigerant composition 1650 include equal to or approximately equal to 43-45 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 45-46 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% CO2.

[0269] Figure 17 Also included is a dark region 1670. The composition in the dark region 1670 has a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 1670. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 17 Description, it is located in the dark area 1670.

[0270] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 1640 include equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 95 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 7 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of CO. For example, such desired compositions of preferred refrigerant compositions 1642 include equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 85 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 9 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of CO. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1644 include 31 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 84 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 11 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of CO. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred refrigerant compositions 1648 include 31 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 80 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1234yf; and 13 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of CO. For example, such desired compositions of even further more preferred refrigerant compositions 1650 include equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 78 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 15 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% CO2.

[0271] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 10 K. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 17, which are located within the first and second shaded regions 1660, 1662 and the dark region 1670. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 15K, and a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or less than 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be obtained from Figure 15 , wherein the composition is selected from the compositions shown in , for example, useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, and even further more preferred composition 1650. Figure 17 As depicted, it is located within the first, third, and fourth shaded regions 1660, 1664, 1666, and the dark region 1670. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 15K, and a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, and even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 17 As depicted, it is within the first and third shaded regions 1460, 1464 and the dark region 1470. For example, the upper limit of R1234(E) in such embodiments is equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt%, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 53 wt%, and the upper limit of CO2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt%. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s, a temperature glide equal to or less than 10K, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 100% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 17 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 1640, preferred composition 1642, further preferred composition 1644, more preferred composition 1646, further more preferred composition 1648, and even further more preferred composition 1650) are selected and as Figure 17 As depicted, it is within the first shaded region 1660 and the dark region 1670. For example, the upper limit of R1234(E) in such embodiments is equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt %, the lower limit of R1234yf in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 63 wt %, and the upper limit of CO2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 9 wt %.

[0272] In some embodiments, a desired set of properties for a refrigerant composition may include a BV different from that described above, a cooling capacity different from that described above, and / or a temperature glide different from that described above. In one embodiment, a BV equal to or less than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 20K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 15K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 12.5K may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 250% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 17 The matrix 1600 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired BV, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide. Figure 17 The different ranges of compositions discussed may be based on Figure 17 Modifications / selections are made to obtain a range of R1132(E), R1123, and CO2 with the desired characteristics (e.g., GWP, cooling capacity, and / or temperature glide). It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above. It will also be appreciated that the selections are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above.

[0273] Figure 50 is a matrix 500 showing a refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf according to an embodiment. Figure 2 and Figure 3 Compared with the matrix 200, Figure 50 The cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition in is related to the cooling capacity of R454A. Figure 50 , matrix 500 shows a graph of the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R454A, COP (coefficient of performance) relative to R4545A, and compressor discharge temperature (dCDT) relative to R454A of the refrigerant composition as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. In one embodiment, the GWP may be calculated based on the weight percentage of R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. Figure 50The refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf is selected based on the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R454A, COP relative to R4545A and dCDT relative to R454A in the matrix 200. Similar to the description of the matrix 200 above, Figure 50 The matrix 500 in FIG. 5 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt %) of R1132(E), R1234yf, and R32, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to the compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234yf, and 100% R32, respectively.

[0274] Figure 51 yes Figure 50 Matrix 500 shows the refrigerant composition selected according to the embodiment. Figure 51 As shown, the refrigerant composition may include R1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The refrigerant composition may be selected based on one or more refrigerant composition characteristics (e.g., GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R454A, COP relative to R4545A, and dCDT relative to R454A).

[0275] In one embodiment, a set of desirable properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 300 and a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desirable properties, Figure 51 The range of useful refrigerant compositions 540 is shown in the matrix 500. Useful refrigerant compositions 540 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt% or more and less than 100 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0276] In one embodiment, useful compositions 540 may include, for example Figure 51 The preferred composition 542 is shown. The preferred composition 542 has properties including a GWP of 150 or less and a burning velocity of 15 cm / s or less. The preferred composition 542 includes 43 wt% or less and 0 wt% of R1132(E); 20 wt% or less and 100 wt% of R1234yf; and 22 wt% or less and 0 wt% of R32.

[0277] In one embodiment, the preferred composition 542 may include Figure 51A further preferred composition 544 is shown. The properties of the further preferred composition 544 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 70% of the cooling capacity of R454A. The further preferred composition 544 comprises equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-87 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0278] In one embodiment, a further preferred composition 544 may include a more preferred composition 546, such as Figure 51 The properties of a more preferred composition 546 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R454A. A more preferred composition 546 comprises equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-80 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0279] In one embodiment, if Figure 51 As shown, a more preferred composition 546 may include an even more preferred composition 548. The properties of the even more preferred composition 548 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R454A. The even more preferred composition 548 includes equal to or approximately equal to 8-43 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 20-80 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0280] like Figure 51 As shown, a more preferred composition 546 may include a first preferred composition 582 and a second preferred composition 582. For example, in an HVACR system designed to use R454A, a first preferred composition 580 and a second preferred composition 582 may be needed to replace R454A. The first preferred composition 580 contains equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt% of R1132(E), equal to or approximately equal to 68.5 wt% of R1234yf, and equal to or approximately equal to 21.5 wt% of R32. The second preferred composition 582 contains equal to or approximately equal to 10 wt% of R1132(E), equal to or approximately equal to 63 wt% of R1234yf, and equal to or approximately equal to 9 wt% of R32.

[0281] Figure 51 Also included is a dark region 570. In some embodiments, a desired set of properties may include a lower BV (e.g., BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 570. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 3 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 540, preferred composition 542, further preferred composition 544, more preferred composition 546, further more preferred composition 548) are selected and as Figure 51 As depicted, it is located within the dark region 570 .

[0282] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 540 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt% or greater and less than 100 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R32.

[0283] For example, such desired composition of preferred composition 542 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to or less than 27 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234yf equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 55 wt% and greater than 100 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to or less than 22 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0284] For example, such desired compositions of a further preferred composition 544 include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 36-87 wt% of R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0285] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions, more preferably compositions 546, include equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 55-80 wt% R1234yf; and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% R32.

[0286] In some embodiments, the desired set of properties for the refrigerant composition may include a GWP different from that described above, a cooling capacity different from that described above, a BV different from that described above, a temperature glide, a COP relative to R454A, and / or a dCDT relative to R454A. In one embodiment, a BV equal to or less than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a glide equal to or less than 3 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 2.5 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to or less than 2 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 50 may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 10 may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 100% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R454 may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 140% of the cooling capacity of R454A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 130% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 120% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. In one embodiment, a COP equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the COP of R454A (e.g., Figure 51 In one embodiment, a COP equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 96% of the COP of R454A may be desirable. In one embodiment, a COP equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 97% of the COP of R454A may be desirable. In one embodiment, a COP equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 98% of the COP of R454A may be desirable. In one embodiment, a dCDT equal to or approximately equal to or greater than -20K relative to R454A may be desirable. In one embodiment, a dCDT equal to or approximately equal to or greater than -10K relative to R454A may be desirable. In one embodiment, a dCDT equal to or approximately equal to or less than 5K relative to R454A may be desirable. In one embodiment, a dCDT equal to or approximately equal to or less than 10K relative to R454A may be desirable.

[0287] It should be understood that Figure 51 The matrix 500 in FIG. 5 can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired GWP, BV, cooling capacity, temperature glide, COP, and / or dCDT. For example, Figure 51 The different composition ranges discussed can be based on Figure 51Modifications / selections are made to provide a range of R1132(E), R32 and R1234yf with desired properties (e.g., GWP, cooling capacity, BV, temperature glide, COP and / or dCDT). It will also be appreciated that the selections described are illustrative and not limiting to the selection criteria described above.

[0288] Refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and a third refrigerant

[0289] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition consists of, consists essentially of, or comprises R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and a third refrigerant. Figure 18-33 Each matrix 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, or 3700 shows a composition of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and a third refrigerant. In each matrix, a property of the refrigerant composition (e.g., GWP, toxicity, flammability, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to another refrigerant composition, and / or other) is plotted as a function of the weight percent (wt %) of each of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and the third refrigerant. In one embodiment, the method of making a refrigerant composition utilizes Figure 18-33 One or more matrices of the refrigerant composition to impart one or more desired properties to the refrigerant composition.

[0290] For example, Figure 18 As shown, each side 3010, 3020, and 3030 of the triangle can correspond to the weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and a third refrigerant, respectively. The third refrigerant is R32. Each vertex 3011, 3021, and 3031 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% R32, respectively. The properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., GWP, toxicity, flammability, temperature glide, and / or cooling capacity relative to R404A) and the weight percentages of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32 can be determined using matrix 3000. Based on experimental results, a thermodynamic model was used to determine the properties of the composition represented in matrix 3000. Figure 19 Embodiments of refrigerant compositions are shown having preferred weight percentage ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32, respectively, and are selected based on one or more desired properties of the refrigerant composition.

[0291] Similarly, Figure 20-33Shown are refrigerant compositions of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and a third refrigerant; properties of the refrigerant compositions according to weight percentages of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and the third refrigerant; and / or preferred ranges.

