Quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms

Abstract

The invention provides a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, which comprises a detection light assembly, a coupling light assembly, an atomic gas chamber, a photoelectric detector, a to-be-detected signal assembly, a local oscillator signal assembly and a metasurface structure, and is characterized in that detection light and coupling light are reversely collinear; a metasurface structure is arranged on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber, and a to-be-detected electromagnetic wave signal and a local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal are transmitted into the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure; the photoelectric detector converts detection light into electric signals, and spectrum data of the electric signals are obtained through the spectrum analyzer. According to the atomic gas chamber, the frequency measurement function of electromagnetic wave signals to be measured is achieved, the standing wave effect of the electromagnetic wave signals in the atomic gas chamber is weakened through the high transmission effect of the metasurface structure, and electromagnetic waves radiated into the atomic gas chamber have higher transmission efficiency and utilization rate.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of microwave sensing technology, and in particular to a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of modern communication technology, microwave sensing technology plays an increasingly important role in military reconnaissance, aerospace, medical imaging, and industrial process control. However, traditional microwave sensing technology, which mainly relies on electronic principles, has many limitations. These systems often require complex calibration processes, are easily affected by thermal noise, and the bandwidth of the antenna is limited by its physical size, resulting in limited measurement accuracy and flexibility.

[0003] In order to overcome these challenges, researchers have begun to explore new sensor technologies based on quantum effects. Quantum sensors use the intrinsic properties of quantum systems, such as quantum coherence and quantum entanglement, to achieve ultra-sensitive detection of physical quantities. The strong electric dipole moment of Rydberg atoms not only enhances their response to microwave fields, but also enables them to achieve long-range interactions, which is of great significance for the study of many-body quantum physics. Rydberg atom microwave electric field sensors based on quantum coherence effects can provide sensitivity beyond the classical thermal noise limit, and have the characteristics of all-optical detection, large bandwidth and easy integration. However, in the prior art, due to the resonance of the atomic gas chamber resonant cavity and the existence of the standing wave effect, it is easy to cause the loss of electromagnetic wave energy radiated to the atomic gas chamber, resulting in a decrease in transmission efficiency. Summary of the invention

[0004] The main purpose of the present invention is to provide a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms to solve the technical problem that the electromagnetic wave transmission efficiency is reduced due to the resonance of the atomic gas chamber resonant cavity and the standing wave effect in the existing quantum sensors.

[0005] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, comprising a detection light component, a coupling light component, an atomic gas chamber, a photodetector, a signal component to be measured, a local oscillator signal component and a metasurface structure, wherein the detection light emitted by the detection light component is incident from the first end of the atomic gas chamber and emitted from the second end of the atomic gas chamber, and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light component is incident from the second end, so that the detection light and the coupling light are reversely collinear; the metasurface structure comprises a plurality of metasurface units, and the metasurface unit comprises a stacked metal layer and a substrate layer, the metasurface structure is arranged on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber, and the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the signal component to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the local oscillator signal component are both transmitted to the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure; the photodetector converts the detection light emitted from the second end into an electrical signal, so as to obtain the spectrum data of the electrical signal through a spectrometer.

[0006] Furthermore, the detection light component includes a detection light laser and a first half-wave plate, and the detection light emitted by the detection light laser is incident into the atomic gas chamber through the first half-wave plate.

[0007] Furthermore, the coupling light component includes a coupling light laser and a second half-wave plate, and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light laser is incident into the atomic gas chamber via the second half-wave plate.

[0008] Furthermore, the detection light assembly also includes a reflector, and after the detection light is emitted from the first half-wave plate, it is reflected by the reflector into the atomic gas chamber.

[0009] Furthermore, the coupling light component also includes a dichroic mirror. After the coupling light is emitted from the second half-wave plate, it is reflected into the atomic gas chamber by the dichroic mirror. After the detection light is emitted from the second end, it is emitted to the photodetector through the dichroic mirror.

[0010] Furthermore, the signal component to be measured includes a radio frequency signal source and a first horn antenna. The electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the radio frequency signal source is first radiated by the first horn antenna and then transmitted into the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure.

[0011] Furthermore, the local oscillator signal component includes a vector network analyzer and a second horn antenna. The local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the vector network analyzer is first radiated by the second horn antenna and then transmitted into the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure.

[0012] Furthermore, the metal layer includes copper sheets, a plurality of the copper sheets are arranged at intervals along the circumference of the atomic gas chamber to form a unit array, and a plurality of the unit arrays are arranged at intervals along the axial direction of the atomic gas chamber to form a super surface array.

