Non-fluorinated single-layer coating based on silicone resins and thermoplastic polymers

Abstract

The invention relates to a coated cooking element (1) for a kitchen or electric cooking appliance, comprising a metal substrate (2) coated on at least one face (2a) with a single layer (3) which is in contact with the metal substrate (2) by means of one of the faces (3a) thereof and which forms a cooking face (5) by means of one of the faces (3b) thereof, said layer (3) consisting of one or more silicone resins, one or more heterocyclic thermoplastic polymers selected from the group consisting of polyetherimides (PEI), polyimides (PI), polyamideimides (PAI) and polybenzimidazoles (PBI), and optionally one or more aromatic thermoplastic polymers, one or more fillers and / or one or more additives and / or one or more colorants; the invention relates to a manufacturing method thereof and a kitchen utensil or an electric cooking utensil comprising the same.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to cooking utensils having a coating applied on one surface thereof, and more particularly to silicone resin-based coatings for such utensils. Background Art

[0002] In the field of cookware, coatings based on fluoropolymers, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), are known for their non-stick and temperature-resistant properties.

[0003] However, these coatings have low mechanical strength.

[0004] Application WO2020 / 144051 relates to a fluoropolymer-based coating whose mechanical wear resistance is improved by introducing organic (SiC) and inorganic (Al2O3) fillers in the main layer and the finishing layer of the coating.

[0005] The performance improvement achieved in terms of mechanical strength is satisfactory, but still not optimal.

[0006] Fluoropolymer-based coatings are mainly used for pans and frying pans, but due to their stampability, other applications are conceivable in the field of molding (moulds, cake pans, waffle makers, etc.) or small household appliances (rice cookers, deep fryer containers, electric pancake makers).

[0007] Alternatives to PTFE coatings include the use of so-called "ceramic" coatings, which were developed by the sol-gel process and using sodium orthosilicate (EP 2806776 B1). These coatings have the specific characteristics of being hard and resistant to mechanical wear, but have brittle behavior and are less non-stick than coatings based on fluoropolymers.

[0008] Furthermore, these coatings are not well suited for molding and small household devices due to their lack of stampability.

[0009] In the field of molding (consumer or industrial), fluoropolymer-based coatings are not widely used because the temperature resistance limit is lower (up to 220°C) and allows the use of other types of coatings, such as silicones.

[0010] Pure silicone resins have non-stick properties and can withstand temperatures above 220-230° C. In contrast, they are considered to have poor adhesion to substrates.

[0011] In contrast, silicone-polyester resins are very widely used in the molding industry, since they are non-sticky when adhered to a substrate and are compatible with stamping processes. However, they degrade at temperatures above 230°C. In fact, the temperature range for use in cookware is between 50 and 250°C, and it is not uncommon to reach temperatures of 300°C or even 350°C in the case of appliances with induction bottoms. Their use is therefore incompatible with the temperatures of use in the cookware sector. Summary of the invention

[0012] A first object of the invention relates to a coated cooking element (1) for a cooking utensil or electric cooking utensil, comprising a metal substrate (2) coated on at least one face (2a) by a monolayer (3), the monolayer being in contact with the metal substrate (2) via one of its faces (3a) and one of its faces (3b) forming a cooking face (5), the layer (3) consisting of one or more silicone resins, one or more heterocyclic thermoplastic polymers selected from the group consisting of polyetherimide (PEI), polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI) and polybenzimidazole (PBI), and optionally one or more aromatic thermoplastic polymers, one or more fillers and / or one or more additives and / or one or more colorants.

[0013] Another object of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a coated cooking element (1) according to the present invention, comprising the following successive steps:

[0014] i. supplying a substrate (2) having a surface (2a);

[0015] ii. optionally, pretreating the surface (2a) to be coated of the metal substrate (2), iii. applying the layer (3) on its surface (2a).

[0016] Another object of the present invention relates to a cooking utensil (100) comprising a coated cooking element (1) according to the present invention.