[0292] It should be understood that the boundary between meeting the Class 2L and Class 2 classifications can be, for example, a BV of 100 mm (i.e., 10 cm) per second as determined based on ASHRAE Standard 34. The BV lines are estimated based on the characteristics of individual components and / or various binary mixtures of components. Thus, in one embodiment, the amount of each refrigerant in the composition along each burning rate line can vary, for example, by about 5%. It should be understood that the compositions and ranges shown and / or described can be updated based on further testing to confirm the location of the burning rate lines.

[0293] According to one embodiment, Figure 18-21 Matrices 3000, 3100 of refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32 are shown, respectively. Figure 18 , matrix 3000 shows a graph of the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R404A of the refrigerant composition as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32. In one embodiment, the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R404A of the refrigerant composition can be calculated based on the following formula: Figure 18 Refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R32 are selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV and / or GWP shown.

[0294] According to one embodiment, Figure 19 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 18 The matrix is ​​3000. Figure 19 As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV, and GWP relative to R404A.

[0295] In one embodiment, a set of desirable properties of a useful refrigerant composition includes having a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 300 and a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desirable properties, Figure 19A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3040 are shown in the matrix 3000. Useful refrigerant compositions 3040 include R1132(E) at or about 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 23 wt%, or greater than 23 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and R32 at or about 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0296] In one embodiment, if Figure 19 As shown, useful compositions 3040 may include preferred compositions 3042. Preferred compositions 3042 have properties including a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 50% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Preferred compositions 3042 include equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-91 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0297] In one embodiment, if Figure 19 As shown, preferred composition 3042 may include further preferred composition 3044. Further preferred composition 3044 has properties including a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Further preferred composition 3044 includes equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-70 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 1-44 wt% of R32.

[0298] In one embodiment, if Figure 19 As shown, a further preferred composition 3044 may include a more preferred composition 3046. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 3046 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The more preferred composition 3046 includes equal to or approximately equal to 35 wt%, or less than 35 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-66 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 5-44 wt% of R32.

[0299] In one embodiment, if Figure 19As shown, a more preferred composition 3046 may include an even more preferred composition 3048. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3048 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3048 includes equal to or approximately equal to 35 wt%, or less than 35 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-62 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 9-44 wt% of R32.

[0300] In one embodiment, if Figure 19 As shown, a further preferred composition 3048 may include an even further preferred composition 3050. The characteristics of the even further preferred composition 3050 include having a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even further preferred composition 3050 includes equal to or approximately equal to 35 wt%, or less than 35 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-57 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 14-44 wt% of R32.

[0301] In one embodiment, if Figure 19 As shown, an even more preferred composition 3050 may include an even more preferred composition 3052. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3052 include having a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3052 includes equal to or approximately equal to 35 wt%, or less than 35 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-52 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 18-44 wt% of R32.

[0302] Figure 19 Also included are shaded regions 3060, 3062. The compositions within the shaded regions 3060, 3062 have a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower GWP (e.g., a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150) provided by the compositions within the shaded regions 3060, 3062. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 19, and with reference to the compositions shown in 3040 (e.g., useful composition 3040, preferred composition 3042, further preferred composition 3044, more preferred composition 3046, further more preferred composition 3048, even further more preferred composition 3050, still further more preferred composition 3052), Figure 19 The compositions within the shaded areas 3060 , 3062 are depicted.

[0303] Useful refrigerant composition 3040 includes 36 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 44 wt% or less, and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); 23 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R32. Preferred composition 3042 includes 36 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 44-91 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1234ze(E); and 22 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R32. A further preferred composition 3044 comprises equal to or approximately equal to 9-36 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 44-68 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 1-22 wt% R32. A more preferred composition 3046 comprises equal to or approximately equal to 15-35 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 44-63 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 5-22 wt% R32. A still more preferred composition 3048 comprises equal to or approximately equal to 20-35 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 44-58 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 9-22 wt% R32. Even further preferred composition 3050 comprises equal to or approximately equal to 25-35 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 44-53 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 14-22 wt% R32. Still further preferred composition 3052 comprises equal to or approximately equal to 30-35 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 44-48 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 18-22 wt% R32.

[0304] Figure 19The shaded areas 3060, 3062 in the figure include a first shaded area 3060 and a second shaded area 3062. The composition in the first shaded area 3060 has a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 50. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower GWP (e.g., a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 50) provided by the composition within the first shaded area 3060. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 19 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 3040, preferred composition 3042, further preferred composition 3044, more preferred composition 3046), and with reference to Figure 19 The composition within the first shaded area 3060 is depicted.

[0305] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 3040 includes equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 57 wt%, or greater than 57 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 7 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 3042 includes equal to or approximately equal to 2-36 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 57-90 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 7 wt%, or less than 7 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of further preferred composition 3044 includes equal to or approximately equal to 28-36 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 57-65 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 1-7 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of more preferred composition 3046 includes equal to or approximately equal to 33-35 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 57-60 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 5-7 wt% of R32.

[0306] Figure 19 Also included is a dark region 3070. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 3070. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 19 , and with reference to the compositions shown in 3040 (e.g., useful composition 3040, preferred composition 3042, further preferred composition 3044, more preferred composition 3046, further more preferred composition 3048, even further more preferred composition 3050, still further more preferred composition 3052), Figure 19 Describes the composition within the dark region 3070.

[0307] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3040 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 41 wt%, or greater than 41 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3042 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 41-91 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of a further preferred composition 3044 includes R1132(E) at or about 17 wt%, or less than 17 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 41-70 wt%; and R32 at or about 16-44 wt%. For example, the desired composition of a more preferred composition 3046 includes R1132(E) at or about 17 wt%, or less than 17 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 41-66 wt%; and R32 at or about 20-44 wt%. For example, such desired composition of further more preferred composition 3048 includes equal to or approximately equal to 16 wt%, or less than 16 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 41-62 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 25-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired composition of even further more preferred composition 3050 includes equal to or approximately equal to 16 wt%, or less than 16 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 41-57 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 29-44 wt% of R32. For example, such desired composition of still further more preferred composition 3052 includes equal to or approximately equal to 3-16 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 41-52 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 34-44 wt% of R32.

[0308] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include having a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 150. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 19 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3040, preferred composition 3042, further preferred composition 3044, more preferred composition 3046), and with reference to Figure 19The compositions within the shaded areas 3060, 3062 and the dark area 3070 are depicted. For example, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 39 wt%. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties can include having a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 50. In such embodiments, the desired composition can be selected from Figure 19 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3040, preferred composition 3042, further preferred composition 3044, more preferred composition 3046), and with reference to Figure 19 The compositions within the first shaded region 3060 and the dark region 3070 are depicted. For example, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 75 wt%. It should be understood that such a range of desired compositions can be used. Figure 19 The compositions shown and / or the darkened area 3070, the first shaded area 3060 and / or the two shaded areas 3060, 3062 are formed by the endpoints of the ranges described.

[0309] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties for a refrigerant composition may include a GWP different from that described above, a burn rate different from that described above, a cooling capacity different from that described above, and / or a temperature glide. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 10K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 7.5K may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 10 may be desired. In one embodiment, a burn rate equal to, or less than 5 cm / s may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 19 The matrix 3000 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired GWP, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide. For example, Figure 19 Modify / select above about Figure 19 Different ranges of compositions are discussed to provide ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R32 with desired properties (e.g. GWP, BV, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide).

[0310] refer to Figure 20 , matrix 3100 shows a graph of the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A of the refrigerant composition as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32. In one embodiment, the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A of the refrigerant composition can be calculated based on the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32. Figure 20The refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R32 is selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV and / or GWP of the refrigerant. Similar to the matrix 3000 above, Figure 20 The matrix 3100 in FIG. 3 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt %) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% R32, respectively.

[0311] According to one embodiment, Figure 21 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 20 The matrix 3100. Figure 21 As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(e), R1234ze(E), and R32. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV, and GWP relative to R410A.

[0312] In one embodiment, a set of desirable properties of a useful refrigerant composition includes having a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 300 and a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desirable properties, Figure 21 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3140 are shown in matrix 3100. Useful refrigerant compositions 3140 include R1132(E) at or about 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 23 wt%, or greater than 23 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and R32 at or about 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0313] In one embodiment, if Figure 21 As shown, a useful refrigerant composition 3140 can be a preferred composition 3142. The preferred characteristics of the preferred composition 3142 include having a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 50% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The preferred composition 3142 includes equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-74 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0314] In one embodiment, if Figure 21As shown, the preferred composition 3142 may include a further preferred composition 3144. The properties of the further preferred composition 3144 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The further preferred composition 3144 includes equal to or approximately equal to 15-34 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-40 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 28-44 wt% of R32.

[0315] In one embodiment, if Figure 21 As shown, a further preferred composition 3144 may include a more preferred composition 3156. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 3146 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The more preferred composition 3146 includes equal to or approximately equal to 22-33 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-33 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 35-44 wt% of R32.

[0316] In one embodiment, if Figure 21 As shown, a more preferred composition 3146 may include an even more preferred composition 3148. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3148 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R410A. A more preferred composition 3146 includes equal to or approximately equal to 29-33 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-27 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 41-44 wt% of R32.

[0317] Figure 21 Also included are shaded regions 3160, 3162. The compositions within the shaded regions 3160, 3162 have a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower GWP (e.g., a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 150) provided by the compositions within the shaded regions 3160, 3162. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 21 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3140, preferred composition 3142), and reference Figure 21 The compositions within the shaded areas 3160 , 3162 are described.

