A method for preparing a lithium ion tab with high rate performance

Abstract

This invention discloses a method for preparing high-rate performance lithium-ion electrode tabs, relating to the field of lithium-ion battery technology. It addresses the problem of uneven electrode tab surfaces during processing, which leads to unstable battery charge transmission. The method includes the following steps: S1: The lithium-ion electrode tabs are first polished; S2: The polished electrode metal strip is then cleaned; S3: The electrode metal strip is dried; S4: The surface of the electrode metal strip is then immersed in a treatment solution; S5: The treated electrode tab is dried again and then output into the main body of the device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of lithium-ion battery technology, specifically to a method for preparing high-rate performance lithium-ion electrodes. Background Technology

[0002] Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and even aerospace, wind and solar energy storage devices due to their high gravimetric and volumetric energy density, high operating voltage, wide operating temperature range, long service life, and environmental friendliness.

[0003] For example, Chinese patent CN109378435A, entitled "(A Battery Tab and its Preparation Method and Lithium Battery)," includes: a battery tab comprising a main material and a thermistor material, wherein the thermistor material is doped into the main material. The preparation method includes: mixing the main material and the thermistor material, heating to a calcination temperature in an inert atmosphere, calcining, and then annealing to obtain the battery tab. The battery tab provided by this invention, while ensuring the conductivity of the tab itself, also has the function of responding to temperature changes through resistance changes. When the temperature reaches a certain value, the tab resistance changes rapidly and immediately, exhibiting excellent sensitivity. It can more quickly reflect internal temperature changes in the battery through changes in the tab resistance, thus helping to improve battery safety.

[0004] However, the surface of the existing battery tabs is uneven during processing, which leads to instability in battery power transmission. Therefore, it does not meet the current requirements. To address this, we propose a method for preparing high-rate performance lithium-ion tabs. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for preparing high-rate performance lithium-ion electrode tabs, in order to solve the problem mentioned in the background art that the surface of the electrode tabs is uneven during processing, which leads to instability in battery power during transmission.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for preparing high-rate lithium-ion electrodes, comprising the following steps:

[0007] S1: The lithium-ion electrode tabs are first polished;

[0008] S2: Clean the polished metal strip of the electrode;

[0009] S3: Dry the metal strip of the electrode tab;

[0010] S4: Next, the surface of the electrode metal strip is immersed in a treatment solution.

[0011] S5: Dry the processed tabs again and output them into the main body of the equipment.

[0012] The high-rate lithium-ion electrode preparation equipment includes an electrode preparation device body. An observation window is provided at the middle position of the front end face of the electrode preparation device body, and the observation window is embedded and fixedly connected to the electrode preparation device body. An inner cavity is provided inside the electrode preparation device body. A second power drive shaft is provided at one end of the inner cavity, and four second power drive shafts are provided. The four second power drive shafts are arranged in two pairs, one above the other. A grinding roller shaft is provided on the inner side of each of the four second power drive shafts. A grinding layer is provided at the middle position of the outer wall of the grinding roller shaft, and the grinding layer is embedded in the inner wall of the outer wall of the grinding roller shaft. An electrode metal strip is provided between the grinding roller shafts.

[0013] A first connecting pipe is installed on one side of the front end face of the main body of the electrode preparation device. A suction pump is provided on the front end face of the first connecting pipe, and an external pipe is provided on the front end face of the suction pump.

[0014] Preferably, a first operating mechanism is provided on one side of the upper surface of the main body of the electrode preparation device, a first cleaning liquid adding mechanism is provided on one side of the first operating mechanism, a second operating mechanism is provided on one side of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism, and a second cleaning liquid adding mechanism is provided on one side of the second operating mechanism.

[0015] Preferably, a first sealing plate is provided on one side of the grinding roller shaft, and two first sealing plates are provided. Deionized water liquid is provided inside between the two first sealing plates. A second roller shaft is provided inside the deionized water liquid. A first roller shaft is provided above one of the two first sealing plates. A third roller shaft is provided above the other of the two first sealing plates. A first pump is provided on one side of the other of the two first sealing plates. A first shielding plate is provided above one of the two first sealing plates, and the first shielding plate is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the main body of the tab preparation device.