[0017] Another object of the present invention also relates to an electric cooking appliance (200) comprising a coated cooking element (1) according to the present invention and a heating source (210) configured to heat the coated cooking element (1).

[0018] definition

[0019] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "layer" or "coating" should be understood as a continuous or discontinuous layer. A continuous layer (also called an integral layer) is a single entity that forms an entire solid block that completely covers the surface on which it is laid. A discontinuous layer (or non-integral layer) may consist of several parts and is therefore not a single entity.

[0020] For the purposes of the present invention, "thermochromic pigments or pigment compositions" are understood to mean pigments or pigment compositions that change color with temperature within a given temperature range, the change being reversible. This color change is visible to the user with the naked eye and at a normal distance of use.

[0021] The term "thermally stable pigment" is understood to mean a pigment that does not show a color change when subjected to an increase in temperature within a given temperature range, or a pigment that shows a color change when subjected to an increase in temperature within a given temperature range that is so low as to be invisible to the user with the naked eye and not visible at normal use distances.

[0022] Preferably, the color difference ΔE* of the heat-stable pigment between 25°C and 200°C is less than 10, ΔE* being defined in the CIELAB color space by the CIE 1976 formula:

[0023]

[0024] L1*, a1* and b1* characterize the L*a*b* values ​​of the compounds at room temperature.

[0025] L2*, a2* and b2* characterize the L*a*b* values ​​of the compounds at 200°C.

[0026] For the purposes of the present invention, the expression "cooking utensil" should be understood to mean an object intended for cooking. For this purpose, it is intended to be subjected to a heat treatment.

[0027] For the purposes of the present invention, the expression "article for heat treatment" is to be understood as an article to be heated by an external heating system, such as frying pans, pans, griddles, woks and barbecue grills, and which is capable of transferring the heat provided by the external heating system to the material or food in contact with the article.

[0028] For the purposes of the present invention, the expression "electric cooking appliance" should be understood as a heating object having its own heating system, for example an electric pancake maker, an electric raclette maker, an electric fondue maker, an electric grill, an electric frying grill, an electric rice cooker, a bread maker or an electric pressure cooker.

[0029] "Coating" shall mean all layers covering a metal substrate and adhering to that substrate.

[0030] "Silicone resin-based coating" is understood to mean a coating comprising one or more silicone resins in its layer. The coating obtained according to the invention is advantageously solid. "Solid" is understood to mean the property of a viscous material that is insoluble in water, in common solvents, in food components such as aqueous or fatty mixtures, even though the material may be very hard or very flexible, like an elastomer.

[0031] In the present invention, the wt. % values ​​are expressed on a dry basis, ie without solvent. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] [ Figure 1 ]: Illustration of a cooking element according to the present invention.

[0033] [ Figure 2 ]: Illustration of a cooking appliance according to the present invention.

[0034] [ Figure 3 ]: Illustration of an electric cooking appliance according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The invention relates to a coated cooking element (1) for a cooking utensil or electric cooking utensil, comprising a metal substrate (2) coated on at least one face (2a) by a monolayer (3), the monolayer being in contact with the metal substrate (2) via one of its faces (3a) and one of its faces (3b) forming a cooking face (5), the layer (3) consisting of one or more silicone resins, one or more heterocyclic thermoplastic polymers selected from the group consisting of polyetherimide (PEI), polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI) and polybenzimidazole (PBI), and optionally one or more aromatic thermoplastic polymers, one or more fillers and / or one or more additives and / or one or more colorants.

[0036] Advantageously, the monolayer ( 3 ) in contact with the metal substrate ( 2 ) via one of its faces ( 3 a ) is in the form of a monolayer or a monolayer.

[0037] Advantageously, the single layer (3) forms a coating which coats the metal substrate (2). The coating has non-stick properties and forms a non-stick coating.

[0038] Advantageously, the coating of the cooking element is formed by a single layer (3) which is in contact with the metal substrate (2) via one of its faces (3a), also called a single layer coating.

