System and method suitable for realizing synchronous interaction between touch screen and keyboard of MCU (Microprogrammed Control Unit)

Abstract

The invention relates to a touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system and method suitable for an MCU, and the system comprises a protocol management module which is used for managing a communication protocol between a touch screen and a single-chip microcomputer; the virtual interface module is used for virtually representing the interface of the touch screen to generate a virtual interface; the interface management module is used for managing the virtual interface; and the communication management module is used for receiving communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer, performing communication protocol analysis on the communication data, and controlling the interface management module to call a corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module according to an analysis result. And judging to execute a key state operation or an interface state operation based on the virtual interface, triggering a corresponding public action operation, and triggering the interface management module again through the public action operation to modify the touch screen. The method is suitable for the occasion that the terminal controller adopts the serial port touch screen and the physical keyboard to realize man-machine interaction at the same time.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of human-computer interaction of intelligent terminal equipment, and in particular to a system and method for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard suitable for an MCU. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous advancement of industrial automation, touch screens are increasingly used in industrial sites, gradually replacing traditional operation and display terminals such as buttons and indicator lights. With their powerful expressiveness, enhanced human-computer interaction capabilities and flexible configuration methods, they have profoundly changed the operation and monitoring methods of industrial sites, greatly improved production efficiency and safety, and become an indispensable part of modern industry.

[0003] However, in some situations that require fast input, fast configuration, and functional expansion, physical keyboards play an indispensable role with their extremely high input efficiency, clear key layout, and feedback mechanism. At the same time, industrial sites have extremely high requirements for system stability and redundancy. In extremely special circumstances such as failure of the touch screen touch function and emergency operation, a physical backup operation plan is necessary for the entire control system.

[0004] Therefore, in some application scenarios, the control terminal often needs to have a touch screen and a physical keyboard at the same time. The synchronization of the two interaction methods on site is extremely important for the stability of the system and improving user experience. Especially in the case of using a microcontroller as the control core, due to the limitations of the microcontroller's own resources and computing power, a simple and efficient method of synchronous interaction between the serial port touch screen and the physical keyboard is extremely important. Summary of the invention

[0005] At present, the synchronous interaction between touch screen and keyboard is mostly applied at the master control level, relying on the industrial control host with superior performance. With the expansion of the application scope of touch screen, there is a demand for adding physical keyboard and realizing synchronous interaction in the control terminal relying on the MCU with lower performance. The main purpose of the present invention is to propose a system and method for realizing synchronous interaction between touch screen and keyboard applicable to MCU, involving a synchronous interaction method for using a terminal touch-type HMI screen and an external keyboard at the same time, and is particularly suitable for the occasion where the terminal controller uses a serial port touch screen and a physical keyboard to realize human-computer interaction at the same time, so as to solve the problem of synchronous interaction between the touch screen and keyboard of the intelligent terminal with lower performance.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:

[0007] A touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system applicable to MCU, comprising:

[0008] The protocol management module is used to manage the communication protocol between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer;

[0009] A virtual interface module is used to virtually represent the touch screen interface and generate a virtual interface;

[0010] An interface management module, used for managing the virtual interface;

[0011] The communication management module is used to receive the communication data between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data, control the interface management module to call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module according to the analysis result, judge and execute key status operation or interface status operation based on the virtual interface, trigger the corresponding public action operation, and trigger the interface management module again through the public action operation to modify the touch screen.

[0012] Optionally, the communication protocol includes: current interface information, operated control information, defined function code information, carried data information and verification information.

[0013] Optionally, the virtual interface includes: current interface information, current operation information, keyboard status operation, interface status operation and common action operation.

[0014] Optionally, the interface management module includes:

[0015] The interface management unit is used to manage all virtual interfaces in a unified manner and call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module based on the current interface identifier and the current component identifier.

[0016] Optionally, obtaining the current interface identifier and the current component identifier includes:

[0017] Based on the protocol management module, the touch screen interface UI is planned, the touch screen interface identifier is set, the component identifier and function code are determined for each touch screen interface, the communication protocol frame is defined, and the current interface identifier and current component identifier are obtained according to the touch screen interface identifier and the component identifier determined by each touch screen interface.