[0318] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3140 include equal to or approximately equal to 35 wt%, or less than 35 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or greater than 44 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt%, or less than 22 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3142 include equal to or approximately equal to 6-35 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23-72 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 22 wt%, or less than 22 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0319] Figure 21 The shaded areas 3160, 3162 in the figure include a first shaded area 3160 and a second shaded area 3162. The composition in the first shaded area 3160 has a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 50. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower GWP (e.g., a GWP equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 50) provided by the composition within the first shaded area 3160. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 21 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3140, preferred composition 3142), and reference Figure 21 The composition within the first shaded area 3160 is described.

[0320] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3140 include equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 58 wt%, or greater than 58 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 7 wt%, or less than 7 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3142 include equal to or approximately equal to 24-36 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 58-69 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 7 wt%, or less than 7 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0321] Figure 21 Also included is a dark region 3170. The composition in the dark region 3170 has a BV of 10 cm / s or less. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a composition within the dark region 3170 providing a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s). In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 21 Select from the compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3140, preferred composition 3142), and refer to Figure 21 Describes the composition within the dark region 3170.

[0322] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3140 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 41 wt%, or greater than 41 wt% and less than 100 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3142 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 41-74 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 13-44 wt% R32.

[0323] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include having a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 150. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 21 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3140, preferred composition 3142), and reference Figure 21 The compositions within the shaded areas 3160, 3162 and the dark area 3170 are described. For example, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 61 wt%. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties can include having a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 50. In these embodiments, the desired composition can be selected from Figure 21 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3140, preferred composition 3142), and reference Figure 21 Compositions are depicted within first shaded region 3160 and dark region 3170. For example, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 75 wt%.

[0324] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties for a refrigerant composition may include a different BV, a different GWP, a temperature glide, and / or an OEL than those described above. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 7.5 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 5 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 10 may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL equal to, or approximately equal to, 700 ppm may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL equal to, or approximately equal to, 800 ppm may be desired. A GWP equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 10 may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 21The matrix 3100 in can be used to further select compositions / ranges with desired GWP and / or temperature glide. For example, Figure 21 Modify / select above about Figure 21 The different ranges of compositions are described to provide ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R32 with desired properties (e.g. GWP, cooling capacity and / or temperature glide).

[0325] According to one embodiment, Figure 22-25 Matrices 3200, 3300 of refrigerant compositions comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1132a are shown, respectively. In the embodiment shown, the third refrigerant is R1132a. Figure 22-25 The matrices 3200 and 3300 in the above Figure 18-23 The matrices 3000 and 3100 in FIG. 3000 and 3100 are similar in triangular layout. Figure 22 As shown, each side 3210, 3220, 3230 of the triangle can correspond to a weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a, respectively. Each vertex 3211, 3221, 3231 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% R1132a, respectively. Properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., flammability, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R404A and / or cooling capacity relative to R410A) and the weight percentages of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a can be determined using matrix 3200 and / or matrix 3300. Based on experimental results, thermodynamic models were used to determine the properties of the compositions represented in matrices 3200 and 3300. Figure 22 Embodiments of refrigerant compositions are shown having preferred weight percentage ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a, respectively, and are selected based on one or more desired properties of the refrigerant composition.

[0326] refer to Figure 22 , matrix 3200 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition relative to R404A as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a. In one embodiment, the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition relative to R404A are shown as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a. Figure 22 The refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1132a is selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide and / or BV shown in the matrix 3200 in FIG.

[0327] According to one embodiment, Figure 23 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 22 The matrix is ​​3200. Figure 23 As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, and BV relative to R404A.

[0328] In one embodiment, a set of desired properties of useful refrigerant compositions includes having a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on this desired property, Figure 23 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3240 are shown in matrix 3200. Useful refrigerant compositions 3240 include R1132(E) at or about 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 53 wt%, or greater than 53 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and R1132a at or about 47 wt%, or less than 47 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0329] In one embodiment, if Figure 23 As shown, useful refrigerant compositions 3240 may include preferred compositions 3242. Preferred compositions 3242 have properties including a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Preferred compositions 3242 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt%, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-81 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 47 wt%, or less than 47 wt%, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0330] In one embodiment, if Figure 23 As shown, the preferred composition 3242 may include a further preferred composition 3244. The further preferred composition 3244 has characteristics including a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The further preferred composition 3244 includes equal to or approximately equal to, or less than, 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-79 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 47 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0331] In one embodiment, if Figure 23As shown, a further preferred composition 3244 may include a more preferred composition 3246. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 3246 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The more preferred composition 3246 includes equal to or approximately equal to 40 wt%, or less than 40 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-77 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 3-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0332] In one embodiment, if Figure 23 As shown, a more preferred composition 3246 may include an even more preferred composition 3248. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3248 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3248 includes equal to or approximately equal to 37 wt%, or less than 37 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-75 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 7-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0333] In one embodiment, if Figure 23 As shown, a further preferred composition 3248 may include an even further preferred composition 3250. The characteristics of the even further preferred composition 3250 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to, or approximately equal to, or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even further preferred composition 3250 includes equal to, or approximately equal to, 33 wt%, or less than 33 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to, or approximately equal to, 53-73 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to, or approximately equal to, 11-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0334] Figure 23 Includes a first shaded area 3260. The composition in the shaded area 3260 has a temperature glide greater than 20°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a temperature glide equal to or less than 20°K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 23 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3240, preferred composition 3242, further preferred composition 3244, more preferred composition 3246, further more preferred composition 3248, even further more preferred composition 3250), and with reference to Figure 23The description is omitted to omit those compositions within the shaded area 3260. For example, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 54 wt %, and the upper limit of R1132a in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt %.

[0335] Figure 23 Also included is a second shaded area 3262. The compositions in the first and second shaded areas 3260, 3262 have a temperature glide greater than 15°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a temperature glide equal to or less than 15°K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 23 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3240, preferred composition 3242, further preferred composition 3244, more preferred composition 3246, further more preferred composition 3248, even further more preferred composition 3050), and with reference to Figure 23 The description is to omit those compositions within the first and second shaded areas 3260, 3262.

[0336] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3240 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt%, or greater than 56 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%, or less than 20 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3242 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56-81 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%, or less than 20 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired composition of further preferred composition 3244 includes equal to or approximately equal to 5-43 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56-77 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt%, or less than 19 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132a. For example, such desired composition of more preferred composition 3246 includes equal to or approximately equal to 12-40 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56-71 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 3-17 wt% R1132a. For example, such desired composition of still more preferred composition 3248 includes equal to or approximately equal to 18-37 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56-66 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 7-16 wt% R1132a. For example, such desired composition of even further more preferred composition 3250 includes equal to or approximately equal to 23-33 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-61 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 11-16 wt% R1132a.

[0337] Figure 23 The composition in the dark region 3270 has a BV of 10 cm / s or less. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a composition in the dark region 3270 providing a lower BV (e.g., a BV of 10 cm / s or less). In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 23 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3240, preferred composition 3242, further preferred composition 3244, more preferred composition 3246, further more preferred composition 3248, even further more preferred composition 3050), and with reference to Figure 23 Describes the composition within the dark region 3270.

[0338] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 3240 includes equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt%, or less than 27 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70 wt%, or greater than 70 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 30 wt%, or less than 30 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 3242 includes equal to or approximately equal to 19 wt%, or less than 19 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70-81 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 9-30 wt% of R1132a. For example, the desired composition of further preferred composition 3244 includes R1132(E) at or about 15 wt%, or less than 15 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 70-79 wt%; and R1132a at or about 13-30 wt%. For example, the desired composition of more preferred composition 3246 includes R1132(E) at or about 11 wt%, or less than 11 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 70-77 wt%; and R1132a at or about 18-30 wt%. For example, such desired composition of further more preferred composition 3248 includes equal to or approximately equal to 7 wt%, or less than 7 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70-75 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 22-30 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired composition of even further more preferred composition 3250 includes equal to or approximately equal to 5 wt%, or less than 5 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70-73 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 25-30 wt% of R1132a.

[0339] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties for a refrigerant composition may include a different GWP, a different BV, and / or a different temperature glide than those described above. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 25K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 10K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, a BV of 5 cm / sec or less may be desired. In one embodiment, a GWP of 10 or less may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 23 The matrix 3200 in can be used to further select compositions / ranges with desired GWP and / or temperature glide. For example, Figure 23 Modify / select above about Figure 23The various ranges of compositions are described to provide ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1132a with desired properties (eg GEP and / or temperature glide).

[0340] refer to Figure 24 , matrix 3300 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of a refrigerant composition relative to R410A as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a. In one embodiment, the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition relative to R410A may be calculated based on the weight percentage of the refrigerant composition. Figure 24 The refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1132a is selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide and / or BV shown in the matrix 3300 in FIG. Similar to the matrix 3200 above, Figure 24 The matrix 3300 in FIG. 3 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt %) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze, and 100% R1132a, respectively.

[0341] According to one embodiment, Figure 25 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 24 The matrix is ​​3300. Figure 25 As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, and BV relative to R410A.