[0039] Thus, at least one coated face (2a) is a cooking surface. In other words, the coating of the cooking element (1) according to the invention is intended to come into contact with food.

[0040] The single layer (3) is in contact with the food via one of its faces (3b), thereby forming a cooking surface (5).

[0041] The coating of the cooking element (1) according to the invention does not contain fluorinated polymers. In other words, the coating is free of fluorinated polymers.

[0042] Advantageously, the thickness of the layer ( 3 ) is comprised between 10 μm and 100 μm, preferably between 20 μm and 85 μm, particularly preferably between 30 μm and 70 μm.

[0043] Metal substrate

[0044] Advantageously, the metal substrate (2) is a substrate made of aluminum, stainless steel, cast iron or cast aluminum, iron, titanium or copper.

[0045] For the purposes of the present invention, aluminum is understood to be a metal consisting of 100% aluminum or an aluminum alloy.

[0046] Advantageously, the metal substrate (2) is an aluminum substrate, a stainless steel substrate or a multilayer metal substrate. The metal substrate (2) can be a two-layer or three-layer substrate, which can be obtained by, for example, co-lamination, by solid-state bonding or by thermal or cold shock bonding.

[0047] Preferably, the metal substrate (2) comprises alternating layers of metals and / or metal alloys.

[0048] According to one embodiment, the metal substrate (2) is an aluminum alloy substrate, a stainless steel substrate, or a multi-layer metal substrate having an aluminum alloy or stainless steel surface (2a).

[0049] Preferably, the metal substrate (2) is an aluminum substrate.

[0050] Advantageously, the thickness of the metal substrate (2) is comprised between 0.5 mm and 10 mm.

[0051] Advantageously, the face ( 2 a ) of the metal substrate ( 2 ) has previously undergone a surface treatment so as to improve the adhesion of the coating to said substrate.

[0052] According to one embodiment, the surface of the face (2a) of the metal substrate (2) has undergone a surface treatment which is a physicochemical treatment of the chemical etching, brushing, hydration, sandblasting, shot blasting, plasma, corona or laser type, chemical activation or a combination of these different techniques.

[0053] Advantageously, the face (2a) of the substrate on which the coating (3) according to the invention is to be applied can be treated to increase its specific surface; for aluminium substrates, this treatment can be carried out by anodising (producing a tubular aluminium oxide structure), by chemical etching, sandblasting, brushing, shot peening or by adding material using techniques such as thermal spraying (flame, plasma or arc spraying). Other metal substrates can also be polished, sandblasted, brushed, micro-bead blasted or receive added material using techniques such as thermal spraying (flame, plasma or arc spraying).

[0054] Metal substrates that can be used in the present invention advantageously include anodized or non-anodized aluminum substrates, optionally polished, brushed, sandblasted, shot blasted or micro-bead blasted, anodized or non-anodized aluminum alloy substrates, optionally polished, brushed, sandblasted or micro-bead blasted, steel substrates, optionally polished, brushed, sandblasted, shot blasted or micro-bead blasted, stainless steel substrates, optionally polished, brushed, sandblasted or micro-bead blasted, cast steel substrates, aluminum or iron substrates, copper substrates, optionally hammered or polished.

[0055] Advantageously, the substrate can be chosen from a substrate comprising a ferritic stainless steel / aluminium / austenitic stainless steel layer, a substrate comprising a stainless steel / aluminium / copper / aluminium / austenitic stainless steel layer, a shell made of cast aluminium, aluminium or an aluminium alloy lined with an external stainless steel bottom, a metal co-laminated substrate, such as a two-layer co-laminated substrate comprising a stainless steel layer (e.g. for constituting the inner surface of the article) and an anodised or non-anodised layer of aluminium or an aluminium alloy for constituting the outer surface of the article.

[0056] Advantageously, the surface of the face (2a) of the metal substrate (2) has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra greater than or equal to 1 μm.

