Signaling parameter sets for geometry-based point cloud streams

Abstract

Systems, methods, and tools are disclosed for signaling parameter sets for geometry-based point cloud streams. In an example, a device may receive an International Organization for Standardization Basic Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file. The ISOBMFF file may include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, the one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample-to-group box information. The sample group description information may indicate packet type information and a plurality of sample group description entries that indicate geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample-to-group-box information may include one or more sample-to-group-box entries, each sample-to-group-box entry having a plurality of entry parameters including the packet type information, a packet type parameter, and a sample group description index.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 356,335, filed on June 28, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art

[0003] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, e.g., to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, wavelet-based systems, object-based systems, and / or block-based systems (such as block-based hybrid video coding systems). Representation and / or compression mechanisms used to store and / or transmit point cloud data may be inefficient. Summary of the invention

[0004] Systems, methods, and tools for signaling parameter sets for geometry-based point cloud streams are disclosed.

[0005] An example device may receive an International Organization for Standardization Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file. The ISOBMFF file may include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, the one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample to group box information. The sample group description information may indicate grouping type information and multiple sample group description entries, the multiple sample group description entries indicating geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample to group box information may include one or more sample to group box entries, each sample to group box entry having multiple entry parameters, the multiple entry parameters including: the grouping type information, the grouping type parameter, and the sample group description index. The entry parameters may also include an entry count and / or a sample count.

[0006] In an example, a device may receive an indication of a geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) sample and G-PCC information. The G-PCC sample may be associated with a plurality of tracks. The G-PCC information may include parameter set information, and the parameter set information may include information associated with a sample set. The device may determine that the parameter set information changes from a first time to a second time. Based on the change in the parameter set information, the device may group the G-PCC sample into each track in the plurality of tracks. The grouped G-PCC samples may include the same parameter set information.

[0007] Each feature disclosed anywhere herein is described and may be implemented separately / individually and in any combination with any other features disclosed herein and / or with any features disclosed elsewhere which may be implicitly or explicitly mentioned herein or may otherwise fall within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0009] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0010] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0011] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of another example RAN and another example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0012] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder.

[0013] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder.

[0014] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system in which various aspects and examples may be implemented.

[0015] Figure 5 An example of a geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) bitstream structure is shown.

[0016] Figure 6 An example of a sample structure when a decoded G-PCC bitstream is stored in a single track is shown.

[0017] Figure 7 An example of a multi-track G-PCC bitstream container structure is shown.

[0018] Figure 8 An example of a G-PCC bitstream container structure with a G-PCC entry and a tile entry is shown.

[0019] Fig. 9An example of a G-PCC bitstream container structure with a G-PCC item, a tile item and a spatial region item is shown.

[0020] Fig.10 An example of the temporal level in a G-PCC sequence is shown.

[0021] Fig.11 An example of using the 'gpsg' sample group in multi-track and time-level tracks is shown.

[0022] Fig.12 An example of using the 'gpsg' sample group in a multi-component track is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] A detailed description of exemplary embodiments will now be described with reference to the various drawings. Although this specification provides detailed examples of possible implementations, it should be noted that the details are intended to be illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the application.

[0024] Figure 1A 1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0025] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0026] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0027] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSC), radio network controllers (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of a licensed spectrum and an unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0028] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0029] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0030] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0031] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0032] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0033] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0034] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0035] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0036] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0037] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0038] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0039] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0040] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0041] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0042] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0043] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, or the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0044] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0045] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0046] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0047] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0048] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0049] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0050] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0051] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0052] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0053] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during an inter-evolved Node-B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0054] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0055] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0056] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0057] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0058] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for a BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a target outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding target. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the target STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the target STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in each STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0059] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be a working channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0060] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0061] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the operations for the 80+80 configuration described above can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0062] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0063] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0064] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0065] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0066] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and the gNB 180b (and / or the gNB 180c).

[0067] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., including varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths).

[0068] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may act as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0069] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0070] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0071] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing in order to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, and / or services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0072] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0073] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0074] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0075] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, evolved Node B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to mimic one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0076] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0077] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0078] The present application describes a number of aspects, including tools, features, examples or embodiments, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a particular manner, and at least in order to illustrate individual features, are usually described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is to describe clearly and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with the various aspects described in the earlier submission.

[0079] The various aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5 to 8 Some embodiments may be provided, but other embodiments are also contemplated. Figures 5 to 8 The discussion does not limit the breadth of the specific implementations. At least one of these aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to sending a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable storage media having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the described methods, and / or computer-readable storage media having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the described methods.

[0080] In this application, the terms "reconstruction" and "decoding" are used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" are used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture" and "frame" are used interchangeably.

[0081] Various methods are described herein, and each method in the various methods includes one or more steps or actions for realizing the described method. Unless the correct operation method requires the steps or actions of a specific order, the order and / or purposes of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as "first", "second" etc. can be used to modify elements, parts, steps, operations, etc. in various embodiments, such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding". Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply the sequencing of the modification operation. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, and can, for example, occur before, during, or in overlapping time periods of the second decoding.

[0082] Various methods and other aspects described herein may be used to modify a module, such as Figure 2 and Figure 3 Pre-encoding process 201, intra prediction 260, entropy decoding 245 and / or entropy decoding module 330, intra prediction 360, post-decoding process 385 of video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 are shown respectively. In addition, the subject matter disclosed herein presents aspects that are not limited to VVC or HEVC, and can be applied to, for example, any type, format or version of video decoding (whether described in a standard or described in a recommendation, whether pre-existing or developed in the future), as well as any such standard and recommendation extension (e.g., including VVC and HEVC). Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the various aspects described in this application can be used alone or in combination.

[0083] Various numerical values ​​are used in the examples described herein, such as minimum and maximum ranges (e.g., 0 to 1, 0 to N, or 0 to 255), bit values ​​for indication or determination, default values, ID numbers (e.g., for adaptive IDs), etc. These and other specific values ​​are for the purpose of describing the examples, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0084] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the following describes encoder 200 for clarity without describing all contemplated variations.