[0016] Preferably, a second drying roller is provided at the middle position of the inner cavity, and there are several second drying rollers. Each of the several second drying rollers is rotatably connected to the main body of the tab preparation device through a third power drive shaft, and a second inclined plate is provided below each of the several second drying rollers.

[0017] Preferably, a second sealing plate is provided on one side of a plurality of second drying rollers, and two second sealing plates are provided. Potassium hydroxide liquid is provided between the interiors of the two second sealing plates. A fifth roller is provided inside the potassium hydroxide liquid. A fourth roller is provided above one of the two second sealing plates. A sixth roller is provided above the other of the two second sealing plates. A second pump is provided on one side of the other of the two second sealing plates. A second baffle is provided above one of the two second sealing plates, and the second baffle is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the main body of the tab preparation device.

[0018] Preferably, a first drying roller shaft is provided on one side of the inner cavity, and a plurality of first drying roller shafts are provided. The plurality of first drying roller shafts are rotatably connected to the main body of the tab preparation device through a first power drive shaft. The plurality of first power drive shafts are provided, and a first inclined plate is provided below each plurality of first power drive shafts.

[0019] Preferably, each of the plurality of first drying rollers and the plurality of second drying rollers is provided with a heating cavity, and there are a plurality of heating cavities. Each of the plurality of heating cavities is provided with a heating pipe, and there are a plurality of heating pipes. The interior of the outer wall of each of the plurality of first drying rollers and the plurality of second drying rollers is provided with a reserved slot, and there are a plurality of reserved slots. The reserved slots are integrally formed with the first drying rollers and the second drying rollers.

[0020] Preferably, the upper surface of the first operating mechanism is provided with a first inspection plate, which is threadedly connected to the first operating mechanism by four hexagonal bolts. A first display screen is provided on one side of the front end face of the first operating mechanism, and four first operation buttons are provided on the other side of the front end face. A first indicator light is provided below each of the four first operation buttons. The upper surface of the second operating mechanism is provided with a second inspection plate, which is threadedly connected to the second operating mechanism by second hexagonal bolts. A second display screen is provided on one side of the front end face of the second operating mechanism, and four second operation buttons are provided on the other side of the front end face. A second indicator light is provided below each of the four second operation buttons.

[0021] Preferably, the upper end face of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism is provided with a first conveying pipe, the front end face of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism is connected to the main pipe of the electrode preparation device through a second connecting pipe, one end of the second connecting pipe penetrates and extends into the interior of the deionized water liquid, the upper end face of the second cleaning liquid adding mechanism is provided with a second conveying pipe, and the front end face of the second cleaning liquid adding mechanism is connected to the main pipe of the electrode preparation device through a third connecting pipe, one end of the third connecting pipe penetrates and extends into the interior of the potassium hydroxide liquid.

[0022] Preferably, the tab preparation device has two reserved openings on both sides of its main body. The inner wall of one side of each reserved opening is provided with a flip plate, and there are two flip plates. The two flip plates are rotatably connected to the tab preparation device main body via rotating shafts, and there are two rotating shafts.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0024] 1. This invention utilizes a polishing roller shaft and a polishing layer on the outer wall of the electrode preparation device, which are installed inside the main body of the device. After the electrode metal strip enters the main body, the polishing roller shaft is driven by a second power drive shaft to rotate at high speed, which polishes the outer wall of the electrode metal strip. Then, after the electrode metal strip comes out of the liquid, it is dried and the liquid on the outer wall is homogenized by the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth roller shafts. This effectively avoids the problem of uneven electrode strip surface during the processing of existing battery electrode strips, which leads to unstable battery power during transmission. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the internal preparation process structure of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the drying roller shaft of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the outer wall structure of the drying roller shaft of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 5 This is a partial structural diagram of the grinding roller shaft of the present invention;