[0057] The arithmetic mean roughness Ra is measured using a roughness meter according to standard ISO 4287. Ra is the arithmetic mean of the deviations from the mean. The surface topography can be investigated in particular using a profilometer with a probe provided with a fine needle equipped with a diamond tip, or with an optical metrology device, such as The confocal color sensor allows contactless measurement. Studying the surface topography allows the determination of the arithmetic mean roughness Ra.

[0058] Silicone resin

[0059] In the body of the specification, the expression "silicone resin" is used interchangeably to refer to silicone before or after it is crosslinked. In the body of the specification, the expression "silicone" refers to organopolysiloxane materials. Crosslinking is the step of converting the silicone into an insoluble material, for example by polyaddition, polycondensation or dehydrogenation. Crosslinking is carried out using precursors, usually silicone oils or resins, which crosslink to obtain a three-dimensional network, forming the material referred to as silicone resin in the specification.

[0060] This crosslinking can be performed by thermal activation or chemical activation using a catalyst such as platinum.

[0061] The silicone resins can be obtained from precursors that are advantageously soluble in solvents or in emulsions in water, such as crosslinkable oils or resins, in particular chosen from: silanes, silicone oil resins containing at least one vinyl group (-CH=CH2), silicone or silicone-polyester resins (copolymers) containing at least one alkoxy group, such as methoxy or ethoxy, and / or silicone or silicone-polyester resins (copolymers) containing at least one alkoxy group, in particular ethoxy or hydroxyl, and mixtures thereof. These precursors have the ability to crosslink so as to obtain silicone resins characterized by their insolubility and their substantially solid form.

[0062] Advantageously, these precursors are polymers or oligomers, or in the form of silicone oils with variable branching, or in the form of silicone resins or silicone resin copolymers such as silicone-polyesters, silicone-alkyd resins, silicone-polyurethanes or silicone-epoxy resins with variable pre-crosslinking, or in the form of mixtures of silicone oils, silicone resins and silicone resin copolymers. The silicon atoms may be substituted by alkyl (especially methyl) or aryl (especially phenyl) groups or mixtures thereof. The oil or resin preferably contains one or more (2, 3 or more) hydroxyl or alkoxy (especially methoxy, ethoxy, butoxy) functional groups as substituents for the silicon atoms.

[0063] Advantageously, the silicone resin obtained after crosslinking of its precursors, i.e. crosslinking, is chosen from methyl silicone resins and / or phenyl silicone resins and / or methyl-phenyl silicone resins, methyl silicone-polyester resins (copolymers), phenyl silicone-polyester resins (copolymers), methyl-phenyl silicone-polyester resins (copolymers), silicone-alkyd resins (copolymers), modified silicone resins and mixtures thereof.

[0064] Advantageously, the silicone resin is selected from the group consisting of methyl silicone resin and / or phenyl silicone resin and / or methyl-phenyl silicone resin or methyl silicone-polyester resin (copolymer), phenyl silicone-polyester resin (copolymer), methyl-phenyl silicone-polyester resin (copolymer), silicone-alkyd resin (copolymer), modified silicone resin and mixtures thereof.

[0065] The monolayer (3) of the silicone resin forms a network which may consist of a combination of four simple organosiloxane units denoted M, D, T and Q depending on the degree of substitution of silicon atoms by oxygen, as described in the table below, wherein R is an organic substituent as described below.

[0066]

[0067] Organopolysiloxane materials or polymers are obtained by crosslinking precursors, which may be monomers or polymers, or, intermediately, oligomers. Organopolysiloxane polymers may also be obtained from mixtures of these different types of precursors. The crosslinking density is higher when the network contains a greater number of T and Q units than D units. The distribution between the M, D, T and Q units depends on the chemical structure of the precursors, in particular on the distribution M, D, T, Q in the precursors.

[0068] The polymer precursor is an organopolysiloxane. These macromolecules are formed from the M, D, T and / or Q units described in the table, wherein R is independently an alkyl group, especially a methyl group, or an aryl group, especially a phenyl group, and different types of R can exist on the same macromolecule.

