A wind speed measuring device

Abstract

The present invention proposes a wind speed measuring device, which relates to the field of wind speed measurement technology, including a mounting base, a column fixedly mounted on the mounting base, a wind vane rotatably mounted on the column, the column and the wind vane arranged perpendicularly, an air inlet fixedly mounted on the wind vane, the air inlet and the wind vane arranged parallel to each other, a narrow tube section fixedly mounted in the air inlet, a vertical tube fixedly mounted on the air inlet, the bottom end of the vertical tube passing through the air inlet and communicating with the middle section of the narrow tube section, and a wind speed measuring mechanism installed in the vertical tube. The present invention proposes a wind speed measuring device, which can detect wind speed according to the Bernoulli principle by providing a mounting base, a column, a wind vane, an air inlet, a narrow tube section, a vertical tube, a wind speed measuring mechanism and a rainproof structure. When wind blows into the vertical tube and the narrow tube section, the air pressure in the narrow tube section and the air pressure at the top of the vertical tube change, and the wind speed is accurately measured. During the test, rainwater entering the air inlet will be blown out by the wind, reducing the interference of rainwater on the measurement results.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of wind speed measurement, and in particular to a wind speed measuring device. Background Art

[0002] The influence of wind speed is crucial in many fields and applications of life. For example, in meteorology and climate research, wind speed is one of the basic parameters in meteorology, which is crucial for weather forecasting, climate models and climate change research. Understanding wind speed patterns helps to understand the development and movement of weather systems. In aviation safety, wind speed and direction are crucial for aircraft takeoff, landing and flight path planning, affecting flight safety and fuel efficiency. Strong winds and wind shear can have a significant impact on flight operations. In ocean and navigation,

[0003] Wind speed data is crucial for the safety of maritime transport, fishing, and maritime operations. Understanding wind speed and direction helps plan routes and predict sea conditions. In renewable energy, accurate wind speed data is key to assessing the potential power generation and economic benefits of wind farms. Wind speed measurements help optimize the design and placement of wind turbines. In architecture and engineering, wind speed data is crucial for assessing wind loads and safety of structures during building design and construction. Wind speed measurements help assess wind-induced vibrations on bridges, high-rise buildings, and other structures. In environmental monitoring, wind speed affects the dispersion and transport of pollutants and is important for air quality management and environmental impact assessments. Wind speed data helps predict and respond to natural disasters such as sandstorms. In agriculture, wind speed affects crop growing conditions, such as drought and the spread of pests and diseases. Wind speed data helps plan irrigation systems and evaluate crop protection measures. In public safety and disaster management, wind speed data is crucial for predicting and responding to hurricanes, typhoons, and other extreme weather events. Wind speed measurements help develop evacuation plans and emergency response strategies. Wind speed measurement has a wide range of applications in various fields and plays an important role in ensuring the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of human activities.

[0004] Currently, the most common wind speed measuring devices include cup anemometers and vane anemometers. When measuring wind speed on rainy days, they may be affected by raindrops, resulting in large errors in the wind speed measurement results. For example, when the cup anemometer rotates on a rainy day, raindrops will fall on the wind cup of the cup anemometer, causing the wind cup to rotate and resist. At the same time, raindrops falling on the wind cup will apply a force on the wind cup that is different from the rotation direction, increasing the resistance of the wind cup rotation, which will affect the wind speed measurement results. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Based on the technical problems existing in the background technology, the present invention proposes a wind speed measuring device.

[0006] The present invention provides a wind speed measuring device, comprising a mounting base, a column fixedly mounted on the mounting base, a wind vane rotatably mounted on the column, the column being arranged perpendicular to the wind vane, an air inlet tube fixedly mounted on the wind vane, the air inlet tube being arranged parallel to the wind vane, a narrow cylinder section fixedly mounted inside the air inlet tube, a vertical tube fixedly mounted on the air inlet tube, the bottom end of the vertical tube passing through the air inlet tube and communicating with the middle section of the narrow cylinder section, and a wind speed measuring mechanism mounted inside the vertical tube;

[0007] A rainproof structure is also installed on the vertical pipe, which can prevent rainwater from entering the vertical pipe and can also keep the air pressure at the top of the vertical pipe stable.