[0030] In the diagram: 100, main body of the tab preparation device; 100-1, inner cavity; 101, reserved opening; 102, flip plate; 103, rotating shaft; 104, observation window; 105, first connecting pipe; 106, suction pump; 107, external pipe; 108, first power drive shaft; 109, first drying roller shaft; 10901, reserved slot; 110, first inclined plate; 111, heating cavity; 112, heating pipe; 200, first operating mechanism; 201, first inspection plate; 202, first hexagonal bolt; 203, first display screen; 204, first operating button; 205, first indicator light; 206, second power drive shaft; 207, grinding roller shaft; 208, first baffle plate; 209, grinding layer; 300, first cleaning liquid adding mechanism; 301, first conveying pipe; 3 02. Second connecting pipe; 303. First roller shaft; 304. Second roller shaft; 305. Third roller shaft; 306. First pump; 307. Deionized water liquid; 400. Second operating mechanism; 401. Second hexagonal bolt; 402. Second inspection plate; 403. Second display screen; 404. Second operating button; 405. Second indicator light; 406. Third power drive shaft; 407. Second drying roller shaft; 408. Second inclined plate; 409. Second baffle plate; 500. Second cleaning liquid adding mechanism; 501. Second conveying pipe; 502. Third connecting pipe; 503. Fourth roller shaft; 504. Fifth roller shaft; 505. Sixth roller shaft; 506. Second pump; 507. Potassium hydroxide liquid; 600. First sealing plate; 700. Second sealing plate; 800. Electrode metal strip. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments.

[0032] Please see Figure 1-5 The present invention provides an embodiment of a method for preparing high-rate lithium-ion electrode tabs, comprising the following steps:

[0033] S1: The lithium-ion electrode tabs are first polished;

[0034] S2: Clean the polished metal strip of the electrode;

[0035] S3: Dry the metal strip of the electrode tab;

[0036] S4: Next, the surface of the electrode metal strip is immersed in a treatment solution.

[0037] S5: Dry the processed tabs again and output them into the main body of the equipment.

[0038] A high-rate lithium-ion electrode preparation device includes an electrode preparation device body 100. An observation window 104 is provided at the middle position of the front end face of the electrode preparation device body 100 and is embedded and fixedly connected to the electrode preparation device body 100. An inner cavity 100-1 is provided inside the electrode preparation device body 100. A second power drive shaft 206 is provided at one end of the inner cavity 100-1. There are four second power drive shafts 206, which are arranged in two pairs, one above the other. A grinding roller shaft 207 is provided on the inner side of each of the four second power drive shafts 206. A grinding layer 209 is provided at the middle position of the outer wall of the grinding roller shaft 207 and is embedded in the inner wall of the outer wall of the grinding roller shaft 207. An electrode metal strip 800 is provided between the grinding roller shafts 207.

[0039] The first connecting pipe 105 is installed on one side of the front end face of the electrode preparation device body 100. The front end face of the first connecting pipe 105 is provided with a suction pump 106, and the front end face of the suction pump 106 is provided with an external pipe 107.

[0040] Please see Figure 1 A first operating mechanism 200 is provided on one side of the upper end face of the electrode preparation device body 100, a first cleaning liquid adding mechanism 300 is provided on one side of the first operating mechanism 200, a second operating mechanism 400 is provided on one side of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism 300, and a second cleaning liquid adding mechanism 500 is provided on one side of the second operating mechanism 400.

[0041] Please see Figure 2 A first sealing plate 600 is provided on one side of the grinding roller shaft 207, and there are two first sealing plates 600. Deionized water liquid 307 is provided inside between the two first sealing plates 600. A second roller shaft 304 is provided inside the deionized water liquid 307. A first roller shaft 303 is provided above one of the two first sealing plates 600. A third roller shaft 305 is provided above the other one of the two first sealing plates 600. A first pump 306 is provided on one side of the other one of the two first sealing plates 600. A first shielding plate 208 is provided above one of the two first sealing plates 600, and the first shielding plate 208 is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the main body 100 of the tab preparation device.

