Sesame wilt prevention and control method based on agricultural management

Abstract

The invention discloses a sesame fusarium wilt prevention and control method based on agricultural management, and relates to the technical field of sesame fusarium wilt prevention and control, and the method comprises the following steps: detecting soil by adopting chemical analysis, physical analysis and biological analysis methods, and accurately analyzing the nutrient content, pH value and microbial community indexes of sesame planting soil. The advanced soil detection technology is adopted, soil indexes are accurately analyzed, blind use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is avoided, pollution to the environment is reduced, an improvement scheme is customized according to the soil detection result, organic fertilizers, biological bacterial fertilizers and substances for adjusting the pH value are specifically added, the soil environment is improved, and the soil quality is improved. According to the method, the occurrence risk of sesame wilt is effectively reduced, the stability of soil indexes is improved, warm water seed soaking and biological agent coating treatment are conducted on sesame seeds, the disease resistance of sesame is improved from the source, a rational close planting and crop rotation system is adopted, and field management measures are combined, so that the resistance of sesame to the wilt is further enhanced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of sesame wilt disease prevention and control, and specifically to a sesame wilt disease prevention and control method based on agricultural management. Background Art

[0002] Sesame wilt is a disease caused by the sesame-specific form of Fusarium oxysporum, which occurs in sesame. The disease is a vascular disease that mainly harms the root system and stems. The whole plant shows symptoms and is one of the main diseases of sesame. Sesame wilt is more serious in Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces in China, with a general incidence rate of 10-20%, and up to 30% in severe cases. The whole plant or half of the diseased plant may die prematurely, causing the seeds to fail to mature, become shriveled, and burst. In severe cases, the yield may be reduced by 30%, significantly reducing the quality of sesame. Sesame wilt can begin to occur in the seedling stage, and the diseased seedlings will experience sudden wilt or die. When the disease occurs in the adult plant stage, the leaves turn yellow and wilt from bottom to top, the leaf margins curl inward, and gradually turn brown and dry. The stem base of seriously diseased plants is reddish-brown, the roots are brown, and the whole plant dies. When the humidity is high, a layer of pink sticky powder will appear on the diseased part. Sesame wilt is one of the major problems in the sesame planting process.

[0003] At present, the control methods of sesame wilt in the prior art mainly rely on chemical pesticides, but there are certain defects in the long-term use of chemical pesticides to control sesame wilt. Excessive use of chemical pesticides will lead to soil pollution, destroy the ecological structure of the soil, reduce soil fertility, inhibit the beneficial microbial community in the soil, and affect the nutrient cycle and water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil. At the same time, the chemical pesticide residues in the soil may also be absorbed by sesame, thereby affecting the quality and safety of sesame, posing a potential threat to human health. Chemical pesticides are easy to make pathogens resistant, so that the control effect is gradually reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a sesame wilt control method based on agricultural management to solve the problems in the prior art. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to make up for the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a sesame wilt disease prevention and control method based on agricultural management. The method can utilize advanced soil detection technology to accurately analyze soil indicators, avoid blind use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reduce environmental pollution, specifically add organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and substances for adjusting pH, improve soil environment, realize a green and environmentally friendly planting mode, and effectively improve the nutrient content, pH balance and stability of microbial communities in the soil.

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt disease based on agricultural management, the method comprising:

[0006] The soil is tested using chemical, physical and biological analysis methods to accurately analyze the nutrient content, pH and microbial community indicators of the soil for sesame planting;

[0007] According to the test results, tailor-made improvement plans are made for the soil, and organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and substances for adjusting pH are added in a targeted manner;

[0008] Improve the soil according to the customized improvement plan, first spread the fertilizer and materials evenly on the soil surface, and then deep plow to fully mix the fertilizer and materials with the soil;

[0009] Select high-quality, blight-resistant sesame seeds and treat them before sowing;

[0010] Determine the appropriate planting density and implement a crop rotation system based on soil fertility and variety characteristics;

[0011] During the growth of sesame, strengthen field management, remove field weeds in time, irrigate reasonably, and apply fertilizer at the right time.

[0012] Furthermore, the soil is tested using a chemical analysis method, the method comprising:

[0013] In the sesame fields, multiple sampling points were selected according to the principle of random sampling to collect soil samples with a depth of 0-20 cm. The soils from each sampling point were mixed evenly to form a representative comprehensive sample.

[0014] The collected soil samples were naturally air-dried to remove impurities, and then ground and sieved to make the particle size meet the analysis standard;

[0015] Chemical analysis methods are used to determine the main nutrient content in the soil, including nitrogen N, phosphorus P, and potassium K. For the determination of nitrogen content, the mass of the soil sample is defined as m. After treatment by the Kjeldahl method, the volume of the standard acid solution consumed in the titration is V, and the concentration of the standard acid solution is C. The nitrogen content N% in the soil is calculated by the following formula: Where 14 is the molar mass of nitrogen;

[0016] For the determination of phosphorus content, the absorbance is defined as A. According to the standard curve equation A = k × P + b, where k is the slope, b is the intercept, and P is the phosphorus content, the phosphorus content is deduced.

[0017] For the determination of potassium content, the light intensity measured by the flame photometer is defined as I. According to the standard curve equation I = l × K + t, where l is the slope, t is the intercept, and K is the potassium content, the potassium content is deduced.

[0018] Furthermore, the soil is tested using a physical analysis method, which includes:

[0019] The hydrometer method is used to determine soil texture. The soil sample is dispersed in water and stirred to fully disperse the soil particles. The specific gravity of the suspension is then measured at different times using a hydrometer. Based on the relationship between the specific gravity and the particle size of the soil particles, the content of particles of different sizes in the soil is determined, thereby judging the soil texture.