[0069] Organopolysiloxanes can be straight-chain or slightly branched (mainly D groups), or branched or very branched (mainly T and Q groups). Straight-chain or slightly branched organopolysiloxanes are generally liquid, more or less viscous at room temperature, and are referred to as silicone oils. Branched or highly branched (pre-crosslinked) organopolysiloxanes form networks on a single macromolecular scale and are referred to as silicone resins. At room temperature, the resins are essentially in solid form, or in liquid form, provided that, in particular, they have a fairly low molecular weight, in the form of a solution in a solvent or in the form of an aqueous emulsion. They can be copolymerized with organic polymers or oligomers that do not contain silicon, the organic polymers or oligomers being selected in particular from polyesters, acrylic resins, alkyd resins, polyurethanes and epoxy resins.

[0070] When the crosslinking is a hydrolysis-polycondensation: it is carried out via the hydroxyl or alkoxy functional groups present on the organopolysiloxane, in particular the methoxy, ethoxy or butoxy groups.

[0071] When the crosslinking is polyaddition (or hydrosilylation): it is carried out by reaction between vinyl reactive functional groups (-CH=CH2) present on one of the organopolysiloxanes and hydrosilane (Si-H) reactive functional groups present on the other organopolysiloxane mixed with the first organopolysiloxane.

[0072] All of these reactive functional groups are present in at least one number on each organopolysiloxane, and may be present in 2, 3 or more numbers as long as the molecular structure permits. Silicone oils containing at least one reactive functional group are referred to as "reactive oils". The reactive functional groups may be at the end (terminated) of the macromolecular chain, or distributed throughout the chain.

[0073] The silicone-polyester resin has, in particular, a silicone / polyester mass ratio of, for example, 90 / 10, 80 / 20, 70 / 30, 60 / 40, 50 / 50, 40 / 50, 30 / 70, 20 / 80, 10 / 90, advantageously between 80 / 20 and 50 / 50.

[0074] Linear PDMS silicone oils, pure or pre-emulsified in water, are first characterized by their molecular weight, which is a direct increasing function of the viscosity of the pure oil. They are then characterized by the presence or absence of reactive functional groups, such as hydroxyl functional groups on the silicon atoms (silanols), their number and their position on the molecular chain. For example, reactive oils with viscosities between 50 and 20000 MPa.s, in particular between 300 and 5000 MPa.s, can be used, which have at least one reactive functional group, preferably at least 2, which functional groups can be located at the chain ends.

[0075] The polymer precursors that react by addition polymerization may include, for example, polymethylhydrogensiloxane, vinylmethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated, especially linear polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), vinyl terminated diphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymers, hydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane, hydride terminated polyphenylmethylsiloxane, cyclic vinylmethylsiloxane, vinyl MQ resin, trimethylsilyl terminated polymethylhydrogensiloxane, methylhydrogensiloxane and trimethylsiloxane terminated dimethylsiloxane copolymers, MQ resin hydrides, and the like, and combinations thereof.

[0076] The polymer precursors that react by hydrolysis-polycondensation, whether they are silicone resins or silicone oils, may include, for example, poly(methylsilsesquioxane), poly(propylsilsesquioxane), poly(phenylsilsesquioxane), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), trimethylsilyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silanol-terminated polyphenylsiloxane (PDMS), silanol-terminated diphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymers, poly(2-acetoxyethylsilsesquioxane), organic-modified alkoxysilanes and their oligomers and all similar macromolecules, and mixtures thereof.

[0077] The organopolysiloxane material or polymer can also be obtained by crosslinking a mixture of one or more monomer precursors and one or more polymer precursors as described above and one or more oligomeric precursors, which can be linear, branched or cyclic. These oligomeric precursors have a lower molecular weight than the polymer precursors. Polymers and / or oligomeric precursors containing more than 2, advantageously much more than 2, of the above-mentioned reactive functional groups can be added to the mixture as "co-binders" to promote the high crosslinking density of the organopolysiloxane polymer finally obtained.