[0085] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo pre-encoding processing (201), such as applying a color transform to an input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0086] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded, for example, using intra mode or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in intra mode, the unit performs intra prediction (260). Motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed in inter mode. The encoder decides (205) which of intra mode or inter mode to use to encode the unit, and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0087] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder may skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder may bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly code the residual without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0088] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block (255). An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0089] Figure 3 300 is a diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder. In the example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by decoder elements, as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs the same operations as described above. Figure 2 The encoding process described above is a decoding process that is the reverse of the encoding process described above. The encoder 200 may also generally perform video decoding as part of encoding the video data. For example, the encoder 200 may perform one or more of the video decoding steps presented herein. The encoder, for example, reconstructs the decoded image to maintain synchronization with the decoder with respect to one or more of the following: reference pictures, entropy coding contexts, and other decoder-related state variables.

[0090] Specifically, the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. First, the bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other decoded information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining (355) the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block. The predicted block can be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0091] The decoded picture may also undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., a transform from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or an inverse remapping that performs the inverse of the remapping performed in the pre-encoding process (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding process and signaled in the bitstream.

[0092] Figure 4 It is a diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and embodiments described herein can be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device, which includes various components described below and is configured to perform one or more aspects of the various aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices, such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected household appliances and servers. The elements of system 400 may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs and / or discrete components individually or in combination. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed on multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various embodiments, system 400 is coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or by a dedicated input and / or output port communication. In various embodiments, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the various aspects described in this document.

[0093] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, various aspects described in this document. The processor 410 may include embedded memory, input and output interfaces, and various other circuit systems as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include a non-volatile memory and / or a volatile memory, including but not limited to an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. As a non-limiting example, the storage device 440 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including a storage device that can be detached and cannot be detached), and / or a network accessible storage device.

[0094] The system 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430, which is configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Additionally, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400, or may be incorporated into the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0095] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 410 or encoder / decoder 430 to perform various aspects described in this document may be stored in the storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various embodiments, one or more of the processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of the various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of processing equations, formulas, operations, and operation logic.

[0096] In some embodiments, memory internal to the processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other embodiments, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device may be the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be a memory 420 and / or a storage device 440, such as a dynamic volatile memory and / or a non-volatile flash memory. In several embodiments, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one embodiment, a fast external dynamic volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video coding and decoding operations, such as, for example, MPEG-2 (MPEG refers to Moving Picture Experts Group, MPEG-2 is also known as ISO / IEC 13818, and 13818-1 is also known as H.222, 13818-2 is also known as H.262), HEVC (HEVC refers to High Efficiency Video Coding, also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2), or VVC (Versatile Video Coding, a new standard developed by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET)).

[0097] Inputs to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal, such as that transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples ( Figure 4 ) includes composite video.

[0098] In various embodiments, the input device of block 445 has associated corresponding input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or band limiting a signal to a frequency band); (ii) down-converting the selected signal; (iii) again band-limiting to a narrower frequency band to select a signal band that may be referred to as a channel in certain embodiments; (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal; (v) performing error correction; and (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired data packet stream. The RF section of various embodiments includes one or more elements for performing these functions, such as a frequency selector, a signal selector, a band limiter, a channel selector, a filter, a down-converter, a demodulator, an error corrector, and a demultiplexer. The RF section may include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box embodiment, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal that sends by wired (for example, cable) medium, and by filtering, down-conversion and filtering to the frequency band of expectation again to perform frequency selection.Various embodiments rearrange the order of (and other) element described above, remove some elements in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can be included in and inserts element between existing element, such as for example inserts amplifier and analog-to-digital converter.In various embodiments, the RF part comprises antenna.

[0099] Additionally, the USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed, in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and the encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with the memory and storage elements to process the data streams as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0100] The various elements of system 400 may be disposed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various elements may be interconnected and data may be sent between these elements using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., an internal bus as known in the art, including an inter-IC (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board).

[0101] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data through communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0102] In various embodiments, data is streamed or otherwise provided to the system 400 using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network, e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received by a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 of these embodiments is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to an external network (including the Internet) for allowing streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other embodiments provide streaming data to the system 400 using a set-top box that delivers data via an HDMI connection of an input box 445. Still other embodiments provide streaming data to the system 400 using an RF connection of an input box 445. As described above, various embodiments provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various embodiments use a wireless network other than Wi-Fi, such as a cellular network or a Bluetooth network.

[0103] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485 and other peripherals 495. Display 475 of various embodiments includes one or more of, for example, a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display and / or a display capable of folding. Display 475 can be used for televisions, tablet computers, laptops, cellular phones (mobile phones) or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (for example, as in a smart phone), or it can be separate (for example, an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples of embodiments, other peripherals 495 include one or more of an independent digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVR, a term for both), a CD player, a stereo system and / or a lighting system. Various embodiments use one or more peripherals 495, which provide functions based on the output of system 400. For example, a CD player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0104] In various embodiments, control signals are communicated between the system 400 and the display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral device 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, consumer electronics control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices may be connected to the system 400 via a communication interface 450 using a communication channel 460. The display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various embodiments, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (T Con) chip.

[0105] For example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, display 475 and speaker 485 may alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components. In various embodiments where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, output signals may be provided via dedicated output connections including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0106] These embodiments may be performed by computer software implemented by the processor 410 or by hardware or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these embodiments may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. The memory 420 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment, and as a non-limiting example, may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. The processor 410 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment, and as a non-limiting example, may include one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0107] Various implementations involve decoding. As used in this application, "decoding" may encompass, for example, all or part of a process performed on a received coded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various embodiments, such processes include one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various embodiments, such processes also include (or alternatively include) processes performed by decoders of various implementations described in this application, such as receiving an International Organization for Standardization Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file. The ISOBMFF file may include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, the one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample to group box information. The sample group description information may indicate grouping type information and multiple sample group description entries, the multiple sample group description entries indicating geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample to group box information may include one or more sample to group box entries, each sample to group box entry having multiple entry parameters, the multiple entry parameters including: the grouping type information, the grouping type parameter, and the sample group description index; and so on.