[0018] Optionally, the communication management module includes:

[0019] A data buffer unit, used for receiving communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer in a variable length manner;

[0020] A data verification unit, used to perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data according to the verification method in the protocol management module;

[0021] The data processing unit is used to input the current page identifier in the data frame into the interface management module according to the data parsed by the communication protocol, call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module, judge and execute key status operation or interface status operation based on the virtual interface, trigger the corresponding public action operation, and trigger the interface management module again through the public action operation to modify the touch screen.

[0022] Optionally, receiving the communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer in an indefinite length manner includes:

[0023] The communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer is received by using an interrupt mode or a DMA mode.

[0024] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard applicable to an MCU, comprising:

[0025] Acquire the communication protocol between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, virtually represent the touch screen interface, and generate a virtual interface;

[0026] Receive the communication data between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data, call the corresponding virtual interface according to the analysis result, determine whether to execute a key state operation or an interface state operation, trigger a corresponding public action operation, and modify the touch screen through the public action operation.

[0027] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0028] In practical applications, especially for intelligent terminal devices, the industrial site is often in a harsh environment. In order to ensure that the operator can still effectively control the intelligent terminal device when the touch screen fails or cannot be used for other reasons, having a physical keyboard and requiring the physical keyboard to be able to achieve synchronous interaction with the touch screen has become an effective way to solve this problem. The present invention provides a method for achieving synchronous interaction between a physical keyboard and a touch screen. The method mainly includes four parts: protocol management, virtual interface, interface manager, and communication manager. The coordination between the four parts can effectively achieve synchronous interaction between the physical keyboard and the touch screen. The method is simple and easy to implement using C language. It can run well in an intelligent terminal with a single-chip microcomputer as the core controller. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative labor.

[0030] Figure 1 The present invention is a schematic diagram of a system for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard applicable to an MCU. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] In order to make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0033] like Figure 1 As shown, the present embodiment discloses a touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system suitable for MCU, including: a protocol management module, used to manage the communication protocol between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer; a virtual interface module, used to virtually represent the touch screen interface and generate a virtual interface; an interface management module, used to manage the virtual interface; a communication management module, used to receive communication data between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data, control the interface management module to call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module according to the analysis result, judge and execute key status operation or interface status operation based on the virtual interface, trigger the corresponding public action operation, and trigger the interface management module again through the public action operation to modify the touch screen.

[0034] The implementation of this embodiment mainly includes four parts, namely: protocol management, virtual interface, interface manager, and communication manager.

[0035] The structure of the whole method is as follows Figure 1 As shown, the communication manager is used to manage the communication data between the touch screen and the MCU, the virtual interface is used to manage various identification data of the touch screen, the detection management of the keyboard, the operation management of the touch screen, and the common operation management, the interface manager is used to manage the organization of the virtual interface, and the protocol management is used to manage the communication frame between the touch screen and the MCU. In this way, the touch screen communicates with the MCU according to the protocol managed by the protocol, performs protocol parsing after receiving the data, and calls the interface manager. The interface manager calls the corresponding virtual interface according to the interface identification data. The virtual interface manages the keyboard operation, the touch screen operation, and the common operation, and the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard is realized through the coordinated operation of the virtual interface manager.

[0036] Furthermore, the communication protocol includes: current interface information, operated control information, defined function code information, carried data information and verification information.

[0037] Specifically, the protocol management part coordinates the management of the communication protocol between the touch screen and the MCU. The protocol carries the current interface information, operation control information, defined function code information, carried data information, and verification information. Through the unified management of the protocol, it is convenient to identify the current status information of the touch screen, and provide basic information for the implementation of the synchronization function of the entire method.

[0038] Furthermore, the virtual interface includes: current interface information, current operation information, keyboard state operation, interface state operation and common action operation.

[0039] Specifically, the virtual interface is a virtual representation of the core part of the touch screen interface, and manages the synchronization of the keyboard and the touch screen at the same time, including current interface information, current operation information, keyboard state operation, interface state operation, and common action operation part. Depending on the interface, the keyboard state operation, interface state operation, and common action operation part are different. The management of keyboard and touch screen operations through this virtual interface and the realization of real-time synchronization of the keyboard and the touch screen by operating common actions according to the current interface state are the core parts of the method proposed by the present invention.

[0040] Furthermore, the interface management module includes:

[0041] The interface management unit is used to uniformly manage all virtual interfaces and call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module based on the current interface identifier and the current component identifier.

[0042] Specifically, the interface manager manages numerous virtual interfaces, and the functions are implemented in the virtual interfaces. The significance of the manager is that it manages which virtual interface should be used currently during the communication interaction between the touch screen and the MCU, and is the basis for implementing the method proposed in the present invention.