[0078] The monomers, oligomers and / or polymer precursors, in particular silicone resins, copolymerized or not copolymerized with the organic polymers, act as polymeric binders to obtain solid organopolysiloxane polymers bonded to the thermoplastics of the layers.

[0079] If the silicone type organopolysiloxane precursor oil is added to the overall formulation of the layer in a small amount (typically 0.1 to 5% by dry weight), it can be considered an additive independent of the other components used to form the solid organopolysiloxane polymer.

[0080] Crosslinking may require a catalyst:

[0081] In the case of organopolysiloxanes crosslinked by hydrolysis-polycondensation, the formula may include metal catalysts, for example metal complexes based on platinum, tin, zinc, zirconium and cerium, in particular platinum-cyclovinylmethyl-siloxane complexes, tin ethylhexanoate complexes, zinc ethylhexanoate complexes, zirconium ethylhexanoate complexes, cerium ethylhexanoate complexes and dibutyltin laurate complexes.

[0082] In the case of crosslinking of the organopolysiloxane by hydroalkylation, it may be necessary to add a catalyst; this may be, for example, platinum or a suitable platinum-based catalyst, such as a Karstedt catalyst or an Ashbys catalyst.

[0083] Crosslinkers may be present, bearing for example Si-H bonds.

[0084] According to one embodiment, the proportion of the silicone resin in the individual layers ( 3 ) is greater than or equal to 20% by weight, relative to the total weight of the layer ( 3 ).

[0085] According to another embodiment, the proportion of silicone resin in the individual layers ( 3 c ) is greater than or equal to 40% by weight, relative to the total weight of the layer ( 3 ).

[0086] According to a further embodiment, the proportion of silicone resin in the individual layers ( 3 ) is respectively greater than or equal to 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the layer ( 3 ).

[0087] Heterocyclic thermoplastic polymers

[0088] In layer (3) there are one or more heterocyclic thermoplastic polymers selected from polyetherimide (PEI), polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) or mixtures thereof.

[0089] Advantageously, it (they) accounts for at most 99% by weight of the layer (3), preferably between 40 and 80% by weight, advantageously between 40 and 70% by weight, more advantageously between 42 and 65% by weight and particularly preferably between 45 and 55% by weight of the layer (3).

[0090] Aromatic thermoplastic polymers

[0091] According to the present invention, suitable examples of aromatic thermoplastic polymers include, for example, polyphenylene oxide (PPO), poly(aryl ether sulfone) polymers (PAES), in particular polyether sulfone (PES), polyphenylene ether sulfone (PPSU), polyarylene sulfide (PAS) and in particular polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), liquid crystal polymers and mixtures thereof.

[0092] Advantageously, the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyarylethersulfone (PAES), polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene ethersulfone (PPSU), polyarylethersulfone (PAS), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyphenylene ether (PPO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyaryletherketone (PAEK) and mixtures thereof, wherein polyaryletherketone (PAEK) includes polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetheretherketoneketone (PEEKK) and polyetherketoneetherketoneketone (PEKEKK).

[0093] Advantageously, a single layer (3) comprises one or more thermoplastic polymers, preferably in a proportion by weight of less than 50%, preferably less than 40% of said layer.

[0094] According to one variant, the PAEK is used in the form of a suspension, and the PAEK particles in the PAEK suspension have a particle size with a d50 of about 10 to 15 μm.

[0095] filler

[0096] Fillers for the purposes of the present invention make it possible to provide mechanical reinforcement and also provide hydrophobicity, while improving the mechanical strength and thermal conductivity of the coating.

[0097] Fillers do not have the sole function of providing color to the coating, but may contribute to it.

[0098] The presence of fillers with excellent thermal conductivity can compensate for the low thermal conductivity of PAEK polymer.

[0099] Advantageously, the layer (3) comprises one or more fillers chosen from ceramic fillers (SiO2, etc.) and / or mineral and / or metallic fillers (Al2O3, TiO2, etc.) and / or silica and / or diamond particles.