[0108] As a further embodiment, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding; in another embodiment, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding; and in another embodiment, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0109] Various specific implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above about "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application may cover, for example, all or part of the processes performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various embodiments, such processes include one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential encoding, transforming, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various embodiments, such processes also include (or alternatively include) processes performed by encoders of various specific implementations described in this application, such as receiving an International Organization for Standardization Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file. The ISOBMFF file may include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, the one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample to group box information. The sample group description information may indicate grouping type information and multiple sample group description entries, the multiple sample group description entries indicating geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample to group box information may include one or more sample to group box entries, each sample to group box entry having multiple entry parameters, the multiple entry parameters including: the group type information, the group type parameter, and the sample group description index; and so on.

[0110] As a further example, in one embodiment, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding; in another embodiment, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding; and in another embodiment, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential encoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0111] Note that the syntax elements used herein (such as those indicated in Tables 1 to 23 and otherwise indicated in the discussion or figures presented herein) are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not exclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0112] When the figures are presented as flow charts, it should be understood that they also provide block diagrams of corresponding devices. Similarly, when the figures are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that they also provide flow charts of corresponding methods / processes.

[0113] During the encoding process, a balance or trade-off between rate and distortion is usually considered, which often takes into account constraints of computational complexity. Rate-distortion optimization is usually expressed as minimizing a rate-distortion function, which is a weighted sum of rate and distortion. There are different methods to solve the rate-distortion optimization problem. For example, these methods can be based on extensive testing of all coding options (including all considered modes or decoding parameter values) and fully evaluate their decoding costs and the associated distortion of the reconstructed signal after decoding and decoding. Faster methods can also be used to reduce coding complexity, especially for the calculation of approximate distortion based on prediction or prediction residual signals rather than reconstructed residual signals. A mixture of these two methods can also be used, such as by using approximate distortion for only some of the possible coding options and using full distortion for other coding options. Other methods only evaluate a subset of possible coding options. More generally, many methods use any of a variety of techniques to perform optimization, but optimization is not necessarily a complete evaluation of both decoding costs and associated distortions.

[0114] The specific implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, methods or processes, devices, software programs, data streams, or signals. Even if discussed only in the context of a single form of specific implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the specific implementation of the features discussed may also be implemented in other forms (e.g., devices or programs). Devices may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. These methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes communication devices, such as, for example, computers, mobile phones, portable / personal digital assistants ("PDAs"), and other devices that facilitate information communication between end users.

[0115] Reference to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "an example," or "an implementation," or "an implementation," and other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearance of the phrases "in one embodiment," "in an embodiment," "in an example," or "in an implementation," or "in an implementation," and any other variations thereof in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or example.

[0116] Additionally, the present application may involve "determining" various information. Determining information may include, for example, estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0117] Furthermore, the present application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0118] Additionally, the present application may refer to "receiving" various information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, one or more of accessing the information or retrieving the information (e.g., from a memory). Moreover, "receiving" generally involves, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, sending information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0119] It should be understood that, for example, in the case of "A / B," "A and / or B," and "at least one of A and B," the use of any of the following " / ," "and / or," and "at least one" is intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C," such phrases are intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first listed option and the second listed option (A and B), or only the first listed option and the third listed option (A and C), or only the second listed option and the third listed option (B and C), or all three options (A and B and C). This can be extended to as many items as listed, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts.

[0120] In addition, as used herein, the word "signaling" especially refers to indicating something to the corresponding decoder. For example, in some embodiments, the encoder (e.g., to the decoder) signals MPD, adaptation set, representation, pre-selection, G-PCC component, G-PCCComponent descriptor, G-PCC descriptor or basic attribute descriptor, supplementary attribute descriptor, G-PCC tile inventory descriptor, G-PCC static space region descriptor, GPCCTileId descriptor, GPCC3DRegionID descriptor, other descriptors, elements and attributes, metadata, mode, etc. (e.g., as disclosed herein, included in Table 1 to Table 23). In this way, in an embodiment, the same parameters are used at both the encoder side and the decoder side. Therefore, for example, the encoder can send (explicit signaling) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. On the contrary, if the decoder already has specific parameters and other parameters, signaling can be used without sending (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. By avoiding sending any actual function, bit saving is achieved in various embodiments. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, in various embodiments, one or more grammatical elements, flags, etc. are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the above refers to the verb form of the word "signaling", the word "signal" can also be used as a noun in this article.

[0121] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specific implementation may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry, for example, storable or transmittable information. The information may include, for example, instructions for executing a method or data generated by one of the described specific implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the described embodiment. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is well known, the signal may be sent over a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on a processor readable medium.

[0122] High-quality three-dimensional (3D) point clouds can be used to represent immersive media. A point cloud may include a set of points represented in a 3D space using coordinates indicating the location of a point (e.g., each point) and one or more attributes, such as color, transparency, reflectivity of a laser, or material properties associated with the point (e.g., each point). Point clouds can be captured in a variety of ways. For example, point clouds can be captured using multiple cameras and depth sensors, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanners, and the like. The number of points used to realistically reconstruct objects and scenes using point clouds can be in the millions (e.g., or even billions). Therefore, efficient representation and compression can be used to store and transmit point cloud data.

[0123] The technology of capturing and rendering 3D points can be applied in the fields of telepresence, virtual reality and / or large-scale dynamic 3D maps. One or more of the following 3D point cloud compression (PCC) technologies can be used: geometry-based compression standards for static point clouds and video-based compression standards for dynamic point clouds. These technologies can be used to support efficient and interoperable storage and transmission of 3D point clouds. Based on these technologies, lossy and / or lossless decoding of point cloud geometric coordinates and attributes can be supported.