[0008] Preferably, the wind speed measuring mechanism includes a piston block, a linkage rod, a reset assembly, a displacement amplification assembly, and a displacement measurement assembly; the inner diameter of the piston block is the same as the inner diameter of the vertical tube, the piston block is slidably installed in the vertical tube, the bottom end of the linkage rod is fixedly connected to the top end of the piston block, and the diameter of the linkage rod is smaller than the diameter of the piston block;

[0009] The reset assembly is used to drive the piston block and the connecting rod to slide and reset in the vertical tube;

[0010] The displacement amplifying component is used to amplify the displacement of the piston block and transmit it to the displacement measuring component.

[0011] Preferably, the reset assembly includes a fixed box, a reset cylinder, a boss and a reset spring; the fixed box is located directly above the vertical tube, the reset cylinder is fixedly connected to the bottom surface of the fixed box, the boss is mounted on the connecting rod, a limiting slide groove is provided in the reset cylinder and slidably cooperates with the boss, the reset spring is located in the limiting slide groove, both ends of the reset spring respectively abut against the boss and the inner wall of the end of the limiting slide groove, and the connecting rod slides through the reset cylinder.

[0012] Preferably, the displacement amplification component includes a cross frame, a movable guide wheel, a fixed guide wheel and a traction rope. The cross frame is fixedly installed on the end of the connecting rod away from the piston block, and the cross frame is located in a fixed box. There are multiple movable guide wheels, and the multiple movable guide wheels are rotatably installed on the cross frame. There are multiple fixed guide wheels, and the multiple fixed guide wheels are rotatably installed in the fixed box. The multiple movable guide wheels and the multiple fixed guide wheels are arranged in sequence. One end of the traction rope is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the fixed box, and the traction rope passes around the multiple movable guide wheels and the multiple fixed guide wheels in sequence. The other end of the traction rope is connected to the displacement measuring component.

[0013] Preferably, the displacement measuring assembly includes an installation box, a fixed panel, a movable panel and a lifting spring. The installation box is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the fixed box, the fixed panel is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the installation box, the movable panel is slidably installed in the installation box, and the fixed panel and the movable panel are arranged parallel to each other. The lifting spring is located in the fixed box, and the two ends of the lifting spring are respectively against the movable panel and the inner wall of the installation box, and the other end of the traction rope slides through the installation box and is fixedly connected to the movable panel.

[0014] Preferably, the rainproof structure includes a protective cover; the protective cover covers the top end of the vertical pipe, and the fixing box is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the protective cover.

[0015] Preferably, the rainproof structure further includes a mounting block; the mounting block is sleeved on the outer periphery of the vertical pipe, the protective cover is sleeved on the outer periphery of the mounting block, and a plurality of two-way Tesla valve channels are opened through the mounting block.

[0016] Preferably, the rainproof structure also includes a rotating drum, a cleaning block and a wind cup; the rotating drum is rotatably mounted on the vertical tube, the number of the cleaning blocks is two, and the two cleaning blocks are symmetrically mounted on the rotating drum, and the cleaning block can wipe the bottom opening of the two-way Tesla valve channel, and the number of the wind cups is four, and the four wind cups are arranged in a circular array on the periphery of the rotating drum.

[0017] The wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention has the following beneficial effects: through the arranged mounting base, column, wind vane, air inlet tube, narrow tube section, vertical tube, wind speed measuring mechanism and rainproof structure, the wind speed can be detected by the Bernoulli principle. When wind blows into the vertical tube and the narrow tube section, the air pressure in the narrow tube section and the air pressure difference at the top of the vertical tube change, and the wind speed is accurately measured. During the test, rainwater entering the air inlet tube will be blown out by the wind, reducing the interference of rainwater on the measurement results. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a side sectional view of an air inlet tube and a vertical tube in a wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention;

[0020] Figure 3 A side cross-sectional view of a vertical tube and a protective cover in a wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention;

[0021] Figure 4 A wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention Figure 3 Enlarged view of point A in the middle;

[0022] Figure 5This is a structural diagram of a connecting rod, a piston block, a cross frame and a movable guide wheel in a wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention;

[0023] Figure 6 This is a schematic structural diagram of a rotating drum, a cleaning block and a wind cup in a wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention;

[0024] Figure 7 This is a bottom view of a mounting block in a wind speed measuring device proposed by the present invention.