[0013] Furthermore, the phase spacing between adjacent copper sheets is 2π / 9.

[0014] Furthermore, the substrate layer is a printed circuit board.

[0015] The quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms provided by the present invention uses the detection light generated by the detection light component to be incident from the first end of the atomic gas chamber, and the coupling light generated by the coupling light component to be incident from the second end of the atomic gas chamber, so that the detection light and the coupling light are collinear in the opposite directions in the atomic gas chamber, the atoms in the detection light path range are excited from the ground state to the first excited state, and the atoms in the coupling light path range are excited from the first excited state to the Rydberg state, the signal component to be measured and the local oscillator signal component respectively generate the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal are both transmitted to the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure, the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is coupled with the Rydberg atoms, and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal coincides with the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured, so that the detection light is excited by the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal and the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured. The photoelectric detector is modulated by the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured, and converts the detection light emitted from the atomic gas chamber into an electrical signal. The spectrum analyzer is then used to monitor the electrical signal in real time, obtain the spectrum data of the electrical signal, and judge whether the frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is consistent with the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, thereby finally realizing the frequency measurement function of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured. The high transmittance of the metasurface structure weakens the standing wave effect of the electromagnetic wave signal in the atomic gas chamber, so that the electromagnetic wave radiated into the atomic gas chamber has higher transmission efficiency and utilization rate. The quantum sensor of the present invention is based on Rydberg atoms and is integrated with a metasurface structure, which is particularly suitable for the frequency band range of 6 to 18 GHz. Compared with traditional frequency measurement technology, it has the advantages of anti-interference, large bandwidth and high sensitivity. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The drawings constituting a part of the present application are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the present invention. In the drawings:

[0017] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a quantum sensor provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a metasurface unit provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a flattened supersurface structure provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 4 A comparison diagram of electromagnetic wave transmittance of a loaded metasurface / an unloaded metasurface provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 5 A spectrum intensity diagram of a detection optical power signal provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] The above drawings include the following reference numerals:

[0023] 1. Detection light component; 11. Detection light laser; 12. First half-wave plate; 13. Reflector; 2. Coupling light component; 21. Coupling light laser; 22. Second half-wave plate; 23. Dichroic mirror; 3. Atomic gas chamber; 4. Photodetector; 5. Signal component to be measured; 51. Radio frequency signal source; 52. First horn antenna; 6. Local oscillator signal component; 61. Vector network analyzer; 62. Second horn antenna; 7. Metasurface structure; 71. Copper sheet; 72. Printed circuit board; 8. Spectrum analyzer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative and is by no means intended to limit the present invention and its application or use. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0025] It should be noted that the terms used herein are only for describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the exemplary embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular form is also intended to include the plural form. In addition, it should be understood that when the terms "comprise" and / or "include" are used in this specification, it indicates the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components and / or combinations thereof.

[0026] Unless otherwise specifically stated, the relative arrangement, numerical expressions and numerical values ​​of the parts and steps set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention. At the same time, it should be understood that, for ease of description, the sizes of the various parts shown in the accompanying drawings are not drawn according to the actual proportional relationship. The technology, methods and equipment known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant field may not be discussed in detail, but in appropriate cases, the technology, methods and equipment should be considered as a part of the authorization specification. In all examples shown and discussed here, any specific value should be interpreted as being merely exemplary, rather than as a limitation. Therefore, other examples of exemplary embodiments may have different values. It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters represent similar items in the following drawings, and therefore, once a certain item is defined in an accompanying drawing, it does not need to be further discussed in subsequent drawings.

[0027] The present invention provides a quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, comprising a detection light component 1, a coupling light component 2, an atomic gas chamber 3, a photodetector 4, a signal component to be measured 5, a local oscillator signal component 6 and a metasurface structure 7, wherein the detection light emitted by the detection light component 1 is incident from a first end of the atomic gas chamber 3 and emitted from a second end of the atomic gas chamber 3, and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light component 2 is incident from the second end, so that the detection light and the coupling light are reversely collinear; the metasurface structure 7 comprises a plurality of metasurface units 71, and the metasurface unit 71 comprises a stacked metal layer and a substrate layer, the metasurface structure 7 is arranged on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber 3, the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the signal component to be measured 5 and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the local oscillator signal component 6 are both transmitted to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the metasurface structure 7; the photodetector 4 converts the detection light emitted from the second end into an electrical signal, so as to obtain spectrum data of the electrical signal through a spectrometer 8.