[0124] Figure 5 An example of a geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) bitstream structure is shown. Features associated with G-PCC are provided herein. Figure 5 As shown, a bitstream structure for geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) may be shown. A G-PCC bitstream may include a set of G-PCC units, which may be referred to as a type-length-value (TLV) encapsulation structure, such as Figure 5 As shown. The syntax of the G-PCC TLV unit may be given in Table 1, where the G-PCC TLV unit (e.g., each G-PCC TLV unit) has a TLV type (e.g., tlv_type), a G-PCC TLV unit payload length (e.g., tlv_num_payload_bytes), and a G-PCCTLV unit payload (e.g., tlv_payload_byte[i]). tlv_type may describe the G-PCC unit type as shown in Table 2. G-PCC TLV units with unit types 2 and 4 may be geometry data units and attribute data units, respectively. The data units may represent the main components used to reconstruct the point cloud. The payload of the geometry and attribute G-PCC units may correspond to a media data unit (e.g., a TLV unit), which may be decoded by a G-PCC decoder specified in the corresponding geometry and attribute parameter set G-PCC unit.

[0125] Table 1G-PCC TLV Unit Syntax

[0126]

[0127] Table 2 Description of tlv_type and associated data elements

[0128] tlv_type describe 0 Sequence parameter set 1 Geometry parameter set 2 Geometry Data Unit 3 Attribute parameter set 4 Attribute Data Unit 5 Tile Stock 6 Frame boundary marker 7 Default attribute data unit

[0129] Table 3 G-PCC attribute types by known_attribute_label

[0130]

[0131]

[0132] Table 4G-PCC TLV Encapsulation Unit Payload Syntax

[0133]

[0134] The G-PCC bitstream high-level syntax (HLS) may include slices and tile groups in geometry and attribute data. A frame may be divided into multiple tiles and slices. A slice may be a set of points that can be encoded and / or decoded independently. A slice may include a geometry data unit and zero or more attribute data units. The attribute data unit may depend on a corresponding geometry data unit within the same slice. Within a slice, a geometry data unit may appear before an associated attribute unit (e.g., any associated attribute unit). The data units of a slice may be consecutive. The ordering of slices within a frame may not be specified.

[0135] A slice group may be identified by a common tile identifier. A tile inventory may describe a bounding box of a tile (e.g., each tile). A tile may overlap another tile in the bounding box. A slice (e.g., each slice) may include an index identifying the tile to which the slice belongs.

[0136] Features associated with the ISO base media file format (ISOBMFF) are provided herein. The ISOBMFF may include G-PCC data carried using one or more tracks. The ISOBMFF may have multiple parts that may indicate a file format for storing time-based media. These parts may be based on and / or derived from the ISOBMFF, which may be a structural, media-independent definition. The ISOBMFF may include structures and media data information for various presentations (e.g., timed presentations) of media data (such as audio, video, etc.). There may be support for non-timed data (such as metadata at different levels within the file structure). The logical structure of the file may be a movie that may include a set of time-parallel tracks. The temporal structure of the file may be that the track includes a sequence of samples in time, and these sequences are mapped into the timeline of the entire movie. The ISO BMFF may be based on a box-structured file. The box-structured file may include a series of boxes (e.g., which may be referred to as atoms) of a certain size and type. The type may be a 32-bit value and may be selected as four printable characters (e.g., referred to as a four-character code (4CC)). The non-timed data may be included in a metadata box (at the file level), or attached to a movie box or one of the timed data streams (called tracks) within a movie.

[0137] Among the top-level boxes within the ISOBMFF container may be a MovieBox ('moov'). The MovieBox may include metadata for continuous media streams present in the file. The metadata may be signaled within the hierarchy of boxes in the MovieBox (e.g., within a TrackBox ('trak')). A track may represent a continuous media stream present in a file. A media stream may include a sequence of samples (such as audio or video units of an elementary media stream) and may be encapsulated within a MediaDataBox ('mdat') present at the top level of the container. The metadata for a track (e.g., each track) may include a list of sample description entries, where an entry (e.g., each entry) provides a coding or encapsulation format used in the track and initialization data for processing samples in the track. A sample (e.g., each sample) may be associated with a sample description entry for the track. A tool may define an explicit timeline mapping for a track (e.g., each track). This may be referred to as an edit list and may be signaled using an EditListBox using the following syntax, where an entry (e.g., each entry) defines a portion of a track timeline by mapping a portion of a component timeline or by indicating empty time (e.g., portions of a presentation timeline that are not mapped to any media, which may be referred to as an empty edit).

[0138] aligned(8)class EditListBox extends FullBox('elst',version,flags){

[0139] unsigned int(32)entry_count;

[0140] for(i=1;i<=entry_count;i++){

[0141] if(version == 1){

[0142] unsigned int(64)edit_duration;

[0143] int(64)media_time;

[0144] }else{ / / version==0

[0145] unsigned int(32)edit_duration;

[0146] int(32)media_time;

[0147] }

[0148] int(16)media_rate_integer;

[0149] int(16)media_rate_fraction=0;

[0150] }

[0151] }

[0152] Figure 6 An example of a sample structure when a decoded G-PCC bitstream is stored in a single track is shown. Features associated with the G-PCC container file format are provided herein. If a G-PCC bitstream is carried in a single track, the G-PCC encoded bitstream may be represented by a single track declaration. Single track encapsulation of G-PCC data may utilize simple ISOBMFF encapsulation by storing the G-PCC bitstream in a single track (e.g., without further processing). A sample (e.g., each sample) in the track may include one or more G-PCC components. A sample (e.g., each sample) may include one or more TLV encapsulation structures. As shown in FIG. Figure 6 As shown, a sample structure may be shown when the G-PCC geometry and attribute bitstreams are stored in a single track.

[0153] Figure 7An example of a multi-track G-PCC bitstream container structure is shown. If the decoded G-PCC geometry bitstream and the decoded G-PCC attribute bitstream are stored in separate tracks, a sample (e.g., each sample) in the track may include at least one TLV encapsulation structure carrying a single G-PCC component data. Figure 7 The structure of a multi-track G-PCC container is shown. These boxes can be mapped to corresponding boxes.