[0020] In soil texture determination, the specific gravity corresponding to the hydrometer at time t1, t2, t3, etc. is defined as G1, G2, G3, etc. According to the relationship between the sedimentation speed of particles of different particle sizes in water and time, the content ratio of particles of different particle sizes is determined, and the content of particles smaller than a certain particle size is determined. Among them, t1, t2, and t3 are specific time points, and the corresponding particle sizes are d1, d2, and d3 respectively;

[0021] The soil porosity is determined by the knife ring method. A knife ring with known volume and mass is driven into the soil to collect soil samples. Then, the volume and mass of the soil in the knife ring are measured to calculate the dry density and total porosity of the soil.

[0022] In porosity measurement, the volume of the cutter ring is V c , the mass of the soil inside the ring is m s , the dry density of soil Define the specific gravity of soil particles as G s , then the total porosity of the soil P t Calculated by the following formula:

[0023] Furthermore, the soil is tested using a bioanalytical method, which includes:

[0024] The dilution plate method is used to isolate and culture microorganisms in soil. The soil sample is diluted in a gradient manner, and then soil suspensions of different dilutions are spread on the culture medium, cultured at a suitable temperature, and the number of microbial colonies growing on the culture medium is counted;

[0025] The main microbial species in the soil were identified by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics determination and molecular biology methods.

[0026] Define the soil sample dilution factor as n and the volume of the applied soil suspension as V l , the number of colonies counted on the culture medium after cultivation is C, and the number of microorganisms N in the soil is calculated by the following formula: Where m s is the mass of soil sample.

[0027] Furthermore, based on the test results, a soil improvement plan is tailored to specifically add organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and substances for adjusting pH. The method includes:

[0028] Analyze the results of chemical analysis to determine the content levels of the main nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and compare the nutrient content obtained with the standard values ​​of nutrients suitable for sesame growth to determine whether the soil nutrients are insufficient;

[0029] Calculate the amount of organic fertilizer required and determine the amount of organic fertilizer that needs to be added based on the soil nutrient deficiency and the nutrient content of the organic fertilizer;

[0030] Analyze the soil pH in the chemical analysis results to determine whether the soil is acidic or alkaline, and the degree to which it deviates from the pH range suitable for sesame growth;

[0031] Calculate the amount of pH-adjusting substance required, and determine the amount of pH-adjusting substance that needs to be added based on the degree of deviation of soil pH and the properties of the pH-adjusting substance;

[0032] For slightly acidic soils, choose alkaline substances such as lime, and for slightly alkaline soils, choose acidic substances such as sulfur;

[0033] Analyze the results of biological analysis to determine the types and quantities of microorganisms in the soil, compare the ratio of beneficial and harmful microorganisms in the soil, and determine whether the microbial community is unbalanced;

[0034] Calculate the amount of biofertilizer required, and determine the amount of biofertilizer that needs to be added based on the degree of imbalance of the microbial community and the content of beneficial microorganisms in the biofertilizer;

[0035] Choose biological fertilizer containing specific beneficial microorganisms according to soil type, climatic conditions and sesame growth needs.

[0036] Furthermore, the soil is improved according to a customized improvement plan, the method comprising:

[0037] Prepare the required organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and substances for adjusting pH according to the customized improvement plan;

[0038] Have tools ready for spreading fertilizer and materials, as well as implements ready for deep tillage;

[0039] Divide the sesame field to be improved into several uniform areas to facilitate more accurate control of the amount of fertilizer and materials applied;

[0040] According to the amount of fertilizer and material added determined in the customized improvement plan, combined with the area of ​​the divided area, calculate the specific amount of fertilizer and material that needs to be spread in each area;

[0041] Use prepared spreading tools to spread fertilizers and materials evenly on the soil surface;

[0042] Furthermore, the soil is improved according to the customized improvement plan, and the method also includes:

[0043] Deep tillage should be carried out as soon as possible after spreading fertilizers and materials. At the same time, tillage should be carried out when the soil moisture is appropriate, and avoid tillage when the soil is too wet or too dry;

[0044] Adjust the tillage depth according to the soil type and fertility. For poorer and more compacted soils, increase the tillage depth.

[0045] After deep plowing, harrowing machines and manual harrowing are used to level the land surface, making the soil looser and more uniform, which is conducive to the growth and development of sesame.

[0046] After the soil improvement treatment is completed, water appropriately according to the soil moisture to keep the soil moist;

[0047] Cover the soil surface with a layer of organic matter such as rice straw and wheat straw to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture.

[0048] Furthermore, high-quality sesame seeds resistant to fusarium wilt are selected and treated before sowing, the method comprising:

[0049] Investigate the local planting environment and climate conditions, and select sesame varieties that are suitable for local growth and have strong resistance to wilt disease;

[0050] Select sesame seeds that are full, uniform in size, and bright in color, and discard those that are damaged, deformed, or discolored;

[0051] Prepare an appropriate amount of clean water, determine the amount of water to be used according to the number of seeds, prepare a thermometer to accurately measure the water temperature, and prepare a container. Heat the water to 50℃-55℃, monitor the water temperature with a thermometer, slowly pour the selected sesame seeds into the hot water, stir while pouring to make the seeds heated evenly, keep the water temperature between 50℃-55℃ and soak for 20-30 minutes, stir constantly during the soaking process, and after the soaking is over, quickly remove the seeds from the hot water and put them in cold water to cool;

[0052] Take out the cooled seeds and put them in a well-ventilated place to dry. Turn the seeds frequently during the drying process to make the moisture on the seed surface evaporate evenly. The dried seeds are then treated with biological agent coating in the next step.