[0028] In this embodiment, combined with Figure 1 As shown in the figure, arrows are used to indicate the optical paths of the detection light and the coupling light. The detection light component 1 can emit the detection light, and the atomic gas chamber 3 is as shown in FIG. Figure 1 As shown in , the outer shape is cylindrical, and there is a cavity inside to accommodate the corresponding atoms. The atomic gas chamber 3 has an A end and a B end (corresponding to the first end and the second end mentioned above, that is, the two planar ends of the cylinder, respectively). The detection light enters the atomic gas chamber 3 from the A end (that is, the first end), and the atoms in the detection light path are excited from the ground state to the first excited state; the coupling light component 2 can emit coupling light, and the coupling light enters the atomic gas chamber 3 from the B end (that is, the second end), and as shown in Figure 1As shown in , the coupling light and the detection light in the atomic gas chamber 3 are in opposite collinear directions, so that the coupling light is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3, and the atoms in the detection light path are excited from the first excited state to the Rydberg state, so that the atoms are called Rydberg atoms; the signal component 5 to be measured can generate an electromagnetic wave signal to be measured, and the local oscillator signal component 6 can generate a local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, and both the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal will be transmitted through the metasurface structure 7, so that the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal coincides with the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and radiates into the atomic gas chamber 3, and then couples with the Rydberg atoms in the atomic gas chamber 3; in the atomic gas chamber, the detection light path The Rydberg atoms can sense the field strength of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, so that the detection light is modulated by the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal; then, the detection light is emitted from the B end (i.e., the second end) to the photodetector 4, and the photodetector 4 performs photoelectric conversion to convert the detection light into a detectable electrical signal. In this way, the detected electrical signal can be monitored in real time through the spectrum analyzer 8, and the spectrum data of the electrical signal can be obtained. According to the spectrum data, it can be determined whether the frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is consistent with the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, and finally the frequency measurement of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is realized.

[0029] By detecting the real-time spectrum of the electrical signal, it is determined whether the frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is consistent with the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal. When the spectrum of the detected electrical signal changes from having a spectrum to having no spectrum, it indicates that the frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is consistent with the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal. Figure 5 As shown in the figure, when the difference between the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal and the frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is 2MHz, the spectrum results of the detection optical power signal show that as the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal approaches the frequency of the electromagnetic wave to be measured, the spectrum peak of the detection optical power signal gradually moves toward a lower frequency. When the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal is equal to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured, the spectrum of the detection optical power signal disappears.

[0030] Combination Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, a schematic diagram of the supersurface structure 7 after being flattened can be seen. In actual applications, since the atomic gas chamber 3 is usually cylindrical, the supersurface structure 7 will be bent into a curved surface to be set on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber 3, that is, the supersurface structure 7 is parallel or coplanar with the side wall of the atomic gas chamber 3.

[0031] The quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms provided by the present invention uses the detection light generated by the detection light component 1 to be incident from the first end of the atomic gas chamber 3, and the coupling light generated by the coupling light component 2 to be incident from the second end of the atomic gas chamber 3, so that the detection light and the coupling light are reversely collinear in the atomic gas chamber 3, the atoms in the detection light path range are excited from the ground state to the first excited state, and the atoms in the coupling light path range are excited from the first excited state to the Rydberg state, the signal component 5 to be measured and the local oscillator signal component 6 respectively generate the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal are both transmitted to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the metasurface structure 7, the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is coupled with the Rydberg atoms, and the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal coincides with the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured, so that the detection light is excited by the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal. Modulated by the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured, the photodetector 4 converts the detection light emitted from the atomic gas chamber 3 into an electrical signal, and then uses the spectrum analyzer 8 to monitor the electrical signal in real time, obtain the spectrum data of the electrical signal, and judge whether the frequency of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured is consistent with the frequency of the local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, and finally realizes the frequency measurement function of the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured; through the high transmittance of the metasurface structure 7, the standing wave effect of the electromagnetic wave signal in the atomic gas chamber 3 is weakened, so that the electromagnetic wave radiated into the atomic gas chamber 3 has higher transmission efficiency and utilization rate; the quantum sensor of the present invention is based on Rydberg atoms and integrated with the metasurface structure 7, which is particularly suitable for the frequency band range of 6 to 18 GHz. Compared with traditional frequency measurement technology, it has the advantages of anti-interference, large bandwidth and high sensitivity.

[0032] Preferably, the metal layer includes a copper sheet 71, a plurality of the copper sheets 71 are arranged at intervals along the circumference of the atomic gas chamber 3 to form a unit array, and a plurality of the unit arrays are arranged at intervals along the axial direction of the atomic gas chamber 3 to form a super surface array.