[0025] In the figure: 1. Mounting base; 2. Column; 3. Weather vane; 4. Air inlet tube; 5. Narrow tube section; 6. Vertical tube; 7. Piston block; 8. Connecting rod; 9. Fixed box; 10. Reset tube; 11. Boss; 12. Reset spring; 13. Cross frame; 14. Movable guide wheel; 15. Fixed guide wheel; 16. Traction rope; 17. Mounting box; 18. Fixed panel; 19. Movable panel; 20. Lifting spring; 21. Protective cover; 22. Mounting block; 23. Two-way Tesla valve channel; 24. Rotating drum; 25. Cleaning block; 26. Wind cup. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Reference Figure 1-Figure 7 The present invention proposes a wind speed measuring device, including a mounting base 1, a column 2 is fixedly mounted on the mounting base 1, the column 2 is vertically mounted on the mounting base 1, a wind vane 3 is rotatably mounted on the column 2, the column 2 and the wind vane 3 are arranged vertically, an air inlet tube 4 is fixedly mounted on the wind vane 3, the air inlet tube 4 is arranged parallel to the wind vane 3, a narrow tube section 5 is fixedly mounted in the air inlet tube 4, a vertical tube 6 is fixedly mounted on the air inlet tube 4, the bottom end of the vertical tube 6 passes through the air inlet tube 4 and is connected with the middle section of the narrow tube section 5, a wind speed measuring mechanism is installed in the vertical tube 6, in actual practice, the mounting base 1 is horizontally mounted at the detection position When the wind blows, the tip of the wind vane 3 rotates toward the front of the wind, and at the same time, the air inlet tube 4 rotates synchronously with the wind vane 3. The air inlet tube 4 is parallel to the blowing direction of the wind. The flowing air enters the air inlet tube 4, and the air reaches the narrow tube section 5. The air flow speed increases, which will drive the air in the vertical tube 6 to flow into the narrow tube section 5. The wind speed measuring mechanism detects the pressure change in the vertical tube 6, and thus calculates the wind speed. On rainy days, rainwater may be blown into the air inlet tube 4 and out after entering the narrow tube section 5, which has little effect on the flow speed of the air in the air inlet tube 4, and can accurately measure the wind speed.

[0027] In addition, on rainy days, since the vertical tube 6 is in a vertical state, it is easy for rainwater to enter the vertical tube 6 through the top opening of the vertical tube 6. Therefore, the top of the vertical tube 6 needs to be rainproof to prevent rainwater from entering the vertical tube 6. Therefore, a rainproof structure is designed, and a rainproof structure is also installed on the vertical tube 6. The rainproof structure can prevent rainwater from entering the vertical tube 6. The rainproof structure can also keep the air pressure at the top of the vertical tube 6 stable. At the same time, the rainproof structure can make the air at the top position of the vertical tube 6 in a relatively static state, and can produce a pressure difference with the fast-flowing air in the narrow tube section 5, thereby preventing rainwater from entering the vertical tube 6 and ensuring the accuracy of the wind speed measurement results.