[0043] Furthermore, obtaining the current interface identifier and the current component identifier includes:

[0044] Plan the touch screen interface UI based on the protocol management module, set the touch screen interface identifier, determine the component identifier and function code for each touch screen interface, define the communication protocol frame, and obtain the current interface identifier and current component identifier based on the touch screen interface identifier and the component identifier determined by each touch screen interface.

[0045] Furthermore, the communication management module includes:

[0046] A data buffer unit is used to receive communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer in a variable length manner;

[0047] A data verification unit, used to perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data according to the verification method in the protocol management module;

[0048] The data processing unit is used to input the current page identifier in the data frame into the interface management module according to the data parsed by the communication protocol, call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module, perform key status operation or interface status operation based on the virtual interface judgment, trigger the corresponding public action operation, and trigger the interface management module again through the public action operation to modify the touch screen.

[0049] Specifically, the communication manager is responsible for receiving, sending and buffering data in the communication between the touch screen and the MCU. It ensures the correct reception of data and calls the interface manager to achieve the synchronous operation of the virtual end through the management of the interface manager; according to the management of the virtual interface, the data sent by the communication manager is used to achieve the real synchronous operation of the keyboard and the touch screen.

[0050] Furthermore, receiving the communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer in an indefinite length manner includes:

[0051] The communication data between the touch screen and the microcontroller is received using the interrupt mode or DMA mode.

[0052] In short, the protocol management specifies the communication protocol between the touch screen and the MCU. The communication manager realizes data interaction and calls the interface manager. The interface manager calls the corresponding virtual interface according to the protocol management. The virtual interface completes the maintenance of the virtual interface and the virtual and real synchronization of keyboard operations and touch screen operations according to the communication protocol, thereby realizing the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard.

[0053] The present embodiment also discloses a method for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard applicable to an MCU, comprising: obtaining a communication protocol between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, virtually representing the touch screen interface, and generating a virtual interface; receiving communication data between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, parsing the communication data through a communication protocol, calling a corresponding virtual interface according to the parsing result, determining whether to execute a key state operation or an interface state operation, triggering a corresponding public action operation, and modifying the touch screen through the public action operation.

[0054] This embodiment discloses an implementation scheme of a method for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard applicable to an MCU:

[0055] ⅰ: Plan the touch screen interface UI, set the interface identification, determine the component identification and function code for each interface, define the communication protocol frame, and form the protocol management part.

[0056] ⅱ: For each interface, a virtual interface is constructed according to synchronization requirements. It contains at least five parts: current interface information, current operation information, keyboard status operation, interface status operation, and common action operation. Among them, the current interface information is the unique identifier of the interface; the current operation information is the unique identifier of the component; the keyboard status operation is a function composed of keyboard scanning actions, which takes different forms according to different interface requirements; the interface status operation is the operation that should be performed after the touch screen is touched, which takes different forms according to different interface requirements; the common action operation is a function composed of actual touch screen operation, which should include operations supported by the current interface. Through the management of the virtual interface, the touch screen can be controlled through common action operations regardless of whether the operation comes from the keyboard or touch.

[0057] ⅲ: Build an interface manager to manage all virtual interfaces in a unified manner, including at least: current interface identifier, current component identifier and virtual interface set, so as to call the corresponding virtual interface according to the communication data of the touch screen.

[0058] ⅳ: Build a communication manager, which is built according to the different data interaction methods between the touch screen and the MCU. It includes at least four parts: receiving data buffer array, sending data buffer array, protocol parsing, and interface manager calling.

[0059] During the whole process, when there is a touch operation, it will be sent to the MCU according to the set protocol, received by the communication manager and triggered the interface manager. When a key operation is performed, the interface manager will also be triggered. The interface manager triggers the corresponding virtual interface according to the protocol analysis. Through the judgment of the virtual interface, the public action operation is triggered by executing the key status operation or the interface status operation, and the communication manager is triggered again to realize the modification of the touch screen, thereby realizing the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard.

[0060] The invention discloses a method for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard suitable for MCU, which is implemented respectively based on STM32F103 and STM32F407 controllers by using C language.