[0154] Based on this structure, a multi-track G-PCC ISOBMFF container may include one or more of the following: a G-PCC track including a geometry parameter set, a sequence parameter set, and a geometry bitstream sample carrying a geometry data TLV unit (e.g., the track may include track references to other tracks carrying a payload of a G-PCC attribute component); or zero or more G-PCC tracks, where a track (e.g., a track) includes an attribute parameter set for the corresponding attribute and an attribute bitstream sample carrying an attribute data TLV unit.

[0155] If the G-PCC bitstream is carried in multiple tracks, the track reference tool can be used to link between G-PCC component tracks. One TrackReferenceTypeBoxes can be added to the TrackReferenceBox inside the TrackBox of the G-PCC track. The TrackReferenceTypeBox may include an array of track_IDs that specify the tracks referenced by the G-PCC track. In order to link a G-PCC geometry track to a G-PCC attribute track, the reference_type of the TrackReferenceTypeBox in the G-PCC geometry track may identify the associated attribute track. The 4CC of these track reference types may be 'gpca', which may indicate that the referenced track includes a decoded bitstream of the G-PCC attribute component.

[0156] If the 3D spatial region information and the associated G-PCC tiles within the 3D spatial region in the G-PCC bitstream are dynamically changing, the timed metadata track may carry the dynamically changing 3D spatial region information. The 3D spatial region information timed metadata track may provide an association over time between the 3D spatial region information and the corresponding G-PCC tiles of the 3D spatial region (e.g., each 3D spatial region).

[0157] The timed metadata track may include a 'cdsc' track reference to a G-PCC base track. The G-PCC base track may include a track reference type defined using 4CC 'gbsr' to the timed metadata track.

[0158] Non-timed G-PCC data can be encapsulated into ISOBMFF files using entries. An entry can be a box that carries data (not sample data) that does not use timed processing.

[0159] A single item or multiple items with G-PCC tiles may be used to support carrying of non-timed G-PCC data. For multiple items with G-PCC tiles, items of type 'gpt1' may be described herein along with property items and item references to support partial access.

[0160] Figure 8 An example of a G-PCC bitstream container structure having a G-PCC item and a tile item is shown. Figure 8 As shown, the non-timed G-PCC data including three G-PCC tiles can be carried in multiple items by storing the G-PCC tiles (e.g., each G-PCC tile) in a separate item. This can enable a decoding device (e.g., a player) to identify the item including the appropriate G-PCC tile by interpreting the associated spatial region item properties.

[0161] Fig. 9 An example of a G-PCC bitstream container structure with a G-PCC item, a tile item, and a spatial region item is shown. To support a finer-grained indication of a G-PCC tile, subsample information may be used (e.g., even if a G-PCC tile item may include multiple G-PCC tiles, such as Fig. 9 For example, the subsample information may be adapted to indicate an identifier of a tile included in the G-PCC tile entry.

[0162] A G-PCC temporal level may be a subset of frames in a G-PCC bitstream. A G-PCC temporal level may include a subsequence whose frame rate is less than the frame rate of an actual bitstream sequence. A G-PCC frame (e.g., each G-PCC frame) may be associated with a temporal level (e.g., a particular temporal level). A temporal level (e.g., each temporal level) may be identified by a temporal level identifier (e.g., a unique temporal identifier), wherein the temporal level identifier (ID) of a first temporal level is 0.

[0163] A G-PCC bitstream (e.g., G-PCC data) may be carried and / or stored in one or more temporal level tracks. The G-PCC data may include multiple G-PCC samples. Information describing the temporal level tracks and the mapping between samples and temporal levels may be obtained in a file. A G-PCC sample belonging to a temporal level may not have a decoding dependency (e.g., any decoding dependency) on a G-PCC sample (e.g., any G-PCC sample) present in a higher temporal level. Prior to the decoding (e.g., decoding) process, samples may be extracted from the temporal level tracks and combined into a single consistent bitstream. When extracting a G-PCC bitstream for a target temporal level having an ID greater than 0 and a target tile ID, data from lower temporal level samples (e.g., all lower temporal level samples) may be included in the resulting bitstream, and the track may be selected accordingly during the extraction process.

[0164] Fig.10 An example of the time level in a G-PCC sequence is shown. Fig.10 As shown, if the G-PCC bitstream is divided into three temporal levels, playback of the G-PCC bitstream at 30fps, 45fps and 60fps can be enabled: temporal level 0 can represent a 30fps subsequence, and temporal level 1 and temporal level 2 can represent 15fps subsequences, respectively.

[0165] A G-PCC track including a GPCCScalabilityInfoBox in a sample entry may be referred to as a temporal level track carrying a bitstream subset. This box may signal scalability information of a G-PCC track. When this box is present in a track with a sample entry of type 'gpe1', 'gpeg', 'gpc1', 'gpcg', 'gpcb' and / or 'gpeb', it may indicate support for temporal scalability and provide information about the temporal levels present in this G-PCC track.

[0166] Features associated with media such as VR and immersive 3D graphics are provided herein. High-quality 3D point clouds can provide representations of immersive media, enabling various forms of interaction and communication with virtual worlds. The large amount of information used to represent such point clouds can involve efficient decoding algorithms. Example techniques for geometry-based point cloud compression are described herein. Example techniques for temporal scalability are described herein. Temporal scalability can provide support for temporal partial access to G-PCC data encapsulated in a container.

[0167] A point cloud sequence may represent a scene having multiple tiles. In an example, a decoding device may be able to access (e.g., stream and / or render) individual tiles without decoding other portions of the scene. Similarly, a point cloud may represent a single object. Certain portions of the object may be accessed (e.g., streamed and / or rendered) without decoding the entire point cloud.