[0342] In one embodiment, a set of desired properties of useful refrigerant compositions includes a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desired properties, Figure 25 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3340 are shown in matrix 3300. Useful refrigerant compositions 3340 include R1132(E) at or about 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 53 wt%, or greater than 53 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and R1132a at or about 47 wt%, or less than 47 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0343] In one embodiment, if Figure 25As shown, useful compositions 3340 may include preferred compositions 3342. Preferred compositions 3342 have properties including a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 50% of the cooling capacity of R410A. Useful refrigerant compositions 3340 include R1132(E) at or about 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt%, and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 53 wt%, or greater than 53 wt%, and less than 100 wt%; and R1132a at or about 47 wt%, or less than 47 wt%, and greater than 0 wt%. The preferred composition 3342 includes equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-83 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 47 wt%, or less than 47 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0344] In one embodiment, if Figure 25 As shown, the preferred composition 3342 may include a further preferred composition 3344. The further preferred composition 3344 has characteristics including a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The further preferred composition 3344 includes equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-68 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0345] In one embodiment, if Figure 25 As shown, further preferred composition 3344 may include more preferred composition 3364. The characteristics of more preferred composition 3346 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R410A. More preferred composition 3346 includes equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%, or less than 20 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-66 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 25-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0346] In one embodiment, if Figure 25As shown, the more preferred composition 3346 may include an even more preferred composition 3348. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3348 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The even more preferred composition 3348 includes equal to or approximately equal to 16 wt%, or less than 16 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-63 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 30-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0347] In one embodiment, if Figure 25 As shown, a further preferred composition 3348 may include an even further preferred composition 3350. The characteristics of the even further preferred composition 3348 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to, or approximately equal to, or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The even further preferred composition 3350 includes equal to or approximately equal to 11 wt%, or less than 11 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-60 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 35-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0348] In one embodiment, if Figure 25 As shown, an even more preferred composition 3350 may include an even more preferred composition 3352. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3352 include a burning velocity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3352 includes equal to or approximately equal to 7 wt%, or less than 7 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 53-57 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 40-47 wt% of R1132a.

[0349] Figure 25 Also included is a first shaded area 3360. The composition in the first shaded area 3360 has a temperature glide greater than 20°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a temperature glide equal to or less than 20°K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 25 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3340, preferred composition 3342, further preferred composition 3344, more preferred composition 3356), and reference Figure 25 The description is to omit those compositions within the shaded area 3360.

[0350] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3340 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 54 wt%, or greater than 54 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt%, or less than 28 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3342 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 54-83 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 28 wt%, or less than 28 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, the desired composition of further preferred composition 3344 includes R1132(E) at or about 11-25 wt %; R1234ze(E) at or about 54-62 wt %; and R1132a at or about 20-28 wt %. For example, the desired composition of more preferred composition 3346 includes R1132(E) at or about 20 wt %, or less than 20 wt % and greater than 0 wt %; R1234ze(E) at or about 54-57 wt %; and R1132a at or about 25-28 wt %.

[0351] Figure 25 Also included is a second shaded area 3362. The compositions in the first and second shaded areas 3360, 3362 have a temperature glide greater than 15°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a temperature glide equal to or less than 15°K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 25 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3240, preferred composition 3242), and reference Figure 25 The description is to omit those compositions within the first and second shaded areas 3360, 3362.

[0352] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3340 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt%, or greater than 56 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%, or less than 20 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3342 include equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or less than 43 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 56-83 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%, or less than 20 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a.

[0353] Figure 25 Also included is a dark region 3370. The composition in the dark region 3370 has a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 3370. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 25 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3340, preferred composition 3342), and reference Figure 25 Describes the composition within the dark region 3370.

[0354] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 3340 includes equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt%, or less than 27 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70 wt%, or greater than 70 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 30 wt%, or less than 30 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132a. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 3342 includes equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt%, or less than 23 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 70-83 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 5-30 wt% of R1132a.

[0355] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties of the refrigerant composition may include different temperature glides. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 25K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 10K or less may be desired. It is understood that Figure 25 The matrix 3300 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired temperature glide.

[0356] According to one embodiment, Figures 26-29 Matrices 3400, 3500 of refrigerant compositions comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1123 are shown, respectively. In the embodiment shown, the third refrigerant is R1123. Figures 26-29 The matrices 3400 and 3500 in the above Figure 18-21 The matrices 3000 and 3100 in FIG. 3000 and 3100 are similar in triangular layout. Figure 26As shown, each side 3410, 3420, 3430 of the triangle can correspond to a weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123, respectively. Each vertex 3411, 3421, 3431 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% R1123, respectively. Properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., flammability, temperature glide, and / or cooling capacity relative to R404A and / or cooling capacity relative to R410A) and the weight percentages of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1132a can be determined using matrix 3400 and / or matrix 3500. The properties of the compositions represented in matrices 3400 and 3500 were determined using thermodynamic models based on experimental results. Figure 26 Embodiments of refrigerant compositions are shown having preferred weight percentage ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123, respectively, and are selected based on one or more desired properties of the refrigerant composition.

[0357] refer to Figure 26 , matrix 3400 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, toxicity (e.g., OEL), and cooling capacity of a refrigerant composition relative to R404A as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123. In one embodiment, the BV, temperature glide, toxicity (e.g., OEL), and cooling capacity relative to R404A of the refrigerant composition may be calculated based on the following formula: Figure 26 A refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123 is selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide, OEL, and / or BV shown in the matrix 3400 in FIG.

[0358] According to one embodiment, Figure 27 The selected refrigerant composition Figure 26 The matrix is ​​3400. Figure 27 As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, toxicity, and BV relative to R404A.

[0359] In one embodiment, a set of desired properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes having a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and an OEL equal to or greater than 400 ppm. Based on these desired properties, Figure 27A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3440 are shown in matrix 3400. Useful refrigerant compositions 3440 include R1132(E) at or about 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 34 wt%, or greater than 34 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and R1123 at or about 51 wt%, or less than 51 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0360] In one embodiment, if Figure 27 As shown, useful compositions 3440 may include preferred compositions 3442. Preferred compositions 3442 have properties including a BV of 15 cm / s or less, an OEL of 400 ppm or greater, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 50% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Preferred compositions 3442 include 36 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 34-87 wt% or less of R1234ze(E); and 51 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1123.

[0361] In one embodiment, if Figure 27 As shown, the preferred composition 3442 may include a further preferred composition 3444. The further preferred composition 3444 has properties including a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, an OEL equal to or greater than 400 ppm, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 75% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The further preferred composition 3444 includes equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-63 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 1-51 wt% of R1123.

[0362] In one embodiment, if Figure 27 As shown, a further preferred composition 3444 may include a more preferred composition 4446. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 3446 include a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s, an OEL of 400 ppm or greater, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 80% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The more preferred composition 3446 includes equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-58 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 6-51 wt% of R1123.

[0363] In one embodiment, if Figure 27As shown, a more preferred composition 3446 may include an even more preferred composition 3448. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3448 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, an OEL equal to or greater than 400 ppm, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3448 includes equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-53 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 11-54 wt% of R1123.

[0364] In one embodiment, if Figure 27 As shown, a further preferred composition 3448 may include an even further preferred composition 3450. The characteristics of the even further preferred composition 3450 include a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s, an OEL equal to or greater than 400 ppm, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even further preferred composition 3450 includes equal to or approximately equal to 1-35 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-49 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 16-50 wt% of R1123.

[0365] In one embodiment, if Figure 27 As shown, an even more preferred composition 3450 may include an even more preferred composition 3452. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3452 include a burning velocity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3452 includes equal to or approximately equal to 11-35 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-45 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20-44 wt% of R1123.

[0366] Figure 27 Includes shaded area 3460. The compositions in shaded area 3460 have a temperature glide greater than 10°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a temperature glide equal to or less than 10°K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 25 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3440, preferred composition 3442, further preferred composition 3444, more preferred composition 3446, further more preferred composition 3448, even further more preferred composition 3450, still further more preferred composition 3452), and with reference to Figure 27The description is to omit those compositions within the shaded area 3460.

[0367] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant composition 3440 include equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34 wt%, or greater than 34 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 39 wt%, or less than 39 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of preferred composition 3442 include equal to or approximately equal to 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-87 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 39 wt%, or less than 39 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1123. For example, a further preferred composition 3444 includes R1132(E) at or about 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 34-63 wt%; and R1123 at or about 1-39 wt%. For example, a more preferred composition 3446 includes R1132(E) at or about 12-36 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 34-58 wt%; and R1123 at or about 6-38 wt%. For example, a still more preferred composition 3448 includes R1132(E) at or about 19-36 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 34-54 wt%; and R1123 at or about 11-37 wt%. For example, even further preferred composition 3450 includes equal to or approximately equal to 23-35 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-49 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 16-37 wt% of R1123. For example, still further preferred composition 3452 includes equal to or approximately equal to 23-35 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34-45 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20-37 wt% of R1123.

[0368] Figure 27 Also included is a dark region 3470. The composition in the dark region 3470 has a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 3470. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 27, and with reference to the compositions shown in 3440 (e.g., useful composition 3440, preferred composition 3442, further preferred composition 4444, more preferred composition 3446, further more preferred composition 3448, even further more preferred composition 3450). Figure 27 Describes the composition within the dark region 3470.