[0033] Combination Figure 2 As shown, it is a unit in the unit array. The copper sheet 71 can be set on the substrate layer by etching or printing. Multiple units can be arranged at intervals in one direction to form a unit array, and multiple unit arrays can be arranged at intervals in another direction to form a metasurface array. The metal layer between adjacent units is composed of multiple copper sheets 71 arranged at a certain interval; the substrate between adjacent units is integrated, thereby forming a complete substrate layer.

[0034] Preferably, the substrate layer is a printed circuit board 72 (PCB), that is, the substrate layer is a complete printed circuit board 72, on which the metasurface array composed of the copper sheets 71 is printed.

[0035] So, combined Figure 4As shown, the atomic gas chamber 3 loaded with a metasurface (i.e., a metasurface structure 7 is arranged on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber 3, so that the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured and the local oscillation electromagnetic wave signal first pass through the transmission effect of the metasurface and then enter the atomic gas chamber 3) has an electromagnetic wave transmittance greater than 95%, which is much higher than the transmittance of the traditional atomic gas chamber 3 without loading the metasurface. Such a high transmittance makes the electromagnetic waves radiated into the atomic gas chamber 3 have higher transmission efficiency and utilization rate, thereby also weakening the standing wave effect in the atomic gas chamber 3.

[0036] Furthermore, the detection light component 1 includes a detection light laser 11 and a first half-wave plate 12 , and the detection light emitted by the detection light laser 11 is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 via the first half-wave plate 12 .

[0037] Combination Figure 1 As shown, the detection light laser 11 can emit the required detection light, so that the detection light is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 after passing through the first half-wave plate 12, and the detection light produces a certain polarization effect through the first half-wave plate 12. The detection light emitted by the detection light laser 11 can be directly incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 through the A end (i.e., the first end) after passing through the first half-wave plate 12, and other optical elements can also be designed as needed to adapt to actual application scenarios.

[0038] Furthermore, the coupling light component 2 includes a coupling light laser 21 and a second half-wave plate 22 , and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light laser 21 is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 via the second half-wave plate 22 .

[0039] Combination Figure 1 As shown, the coupling light laser 21 can emit the desired coupling light, so that the coupling light is incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 after passing through the second half-wave plate 22, and the coupling light produces a certain polarization effect through the second half-wave plate 22. The detection light emitted by the coupling light laser 21 can be directly incident into the atomic gas chamber 3 through the B end (i.e., the second end) after passing through the second half-wave plate 22, and other optical elements can also be designed as needed to adapt to actual application scenarios.

[0040] Preferably, the detection light assembly 1 further includes a reflector 13 , and after the detection light is emitted from the first half-wave plate 12 , it is reflected by the reflector 13 into the atomic gas chamber 3 .

[0041] Combination Figure 1 As shown, in actual application, considering the space occupied by the whole device, the detection light can be reflected into the atomic gas chamber 3 at the corresponding position through the reflector 13, which can reduce the space occupied by the whole device to a certain extent.

[0042] Furthermore, the coupling light component 2 also includes a dichroic mirror 23. After the coupling light is emitted from the second half-wave plate 22, it is reflected into the atomic gas chamber 3 by the dichroic mirror 23. After the detection light is emitted from the second end, it is emitted to the photodetector 4 by the dichroic mirror 23.

[0043] Combination Figure 1 As shown, the coupled light passes through the second half-wave plate 22 and is emitted to the dichroic mirror 23. The dichroic mirror 23 reflects the coupled light, so that the coupled light is reflected to the B end (i.e., the second end) and enters the atomic gas chamber 3. As for the detection light, the dichroic mirror 23 transmits the detection light, so that the detection light emitted from the B end (i.e., the second end) is transmitted to the photodetector 4.

[0044] In this way, the dichroic mirror 23 prevents the coupling optical component 2 and the photodetector 4 and other devices from conflicting with each other, thereby improving the overall device integration of the quantum sensor.

[0045] Furthermore, the signal component 5 to be measured includes a radio frequency signal source 51 and a first horn antenna 52 . The electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the radio frequency signal source 51 is first radiated by the first horn antenna 52 , and then transmitted to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the metasurface structure 7 .

[0046] Combination Figure 1 As shown, the first horn antenna 52 allows the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the radio frequency signal source 51 to be radiated onto the metasurface structure 7, and then enters the atomic gas chamber 3 after being transmitted by the metasurface structure 7.