[0042] Please see Figure 2A second drying roller shaft 407 is located in the middle of the inner cavity 100-1, and several second drying roller shafts 407 are provided. Each of the several second drying roller shafts 407 is rotatably connected to the main body 100 of the electrode preparation device via a third power drive shaft 406. A second inclined plate 408 is provided below each of the several second drying roller shafts 407. A second sealing plate 700 is provided on one side of each of the several second drying roller shafts 407, and there are two second sealing plates 700. Potassium hydroxide liquid 507 is placed between the two second sealing plates 700. A fifth roller shaft 504 is located inside the potassium hydroxide liquid 507. A fourth roller shaft 503 is located above one of the two second sealing plates 700, and a sixth roller shaft 505 is located above the other of the two second sealing plates 700. A second pump 506 is located on one side of the other of the two second sealing plates 700. A second baffle plate 409 is provided above one of the sealing plates 700, and the second baffle plate 409 is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the main body 100 of the electrode preparation device. A first drying roller shaft 109 is provided on one side of the inner cavity 100-1, and there are several first drying roller shafts 109. Several first drying roller shafts 109 are rotatably connected to the main body 100 of the electrode preparation device through a first power drive shaft 108. Several first power drive shafts 108 are provided, and a first inclined plate 110 is provided below each of the several first power drive shafts 108.

[0043] The first inclined plate 110 can collect the dripping liquid.

[0044] Please see Figure 2 and Figure 3 Each of the first drying rollers 109 and the second drying rollers 407 has a heating chamber 111 inside, and there are several heating chambers 111. Each of the heating chambers 111 has a heating pipe 112 inside, and there are several heating pipes 112. Each of the first drying rollers 109 and the second drying rollers 407 has a reserved slot 10901 inside the outer wall, and there are several reserved slots 10901. Each reserved slot 10901 is integrally formed with the first drying rollers 109 and the second drying rollers 407.

[0045] The heating pipes 112 provided inside the first drying roller 109 and the second drying roller 407 can dry the tab metal strip 800 by using a processing liquid.

[0046] Please see Figure 1The upper surface of the first operating mechanism 200 is provided with a first maintenance plate 201. The first maintenance plate 201 is threadedly connected to the first operating mechanism 200 by first hexagonal bolts 202, and four first hexagonal bolts 202 are provided. A first display screen 203 is provided on one side of the front end of the first operating mechanism 200. A first operating button 204 is provided on the other side of the front end of the first operating mechanism 200, and four first operating buttons 204 are provided. A first indicator light 205 is provided on the lower side of each of the four first operating buttons 204. The upper surface of the second operating mechanism 400 is provided with a second maintenance plate 402. The second maintenance plate 402 is threadedly connected to the second operating mechanism 400 by second hexagonal bolts 401. A second display screen 403 is provided on one side of the front end of the second operating mechanism 400. A second operating button 404 is provided on the other side of the front end of the second operating mechanism 400, and four second operating buttons 404 are provided. A second indicator light 405 is provided on the lower side of each of the four second operating buttons 404.

[0047] The second indicator light 405 and the first indicator light 205 are set up so that external personnel can see the operating instructions and procedures.

[0048] Please see Figure 1 The upper end face of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism 300 is provided with a first conveying pipe 301. The front end face of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism 300 is connected to the main body 100 of the electrode preparation device via a second connecting pipe 302. One end of the second connecting pipe 302 extends through and into the interior of the deionized water liquid 307. The upper end face of the second cleaning liquid adding mechanism 500 is provided with a second conveying pipe 501. The front end face of the second cleaning liquid adding mechanism 500 is connected to the main body 100 of the electrode preparation device via a third connecting pipe 502. One end of the third connecting pipe 502 extends through and into the interior of the potassium hydroxide liquid 507. Both sides of the main body 100 of the electrode preparation device are provided with reserved ports 101, and there are two reserved ports 101. The inner wall of one side of each reserved port 101 is provided with a flip plate 102, and there are two flip plates 102. Both flip plates 102 are rotatably connected to the main body 100 of the electrode preparation device via rotating shafts 103, and there are two rotating shafts 103.