[0028] like Figure 2 、 Figure 3 and Figure 5 As shown in , the wind speed measuring mechanism includes a piston block 7, a connecting rod 8, a reset assembly, a displacement amplifying assembly and a displacement measuring assembly; the diameter of the piston block 7 is the same as the inner diameter of the vertical tube 6, the piston block 7 is slidably installed in the vertical tube 6, the bottom end of the connecting rod 8 is fixedly connected to the top end of the piston block 7, and the diameter of the connecting rod 8 is smaller than the diameter of the piston block 7; the reset assembly is used to drive the piston block 7 and the connecting rod 8 to slide and reset in the vertical tube 6; the displacement amplifying assembly is used to amplify the displacement of the piston block 7 and transmit it to the displacement measuring assembly. In specific use, when the air reaches the narrow cylinder section 5, the air flow speed is accelerated, the pressure in this section becomes smaller, and the piston The pressure above the block 7 remains unchanged. Driven by the air pressure difference, the piston block 7 descends in the vertical tube 6, and the piston block 7 drives the connecting rod 8 to descend synchronously. When the connecting rod 8 descends, the displacement amplification component amplifies the downward displacement of the connecting rod 8, and then transmits the amplified displacement to the displacement measurement component. The displacement measurement component measures the amplified displacement of the connecting rod 8 and the piston block 7, making the detection result more accurate and improving the accuracy of the detection result. The reset component drives the connecting rod 8 and the piston block 7 to slide and reset, which can ensure that the piston block 7 can move with the change of wind speed, thereby measuring the change of wind speed at any time.

[0029] like Figure 2 、 Figure 3 and Figure 5As shown in , the reset assembly includes a fixed box 9, a reset cylinder 10, a boss 11 and a reset spring 12; the fixed box 9 is located just above the vertical tube 6, the reset cylinder 10 is fixedly connected to the bottom surface of the fixed box 9, the boss 11 is sleeved on the connecting rod 8, and a limiting slide groove is provided in the reset cylinder 10 to slide with the boss 11. The reset spring 12 is located in the limiting slide groove, and the two ends of the reset spring 12 respectively abut against the boss 11 and the inner wall of the end of the limiting slide groove, and the connecting rod 8 slides through the reset cylinder 10. In actual conditions, when the piston block 7 and the connecting rod 8 move downward synchronously, the connecting rod 8 will drive the boss 11 to descend synchronously, and the boss 11 will squeeze the return spring 12. After the air flow velocity in the narrow barrel section 5 decreases, the pressure in the narrow barrel section 5 increases, that is, the air pressure difference between the upper and lower ends of the piston block 7 decreases, and the piston block 7 moves upward. At the same time, under the rebound action of the return spring 12, the boss 11, the connecting rod 8 and the piston block 7 are driven to move upward synchronously, thereby measuring the changes in wind speed at any time.

[0030] like Figure 2 、 Figure 3 and Figure 5 As shown in the figure, the displacement amplification assembly includes a cross frame 13, a movable guide wheel 14, a fixed guide wheel 15 and a traction rope 16. The cross frame 13 is fixedly mounted on the end of the connecting rod 8 away from the piston block 7. The cross frame 13 and the connecting rod 8 are arranged vertically. The cross frame 13 is located in the fixed box 9. The number of movable guide wheels 14 is 3, and the 3 movable guide wheels 14 are all rotatably mounted on the cross frame 13. The number of fixed guide wheels 15 is 2, and the 2 fixed guide wheels 15 are all rotatably mounted in the fixed box 9. The 3 movable guide wheels 14 and the 2 fixed guide wheels 15 are staggered in sequence. One end of the traction rope 16 is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the fixed box 9, and the traction rope 16 is wound around it in sequence. The other end of the traction rope 16 is connected to the displacement measuring component through three movable guide wheels 14 and two fixed guide wheels 15. The three movable guide wheels 14, the two fixed guide wheels 15 and the traction rope 16 form a structure similar to a movable pulley set. The three movable guide wheels 14 and the piston block 7 are lifted and lowered synchronously. Since only one end of the traction rope 16 with the displacement measuring structure can move, when the three movable guide wheels 14 are lifted and lowered, the movable end of the traction rope 16 can be amplified and moved, thereby measuring the movement displacement of the movable end of the traction rope 16, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the detection results and reducing the large error in the detection results caused by too small a displacement.