[0053] According to the characteristics of the pathogen of sesame wilt, select biological agents that have antagonistic effects on wilt;

[0054] According to the number of seeds and the instructions for use of the biological agent, determine the amount of biological agent to be used, mix the biological agent with an appropriate amount of water, stir evenly to make a coating liquid, put the dried sesame seeds into a coating machine, add the coating liquid, start the coating machine, and evenly coat the seeds with the coating liquid;

[0055] Place the coated seeds in a well-ventilated place to dry, so that the moisture in the coating liquid can evaporate and form a firm coating.

[0056] Furthermore, according to soil fertility and variety characteristics, a reasonable planting density is determined and a crop rotation system is implemented. The method includes:

[0057] According to the test results of soil, soil fertility is divided into three levels: high, medium and low. High fertility soil can support higher planting density, while low fertility soil requires lower planting density.

[0058] Understand the growth habit, plant size, branching ability and lodging resistance characteristics of the selected sesame variety;

[0059] According to the characteristics of the varieties, sesame varieties are divided into tall-stalked, medium-stalked and short-stalked types;

[0060] In actual planting, small-scale test planting is carried out, different planting density gradients are set, the growth and yield performance of sesame are observed, and based on the test results, the planting density that best suits the local soil fertility and variety characteristics is determined;

[0061] Choose crops with different growth habits and nutrient requirements from sesame, choose crops that are suitable for local climatic conditions, and choose crops that do not share common pests and diseases with sesame or have different pest and disease transmission pathways;

[0062] Determine the crop rotation cycle according to the growth cycle of different crops and the recovery of soil fertility, and arrange the planting sequence reasonably according to the crop rotation cycle and the growing season of crops;

[0063] Before planting rotation crops, carry out land preparation and fertilization preparation work, remove the stubble and weeds of the previous crop, deep plow the soil, apply appropriate amounts of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer to improve soil fertility and structure, and plant the rotation crops on time according to the rotation plan.

[0064] Furthermore, during the growth of sesame, field management should be strengthened, weeds should be removed in time, irrigation should be carried out properly, and topdressing should be carried out in time. The method includes:

[0065] Regularly inspect sesame fields to observe the growth of weeds in the fields and use marking tools to mark areas with more weeds;

[0066] Weeding should be carried out after sesame seedlings emerge and before row closure, when weeds are small and have not yet formed large colonies;

[0067] Observe soil moisture conditions, determine soil moisture content through soil moisture sensors and by touching the soil with your hands, and arrange irrigation time and water volume appropriately;

[0068] Determine the amount of irrigation water according to the growth stage of sesame and soil moisture conditions. During the emergence and seedling stages of sesame, the amount of water required is less, just keep the soil moist. During the flowering and pod-setting stages of sesame, the amount of water required is greater, so the amount of irrigation water should be appropriately increased.

[0069] Observe the growth of sesame. When sesame shows symptoms of slow growth, lighter leaf color, short plants and lack of fertilizer, apply topdressing. Determine the amount of topdressing according to the growth stage of sesame and soil fertility.

[0070] Compared with the existing technology, the sesame wilt disease prevention and control method based on agricultural management has the following beneficial effects:

[0071] The present invention adopts advanced soil detection technology, accurately analyzes soil indicators, avoids blind use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reduces environmental pollution, customizes improvement plans according to soil detection results, adds organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and substances for adjusting pH in a targeted manner, improves soil environment, effectively reduces the risk of sesame wilt disease, improves the stability of soil indicators, soaks sesame seeds in warm water and coats them with biological agents, improves the disease resistance of sesame from the source, and adopts a reasonable close planting and rotation system, combined with field management measures, further enhancing the resistance of sesame to wilt disease.

[0072] Other advantages, objectives and features of the present invention will be set forth in part in the following description and, in part, will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on an examination of the following or may be taught from the practice of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0073] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0074] Figure 1 The figure is a flow chart of a sesame wilt disease prevention and control method based on agricultural management. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0075] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0076] Embodiment 1

[0077] A sesame wilt disease prevention and control method based on agricultural management, the method comprising: firstly using chemical analysis, physical analysis and biological analysis methods to detect the soil, accurately analyzing the nutrient content, pH value and microbial community index of the sesame planting soil, accurately understanding the basic conditions of the soil, and providing a scientific basis for subsequent soil improvement and sesame planting. Chemical analysis can clarify the content of various nutrients in the soil and judge whether there is a nutrient deficiency or excess. Physical analysis can determine the soil texture and porosity, etc., which affect the water and fertilizer retention and aeration of the soil. Biological analysis can understand the composition of the microbial community in the soil and evaluate the biological activity of the soil, so as to provide data support for the customization of precise soil improvement plans, ensure that the soil can meet the needs of sesame growth, and reduce the risk of sesame wilt disease caused by soil problems.

[0078] According to the test results, a tailor-made improvement plan is made for the soil, and organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and substances for adjusting pH are added in a targeted manner. Organic fertilizer is added when the soil nutrients are insufficient, substances for adjusting pH are added when the soil pH is unsuitable, and biological fertilizer is added when the soil microbial community is unbalanced. This can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, create a good soil environment for sesame growth, improve soil fertility, regulate soil pH, optimize soil microbial community, and enhance soil resistance to sesame wilt.

[0079] The soil is improved according to the customized improvement plan. First, fertilizers and materials are evenly spread on the soil surface, and then deep plowing is carried out to fully mix the fertilizers and materials with the soil, ensuring that the improvement effect can penetrate into the bottom layer of the soil, providing a good growth environment for sesame roots, improving the soil's nutrient status, pH value and microbial community, enhancing the soil's water and fertilizer retention capacity and aeration, and promoting the growth and development of sesame roots.