[0369] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3440 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or greater than 43 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 51 wt%, or less than 51 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3442 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 43-87 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 51 wt%, or less than 51 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1123. For example, a further preferred composition 3444 includes R1132(E) at or about 17 wt%, or less than 17 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 43-63 wt%; and R1123 at or about 20-51 wt%. For example, a more preferred composition 3446 includes R1132(E) at or about 17 wt%, or less than 17 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 43-58 wt%; and R1123 at or about 25-51 wt%. For example, such desired composition of further more preferred composition 3448 includes equal to or approximately equal to 17 wt%, or less than 17 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 43-53 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 30-51 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired composition of even further more preferred composition 3450 includes equal to or approximately equal to 1-35 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 43-49 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 35-50 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired composition of still further more preferred composition 3452 includes equal to or approximately equal to 11-16 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 43-45 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 39-44 wt% of R1123.

[0370] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include having a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 20° K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 27 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3440, preferred composition 3442, further preferred composition 4444, more preferred composition 3446, further more preferred composition 3448, even further more preferred composition 3450), and with reference to Figure 27 Describes the composition within the darkened area 3470 and outside the shaded area 3460.

[0371] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties for a refrigerant composition may include temperature glide and / or different OELs. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 10K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of 7.5K or less may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of 600 ppm or greater may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of 700 ppm or greater may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 27 The matrix 3400 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired temperature glide and / or OEL.

[0372] refer to Figure 28 , matrix 3500 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, toxicity (e.g., OEL), and cooling capacity of a refrigerant composition relative to R410A as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(e), R1234ze(e), and R1123. Similar to the matrix 3400 above, Figure 28 The matrix 3500 in FIG. 3 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt%) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to the compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% R1123, respectively. In one embodiment, the matrix 3500 may be selected according to the following formula: Figure 28 A refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123 is selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide, OEL, and / or BV shown in the matrix 3500 in FIG.

[0373] According to one embodiment, Figure 29 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 28 The matrix is ​​3500. Figure 29As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or comprises) R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R1123. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, toxicity, and BV relative to R410A.

[0374] In one embodiment, a set of desired properties for a useful refrigerant composition includes a BV of 15 cm / s or less and an OEL of 400 ppm or greater. Based on these desired properties, Figure 29 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3540 are shown in matrix 3500. Useful refrigerant compositions 3540 include R1132(E) at or about 36 wt%, or less than 36 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 34 wt%, or greater than 34 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and R1123 at or about 51 wt%, or less than 51 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0375] In one embodiment, if Figure 29 As shown, useful compositions 3540 may include preferred compositions 3542. Preferred compositions 3542 have properties including a BV of 15 cm / s or less, an OEL of 400 ppm or greater, and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 50% of the cooling capacity of R410A. Preferred compositions 3542 include 36 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 34-66 wt% or less of R1234ze(E); and 51 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1123.

[0376] Figure 29 Also included is a dark region 3570. The composition in the dark region 3570 has a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 3570. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 29 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3540, preferred composition 3542), and reference Figure 29 Describes the composition within the dark region 3570.

[0377] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant compositions 3540 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 43 wt%, or greater than 43 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 51 wt%, or less than 51 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1123. For example, such desired compositions of preferred compositions 3542 include equal to or approximately equal to 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 43-66 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 51 wt%, or less than 51 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1123.

[0378] Figure 29 Includes shaded area 3560. The composition in shaded area 3560 has a temperature glide greater than 10°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include having a temperature glide of 10°K or less. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 25 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3540, preferred composition 3542), and reference Figure 29 The description is to omit the composition within the shaded area 3560.

[0379] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a BV of 10 cm / s or less and a temperature glide of 20° K or less. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 29 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3440, preferred composition 3442), and reference Figure 29 Describes the composition within the darkened area 3570 and outside the shaded area 3560.

[0380] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties for a refrigerant composition may include temperature glide and / or different OELs. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 10 K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 7.5 K may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than 600 ppm may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of equal to, approximately equal to, or greater than 700 ppm may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 29 The matrix 3500 in can be used to further select compositions / ranges with desired temperature glide and / or OEL. For example, Figure 29 Modify / select above about Figure 29The various ranges of compositions are described to provide ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and R1123 with desired properties (eg OEL and / or temperature glide).

[0381] According to one embodiment, Figures 30-33 Matrices 3600, 3700 are shown for refrigerant compositions comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2, respectively. In the embodiment shown, the third refrigerant is CO2. Figure 34-47 The matrices 3600 and 3700 in the above Figure 22-25 The matrices 3000 and 3100 in FIG. 3000 and 3100 are similar in triangular layout. Figure 30 As shown, each side 3610, 3620, and 3630 of the triangle can correspond to a weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2, respectively. Each vertex 3611, 3621, and 3631 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% CO2, respectively. Properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., flammability, temperature glide, and / or cooling capacity relative to R404A and / or cooling capacity relative to R410A) and the weight percentages of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2 can be determined using matrix 3600 and / or matrix 3700. The properties of the compositions represented in matrices 3600 and 3700 were determined using thermodynamic models based on experimental results. Figure 30 Embodiments of refrigerant compositions are shown having preferred weight percentage ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2, respectively, and are selected based on one or more desired properties of the refrigerant composition.

[0382] refer to Figure 30 , matrix 3600 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of a refrigerant composition relative to R404A as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2. In one embodiment, the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of the refrigerant composition relative to R404A are shown as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2. Figure 30 A refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2 is selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide, and / or BV shown in the matrix 3600 in FIG.

[0383] According to one embodiment, Figure 31 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 30 The matrix is ​​3600. Figure 31As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, and BV relative to R404A.

[0384] In one embodiment, a set of desired properties of useful refrigerant compositions includes a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desired properties, Figure 31 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3640 are shown in matrix 3600. Useful refrigerant compositions 3640 include equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt%, or less than 46 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1234ze(E); and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% CO2.

[0385] In one embodiment, if Figure 31 As shown, useful composition 3640 may include a first preferred composition 3642A. Properties of first preferred composition 3642A include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A. First preferred composition 3642A includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or less than, 42 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or greater than 25 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and CO2 equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0386] In one embodiment, if Figure 31 As shown, useful composition 3640 may include a second preferred composition 3642B. Properties of the second preferred composition 3642B include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The second preferred composition 3642B includes 39 wt% or approximately equal to, or less than, 39 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 48 wt% or approximately equal to, or greater than 38 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and 24 wt% or approximately equal to, or less than 24 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of CO2.

[0387] In one embodiment, if Figure 31As shown, first preferred composition 3642A may include further preferred composition 3644. Further preferred composition 3644 has characteristics including a BV of 15 cm / s or less and a cooling capacity of 75% or approximately 75% to 200% or approximately 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Further preferred composition 3644 includes 42 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 25-89 wt% or less of R1234ze(E); and 44 wt% or less and greater than 0 wt% of CO2.

[0388] In one embodiment, if Figure 31 As shown, a further preferred composition 3644 may include a more preferred composition 3646. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 3646 include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity of 80% or about 80% to 200% or about 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The more preferred composition 3646 includes equal to or approximately equal to 42 wt%, or less than 42 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 25-87 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 1-44 wt% of CO2.

[0389] In one embodiment, if Figure 31 As shown, a more preferred composition 3646 may include an even more preferred composition 3648. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3648 include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity of 85% or about 85% to 200% or about 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3648 includes equal to or approximately equal to 42 wt%, or less than 42 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 25-86 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 3-44 wt% of CO2.

[0390] In one embodiment, if Figure 31 As shown, a further preferred composition 3648 may include an even further preferred composition 3650. Characteristics of the even further preferred composition 3650 include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity of 90% or about 90% to 200% or about 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Even further preferred composition 3650 includes equal to or about 42 wt%, or less than 42 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or about 25-85 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or about 4-44 wt% CO2.

[0391] In one embodiment, if Figure 31 As shown, an even more preferred composition 3650 may include an even more preferred composition 3652. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3652 include having a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, a burning velocity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 15 cm / s, and a cooling capacity of 90% or approximately 90% to 200% or approximately 200% of the cooling capacity of R404A. The even more preferred composition 3652 includes equal to or approximately equal to 42 wt%, or less than 42 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 25-83 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 6-44 wt% of CO2.

[0392] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties can include a cooling capacity equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In these embodiments, the desired composition can be selected from the further preferred composition 3644, the more preferred composition 3646, the further more preferred composition 3648, and / or the even further more preferred composition 3450 of the second preferred composition 3642B. For example, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such a desired composition is equal to, or approximately equal to, 39 wt %, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such a desired composition is equal to, or approximately equal to, 48 wt %, and the upper limit of CO2 in such a desired composition is equal to, or approximately equal to, 24 wt %.

[0393] Figure 31 Also included is a shaded area 3660. The compositions in the shaded area 3660 have a temperature glide equal to or less than 20°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a temperature glide equal to or less than 20°K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 31 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3640, first preferred composition 3642A, second preferred composition 3642B, further preferred composition 3644, more preferred composition 3646, further more preferred composition 3648, even further more preferred composition 3650, still further more preferred composition 3652), and with reference to Figure 31 The compositions are depicted within the shaded area 3660. For example, the upper limit of R1234ze(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 83 wt %, and the lower limit of CO2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 15 wt %.

[0394] Figure 31Also included is a dark region 3670. The composition in the dark region 3670 has a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 3670. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 31 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3640, first preferred composition 3642A, second preferred composition 3642B, further preferred composition 3644, more preferred composition 3646, further more preferred composition 3648, even further more preferred composition 3650, still further more preferred composition 3652), and with reference to Figure 31 Describes the composition within the dark region 3670.