[0031] like Figure 2 、 Figure 3 and Figure 4As shown in the figure, the displacement measuring assembly includes a mounting box 17, a fixed panel 18, a movable panel 19 and a lifting spring 20. The mounting box 17 is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the fixed box 9, the fixed panel 18 is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the mounting box 17, and the movable panel 19 is slidably mounted in the mounting box 17. The fixed panel 18 and the movable panel 19 are arranged in parallel. Both the fixed panel 18 and the movable panel 19 are metal plates. The specific working principle is that by measuring the capacitance change between the fixed panel 18 and the movable panel 19, the motion displacement of the movable end of the traction rope 16 can be indirectly measured. Its working principle is similar to that of a capacitive weighing sensor. The lifting spring 20 is located in the fixed box 9, and the two ends of the lifting spring 20 are respectively against the inner walls of the movable panel 19 and the installation box 17. The other end of the traction rope 16 slides through the installation box 17 and is fixedly connected to the movable panel 19. When the piston block 7 descends, the three movable guide wheels 14 are driven to descend synchronously, and the movable end of the traction rope 16 is driven to move downward, thereby driving the movable panel 19 to move downward, so that the distance between the movable panel 19 and the fixed panel 18 becomes larger, and the capacitance between the fixed panel 18 and the movable panel 19 will also change accordingly, so that the displacement of the movable end of the traction rope 16 can be accurately measured.

[0032] like Figure 1 、 Figure 2 、 Figure 3 and Figure 7 As shown in the figure, the rainproof structure includes a protective cover 21; the protective cover 21 covers the top of the vertical tube 6, and the fixing box 9 is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the protective cover 21. The protective cover 21 covers the top of the vertical tube 6 to reduce the influence of the external wind speed on the air at the top of the vertical tube 6. In actual conditions, the external wind speed will affect the air flow in the space between the protective cover 21 and the vertical tube 6. The rainproof structure also includes a mounting block 22; the mounting block 22 is sleeved on the outer periphery of the vertical tube 6, and the protective cover 21 is sleeved on the outer periphery of the mounting block 22. A plurality of double The surface of the mounting block 22 and the inner wall of the two-way Tesla valve channel 23 are coated with a hydrophobic nano-coating. In actual conditions, when the outside air flows, the outside air and the inside air will easily be connected. The two sections of the Tesla valve channel are connected, so that the incoming and outgoing air cannot flow quickly, thereby ensuring that the inside and outside air cannot be exchanged quickly, thereby ensuring that the air pressure in the protective cover 21 remains stable, reducing the influence of the external wind speed, and being able to ensure the air pressure in the protective cover 21, and being able to ensure the accuracy of the wind speed measurement.

[0033] like Figure 1 、 Figure 2 、 Figure 3 and Figure 6As shown in the figure, the rainproof structure also includes a drum 24, a cleaning block 25 and a wind cup 26; the drum 24 is rotatably mounted on the vertical tube 6, and there are two cleaning blocks 25, which are symmetrically mounted on the drum 24. The cleaning block 25 can wipe the bottom opening of the two-way Tesla valve channel 23. There are four wind cups 26, which are arranged in a circular array on the outer periphery of the drum 24. In actual conditions, the bottom opening of the two-way Tesla valve channel 23 may be blocked by rainwater. During operation, the wind blows the four wind cups 26 to perform circular motion, and the four wind cups 26 drive the drum 24 to rotate synchronously, and the drum 24 drives the cleaning block 25 to rotate. The rotating cleaning block 25 wipes the bottom opening of the two-way Tesla valve channel 23 at the bottom of the mounting block 22, brushes the rainwater off, thereby reducing the rainwater from entering the protective cover 21 and ensuring the air pressure inside the protective cover 21.