[0080] Choose high-quality, wilt-resistant sesame seeds and treat the seeds before sowing. High-quality wilt-resistant seeds are the first line of defense against diseases. Choose varieties suitable for local growth and with strong disease resistance, which can fundamentally improve sesame's resistance to wilt and reduce the possibility of sesame being infected with wilt during growth, ensure normal growth and development of sesame, and improve yield and quality. Soaking seeds in hot water at a specific temperature can kill pathogens that may be carried on the surface of the seeds, reduce the initial source of infection of the disease, and effectively reduce the risk of sesame wilt caused by seeds carrying bacteria, improve the germination rate and uniformity of seedlings, and wrap a layer of coating liquid containing beneficial microorganisms on the surface of the seeds. These microorganisms can compete with pathogens for living space and nutrients during seed germination and growth, while also stimulating the growth of sesame and enhancing its immunity, enhancing the disease resistance of seeds, promoting the growth and development of sesame, and laying a good foundation for the healthy growth of sesame.

[0081] According to soil fertility and variety characteristics, determine the reasonable planting density and implement a crop rotation system. Reasonable planting density can ensure that there is enough space between sesame plants for growth and ventilation, and avoid poor ventilation and increased humidity caused by too dense plants, thereby reducing the conditions for the breeding of pathogens, reducing the risk of sesame wilt, improving sesame photosynthesis efficiency, promoting plant growth and development, and increasing yield and quality. Choosing different crops for crop rotation can break the living environment of pathogens and reduce the accumulation of pathogens. At the same time, it can also improve soil structure and fertility, improve the sustainable utilization capacity of soil, reduce the incidence of sesame wilt, improve soil quality, and achieve sustainable development of agricultural production.

[0082] During the growth of sesame, weeds should be removed in time, weeds should be irrigated properly, and topdressed at the right time. Weeds will not only compete with sesame for nutrients, water and sunlight, but also become hosts for pathogens, increasing the risk of sesame wilt. Timely removal of weeds can reduce the growth and spread of pathogens, reduce the adverse effects of weeds on sesame growth, reduce the hosts of pathogens, and reduce the probability of sesame wilt. Reasonable irrigation according to the growth needs of sesame and soil moisture conditions can ensure that sesame can obtain sufficient water at different growth stages, while avoiding excessive or insufficient soil moisture, thereby reducing the conditions for the growth of pathogens, providing sesame with a suitable moisture environment, promoting the growth and development of sesame, and reducing the risk of sesame wilt caused by moisture problems. At different stages of sesame growth, topdressing should be carried out according to its demand for nutrients, which can meet the needs of sesame growth and development, improve sesame's disease resistance and yield quality, supplement the nutrients required for sesame growth, enhance sesame's growth potential and immunity, and reduce the risk of sesame wilt.

[0083] Embodiment 2

[0084] This embodiment further describes the first embodiment in detail based on the first embodiment.

[0085] First, the sesame planting soil is tested by chemical analysis method. In the sesame planting field, multiple sampling points are selected according to the principle of random sampling, and soil samples with a depth of 0-20 cm are collected. The soils of various sampling points are mixed evenly to form a representative comprehensive sample. The collected soil samples are naturally air-dried to remove impurities, and then ground and sieved to make their particle size reach the analysis standard for subsequent chemical analysis. The chemical analysis method is used to determine the main nutrient content in the soil, including nitrogen N, phosphorus P, and potassium K. For the determination of nitrogen content, the Kjeldahl method can be used. The soil sample is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid and a catalyst to convert the organic nitrogen in the soil into ammonium nitrogen. Then the nitrogen content is determined by distillation, titration and other steps. The mass of the soil sample is defined as m (unit: g). After being treated by the Kjeldahl method, the volume of the standard acid solution consumed in the titration is V (unit: ml), and the concentration of the standard acid solution is C (unit: mol / L). Then the nitrogen content N% in the soil is calculated by the following formula: Where 14 is the molar mass of nitrogen (unit: g / mol). For the determination of phosphorus content, the molybdenum antimony colorimetric method can be used. After the soil sample is dissolved with acid, a molybdenum antimony colorimetric agent is added, and the absorbance is measured at a specific wavelength. The phosphorus content is calculated according to the standard curve. The measured absorbance is defined as A. According to the standard curve equation A=k×P+b, k is the slope, b is the intercept, and P is the phosphorus content. The phosphorus content is deduced For the determination of potassium content, flame photometry can be used. After the soil sample is dissolved with acid, the light intensity of a specific wavelength emitted by the potassium element is measured on a flame photometer. The potassium content is calculated according to the standard curve. The light intensity measured by the flame photometer is defined as I. According to the standard curve equation I = l × K + t, where l is the slope, t is the intercept, and K is the potassium content, the potassium content is deduced.

[0086] Then the soil is tested using physical analysis methods, and the soil texture is determined using the hydrometer method. The soil sample is dispersed in water, and the soil particles are fully dispersed by stirring. The specific gravity of the suspension is then determined at different times using a hydrometer. Based on the relationship between the specific gravity and the particle size of the soil particles, the content of particles of different sizes in the soil is determined, thereby judging the soil texture, including sandy soil, loam and clay. In the determination of soil texture, the specific gravity corresponding to the hydrometer at time t1, t2, t3... is defined as G1, G2, G3... Based on the relationship between the sedimentation speed of particles of different particle sizes in water and time, the content ratio of particles of different particle sizes is determined, and the content of particles smaller than a certain particle size is determined. Where t1, t2, and t3 are specific time points, and the corresponding particle sizes are d1, d2, and d3, respectively. The soil porosity is determined by the ring knife method. A ring knife with a known volume and mass is driven into the soil to collect soil samples. Then, the volume and mass of the soil in the ring knife are measured to calculate the dry density and total porosity of the soil. In the porosity determination, the volume of the ring knife is assumed to be V c (Unit: cubic centimeters), the mass of the soil in the ring is m s (Unit: grams), dry density of soil Define the specific gravity of soil particles as G s , then the total porosity of the soil P t Calculated by the following formula:

[0087] Then, the soil was tested by biological analysis methods. The dilution plate method was used to separate and culture the microorganisms in the soil. The soil samples were diluted in a gradient manner, and then soil suspensions of different dilutions were spread on the culture medium and cultured at a suitable temperature. The number of microbial colonies growing on the culture medium was counted. The species of the cultured microorganisms were identified through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics determination, and molecular biological methods to determine the main microbial species in the soil. The soil sample dilution multiple was defined as n, and the volume of the coated soil suspension was defined as V. l (Unit: ml), the number of colonies counted on the culture medium after cultivation is C, and the number of microorganisms in the soil N (unit: pieces / gram) is calculated by the following formula: Where m s is the mass of soil sample (unit: g).

[0088] Then, according to the above analytical chemical analysis results, the content levels of the main nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil are determined. The nutrient content detected is compared with the standard value of nutrients suitable for sesame growth to determine whether the soil nutrients are insufficient and calculate the amount of organic fertilizer required. According to the soil nutrient deficiency and the nutrient content of the organic fertilizer, the amount of organic fertilizer to be added is determined and the appropriate organic fertilizer is selected. According to factors such as soil texture, climatic conditions and cost, organic fertilizers rich in corresponding nutrients are selected, such as decomposed chicken manure, cow manure, pig manure, etc. Suppose the detected content of nitrogen in the soil is N d (Unit: kg / hectare), the standard value of nitrogen for sesame growth is N s (Unit: kg / hectare), then the nitrogen deficit ΔN = N s -N d , assuming that the nitrogen content of the selected organic fertilizer is N o (Unit: kg / ton), then the amount of organic fertilizer M to be added o (Unit: tons / hectare) is calculated by the following formula:

[0089] Then analyze the soil pH value in the chemical analysis results to determine whether the soil is acidic or alkaline, and the degree of deviation from the pH range suitable for sesame growth, calculate the amount of pH-adjusting substances required, and determine the amount of pH-adjusting substances to be added based on the degree of deviation of soil pH and the properties of the pH-adjusting substances. For acidic soils, choose alkaline substances such as lime, and for alkaline soils, choose acidic substances such as sulfur. Suppose the current pH value of the soil is pH c The pH range suitable for sesame growth is [pH l ,pH h ], if the soil is acidic, the pH value needs to be raised to pH t , assuming that lime is used for adjustment, the neutralizing capacity of lime is C l (Unit: kg / ha·PH unit), then the amount of lime M to be added l (Unit: kg / hectare) is calculated by the following formula: Mx = (pH t -pH c )×C l If the soil is alkaline, the pH value needs to be lowered to pH t , assuming that sulfur is used for adjustment, the acidification capacity of sulfur is C s (Unit: kg / ha·PH unit), then the amount of sulfur to be added is M s (Unit: kg / hectare) Calculated by the following formula: M s =(pH c -pH t )×C s ,

[0090] Then analyze the biological analysis results, determine the types and quantities of microorganisms in the soil, compare the ratio of beneficial microorganisms to harmful microorganisms in the soil, determine whether the microbial community is unbalanced, calculate the amount of biological fertilizer required, and determine the amount of biological fertilizer to be added based on the degree of imbalance of the microbial community and the content of beneficial microorganisms in the biological fertilizer. According to the soil type, climatic conditions and the growth requirements of sesame, select biological fertilizers containing specific beneficial microorganisms, including biological fertilizers containing Bacillus, Trichoderma, etc. Suppose the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil is B g (Unit: pieces / gram), the number of harmful microorganisms is B b (Unit: pieces / gram), the ratio of beneficial microorganisms to harmful microorganisms suitable for sesame growth is R s , then the imbalance degree of microbial community is D = (B b / B g ) / R s , assuming that the content of beneficial microorganisms in the selected biological fertilizer is B f(Unit: piece / gram), then the amount of biological fertilizer M that needs to be added f (Unit: kg / hectare) is calculated by the following formula: Among them, M s is the soil mass (unit: kg / hectare).

[0091] According to the customized improvement plan, prepare the required organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and substances for adjusting pH, ensure that the quality of the materials meets the requirements and the source is reliable, prepare tools for spreading fertilizers and substances, such as fertilizer spreaders, hand-push fertilizer spreaders, etc., and prepare agricultural tools for deep tillage, such as plows, rotary tillers, etc., divide the sesame planting land to be improved into multiple uniform areas, so as to facilitate more accurate control of the amount of fertilizers and substances to be spread. According to the amount of fertilizers and substances added determined in the customized improvement plan, combined with the area of ​​the divided areas, calculate the specific amount of fertilizers and substances required to be spread in each area, define the total area of ​​the sesame planting land to be improved as A (unit: square meters), the number of divided areas as n, and for different fertilizers and substances, the amount of spread in each area Specific factors and case-specific variables as well as substance-specific parameters vary from fertilizer to fertilizer and substance to substance, and fertilizers and substances are spread evenly over the soil surface using prepared spreading tools.