[0168] Multiple temporal tracks may be used to support carrying G-PCC data in a file. A container (e.g., an ISOBMFF container) may signal dynamically changing G-PCC parameter sets, including, for example, a geometry parameter set (GPS), a sequence parameter set (SPS), and / or an attribute parameter set (APS). Frame-specific attribute characteristics (FSAP) parameter sets may specify attribute characteristics. These attribute characteristics may be used for specific attribute frames. When there are multiple tracks, multiple temporal tracks, or multiple temporal tile tracks, a coding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may not know how to carry such parameter sets in ISOBMFF.

[0169] As described herein, signaling techniques may be used to carry dynamically changing G-PCC parameter sets in single track, multi-track, G-PCC temporal track, and temporal tile track cases. Constraints on temporal track and temporal tile track sample entries may be updated as described herein.

[0170] Features associated with G-PCC parameter set sample groups are provided herein. Features associated with temporal track situations are provided herein. One or more tracks may be used to carry G-PCC data. A track (e.g., each of the one or more tracks) may include sample group description information (e.g., in SampleGroupDescriptionBox) and sample to group box information (e.g., in SampleToGroupBox). In an example, if G-PCC data is carried using multiple temporal tracks and the parameter set information changes over time, a G-PCC parameter set information sample group with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg' may be used to signal parameter set information related to samples present in the temporal track. The grouping type may indicate that G-PCC samples are grouped together, and the G-PCC samples use the same sample group description entry (e.g., the same parameter set information). For example, a G-PCC parameter set information sample group with a grouping type of 'gpsg' may be used to group G-PCC samples, which use the same parameter set information in a temporal track. Using 'gpsg' for grouping_type in a sample group may indicate that samples in a temporal track are assigned to corresponding parameter sets carried in the sample group. If there is a SampleToGroupBox with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg', there may be a companion SampleGroupDescriptionBox with the same grouping type. The SampleToGroupBox may include an index of the sample group description entry to which each sample belongs.

[0171] If there is a SampleToGroupBox with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg', the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry at index 1 of the associated SampleGroupDescriptionBox may carry a parameter set for decoding the first sample in the temporal track. SampleGroupDescriptionBox at index 2 and above may carry a parameter set of changes associated with a sample or a set of consecutive samples present in the temporal track (e.g., only the parameter set of changes). In an example, the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry may carry a setting unit (e.g., only the setting unit) of one of the SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets.

[0172] In an example, if 'gpc1', 'gpcg', 'gpel' or 'gpeg' sample entries are used in a temporal level track, the sample group may include a G-PCC parameter set for decoding samples present in the temporal level track.

[0173] In the example, SampleGroupDescriptionBox may not carry FSAP. FSAP may be carried in samples of the property track.

[0174] Features associated with non-temporal tracks (e.g., component tracks and single component tracks) are provided herein. If a single G-PCC track or multiple G-PCC tracks are used to carry G-PCC data and the parameter set information changes over time, a G-PCC parameter set information sample group with grouping_type 'gpsg' may be used to signal parameter set information related to samples present in the G-PCC track. The G-PCC parameter set information sample group with grouping type 'gpsg' may be used to group G-PCC samples that use the same parameter set information in the G-PCC track. SampleToGroupBox may include grouping type information (e.g., grouping_type). SampleGroupDescriptionBox may include grouping type information (e.g., grouping_type). Using 'gpsg' for grouping_type in a sample group may indicate that samples in a G-PCC track are assigned to corresponding parameter sets carried in the sample group. A sample may include a sample group description entry (e.g., one or more SampleGroupDescriptionEntry). The sample group description entry may indicate parameter set information (e.g., based on geometry or point cloud parameter set information). If there is a SampleToGroupBox with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg', a companion SampleGroupDescriptionBox with the same grouping type may be present and may include the index of the group to which the sample belongs. If there is a SampleToGroupBox with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg', the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry at index 1 of the associated SampleGroupDescriptionBox may carry the parameter set for decoding the first sample in the track. SampleGroupDescriptionEntries at index 2 and above may carry updated parameter sets (e.g., only the updated parameter sets) associated with samples or consecutive sample sets present in the track.

[0175] In an example, the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry may carry a setting unit of one of the SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets (eg, only the setting unit).

[0176] If 'gpc1', 'gpcg', 'gpe1', or 'gpeg' sample entries are used in a G-PCC track, and there is a sample group with grouping_type 'gpsg', the sample group may include a G-PCC parameter set for decoding samples present in the track.

[0177] A G-PCC temporal level track or a G-PCC track may include one or more SampleToGroupBox boxes with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg'. If there is more than one SampleToGroupBox box with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg', the SampleToGroupBox box may have a unique grouping_type_parameter value and the version of each of the SampleToGroupBox boxes may be set to 1.

[0178] In the example, SampleGroupDescriptionBox may not carry FSAP. FSAP may be carried in samples of a specific attribute track.

[0179] Features associated with component track cases (e.g., normal and temporal level track cases) are provided herein. In an example, if 'gpe1' or 'gpeg' sample entries are used in a track, a G-PCC temporal level track or a G-PCC track may include multiple SampleToGroupBox boxes with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg' but with different grouping_type_parameter parameters. A sample group with a parameter set setting unit of a particular type may be identified using the 'gpsg' grouping_type and a unique grouping_type_parameter value. If there are multiple SampleToGroupBox boxes with different grouping_type_parameter values, the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry present in the sample group description box with grouping type 'gpsg' (e.g., each SampleGroupDescriptionEntry) may include one (e.g., only one) of SPS, GPS, APS, or frame-specific attribute parameters (e.g., but not including a combination of parameter sets). For example, a SampleToGroupBox with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg' and a grouping_type_parameter value of 1 may refer to a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry entry that includes a geometry parameter set setting unit. Similarly, a SampleToGroupBox with a grouping_type_parameter value of 2 may refer to a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry entry that includes an attribute parameter set setting unit, and a SampleToGroupBox with a grouping_type_parameter value of 3 may refer to a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry entry that includes a frame-specific attribute characteristic parameter set setting unit. The numOfSetupUnits present in the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry representing one of the SPS, GPS, or FSAP setting units may be 1. The numOfSetupUnits present in the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry representing the APS may be equal to the number of attributes present in the G-PCC bitstream or an updated APS set of one or more attributes present in the bitstream.