[0395] For example, such a desired composition of a useful refrigerant composition 3640 includes equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt%, or less than 31 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1234ze(E); and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% CO. For example, such a desired composition of a first preferred composition 3642A includes equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 37 wt%, or greater than 37 wt% and less than 100 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% CO. For example, the desired composition of the second preferred composition 3642B includes R1132(E) at or about 22 wt%, or less than 22 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 60 wt%, or greater than 60 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and CO2 at or about 18 wt%, or less than 18 wt% and greater than 0 wt%. For example, the desired composition of the further preferred composition 3644 includes R1132(E) at or about 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt%, and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) at or about 37-89 wt%, and CO2 at or about 5-44 wt%. For example, the desired composition of the more preferred composition 3646 includes equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 37-87 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 7-44 wt% of CO2. The desired composition of the still more preferred composition 3648 includes equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 37-86 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 8-44 wt% of CO2. For example, the desired composition of even further more preferred composition 3650 includes equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 37-85 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 9-44 wt% CO2. For example, the desired composition of still further more preferred composition 3652 includes equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 37-83 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 11-44 wt% CO2.

[0396] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a BV of 10 cm / s or less, a temperature glide of 20°K or less, and / or a cooling capacity of 125% or less than that of R410A. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 31 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3640, first preferred composition 3642A, second preferred composition 3642B, further preferred composition 3644, more preferred composition 3646, further more preferred composition 3648, even further more preferred composition 3650, still further more preferred composition 3652), and with reference to Figure 31 Two or more compositions are described within shaded area 3660, within dark area 3670, and / or within second preferred composition 3642B.

[0397] For example, in some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include having a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s and a temperature glide equal to or less than 20° K. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 31 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3640, first preferred composition 3642A, second preferred composition 3642B, further preferred composition 3644, more preferred composition 3646, further more preferred combination 3648, even further more preferred composition 3650, still further more preferred composition 3652), and with reference to Figure 31 Compositions that are neither within shaded area 3660 nor shaded area 3670 are described.

[0398] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties for a refrigerant composition may include different temperature glides. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 30K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 10K may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of equal to, or approximately equal to, or greater than 600 ppm may be desired. In one embodiment, an OEL of equal to, or approximately equal to, or greater than 700 ppm may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 31 The matrix 3600 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired temperature glide. For example, Figure 31 Modify / select the above Figure 31 Different ranges of compositions of R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and CO2 are provided to provide ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and CO2 with desired properties (e.g. temperature glide).

[0399] refer to Figure 32, matrix 3700 shows a graph of the BV, temperature glide, and cooling capacity of a refrigerant composition relative to R410A as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2. Similar to the matrix 3600 above, Figure 32 The matrix 3700 in FIG. 3 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt%) of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO2, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to the compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% CO2, respectively. In one embodiment, the matrix 3700 may be selected according to the following formula: Figure 32 A refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and CO2 is selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide and / or BV shown in the matrix 3700 in FIG.

[0400] According to one embodiment, Figure 33 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 32 The matrix is ​​3700. Figure 33 As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and CO. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition properties (e.g., cooling capacity, temperature glide, and BV relative to R410A).

[0401] In one embodiment, a set of desired properties of useful refrigerant compositions includes a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desired properties, Figure 33 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 3740 are shown in matrix 3700. Useful refrigerant compositions 3740 include equal to or approximately equal to 46 wt%, or less than 46 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1234ze(E); and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% CO2.

[0402] In one embodiment, if Figure 33 As shown, useful composition 3740 may include a first preferred composition 3742A. The first preferred composition 3742A has characteristics including a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The first preferred composition 3742A includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or less than, 45 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or greater than 3 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and CO2 equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 71 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0403] In one embodiment, if Figure 33 As shown, a useful composition 3740 may include a second preferred composition 3742B. The properties of the second preferred composition 3742B include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The second preferred composition 3742B includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or less than, 41 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; R1234ze(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or greater than 32 wt% and less than 100 wt%; and CO2 equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 38 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0404] In one embodiment, if Figure 33 As shown, the first preferred composition 3742A may include a further preferred composition 3744. The further preferred composition 3744 has characteristics including a BV of 15 cm / s or less and a cooling capacity of 50% or approximately 50% to 200% or approximately 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The further preferred composition 3744 includes 45 wt%, or less than 45 wt%, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 3-89 wt%, or equal to or approximately 71 wt%, and greater than 0 wt% of R1234ze(E); and 71 wt%, or less than 71 wt%, and greater than 0 wt% of CO2.

[0405] In one embodiment, if Figure 33 As shown, a further preferred composition 3744 may include a more preferred composition 3746. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 3746 include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity of 75% or about 75% to 200% or about 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The more preferred composition 3746 includes equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt%, or less than 45 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-80 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 9-71 wt% of CO2.

[0406] In one embodiment, if Figure 33As shown, a more preferred composition 3746 may include an even more preferred composition 3748. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3748 include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity of 80% or about 80% to 200% or about 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The even more preferred composition 3748 includes equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt%, or less than 45 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-78 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 11-71 wt% of CO2.

[0407] In one embodiment, if Figure 33 As shown, further preferred composition 3748 may include even further preferred composition 3750. Characteristics of even further preferred composition 3750 include having a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity of 85% or about 85% to 200% or about 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A. Even further preferred composition 3750 includes equal to or about 45 wt%, or less than 45 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or about 3-77 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or about 13-71 wt% CO2.

[0408] In one embodiment, if Figure 33 As shown, an even more preferred composition 3750 may include an even more preferred composition 3752. The characteristics of the even more preferred composition 3752 include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 90% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The even more preferred composition 3752 includes equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt%, or less than 45 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-75 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 15-71 wt% of CO2.

[0409] In one embodiment, if Figure 33 As shown, a further preferred composition 3752 may include an even further preferred composition 3754. The characteristics of the even further preferred composition 3754 include a BV equal to or less than 15 cm / s and a cooling capacity of 95% or about 95% to 200% or about 200% of the cooling capacity of R410A. The even further preferred composition 3754 includes equal to or approximately equal to 45 wt%, or less than 45 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-73 wt% of R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 17-71 wt% of CO2.

[0410] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties can include a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In these embodiments, the desired composition can be selected from further preferred composition 3744, more preferred composition 3746, further more preferred composition 3748, even further more preferred composition 3750, still further more preferred composition 3752, and / or even further more preferred composition 3754, also within second preferred composition 3742B. For example, the upper limit of R1132(E) in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 41 wt%, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 32 wt%, and the upper limit of CO2 in such desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 38 wt%.

[0411] Figure 33 Also included is a shaded area 3760. The compositions in the shaded area 3760 have a temperature glide equal to or less than 20°K. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a temperature glide equal to or less than 20°K. In such embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 33 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 3740, first preferred composition 3742A, second preferred composition 3742B, further preferred composition 3744, more preferred composition 3746, further more preferred composition 3748, even further more preferred composition 3750, still further more preferred composition 3752, and even further more preferred composition 3754), and with reference to Figure 33 Compositions are depicted within shaded area 3760. For example, an upper limit of R1234ze(E) in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 83 wt %, and a lower limit of CO2 in such desired compositions is equal to or approximately equal to 16 wt %.

[0412] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties can include having a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R410A and having a temperature glide equal to or less than 20° K. In these embodiments, the desired composition can be selected from a further preferred composition 3744, a more preferred composition 3746, a further preferred composition 3748, an even further more preferred composition 3750, an even further more preferred composition 3752, and / or an even further more preferred composition 3754 that is within the second preferred composition 3742B and not within the shaded area 3760. For example, in such an embodiment, the upper limit of R1132(E) is equal to or approximately equal to 41 wt%, the lower limit of R1234ze(E) in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 38 wt%, and the lower limit of CO2 in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 16 wt%.

[0413] Figure 33 Also included is a dark region 3770. The composition in the dark region 3770 has a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition within the dark region 3770. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 33 , (e.g., useful composition 3740, first preferred composition 3742A, second preferred composition 3742B, further preferred composition 3744, more preferred composition 3746, further more preferred composition 3748, even further more preferred composition 3750, still further more preferred composition 3752, and even further more preferred composition 3754), and with reference to Figure 33 Describes the composition within the dark region 3770.

[0414] For example, such a desired composition of a useful refrigerant composition 3740 includes equal to or approximately equal to 31 wt%, or less than 31 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1234ze(E); and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% CO. For example, such a desired composition of a first preferred composition 3742A includes equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%, or less than 29 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 13 wt%, or greater than 13 wt% and less than 100 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 71 wt%, or less than 71 wt% and greater than 0 wt% CO. For example, the desired composition of the second preferred composition 3742B includes 24 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 44 wt% or more, and less than 100 wt% of R1234ze(E); and 38 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of CO2. For example, the desired composition of the further preferred composition 3744 includes 29 wt% or less, and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); 13-89 wt% or more, of R1234ze(E); and 5-71 wt% or more, of CO2. For example, such desired composition of more preferred composition 3746 includes equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%, or less than 29 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-80 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 14-71 wt% CO2. For example, such desired composition of still more preferred composition 3748 includes equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%, or less than 29 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-78 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 16-71 wt% CO2. For example, such desired composition of even further preferred composition 3750 includes equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%, or less than 29 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-77 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 18-71 wt% CO2. For example, this desired composition of the still further more preferred composition 3752 includes equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%, or less than 29 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-75 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 20-71 wt% CO2.For example, this desired composition of even further more preferred composition 3754 includes equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%, or less than 29 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 3-73 wt% R1234ze(E); and equal to or approximately equal to 21-71 wt% CO2.