[0049] The second connecting pipe 302 and the third connecting pipe 502 can transport external liquids, while the flip plate 102 and the rotating shaft 103 can seal the reserved port 101 and close it when not in use.

[0050] Working principle: The tab metal strip 800 enters the inner cavity 100-1 through the reserved port 101 at one end of the tab preparation device body 100. First, it passes through two pairs of upper and lower grinding rollers 207 to smooth the outer sides of the tab metal strip 800. During the grinding process, the suction pump 106 is turned on to suck out the powder generated by grinding through the first connecting pipe 105. The ground tab metal strip 800 is then passed through the first roller 303, the second roller 304 and the third roller 305 through the deionized water liquid 307. The tab metal strip 800 is processed in the first part, and then the tab metal strip 800 is passed through the area of ​​the second drying roller 407 to dry the tab metal strip 800. The dripping liquid is collected by the second inclined plate 408, and then the deionized water liquid 307 is returned by the first pump 306. After drying, the tab metal strip 800 is passed through the potassium hydroxide liquid 507 by the fourth roller 503, the fifth roller 504 and the sixth roller 505, and finally passed through the first drying roller 109 to dry the tab metal strip for the last time.

[0051] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered in all respects as exemplary and non-limiting, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Thus, all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims are intended to be included within the present invention. No reference numerals in the claims should be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for preparing high-rate lithium-ion electrodes, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Its characteristic is that it also includes: S1: The lithium-ion electrode tabs are first polished; S2: Clean the polished metal strip of the electrode; S3: Dry the metal strip of the electrode tab; S4: Next, the surface of the electrode metal strip is immersed in a treatment solution. S5: Dry the processed electrode tabs again and output them into the main body of the equipment; The high-rate lithium-ion electrode preparation equipment includes an electrode preparation device body (100). An observation window (104) is provided at the middle position of the front end face of the electrode preparation device body (100), and the observation window (104) is embedded and fixedly connected to the electrode preparation device body (100). An inner cavity (100-1) is provided inside the electrode preparation device body (100). A second power drive shaft (206) is provided at one end of the inner cavity (100-1), and four second power drive shafts (206) are provided. The inner cavity (100-1) contains… Several second drying rollers (407) are provided in the middle position. Several first drying rollers (109) are provided on one side of the inner cavity (100-1). Four second power drive shafts (206) are arranged in two pairs, one above the other. Grinding rollers (207) are provided on the inner side of each of the four second power drive shafts (206). A grinding layer (209) is provided in the middle position of the outer wall of the grinding roller (207), and the grinding layer (209) is embedded in the inner wall of the outer wall of the grinding roller (207). A tab metal strip (800) is provided between the grinding rollers (207). The first connecting pipe (105) is installed on one side of the front end face of the main body (100) of the electrode preparation device. The front end face of the first connecting pipe (105) is provided with a suction pump (106), and the front end face of the suction pump (106) is provided with an external pipe (107). A first operating mechanism (200) is installed on one side of the upper end face of the electrode preparation device body (100). A first cleaning liquid adding mechanism (300) is provided on one side of the first operating mechanism (200). A second operating mechanism (400) is provided on one side of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism (300). A second cleaning liquid adding mechanism (500) is provided on one side of the second operating mechanism (400). A first sealing plate (600) is installed on one side of the grinding roller shaft (207), and two first sealing plates (600) are provided. Deionized water liquid (307) is provided inside the space between the two first sealing plates (600). A second roller shaft (304) is provided inside the deionized water liquid (307). A first roller shaft (303) is provided above one of the two first sealing plates (600). A third roller shaft (305) is provided above the other of the two first sealing plates (600). A first pump (306) is provided on one side of the other of the two first sealing plates (600). A first shielding plate (208) is provided above one of the two first sealing plates (600), and the first shielding plate (208) is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the main body (100) of the tab preparation device. The second sealing plate (700) is installed on one side of a plurality of second drying rollers (407), and there are two second sealing plates (700). Potassium hydroxide liquid (507) is disposed between the interiors of the two second sealing plates (700). A fifth roller (504) is disposed inside the potassium hydroxide liquid (507). A fourth roller (503) is disposed above one of the two second sealing plates (700). A sixth roller (505) is disposed above the other of the two second sealing plates (700). A second pump (506) is disposed on one side of the other of the two second sealing plates (700). A second shielding plate (409) is disposed above one of the two second sealing plates (700), and the second shielding plate (409) is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the main body (100) of the tab preparation device. A heating chamber (111) is installed inside a plurality of first drying rollers (109) and a plurality of second drying rollers (407), and a plurality of heating chambers (111) are provided. A heating pipe (112) is provided inside the plurality of heating chambers (111), and a plurality of heating pipes (112) are provided. A reserved slot (10901) is provided inside the outer wall of the plurality of first drying rollers (109) and the plurality of second drying rollers (407), and a plurality of reserved slots (10901) are provided. The plurality of reserved slots (10901) are integrally formed with the first drying rollers (109) and the second drying rollers (407).