[0061] Experimental test:

[0062] The method proposed in the present invention was tested using the Bingguopai Marshmallow V1.0 development board (the main control chip is STM32F103) and the Taojingchi 4.3-inch X3 series industrial serial port screen. 10 UI interfaces were designed for the serial port touch screen, each of which contains buttons, text input boxes, and single / check box components. The layout order of the above components in each interface is different. The 3*3 matrix keyboard on the development board is used as an external keyboard to verify the synchronous interaction effect between the touch screen and the keyboard. During the verification process, the third button of a certain interface is first touched and clicked, and the button becomes green and selected. Then, the component is transformed by the button, and the component is transformed and selected. When returning to this interface from other interfaces, the last operated button is still retained; for the verification of the input box, the touch screen first opens the soft keyboard to input a part, and then continues to input through the key to complete the input of the expected data. The test results show that this method can realize the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard, and the effect is good. Most MCUs are programmed in C language. Through a reasonable code organization method, the code is concise, and it is completely able to run stably in MCUs with lower performance.

[0063] Engineering Application:

[0064] The method proposed in the present invention is applied to an intelligent continuous weighing display controller, the core MCU of the controller is STM32F407, using Taojingchi 4.3-inch capacitive touch screen, externally connected to a 3*8 matrix keyboard as physical keys, including 57 UI interfaces, involving various components such as buttons, text boxes, single / check boxes, etc. At present, the controller has been put on the market, and the use results show its stable and reliable performance, and can realize the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard, and has great promotion and application value.

[0065] The present invention provides a method for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard applicable to an MCU, which mainly includes four parts, namely: protocol management, virtual interface, interface manager, and communication manager. The protocol management mainly specifies the protocol for communication between the touch screen and the MCU, and the protocol should carry the current interface information, the control information of the operation, the defined function code information, the carried data information, and the verification information; the virtual interface is a virtualization of the actual interface, and should include the current interface information, the current operation information, the keyboard status operation, the interface status operation, and the common action operation part; the interface manager mainly manages the virtual interface, is called by the communication manager, and calls the corresponding virtual interface through protocol parsing; the communication manager is responsible for managing the communication between the touch screen and the MCU, and should include a data buffer module, a data verification module, and a data processing module.

[0066] The implementation of the method is in operation. When there is a touch operation, it will be sent to the MCU according to the set protocol, received by the communication manager and triggered by the interface manager. When a key operation is performed, the interface manager will also be triggered. The interface manager triggers the corresponding virtual interface according to the protocol analysis. Through the judgment of the virtual interface, the public action operation is triggered by executing the key state operation or the interface state operation, and the communication manager is triggered again to modify the touch screen, thereby realizing the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard. It is implemented by programming in C language, with a reasonable code organization method, and its implementation code is concise, which is fully capable of realizing the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard in devices with low-performance MCU as the control terminal.

[0067] This embodiment is suitable for control terminals with low-performance MCU as the main controller, and occasions where both touch screen and keys are needed as human-computer interaction methods. The method mainly involves four parts, namely: protocol management, virtual interface, interface manager, and communication manager. The synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard is achieved through the cooperation of the four parts. An implementation case of the present invention is given below:

[0068] The protocol management mainly specifies the communication protocol between the touch screen and the MCU in the implementation of the whole method. The protocol should at least contain the current interface information, the control information of the operation, the defined function code information, the carried data information, and the verification information. In the actual implementation, the function code definition can be performed by enumeration. The whole protocol frame adopts a format similar to the modbus protocol frame. Because some frames need to carry data, they must be set to an indefinite length format. The verification method can be selected as the CRC16 verification method. As for the order of the items that must be included, it can be freely set according to habit to ensure uniformity.

[0069] As the core of the entire method implementation, the virtual interface should at least include the current interface information, current operation information, keyboard status operation, interface status operation, and common action operation. In actual implementation, a structure can be used for organization. The current interface information and current operation information can be simplified into unsigned integer data representation. Keyboard status operation, interface status operation, and common action operation can be implemented using function pointers. Because different interfaces have different requirements for the three, they must be implemented according to specific requirements, so the pointer method is more flexible. Note that both keyboard status operation and interface status operation will eventually be reflected on the touch screen, so neither can directly operate the touch screen action. Both need to implement the touch screen action through common action operations to achieve synchronization.