[0415] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a BV of 10 cm / s or less, a temperature glide of 20°K or less, and / or a cooling capacity of 125% or less than that of R410A. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 33 , (e.g., useful composition 3740, first preferred composition 3742A, second preferred composition 3742B, further preferred composition 3744, more preferred composition 3746, further more preferred composition 3748, even further more preferred composition 3750), and reference is made to the compositions shown in Figure 33 Describes two or more compositions that are not within shaded area 3760, shaded area 3770, and / or second preferred composition 3762B.

[0416] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties for a refrigerant composition may include different temperature glides and / or different cooling capacities. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 30K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, or equal to, or less than 10 may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 115% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 110% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. In one embodiment, a cooling capacity of equal to, or approximately equal to, or less than 105% of the cooling capacity of R410A may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 33 The matrix 3700 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired temperature glide. For example, Figure 33 Modify / select the above Figure 33 The invention provides different ranges of compositions of R1132(E), R1234ze(E) and CO2 to provide a range of desired properties (e.g. temperature glide and / or cooling capacity).

[0417] Refrigerant composition comprising R1132(E), R134a and a third refrigerant

[0418] In one embodiment, the refrigerant composition consists of, consists essentially of, or comprises R1132(E), R134a, and a third refrigerant. Figure 34-49 Each matrix 4000, 4100, 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, or 4700 shows a composition of R1132(E), R134a, and a third refrigerant. In each matrix, the properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., GWP, toxicity, flammability, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to another refrigerant composition, etc.) are plotted as a function of the weight percent (wt%) of each of R1132(E), R134a, and the third refrigerant. In one embodiment, the method of making a refrigerant composition utilizes Figure 34-49 One or more matrices of the refrigerant composition to impart one or more desired properties to the refrigerant composition.

[0419] For example, Figure 34 As shown, each side 4010, 4020, 4030 of the triangle corresponds to the weight percentage (wt%) of R1132(E), R134a and the third refrigerant respectively. Figures 34-37 , the third refrigerant is R32. Each vertex 4011, 4021, and 4031 corresponds to a composition of 100% R1132(E), 100% R1234ze(E), and 100% R32, respectively. The properties of the refrigerant composition (e.g., GWP, toxicity, flammability, temperature glide, and / or cooling capacity relative to R404A) and the weight percentages of R1132(e), R134a, and R32 can be determined using matrix 4000. Based on experimental results, a thermodynamic model was used to determine the properties of the compositions represented in matrix 4000. Figure 34 Embodiments of refrigerant compositions are shown having preferred weight percentage ranges of R1132(E), R1234ze(E), and R32, respectively, and are selected based on one or more desired properties of the refrigerant composition.

[0420] Similarly, Figure 35-49 Shown are refrigerant compositions of R1132(E), R134a, and a third refrigerant; properties of the refrigerant compositions according to weight percentages of R1132(E), R134a, and the third refrigerant; and / or preferred ranges.

[0421] It should be understood that the boundary between meeting the Class 2L and Class 2 classifications can be, for example, a BV of 100 mm (i.e., 10 cm) per second as determined based on ASHRAE Standard 34. The BV lines are estimated based on the characteristics of individual components and / or various binary mixtures of components. Thus, in one embodiment, the amount of each refrigerant in the composition along each burning rate line can vary, for example, by about 5%. It should be understood that the compositions and ranges shown and / or described can be updated based on further testing to confirm the location of the burning rate lines.

[0422] According to one embodiment, Figures 34-37 Matrices 4000, 4100 are shown for refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R134a, and R32, respectively. Figure 34 , matrix 4000 shows a graph of the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R404A of the refrigerant composition as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R134a, and R32. In one embodiment, the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R404A of the refrigerant composition can be calculated based on the weight percentage of R1132(E), R134a, and R32. Figure 34 Refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R134a, and R32 are selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV, and / or GWP shown.

[0423] According to one embodiment, Figure 35 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 34 The matrix is ​​4000. Figure 35 As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R134a, and R32. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV, and GWP relative to R404A.

[0424] In one embodiment, a set of desirable properties of a useful refrigerant composition includes having a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 750 and a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desirable properties, Figure 35 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 4040 are shown in the matrix 4000. Useful refrigerant compositions 4040 include less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or about equal to 40 wt%, or less than 40 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0425] In one embodiment, if Figure 35 As shown, useful composition 4040 may include preferred composition 4042. Properties of preferred composition 4042 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 500 and a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Preferred composition 4042 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or greater than 26 wt% and less than 100 wt%; R134a equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 34 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 74 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0426] In one embodiment, if Figure 35As shown, the preferred composition 4042 may include a further preferred composition 4044. The further preferred composition 4044 has properties including a GWP of equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300 and a burning rate of equal to or less than 15 cm / s. The further preferred composition 4044 includes equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt%, or greater than 56 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt%, or less than 23 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0427] In one embodiment, if Figure 35 As shown, a further preferred composition 4044 may include a more preferred composition 4046. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 4046 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150 and a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s. The more preferred composition 4046 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or greater than 78 wt% and less than 100 wt%; R134a equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 11 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 22 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0428] Figure 35 Also included are shaded areas 4060 and 4062. The compositions in shaded areas 4060 and 4062 have a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Figure 35 As shown, the compositions in the shaded areas 4060, 4062 also have a cooling capacity greater than 115% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In some embodiments, a set of desired characteristics may include the cooling capacity provided by the compositions within the shaded areas 4060, 4062 (e.g., a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R404, more similar to the cooling capacity of R404A). In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 35 The compositions shown in (e.g., useful composition 4040, preferred composition 4042, further preferred composition 404), and with reference to Figure 35 The compositions within shaded areas 4060, 4062 are depicted.

[0429] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 4040 includes less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132 (E); equal to or approximately equal to 40 wt%, or less than 40 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 94 wt%, or less than 94 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 4042 includes equal to or approximately equal to 30 wt%, or greater than 30 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132 (E); equal to or approximately equal to 34 wt%, or less than 34 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 66 wt%, or less than 66 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such a desired composition of a further preferred composition 4044 includes equal to or approximately equal to 58 wt%, or greater than 58 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt%, or less than 23 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 40 wt%, or less than 40 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0430] Figure 35 The shaded areas 4060, 4062 in the figure include a first shaded area 4060 and a second shaded area 4062. The composition in the first shaded area 4060 has a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In some embodiments, a set of desired characteristics may include a more comparable cooling capacity provided by the composition within the first shaded area 4060 (e.g., a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404, a cooling capacity more similar to the cooling capacity of R410A). In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 35 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 4040, preferred composition 4042, further preferred composition 4044), and reference Figure 35 The composition within the first shaded area 4060 is depicted.

[0431] For example, such desired compositions of useful refrigerant composition 4040 include equal to or approximately equal to 17-78 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 22-40 wt% R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 53 wt%, or less than 53 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R32. For example, such desired compositions of preferred composition 4042 include equal to or approximately equal to 50-78 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 22-34 wt% R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 25 wt%, or less than 25 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R32. For example, such desired compositions of further preferred composition 4044 include equal to or approximately equal to 76-78 wt% R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 22-23 wt% R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 2 wt%, or less than 2 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R32.

[0432] Figure 35 Also included is a dark region 4070. The composition in the dark region 4070 has a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a lower BV (e.g., a BV equal to or less than 10 cm / s) provided by the composition in the dark region 4070. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 35 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 4040, preferred composition 4042, further preferred composition 4044), and reference Figure 35 Describes the composition within the dark region 4070.

[0433] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 4040 includes less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132 (E); equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt%, or less than 27 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 4042 includes equal to or approximately equal to 26 wt%, or greater than 26 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132 (E); equal to or approximately equal to 21 wt%, or less than 21 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 74 wt%, or less than 74 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such a desired composition of a further preferred composition 4044 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt%, or greater than 56 wt% and less than 100 wt%; R134a equal to or approximately equal to 16 wt%, or less than 16 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0434] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include having a BV of 10 cm / s and a cooling capacity equal to or about equal to or less than 150% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 35 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 4040, preferred composition 4042, further preferred composition 4044, more preferred composition 4066), and with reference to Figure 35 The compositions within the second shaded area 4062 and the dark area 4070 are depicted. For example, the upper limit of R134a in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt %, and the upper limit of R32 in such a desired composition is equal to or approximately equal to 94 wt %.

[0435] In some embodiments, a set of desired properties of the refrigerant composition may include temperature glide. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 5K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 2K may be desired. In one embodiment, a temperature glide of equal to, approximately equal to, or less than 1K may be desired. It should be understood that Figure 35 The matrix 4000 in can be used to further select a composition / range with a desired temperature glide. For example, Figure 35 Modify / select the above Figure 35 Different ranges of compositions of R1132(E), R134a and R32 are provided to provide ranges of R1132(E), R134a and R32 with desired properties (e.g. temperature glide).