[0034] The above description is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field, within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, who makes equivalent replacements or changes based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A wind speed measuring device, characterized in that: The utility model comprises a mounting base (1), a column (2) is fixedly mounted on the mounting base (1), a wind vane (3) is rotatably mounted on the column (2), the column (2) and the wind vane (3) are arranged vertically, an air inlet tube (4) is fixedly mounted on the wind vane (3), the air inlet tube (4) and the wind vane (3) are arranged parallel to each other, a narrow tube section (5) is fixedly mounted in the air inlet tube (4), a vertical tube (6) is fixedly mounted on the air inlet tube (4), the bottom end of the vertical tube (6) passes through the air inlet tube (4) and is connected with the middle section of the narrow tube section (5), and a wind speed measuring mechanism is mounted in the vertical tube (6); A rainproof structure is also installed on the vertical pipe (6), and the rainproof structure can prevent rainwater from entering the vertical pipe (6). The rainproof structure can also maintain the air pressure at the top of the vertical pipe (6) stable; The wind speed measuring mechanism comprises a piston block (7), a connecting rod (8), a reset assembly, a displacement amplifying assembly and a displacement measuring assembly; the diameter of the piston block (7) is the same as the inner diameter of the vertical tube (6), the piston block (7) is slidably mounted in the vertical tube (6), the bottom end of the connecting rod (8) is fixedly connected to the top end of the piston block (7), and the diameter of the connecting rod (8) is smaller than the diameter of the piston block (7); The reset assembly is used to drive the piston block (7) and the connecting rod (8) to slide and reset in the vertical tube (6); The displacement amplification component is used to amplify the displacement of the piston block (7) and transmit it to the displacement measurement component; The rainproof structure includes a protective cover (21); the protective cover (21) covers the top end of the vertical pipe (6); The rainproof structure further includes a mounting block (22); the mounting block (22) is sleeved on the outer periphery of the vertical pipe (6); the protective cover (21) is sleeved on the outer periphery of the mounting block (22); and a plurality of bidirectional Tesla valve channels (23) are provided through the mounting block (22); The rainproof structure further includes a rotating drum (24), a cleaning block (25) and a wind cup (26); the rotating drum (24) is rotatably mounted on the vertical tube (6); the number of the cleaning blocks (25) is two, and the two cleaning blocks (25) are symmetrically mounted on the rotating drum (24); the cleaning blocks (25) can wipe the bottom opening of the two-way Tesla valve channel (23); the number of the wind cups (26) is four, and the four wind cups (26) are arranged in a ring array on the outer periphery of the rotating drum (24).

2. A wind speed measuring device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The reset assembly includes a fixed box (9), a reset cylinder (10), a boss (11) and a reset spring (12); the fixed box (9) is located directly above the vertical tube (6), the fixed box (9) is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the protective cover (21), the reset cylinder (10) is fixedly connected to the bottom surface of the fixed box (9), the boss (11) is sleeved on the connecting rod (8), a limiting slide groove is provided in the reset cylinder (10) and is slidably matched with the boss (11), the reset spring (12) is located in the limiting slide groove, and the two ends of the reset spring (12) are respectively against the boss (11) and the inner wall of the end of the limiting slide groove, and the connecting rod (8) slides through the reset cylinder (10).

3. A wind speed measuring device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The displacement amplification component includes a cross frame (13), a movable guide wheel (14), a fixed guide wheel (15) and a traction rope (16), wherein the cross frame (13) is fixedly mounted on one end of the connecting rod (8) away from the piston block (7), and the cross frame (13) is located in a fixed box (9). There are multiple movable guide wheels (14), and the multiple movable guide wheels (14) are all rotatably mounted on the cross frame (13). There are multiple fixed guide wheels (15), and the multiple fixed guide wheels (15) are all rotatably mounted in the fixed box (9). The multiple movable guide wheels (14) and the multiple fixed guide wheels (15) are arranged alternately in sequence. One end of the traction rope (16) is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the fixed box (9), and the traction rope (16) passes around the multiple movable guide wheels (14) and the multiple fixed guide wheels (15) in sequence. The other end of the traction rope (16) is connected to the displacement measurement component.

4. A wind speed measuring device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The displacement measuring assembly comprises a mounting box (17), a fixed panel (18), a movable panel (19) and a lifting spring (20), wherein the mounting box (17) is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the fixed box (9), the fixed panel (18) is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the mounting box (17), the movable panel (19) is slidably mounted in the mounting box (17), and the fixed panel (18) and the movable panel (19) are arranged in parallel, the lifting spring (20) is located in the fixed box (9), and the two ends of the lifting spring (20) respectively abut against the inner walls of the movable panel (19) and the mounting box (17), and the other end of the traction rope (16) slides through the mounting box (17) and is fixedly connected to the movable panel (19).

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