[0100] Preferably, the filler is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides, metal oxynitrides, metal nitrides and mixtures thereof.

[0101] Advantageously, the metal is a transition metal, for example at least one of the elements selected from B, Ni, Ti, Zr or Hf.

[0102] More preferably, the filler is selected from the group consisting of:

[0103] - Reinforcing filler: organic or inorganic hard filler; the inorganic hard filler preferably has particles of silicon carbide or aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide, or graphite, or ceramics, or carbonates, or aluminum oxide hydrates, aluminum hydroxide or one or more metal oxides, or graphene;

[0104] - other reinforcing fillers chosen from metal oxides: silica, mica, lamellar fillers, clays such as montmorillonite, sepiolite, gypsum, kaolinite and laponite, zinc dioxide, quartz and zirconium phosphate, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and iron oxide;

[0105] - fillers chosen from reinforcing fibers: glass, carbon or aramid fibers;

[0106] - a conductive filler comprising a transition metal carbide and / or a transition metal nitride: characterized in that the transition metal is at least one element selected from B, Ni, Ti, Zr or Hf,

[0107] For example: cubic boron nitride, diamond particles, metal particles;

[0108] -Layered fillers capable of imparting lubricating properties, such as clay, graphene or graphite.

[0109] Preferred fillers for combination with organopolysiloxanes are:

[0110] - reinforcing fillers: silica or carbonates, the filler content being at least 10-15% by weight and at most 60% by weight;

[0111] - Alumina, alumina hydrate, aluminum hydroxide;

[0112] -Silicon dioxide (precipitation or pyrolysis), D50 < 0.1 μm, BET surface area > 30 m 2 / g, preferably 30 to 500m 2 / g between;

[0113] -Mixtures of quartz and silicon dioxide, diatomaceous earth or quartz powder, titanium, mica, talc, kaolin, barium sulfate, slaked lime, zinc oxide, expanded vermiculite, unexpanded vermiculite, calcium carbonate, etc.

[0114] More preferably, the filler is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, boron nitride, quartz, and mixtures thereof.

[0115] Advantageously, the average diameter D50 of the filler is comprised between 0.1 and 50 μm, more advantageously between 5 and 15 μm.

[0116] Advantageously, the proportion of filler in the layer is comprised between 0.5 and 30% by dry weight, preferably between 5 and 20% by dry weight, relative to the total weight of said layer after curing.

[0117] Advantageously, the proportion of filler in layer (3) is less than 10% by weight relative to the total weight of said layer.

[0118] additive

[0119] Advantageously, the additive is selected from the group consisting of defoamers, dispersants, wetting agents, thickeners, pH adjusters and reactive silicone oils.

[0120] The defoamer is preferably selected from mineral oils, glycols, hydrocarbons, glycerides, ethylene oxide and emulsified fatty acids.

[0121] The surfactant is preferably selected from glycol ethers, ethoxylated alcohols other than alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE), gemini surfactants.

[0122] The dispersant is preferably selected from the group consisting of anionic dispersants, such as fatty acid derivatives.

[0123] The thickener is preferably selected from the group consisting of acrylic or polyurethane based copolymers, cellulose and fumed silica.

[0124] The pH adjuster is preferably selected from the group consisting of Bronsted bases: ammonia, amines (triethylamine, triethanolamine, etc.), hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.) and carbonates.

[0125] Advantageously, layer (3) comprises one or more additives and the proportion of additives in layer (3) is less than 20% by weight relative to the total weight of said layer.

[0126] Colorants

[0127] Advantageously, the colorant is chosen from thermochromic pigments, heat-stable pigments, flakes and mixtures thereof.

[0128] Thermochromic Pigments

[0129] Preferably, the thermochromic pigment is selected from Bi2O3, Fe2O3, V2O5, WO3, CeO2, n2O3, Y 1.84 Ca 0.16 Ti 1.84 V 0.16 O 1.84 、AgI、(Bi 1-x A x )(V 1-y M y )O4, where

[0130] - x is equal to 0 or x is between 0.001 and 0.999;

[0131] - y is equal to 0 or y is between 0.001 and 0.999;

[0132] - A and M are selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, poor metals, semimetals or lanthanides;

[0133] -A and M are different from each other.