[0436] refer to Figure 36 , matrix 4100 shows a graph of the GWP, BV, temperature glide, cooling capacity relative to R410A of the refrigerant composition as a function of the weight percentage of R1132(E), R134a, and R32. Similar to the description of matrix 4000 above, Figure 36 The matrix 4100 in FIG. 4 is a triangle whose sides correspond to the weight percentages (wt%) of R1132(E), R134a, and R32, respectively, and whose vertices correspond to the compositions of 100% R1132(E), 100% R134a, and 100% R32, respectively. In one embodiment, the matrix 4100 may be formed according to the weight percentages (wt%) of R1132(E), R134a, and R32, respectively. Figure 36 Refrigerant compositions including R1132(E), R134a, and R32 are selected based on the cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV, and / or GWP shown.

[0437] According to one embodiment, Figure 37 The selected refrigerant composition is shown Figure 36 The matrix 4100. Figure 37As shown, the refrigerant composition comprises (i.e., consists of, consists essentially of, or contains) R1132(E), R134a, and R32. The refrigerant composition can be selected based on one or more desired refrigerant composition characteristics, such as cooling capacity, temperature glide, BV, and GWP relative to R410A.

[0438] In one embodiment, a set of desirable properties of a useful refrigerant composition includes having a GWP equal to or about equal to or less than 750 and a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Based on these desirable properties, Figure 37 A series of useful refrigerant compositions 4140 are shown in matrix 4100. Useful refrigerant compositions 4140 include less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R1132(E); equal to or about equal to 40 wt%, or less than 40 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R134a; and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% R32.

[0439] In one embodiment, if Figure 37 As shown, useful composition 4140 may include preferred composition 4142. Properties of preferred composition 4142 include having a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 500 and a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s. Preferred composition 4142 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or greater than 26 wt% and less than 100 wt%; R134a equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 34 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 74 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0440] In one embodiment, if Figure 37 As shown, the preferred composition 4142 may include a further preferred composition 4144. The properties of the further preferred composition 4144 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300 and a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s. The further preferred composition 4144 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt%, or greater than 56 wt% and less than 100 wt%; R134a equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt%, or less than 23 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0441] In one embodiment, if Figure 37As shown, a further preferred composition 4144 may include a more preferred composition 4146. The characteristics of the more preferred composition 4146 include a GWP equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150 and a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s. The more preferred composition 4146 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to, or greater than 78 wt% and less than 100 wt%; R134a equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 23 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to, or less than 11 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0442] Figure 37 Also included are shaded areas 4160, 4162, and 4164. The compositions in shaded areas 4160, 4162, and 4164 have a cooling capacity equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R404A. Figure 37 As shown, the compositions in the shaded areas 4160, 4162, 4164 also have a cooling capacity that is less than 125% of the cooling capacity of R404A. In some embodiments, a set of desired characteristics can include a higher cooling capacity provided by the compositions within the shaded areas 4160, 4162, 4164 (e.g., a cooling capacity that is equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 85% of the cooling capacity of R410A, or a cooling capacity that is more similar to the cooling capacity of R410A). In these embodiments, the desired composition can be selected from Figure 37 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 4140, preferred composition 4142), and reference Figure 37 Compositions within shaded areas 4160 , 4162 , 4164 are depicted.

[0443] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 4140 includes less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 34 wt%, or less than 34 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 4142 includes equal to or approximately equal to 26 wt%, or greater than 26 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 29 wt%, or less than 29 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 74 wt%, or less than 74 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32.

[0444] Figure 37The shaded areas 4160, 4162, 4164 in the figure include the first shaded area 4060, the second shaded area 4162, and the third shaded area 4164. The compositions in the first shaded area 4160 and the second shaded area 4162 have a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In some embodiments, a set of desired characteristics may include a higher cooling capacity (e.g., a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the cooling capacity of R410A, a cooling capacity more similar to the cooling capacity of R410A) provided by the compositions within the first and second shaded areas 4160, 4162. In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 37 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 4140, preferred composition 4142, further preferred composition 4134), and reference Figure 37 A composition within one of first shaded area 4160 and second shaded area 4162 is depicted.

[0445] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 4140 includes less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 27 wt%, or less than 27 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 4142 includes equal to or approximately equal to 26 wt%, or greater than 26 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 23 wt%, or less than 23 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and equal to or approximately equal to 74 wt%, or less than 74 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, such a desired composition of a further preferred composition 4144 includes R1132(E) equal to or approximately equal to 56 wt%, or greater than 56 wt% and less than 100 wt%; R134a equal to or approximately equal to 20 wt%, or less than 20 wt% and greater than 0 wt%; and R32 equal to or approximately equal to 44 wt%, or less than 44 wt% and greater than 0 wt%.

[0446] The compositions in the first shaded area 4160 have a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R410A. In some embodiments, a set of desired properties may include a higher cooling capacity provided by the compositions within the first shaded area 4160 (e.g., a cooling capacity equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 95% of the cooling capacity of R410A, a cooling capacity more similar to the cooling capacity of R410A). In these embodiments, the desired composition may be selected from Figure 37 The compositions shown (e.g., useful composition 4140, preferred composition 4142, further preferred composition 4134), and reference Figure 37The composition within the first shaded area 4160 is described.

[0447] For example, the desired composition of useful refrigerant composition 4140 includes less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 21 wt%, or less than 21 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R134a; and less than 100 wt% and greater than 0 wt% of R32. For example, the desired composition of preferred composition 4142 includes equal to or approximately equal to 26 wt%, or greater than 26 wt% and less than 100 wt% of R1132(E); equal to or approximately equal to 17 wt%, or less than 17 wt...

Claims

1. A refrigerant composition for use in a HVACR system, comprising: R1132(E) refrigerant; A second refrigerant, wherein the second refrigerant is one of R1234yf refrigerant, R1234ze(E) refrigerant and R134a refrigerant; and The third refrigerant is one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant and CO2, wherein The refrigerant composition has a GWP equal to, about equal to, or less than 750.

2. The refrigerant composition according to claim 1, wherein The second refrigerant is one of R1234yf refrigerant and R1234ze(E) refrigerant, and the GWP of the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300.

3. The refrigerant composition according to claim 2, wherein: The refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

4. The refrigerant composition according to claim 1, wherein The second refrigerant is R1234yf refrigerant, and the GWP of the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300.

5. The refrigerant composition according to claim 4, wherein The third refrigerant is R32 refrigerant, whose proportion in the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 44wt%, the proportion of R1234yf refrigerant in the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 20wt%, the proportion of R1132(E) in the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 43wt%, and the refrigerant composition has a burning rate equal to or less than 15cm / s.

6. The refrigerant composition according to claim 5, wherein: The R32 refrigerant accounts for 20 wt % or less of the refrigerant composition, and the GWP of the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 150.

7. The refrigerant composition according to claim 5, wherein The proportion of the R1234yf refrigerant in the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 70wt%, the proportion of the R1132(E) refrigerant in the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 8wt%, and the refrigerant combination has a refrigeration capacity that is equal to or approximately equal to or greater than 90% of the refrigeration capacity of R454A.

8. The refrigerant composition according to claim 7, wherein: The proportion of the R1132(E) refrigerant in the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 27 wt %, and the combustion rate of the refrigerant composition is equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

9. The refrigerant composition according to claim 2, wherein: The third refrigerant is one of R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant and CO2.

10. The refrigerant composition according to claim 9, wherein The refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

11. The refrigerant composition according to claim 1, wherein The second refrigerant is R1234ze(E) refrigerant, the GWP of the refrigerant composition is equal to or approximately equal to or less than 300, and the refrigerant composition has a burning rate equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

12. The refrigerant composition according to claim 11, wherein The refrigerant composition has a GWP of equal to, about equal to, or less than 150.

13. The refrigerant composition according to claim 11, wherein The refrigerant composition has a burning rate equal to or less than 10 cm / s.

14. The refrigerant composition according to claim 11, wherein The refrigerant composition has a refrigeration capacity equal to or greater than 50% of the refrigeration capacity of R410A.

15. The refrigerant composition according to claim 11, wherein The refrigerant composition has a refrigerating capacity equal to or greater than 75% of the refrigerating capacity of R404A.

16. The refrigerant composition according to claim 1, wherein The second refrigerant is R134a refrigerant.

17. The refrigerant composition according to claim 13, wherein: The refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 15 cm / s.

18. The refrigerant composition according to claim 13, wherein: The refrigerant composition has a burning velocity equal to or less than 10 cm / s.

19. A method of making a refrigerant composition for use in a HVACR system, the method comprising: A certain amount of R1132(E) refrigerant, a certain amount of a second refrigerant and a certain amount of a first refrigerant are mixed, wherein the second refrigerant is one of R1234ze(E) and R134a refrigerants, and the third refrigerant is one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant and CO2, wherein The refrigerant composition is the refrigerant composition according to claim 1.

20. A method of retrofitting an HVACR system having an existing refrigerant composition, comprising: Replacing at least a portion of an existing refrigerant composition to obtain a retrofit refrigerant composition comprises adding one or more refrigerants to the HVACR system, wherein The modified refrigerant composition includes one of R1234yf refrigerant, R1132(E) refrigerant, R1234ze(E) and R134a refrigerant and one of R32 refrigerant, R1132a refrigerant, R1123 refrigerant and CO2, and The modified composition is the refrigerant composition according to claim 1.

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