2. The method for preparing a high-rate lithium-ion electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that: Several second drying rollers (407) are rotatably connected to the main body (100) of the tab preparation device via a third power drive shaft (406), and a second inclined plate (408) is provided below each of the several second drying rollers (407).

3. The method for preparing a high-rate lithium-ion electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that: Several of the first drying rollers (109) are rotatably connected to the main body (100) of the tab preparation device via a first power drive shaft (108), and several first power drive shafts (108) are provided, with a first inclined plate (110) provided below each of the several first power drive shafts (108).

4. The method for preparing a high-rate lithium-ion electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper surface of the first operating mechanism (200) is provided with a first inspection plate (201). The first inspection plate (201) is threadedly connected to the first operating mechanism (200) by first hexagonal bolts (202), and four first hexagonal bolts (202) are provided. A first display screen (203) is provided on one side of the front end face of the first operating mechanism (200), and a first operating button (204) is provided on the other side of the front end face of the first operating mechanism (200), and four first operating buttons (204) are provided. The lower side of each of the four first operating buttons (204) is provided with a first inspection plate (203). An indicator light (205) is provided. A second inspection plate (402) is provided on the upper end face of the second operating mechanism (400). The second inspection plate (402) is threadedly connected to the second operating mechanism (400) by a second hexagonal bolt (401). A second display screen (403) is provided on one side of the front end face of the second operating mechanism (400). A second operation button (404) is provided on the other side of the front end face of the second operating mechanism (400). There are four second operation buttons (404). A second indicator light (405) is provided on the lower side of the four second operation buttons (404).

5. The method for preparing a high-rate lithium-ion electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper end face of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism (300) is provided with a first conveying pipe (301). The front end face of the first cleaning liquid adding mechanism (300) is connected to the main body (100) of the electrode preparation device through a second connecting pipe (302). One end of the second connecting pipe (302) penetrates and extends into the interior of the deionized water liquid (307). The upper end face of the second cleaning liquid adding mechanism (500) is provided with a second conveying pipe (501). The front end face of the second cleaning liquid adding mechanism (500) is connected to the main body (100) of the electrode preparation device through a third connecting pipe (502). One end of the third connecting pipe (502) penetrates and extends into the interior of the potassium hydroxide liquid (507).

6. The method for preparing a high-rate lithium-ion electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that: Both sides of the main body (100) of the electrode preparation device are provided with reserved openings (101), and there are two reserved openings (101). The inner wall of one side of each of the two reserved openings (101) is provided with a flip plate (102), and there are two flip plates (102). Both flip plates (102) are rotatably connected to the main body (100) of the electrode preparation device through a rotating shaft (103), and there are two rotating shafts (103).

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