[0070] As the management part of the virtual interface, the interface manager should at least include two parts: the current interface identifier and the interface calling module. The current interface identifier can be implemented using the interface identifier method in the virtual interface. For the interface calling module, in order to reduce the amount of code and improve program reuse performance, an array pointer method can be used to implement it, and the virtual interface subscript and identifier are stored in a fixed corresponding relationship. In this way, the calling and management of the virtual interface can be easily realized through the use of pointers.

[0071] As the medium for the touch screen to interact with the MCU, the communication manager should at least include a data buffer module, a data check module, and a data processing module. For this part, the implementation of the data buffer module is relatively flexible. Note that the data is received in an indefinite length manner, and the interrupt method or DMA method can be used; the data check module can be checked according to the check method in the protocol management; the data processing module only needs to pass the current page identifier in the data frame to the interface manager.

[0072] The above four modules cooperate with each other. No matter the communication manager receives a data frame or a key is pressed, the interface manager is called, and then the corresponding virtual interface is called through the interface manager. The virtual interface implements the key status and interface status judgment according to the communication protocol, and then calls the public status operation to realize the change of the touch screen, thereby realizing the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard. By reasonably organizing the code structure and improving the code reusability, the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard can be realized on the MCU with lower performance.

[0073] The method proposed in the present invention is applied to an intelligent continuous weighing display controller, the core controller of which is STM32F407, using Taojingchi 4.3-inch capacitive touch screen, externally connected to a 3*8 matrix keyboard as physical keys, including 57 UI interfaces, involving various components such as buttons, text boxes, single / check boxes, etc. At present, the controller has been put on the market and applied to the solid bulk weighing industrial site. The site has proved that the method is stable and reliable, can realize the synchronous interaction between the touch screen and the keyboard, greatly improves the environmental adaptability of the terminal equipment, and has great promotion and application value.

[0074] The embodiments described above are only descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the design spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by ordinary technicians in this field should all fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system suitable for MCU, characterized in that: include: The protocol management module is used to manage the communication protocol between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer; A virtual interface module is used to virtually represent the touch screen interface and generate a virtual interface; An interface management module, used for managing the virtual interface; The communication management module is used to receive the communication data between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data, control the interface management module to call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module according to the analysis result, judge and execute key status operation or interface status operation based on the virtual interface, trigger the corresponding public action operation, and trigger the interface management module again through the public action operation to modify the touch screen.

2. The touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system applicable to MCU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The communication protocol includes: current interface information, operated control information, defined function code information, carried data information and verification information.

3. The touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system applicable to MCU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The virtual interface includes: current interface information, current operation information, keyboard status operation, interface status operation and common action operation.

4. The touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system applicable to MCU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The interface management module includes: The interface management unit is used to manage all virtual interfaces in a unified manner and call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module based on the current interface identifier and the current component identifier.

5. The touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system applicable to MCU according to claim 4, characterized in that: Acquiring the current interface identifier and the current component identifier includes: Based on the protocol management module, the touch screen interface UI is planned, the touch screen interface identifier is set, the component identifier and function code are determined for each touch screen interface, the communication protocol frame is defined, and the current interface identifier and current component identifier are obtained according to the touch screen interface identifier and the component identifier determined by each touch screen interface.

6. The touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system applicable to MCU according to claim 1, characterized in that: The communication management module comprises: A data buffer unit, used for receiving communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer in a variable length manner; A data verification unit, used to perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data according to the verification method in the protocol management module; The data processing unit is used to input the current page identifier in the data frame into the interface management module according to the data parsed by the communication protocol, call the corresponding virtual interface in the virtual interface module, judge and execute key status operation or interface status operation based on the virtual interface, trigger the corresponding public action operation, and trigger the interface management module again through the public action operation to modify the touch screen.

7. The touch screen and keyboard synchronous interaction system applicable to MCU according to claim 6, characterized in that: Receiving communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer in an indefinite length manner includes: The communication data between the touch screen and the single chip microcomputer is received by using an interrupt mode or a DMA mode.

8. A method for realizing synchronous interaction between a touch screen and a keyboard applicable to an MCU, wherein the synchronous interaction system according to any one of claims 1 to 7 is used for synchronous interaction, characterized in that: include: Acquire the communication protocol between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, virtually represent the touch screen interface, and generate a virtual interface; Receive the communication data between the touch screen and the single-chip microcomputer, perform communication protocol analysis on the communication data, call the corresponding virtual interface according to the analysis result, determine whether to execute a key state operation or an interface state operation, trigger a corresponding public action operation, and modify the touch screen through the public action operation.

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