[0180] The group type may be 'gpsg', which may be associated with a container sample group description box (e.g., 'snpd'). The group type 'gpsg' may not be used (e.g., it may be associated with a quantity of 0). If the group type 'gpsg' is used, it may be associated with a quantity of 1 or greater.

[0181] The G-PCC parameter set information sample group entry may define parameter set information for samples using the same G-PCC parameter set.If there are multiple instances of the SampleToGroupBox box with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg', the version of the SampleToGroupBox box may be set to 1.

[0182] An example syntax for a G-PCC parameter set sample group is provided below:

[0183] abstract class SampleGroupDescriptionEntry(unsigned int(32)grouping_type)

[0184] {

[0185] }

[0186] abstract class VolumetricSampleGroupEntry(unsigned int(32)grouping_type)extends SampleGroupDescriptionEntry(grouping_type)

[0187] {

[0188] }

[0189] aligned(8)class GPCCParameterSetInfoEntry()

[0190] extends VolumetricVisualSampleGroupEntry('gpsg'){

[0191] unsigned int(8)numOfSetupUnits;

[0192] for(i=0;i <numOfSetupUnits;i++){

[0193] tlv_encapsulation setupUnit;

[0194] }

[0195] }

[0196] Example semantics may include one or more of the following: numOfSetupUnits or setupUnit. The parameter numOfSetupUnits may specify the number of G-PCC setup units signaled in the sample group description entry. The parameter setupUnit may include a G-PCC unit that carries one of the SPS, GPS, APS, or FSAP parameters.

[0197] G-PCC parameter sets may not be carried in temporal tile tracks. In an example, when multiple temporal tile tracks are used to carry G-PCC data, sample groups with grouping_type 'gpsg' may not exist in tracks with sample entries 'gpcb', 'gpeb' or 'gpt1'.

[0198] In an example, if multiple temporal tile tracks are used to carry G-PCC data, samples in a G-PCC tile base track with a sample entry type of 'gpcb' or 'gpeb' may carry a G-PCC unit that includes one or more of: SPS, GPS, APS, tile inventory, or FSAP information.

[0199] The presentation time of the sample may be used to identify a G-PCC tile base track sample for decoding a G-PCC temporal tile track sample. The presentation time of the corresponding tile base track sample may be equal to or less than the presentation time of the temporal tile track sample. If the presentation times of the tile base track sample and the corresponding temporal tile track sample are not equal, a tile base track sample with a previous presentation time that is closer to the presentation time of the temporal tile track sample may be used to decode the tile base track sample or identify tile inventory information.

[0200] The presentation time of the attribute G-PCC tile track sample can be used to identify the G-PCC tile base track sample with FSAP parameter information, which is used to decode the G-PCC attribute temporal level tile track sample. The presentation time of the corresponding tile base track sample with FSAP information can be the same as the presentation time of the temporal level tile track sample carrying the attribute data.

[0201] Fig.11 Examples of using the 'gpsg' sample group in multi-track and time-level tracks are shown. The features associated with the extraction process are provided in this paper. Fig.11As shown, the GPCC file structure may have two single-component tracks. For a track, there may be a sample group description box (e.g., an 'sgpd' box) with grouping type 'gpsg' and a sample to group box (e.g., one or more 'sgpd' boxes). Track 1 may be a geometry track (e.g., a geometry component track). Track 1 may include two sample to group boxes and a sample group description box with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg', including SPS and GPS parameter sets. Track 2 may be an attribute track. The sample to group box may include a sample to group box entry, which may include multiple parameters. For example, Fig.11 As illustrated, a sample-to-group box entry may include a grouping type; a grouping type parameter (eg, grouping_type_parameter); an entry count (eg, entry_count); a sample count (eg, sample_count); and / or a sample group description index (eg, sample_description_index).

[0202] The grouping_type_parameter may include a value indicating a parameter set setting unit of a sample group description entry. For example, a sample-to-group box with grouping_type_parameter equal to 0 may include an associated sample group description entry (e.g., SPS and GPS) including a setting unit of an SPS parameter set. A sample-to-group box with grouping_type_parameter equal to 1 may include an associated sample group description entry (e.g., SPS and GPS) including a setting unit of a GPS parameter set. As another example, a sample-to-group box with grouping_type_parameter equal to 2 may include an associated sample group description entry (e.g., APS and FSAP) including a setting unit of an APS parameter set. A sample-to-group box with grouping_type_parameter equal to 3 may include an associated sample group description entry (e.g., APS and FSAP) including a setting unit of an FSAP parameter set.

[0203] If the GPS information changes over time, the GPS information (e.g., new GPS information) may be carried in the sample group description entry. Samples that use a changing set of GPS parameters may be indicated in a sample-to-group box with grouping_type_parameter equal to 1. sample_count may indicate how many samples in a sample set use a particular set of parameters. Fig.11As shown, samples 1 to 100 in track 1 (e.g., as indicated by sample_count[1] being set to 100) may use GPS parameter set data from the sample group entry description at index 2; and the following 200 samples, i.e., samples 101 to 300 (e.g., as indicated by sample_count[2] being set to 200) may use GPS parameter set data from the sample group entry description at index 3. The sample group entry description at index 2 and the sample group entry description at index 3 may be present in a sample group description box. Similarly, a sample to group box with grouping_type_parameter equal to 2 may indicate that samples 1 to 200 in track 2 (e.g., as indicated by sample_count[1] being set to 200) use APS parameter set data from the sample group entry description at index 1; and the following 100 samples, i.e., samples 201 to 300 (e.g., as indicated by sample_count[2] being set to 100) use APS parameter set data from the sample group entry description at index 2.