[0092] Next, deep plowing should be carried out as soon as possible after spreading fertilizers and materials to prevent them from being blown away by the wind or washed away by rain. At the same time, plowing should be carried out when the soil moisture is appropriate, and it should be avoided when the soil is too wet or too dry, so as not to affect the plowing effect. The plowing depth should be adjusted according to the type and fertility of the soil. The depth of deep plowing should be about 20-30 cm to ensure that the fertilizers and materials can be fully mixed with the soil. For relatively poor and compact soils, the plowing depth should be increased. After deep plowing, the land surface should be leveled by harrowing machines and manual harrowing to make the soil more loose and uniform, which is conducive to the growth and development of sesame. After the soil improvement treatment is completed, watering should be carried out appropriately according to the soil moisture conditions to keep the soil moist, which is conducive to the dissolution and diffusion of fertilizers and materials and promotes the full mixing of soil with fertilizers and materials. A layer of rice straw and wheat straw organic matter should be covered on the soil surface to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, maintain soil moisture, and at the same time play a role in heat preservation and inhibition of weed growth.

[0093] Then, investigate the local planting environment and climatic conditions, select sesame varieties that are suitable for local growth and have strong resistance to wilt. In areas with a high incidence of wilt, give priority to varieties that have been verified to have strong disease resistance after many years of planting. Select sesame seeds with full grains, uniform size, and bright color, and remove damaged, deformed, and discolored seeds. Prepare an appropriate amount of clean water and determine the amount of water used based on the number of seeds. Generally speaking, 5-10 liters of water are required for each kilogram of seeds. Prepare a thermometer to accurately measure the water temperature and prepare a container, such as a large barrel or basin. The container must be clean and free of oil. Heat the water to 50℃-55℃, monitor the water temperature with a thermometer, and ensure that the temperature is stable within this range. Slowly pour the selected sesame seeds into the hot water, stirring while pouring to ensure that the seeds are heated evenly. Keep the water temperature between 50℃-55℃ and soak for 20-30 minutes. Stir constantly during the soaking process to prevent local overheating or overcooling of the seeds. After the soaking is completed, quickly remove the seeds from the hot water and cool them in cold water to stop the heat treatment process. The cooling time is 5-10 minutes After 10 minutes, take out the cooled seeds and put them in a well-ventilated place to dry, avoiding direct sunlight. Turn the seeds frequently during the drying process to make the moisture on the surface of the seeds evaporate evenly to prevent the seeds from getting moldy. The dried seeds can be coated with biological agents in the next step, or directly stored for later use. If storage is required, the seeds should be placed in a dry, cool, and ventilated place to avoid moisture and insect pests. According to the characteristics of the pathogenic bacteria of sesame wilt, select biological agents that have antagonistic effects on wilt, such as Bacillus, Trichoderma, etc. According to the number of seeds and the instructions for use of the biological agent, determine the amount of biological agent to be used. Generally speaking, the dosage of the biological agent is 1%-3% of the seed weight. Mix the biological agent with an appropriate amount of water, stir evenly, and make a coating solution. The concentration of the coating solution should be moderate, not too thin or too thick. Put the dried sesame seeds into the coating machine, add the coating solution, start the coating machine, so that the seeds are evenly coated with the coating solution, and place the coated seeds in a well-ventilated place to dry, so that the water in the coating solution evaporates to form a firm coating layer.

[0094] Based on the test results of soil, soil fertility is divided into three levels: high, medium and low. High-fertility soil can support a higher planting density, while low-fertility soil requires a lower planting density. The growth habits, plant size, branching ability and lodging resistance of the selected sesame varieties are understood. According to the characteristics of the varieties, sesame varieties are divided into tall-stalked, medium-stalked and short-stalked types. In actual planting, small-scale test planting is carried out, different planting density gradients are set, and the growth and yield performance of sesame are observed. According to the test results, the most suitable local soil fertility and variety are determined. The planting density of the species characteristics is calculated as follows: assuming that the planting density is D (unit: plant / square meter), the soil fertility coefficient is F (determined according to the soil fertility level, high fertility soil F=1.2, medium fertility soil F=1, low fertility soil F=0.8), and the variety characteristic coefficient is V (determined according to the variety type, tall-stalked varieties V=0.8, medium-stalked varieties V=1, and short-stalked varieties V=1.2), then the planting density calculation formula is D=K×F×V, where K is an empirical coefficient, which can be adjusted according to actual conditions, and is generally between 10-20.

[0095] Choose crops with different growth habits and nutrient requirements from sesame for crop rotation. For example, leguminous crops such as soybeans and peanuts have nitrogen fixation and can improve soil fertility. Gramineae crops such as corn and wheat have well-developed root systems and can improve soil structure. Choose crops suitable for local climatic conditions for crop rotation. Consider factors such as the crop's growth cycle, cold resistance, and drought resistance to ensure that the rotated crops can grow normally in the local area. Choose crops that do not have common pests and diseases with sesame and have different pest and disease transmission pathways for crop rotation to reduce the occurrence and spread of pests and diseases. Determine the rotation cycle based on the growth cycle of different crops and the recovery of soil fertility. Generally speaking, the rotation cycle is 2-3 years. For example, a three-year rotation pattern of sesame-soybean-corn, or a two-year rotation pattern of sesame-peanut-wheat can be adopted. According to the rotation cycle and the growing season of crops, the planting order should be reasonably arranged to ensure that there is enough time for soil improvement and fertility recovery between different crops, and to avoid continuous planting of the same crop leading to decreased soil fertility and aggravated diseases and insect pests. Before planting rotation crops, land preparation and fertilization preparation work should be carried out, the stubble and weeds of the previous crop should be removed, the soil should be deep plowed, and an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer should be applied to improve soil fertility and structure. Rotation crops should be planted on time according to the rotation plan.