[0047] Furthermore, the local oscillator signal component 6 includes a vector network analyzer 61 and a second horn antenna 62 . The local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the vector network analyzer 61 is first radiated by the second horn antenna 62 , and then transmitted to the atomic gas chamber 3 through the metasurface structure 7 .

[0048] Combination Figure 1 As shown, the vector network analyzer generates a local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal, which is radiated to the supersurface structure 7 through the second horn antenna 62, enters the atomic gas chamber 3 through the transmission effect of the supersurface structure 7, and overlaps with the electromagnetic wave signal to be measured.

[0049] Preferably, the phase interval between adjacent copper sheets 71 is 2π / 9.

[0050] Combination Figure 3 As shown, each copper sheet 71 corresponds to a unit of the metasurface, and the phase spacing between adjacent units is 2π / 9, thereby better meeting the demand for regulating the wavelength phase.

[0051] In the description of the present invention, it is necessary to understand that the directions or positional relationships indicated by directional words such as "front, back, up, down, left, right", "lateral, vertical, perpendicular, horizontal" and "top, bottom" are usually based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description. Unless otherwise specified, these directional words do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific direction or be constructed and operated in a specific direction. Therefore, they cannot be understood as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. The directional words "inside and outside" refer to the inside and outside relative to the contours of each component itself.

[0052] For ease of description, spatially relative terms such as "above", "above", "on the upper surface of", "above", etc. may be used here to describe the spatial positional relationship between a device or feature and other devices or features as shown in the figure. It should be understood that spatially relative terms are intended to include different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation described in the figure. For example, if the device in the accompanying drawings is inverted, the device described as "above other devices or structures" or "above other devices or structures" will be positioned as "below other devices or structures" or "below other devices or structures". Thus, the exemplary term "above" may include both "above" and "below". The device may also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptions used here are interpreted accordingly.

[0053] In addition, it should be noted that the use of terms such as "first" and "second" to limit components is only for the convenience of distinguishing the corresponding components. If not otherwise stated, the above terms have no special meaning and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0054] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A quantum sensor based on Rydberg atoms, characterized in that: It includes a detection light component, a coupling light component, an atomic gas chamber, a photodetector, a signal component to be measured, a local oscillator signal component and a metasurface structure. The detection light emitted by the detection light component is incident from the first end of the atomic gas cell and emitted from the second end of the atomic gas cell, and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light component is incident from the second end, so that the detection light and the coupling light are reversely collinear; The metasurface structure includes a plurality of metasurface units, and the metasurface unit includes a metal layer and a substrate layer stacked in layers. The metasurface structure is provided on the side wall of the atomic gas chamber. The electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the signal component to be measured and the local oscillation electromagnetic wave signal generated by the local oscillation signal component are both transmitted into the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure. The photoelectric detector converts the detection light emitted from the second end into an electrical signal, so as to obtain spectrum data of the electrical signal through a spectrum analyzer.

2. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that The detection light component includes a detection light laser and a first half-wave plate. The detection light emitted by the detection light laser is incident into the atomic gas chamber via the first half-wave plate.

3. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that The coupling light component comprises a coupling light laser and a second half-wave plate, and the coupling light emitted by the coupling light laser is incident into the atomic gas chamber via the second half-wave plate.

4. The quantum sensor according to claim 2, characterized in that The detection light assembly also includes a reflector. After the detection light is emitted from the first half-wave plate, it is reflected by the reflector into the atomic gas chamber.

5. The quantum sensor according to claim 3, characterized in that The coupling light component also includes a dichroic mirror. After the coupling light is emitted from the second half-wave plate, it is reflected into the atomic gas chamber by the dichroic mirror. After the detection light is emitted from the second end, it is emitted to the photodetector by the dichroic mirror.

6. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that The signal component to be measured includes a radio frequency signal source and a first horn antenna. The electromagnetic wave signal to be measured generated by the radio frequency signal source is first radiated by the first horn antenna and then transmitted into the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure.

7. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that The local oscillator signal component includes a vector network analyzer and a second horn antenna. The local oscillator electromagnetic wave signal generated by the vector network analyzer is first radiated by the second horn antenna and then transmitted into the atomic gas chamber through the metasurface structure.

8. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that The metal layer includes copper sheets, a plurality of the copper sheets are arranged at intervals along the circumference of the atomic gas chamber to form a unit array, and a plurality of the unit arrays are arranged at intervals along the axial direction of the atomic gas chamber to form a super surface array.

9. The quantum sensor according to claim 8, characterized in that The phase interval between adjacent copper sheets is 2π / 9.

10. The quantum sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that The substrate layer is a printed circuit board.

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