[0204] entry_count may indicate the number of sample sets. Sample sets may each use a different sample group description entry. For example, Fig.11 As shown in the First Sample to Group box of , if entry_count is 1, there may be 1 sample set that all use the same sample group description entry (e.g., the SPS indicated by sample_description_index1 in this case). As another example, Fig.11 As shown in the Second Sample to Group box, if entry_count is 2, there may be 2 sample sets, in which the samples in one set all use the same sample group description entry (for example, in this case, the first 100 samples use GPS, as indicated by sample_description_index2; and the next 200 samples use GPS New, as indicated by sample_description_index3).

[0205] Fig.12 An example of using the 'gpsg' sample group in a multi-component track is shown. Fig.12 As shown, the GPCC file structure may have a single multi-component track. The track may include multiple instances of a sample group description box and a sample to group box with a grouping type of 'gpsg'. Fig.12As shown, the first track (e.g., track 1) may include four sample grouping boxes with grouping_type equal to 'gpsg' and different grouping_type_parameter values ​​(indicating SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets). The sample-to-group box entries may be associated with sample group description entries (including a setting unit for one of the SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets).

[0206] like Fig.12 As shown, the samples may use the SPS in the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry present at position 1. As indicated in the SampleToGroupBox where grouping_type is equal to 'gpsg' and the grouping_type_parameter value is 1, samples from 1 to 100 may use the GPS parameter set data from the sample group entry description located at sample group description index 2, and samples 101 to 300 may use the GPS parameter set data from the sample group entry description located at sample group description index 4 present in the sample group description box. As indicated in the SampleToGroupBox where 'gpsg' is equal to grouping_type and the grouping_type_parameter value is 2, samples from 1 to 200 may use the APS parameter set data from the sample group entry description located at sample group description index 3, and samples 201 to 300 may use the APS parameter set data from the sample group entry description located at sample group description index 5.

[0207] This document provides example constraints on temporal level tracks and temporal level tile tracks. A G-PCC track that includes a GPCCScalabilityInfoBox in the sample entry may be referred to as a temporal level track that carries a bitstream subset. In the example, if multiple temporal level tracks are used to carry G-PCC data, the temporal level tracks that carry the G-PCC bitstream may use the same sample entry type. In the example, if multiple temporal level tile tracks are used to carry G-PCC data, the temporal level tile tracks that carry the G-PCC bitstream may use the same sample entry type 'gpt1'.

[0208] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A device, comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: receiving an International Organization for Standardization Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file, the ISOBMFF file comprising geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, wherein each of the one or more tracks comprises sample group description information and sample-to-group box information, wherein the sample group description information indicates grouping type information and a plurality of sample group description entries, the plurality of sample group description entries indicating volume or point cloud parameter set information based on geometry, and The sample-to-group-box information includes one or more sample-to-group-box entries, each of which includes multiple entry parameters, including: the grouping type information, grouping type parameters and a sample group description index. 2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a first track of the one or more tracks is a geometry track and a second track of the one or more tracks is a property track. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein one of the one or more tracks is a multi-component track.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the G-PCC data comprises a plurality of G-PCC samples, and wherein the grouping type information indicates that G-PCC samples are grouped together, the G-PCC samples using the same sample group description entry among the plurality of sample group description entries.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the grouping type parameter comprises a value of a parameter set setting unit indicating the plurality of sample group description entries, and wherein: Under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a sequence parameter set setting unit; and Under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a geometry parameter set setting unit.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the grouping type parameter comprises a value of a parameter set setting unit indicating the plurality of sample group description entries, and wherein: Under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having an attribute parameter set setting unit; and Under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a frame specific attribute property (FSAP) parameter set setting unit.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of entry parameters further comprises an entry count, wherein the entry count indicates a number of sample sets, and wherein the sample sets each have a different sample group description entry among the plurality of sample group description entries.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of entry parameters further comprises one or more sample counts, wherein each sample set has a corresponding sample count, and wherein the sample count indicates the number of samples in the corresponding sample set.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein each sample set has a corresponding sample group description index, and wherein the corresponding sample group description index indicates a sample group description entry among the plurality of sample group description entries, the sample group description entry being for the corresponding sample set.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more tracks include one or more time-level tracks.

11. A method comprising: receiving an International Organization for Standardization Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file, the ISOBMFF file comprising geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, wherein each of the one or more tracks comprises sample group description information and sample-to-group box information, wherein the sample group description information indicates grouping type information and a plurality of sample group description entries, the plurality of sample group description entries indicating volume or point cloud parameter set information based on geometry, and The sample-to-group-box information includes one or more sample-to-group-box entries, each of which includes multiple entry parameters, including: the grouping type information, grouping type parameters and a sample group description index. 12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein a first track of the one or more tracks is a geometry track and a second track of the one or more tracks is a property track. The method of claim 11 , wherein one of the one or more tracks is a multi-component track.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the G-PCC data comprises a plurality of G-PCC samples, and wherein the grouping type information indicates that G-PCC samples are grouped together, the G-PCC samples using the same sample group description entry among a plurality of sample group description entries.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the grouping type parameter comprises a value of a parameter set setting unit indicating the plurality of sample group description entries, and wherein: Under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a sequence parameter set setting unit; and Under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a geometry parameter set setting unit.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein the grouping type parameter comprises a value of a parameter set setting unit indicating the plurality of sample group description entries, and wherein: Under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having an attribute parameter set setting unit; and Under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a frame specific attribute property (FSAP) parameter set setting unit.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of entry parameters further comprises an entry count, wherein the entry count indicates a number of sample sets, and wherein the sample sets each have a different sample group description entry among the plurality of sample group description entries.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the plurality of entry parameters further comprises one or more sample counts, wherein each sample set has a corresponding sample count, and wherein the sample count indicates the number of samples in the corresponding sample set.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein each sample set has a corresponding sample group description index, and wherein the corresponding sample group description index indicates a sample group description entry among the plurality of sample group description entries, the sample group description entry being for the corresponding sample set.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more tracks include one or more time-level tracks.

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