[0096] Finally, during the growth period of sesame, the sesame field is inspected regularly, generally at least once a week, to observe the growth of weeds in the field, including the type, quantity, distribution and growth stage of weeds. Marking tools, such as small flags or colored tapes, are used to mark areas with more weeds for subsequent cleaning. Weeding is carried out after sesame seedlings emerge and before row closure when the weeds are small and have not yet formed a large community. Observe the soil moisture conditions, judge the soil moisture content through soil moisture sensors and touching the soil with hands, arrange irrigation time and water reasonably, and determine the irrigation water amount according to the growth stage of sesame and soil moisture conditions. During the sesame seedling stage and seedling stage, the water requirement is less, and the soil can be kept moist. During the sesame flowering stage and pod setting stage, the water requirement is large, and the irrigation water amount should be appropriately increased. Generally speaking, the amount of water for each irrigation should be such that the soil moistening depth reaches 20-30 cm. Observe the growth of sesame. When sesame shows symptoms of slow growth, lighter leaf color, short plants and lack of fertilizer, topdressing is carried out, and the amount of topdressing is determined according to the growth stage of sesame and soil fertility.

[0097] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential features of the invention. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered in all respects as exemplary and non-limiting, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and it is intended that all variations falling within the meaning and scope of the same elements of the claims be included in the invention. Any reference numeral in a claim should not be considered as limiting the claim to which it relates.

Claims

1. A method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management, characterized in that: The method includes: The soil is tested using chemical, physical and biological analysis methods to accurately analyze the nutrient content, pH and microbial community indicators of the soil for sesame planting; According to the test results, tailor-made improvement plans are made for the soil, and organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and substances for adjusting pH are added in a targeted manner; Improve the soil according to the customized improvement plan, first spread the fertilizer and materials evenly on the soil surface, and then deep plow to fully mix the fertilizer and materials with the soil; Select high-quality, blight-resistant sesame seeds and treat them before sowing; Determine the appropriate planting density and implement a crop rotation system based on soil fertility and variety characteristics; During the growth of sesame, strengthen field management, remove field weeds in time, irrigate reasonably, and apply fertilizer at the right time.

2. A method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil is tested using chemical analysis methods, which include: In the sesame fields, multiple sampling points were selected according to the principle of random sampling to collect soil samples with a depth of 0-20 cm. The soils from each sampling point were mixed evenly to form a representative comprehensive sample. The collected soil samples were naturally air-dried to remove impurities, and then ground and sieved to make the particle size meet the analysis standard; Chemical analysis methods are used to determine the main nutrient content in the soil, including nitrogen N, phosphorus P, and potassium K. For the determination of nitrogen content, the mass of the soil sample is defined as m. After treatment by the Kjeldahl method, the volume of the standard acid solution consumed in the titration is V, and the concentration of the standard acid solution is C. The nitrogen content N% in the soil is calculated by the following formula: Where 14 is the molar mass of nitrogen; For the determination of phosphorus content, the absorbance is defined as A. According to the standard curve equation A = k × P + b, where k is the slope, b is the intercept, and P is the phosphorus content, the phosphorus content is deduced. For the determination of potassium content, the light intensity measured by the flame photometer is defined as I. According to the standard curve equation I = l × K + t, where l is the slope, t is the intercept, and K is the potassium content, the potassium content is deduced.

3. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil is tested using physical analysis methods, which include: The hydrometer method is used to determine soil texture. The soil sample is dispersed in water and stirred to fully disperse the soil particles. The specific gravity of the suspension is then measured at different times using a hydrometer. Based on the relationship between the specific gravity and the particle size of the soil particles, the content of particles of different sizes in the soil is determined, thereby judging the soil texture. In soil texture determination, the specific gravity corresponding to the hydrometer at time t1, t2, t3, etc. is defined as G1, G2, G3, etc. According to the relationship between the sedimentation speed of particles of different particle sizes in water and time, the content ratio of particles of different particle sizes is determined, and the content of particles smaller than a certain particle size is determined. Among them, t1, t2, and t3 are specific time points, and the corresponding particle sizes are d1, d2, and d3 respectively; The soil porosity is determined by the knife ring method. A knife ring with known volume and mass is driven into the soil to collect soil samples. Then, the volume and mass of the soil in the knife ring are measured to calculate the dry density and total porosity of the soil. In porosity measurement, the volume of the cutter ring is V c , the mass of the soil inside the ring is m s , the dry density of soil Define the specific gravity of soil particles as G s , then the total porosity of the soil P t Calculated by the following formula:

4. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil is tested using a bioanalytical method that includes: The dilution plate method is used to isolate and culture microorganisms in soil. The soil sample is diluted in a gradient manner, and then soil suspensions of different dilutions are spread on the culture medium, cultured at a suitable temperature, and the number of microbial colonies growing on the culture medium is counted; The main microbial species in the soil were identified by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics determination and molecular biology methods. Define the soil sample dilution factor as n and the volume of the applied soil suspension as V l , the number of colonies counted on the culture medium after cultivation is C, and the number of microorganisms N in the soil is calculated by the following formula: Where m s is the mass of soil sample.

5. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: According to the test results, a tailor-made improvement plan is made for the soil, and organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and substances for adjusting pH are added in a targeted manner. The method includes: Analyze the results of chemical analysis to determine the content levels of the main nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and compare the nutrient content obtained with the standard values ​​of nutrients suitable for sesame growth to determine whether the soil nutrients are insufficient; Calculate the amount of organic fertilizer required and determine the amount of organic fertilizer that needs to be added based on the soil nutrient deficiency and the nutrient content of the organic fertilizer; Analyze the soil pH in the chemical analysis results to determine whether the soil is acidic or alkaline, and the degree to which it deviates from the pH range suitable for sesame growth; Calculate the amount of pH-adjusting substance required, and determine the amount of pH-adjusting substance that needs to be added based on the degree of deviation of soil pH and the properties of the pH-adjusting substance; For slightly acidic soils, choose alkaline substances such as lime, and for slightly alkaline soils, choose acidic substances such as sulfur; Analyze the results of biological analysis to determine the types and quantities of microorganisms in the soil, compare the ratio of beneficial and harmful microorganisms in the soil, and determine whether the microbial community is unbalanced; Calculate the amount of biofertilizer required, and determine the amount of biofertilizer that needs to be added based on the degree of imbalance of the microbial community and the content of beneficial microorganisms in the biofertilizer; Choose biological fertilizer containing specific beneficial microorganisms according to soil type, climatic conditions and sesame growth needs.

6. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: Soil improvement is carried out according to a customized improvement plan, which includes: Prepare the required organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer and substances for adjusting pH according to the customized improvement plan; Have tools ready for spreading fertilizer and materials, as well as implements ready for deep tillage; Divide the sesame field to be improved into several uniform areas to facilitate more accurate control of the amount of fertilizer and materials applied; According to the amount of fertilizer and material added determined in the customized improvement plan, combined with the area of ​​the divided area, calculate the specific amount of fertilizer and material that needs to be spread in each area; Use the prepared spreading tools to spread the fertilizer and materials evenly on the soil surface.

7. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 6, characterized in that: The soil is treated according to a customized improvement plan, which also includes: Deep tillage should be carried out as soon as possible after spreading fertilizers and materials. At the same time, tillage should be carried out when the soil moisture is appropriate, and avoid tillage when the soil is too wet or too dry; Adjust the tillage depth according to the soil type and fertility. For poorer and more compacted soils, increase the tillage depth. After deep plowing, harrowing machines and manual harrowing are used to level the land surface, making the soil looser and more uniform, which is conducive to the growth and development of sesame. After the soil improvement treatment is completed, water appropriately according to the soil moisture to keep the soil moist; Cover the soil surface with a layer of organic matter such as rice straw and wheat straw to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture.

8. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: Select high-quality, blight-resistant sesame seeds and treat them before sowing. The method includes: Investigate the local planting environment and climate conditions, and select sesame varieties that are suitable for local growth and have strong resistance to wilt disease; Select sesame seeds that are full, uniform in size, and bright in color, and discard those that are damaged, deformed, or discolored; Prepare an appropriate amount of clean water, determine the amount of water to be used according to the number of seeds, prepare a thermometer to accurately measure the water temperature, and prepare a container. Heat the water to 50℃-55℃, monitor the water temperature with a thermometer, slowly pour the selected sesame seeds into the hot water, stir while pouring to make the seeds heated evenly, keep the water temperature between 50℃-55℃ and soak for 20-30 minutes, stir constantly during the soaking process, and after the soaking is over, quickly remove the seeds from the hot water and put them in cold water to cool; Take out the cooled seeds and put them in a well-ventilated place to dry. Turn the seeds frequently during the drying process to make the moisture on the seed surface evaporate evenly. The dried seeds are then treated with biological agent coating in the next step. According to the characteristics of the pathogen of sesame wilt, select biological agents that have antagonistic effects on wilt; According to the number of seeds and the instructions for use of the biological agent, determine the amount of biological agent to be used, mix the biological agent with an appropriate amount of water, stir evenly to make a coating liquid, put the dried sesame seeds into a coating machine, add the coating liquid, start the coating machine, and evenly coat the seeds with the coating liquid; Place the coated seeds in a well-ventilated place to dry, so that the moisture in the coating liquid can evaporate and form a firm coating.

9. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: According to soil fertility and variety characteristics, determine the reasonable planting density and implement a crop rotation system. This method includes: According to the test results of soil, soil fertility is divided into three levels: high, medium and low. High-fertility soil can support higher planting density, while low-fertility soil requires lower planting density. Understand the growth habit, plant size, branching ability and lodging resistance characteristics of the selected sesame variety; According to the characteristics of the varieties, sesame varieties are divided into tall-stalked, medium-stalked and short-stalked types; In actual planting, small-scale test planting is carried out, different planting density gradients are set, the growth and yield performance of sesame are observed, and based on the test results, the planting density that best suits the local soil fertility and variety characteristics is determined; Choose crops with different growth habits and nutrient requirements from sesame, choose crops that are suitable for local climatic conditions, and choose crops that do not share common pests and diseases with sesame or have different pest and disease transmission pathways; Determine the crop rotation cycle according to the growth cycle of different crops and the recovery of soil fertility, and arrange the planting sequence reasonably according to the crop rotation cycle and the growing season of crops; Before planting rotation crops, carry out land preparation and fertilization preparation work, remove the stubble and weeds of the previous crop, deep plow the soil, apply appropriate amounts of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer to improve soil fertility and structure, and plant the rotation crops on time according to the rotation plan.

10. The method for preventing and controlling sesame wilt based on agricultural management according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the growth of sesame, strengthen field management, remove field weeds in time, irrigate reasonably, and apply fertilizer at the right time. The method includes: Regularly inspect sesame fields to observe the growth of weeds in the fields and use marking tools to mark areas with more weeds; Weeding should be carried out after sesame seedlings emerge and before row closure, when weeds are small and have not yet formed large colonies; Observe soil moisture conditions, determine soil moisture content through soil moisture sensors and by touching the soil with your hands, and arrange irrigation time and water volume appropriately; Determine the amount of irrigation water according to the growth stage of sesame and soil moisture conditions. During the emergence and seedling stages of sesame, the amount of water required is less, just keep the soil moist. During the flowering and pod-setting stages of sesame, the amount of water required is greater, so the amount of irrigation water should be appropriately increased. Observe the growth of sesame. When sesame shows symptoms of slow growth, lighter leaf color, short plants and lack of fertilizer, apply topdressing. Determine the amount of topdressing according to the growth stage of sesame and soil fertility.

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