[0134] It is known that A and M are different from each other, at this time:

[0135] - A is an alkali metal, which may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs;

[0136] - M is an alkali metal, which may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs;

[0137] - A is an alkaline earth metal, which may be selected from Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba;

[0138] - M is an alkaline earth metal which may be selected from Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba;

[0139] - A is a transition metal which may be selected from Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ta, W and Ir;

[0140] - M is a transition metal which may be selected from Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ta, W and Ir;

[0141] - A is a poor metal, which can be selected from Al, Zn, Ga, In and Sn;

[0142] - M is a poor metal, which can be selected from Al, Zn, Ga, In and Sn;

[0143] - A is a semimetal, which can be selected from B, Si, Ge and Sb;

[0144] - M is a semimetal, which can be selected from B, Si, Ge and Sb;

[0145] - A is a lanthanide element, which may be selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu;

[0146] - M is a lanthanide element, which can be selected from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu.

[0147] Preferably, A and M are different from each other and are B and / or Mg.

[0148] Preferably, the pigment (Bi 1-x A x )(V 1-y M y )O4 has a monoclinic scheelite crystal form at room temperature.

[0149] Preferably, x and y are equal to 0, that is, the pigment (Bi 1-x A x )(V 1-y M y )O4 is bismuth vanadate (BiVO4). Advantageously, BiVO4 having a monoclinic scheelite crystal structure at room temperature is used.

[0150] Bismuth vanadate is a yellow inorganic compound with the formula BiVO4, which is widely used due to its coloring properties and non-toxicity. Recorded in the Colour Index International database as QIPigment Yellow 184, it is produced in particular by the company Heubach BASF FERRO (Lysopac) or Bruchaler Farbenfabrik sell.

[0151] Heat stable pigments

[0152] Preferably, the heat stable pigment is selected from the group consisting of:

[0153] -Rutile titanium yellow pigments;

[0154] - yellow pigments derived from bismuth, for example selected from stable bismuth vanadates (Py 184 );

[0155] - red pigments, for example selected from perylene red (for example PR149, PR178 and PR224), iron oxide;

[0156] -Bismuth oxyhalide type orange pigment (PO 85 );

[0157] -Bismuth vanadate orange pigment (PO 86 );

[0158] -Zinc Tin Titanium Orange Pigment (PO 82 );

[0159] -Cerium sulfide orange pigment (PO 75 PO 78 );

[0160] -Rutile antimony titanium chrome orange pigment (PBr24 );

[0161] -Rutile Tin and Zinc Orange Pigments (Py 216 );

[0162] -Orange-yellow niobium oxide tin zinc sulfide pigment (Py 227 );

[0163] -Double tin and niobium oxide orange-yellow pigments;

[0164] -Co3(PO4)2;

[0165] -LiCoPO4;

[0166] -CoAl2O4;

[0167] -Cr2O3;

[0168] -TiO2;

[0169] -Black Pigment PBk28 (Copper Chromite Black Spinel)

[0170] - and mixtures thereof.

[0171] Thin slice

[0172] The flakes useful in the present invention may be independently selected from coated or uncoated mica flakes, coated or uncoated silica flakes, coated or uncoated aluminum flakes, and coated or uncoated iron oxide flakes. Titanium dioxide coated mica or silica flakes. The flakes useful in the present invention may be treated to produce specific color effects.

[0173] Advantageously, the flakes are chosen from the group consisting of particles of mica, aluminum, titanium dioxide coated mica or mixtures thereof.

[0174] Holographic Sheets

[0175] Advantageously, the flakes are holographic flakes, ie a mixture of magnetizable particles and non-magnetizable particles.

[0176] The magnetizable particles may advantageously be particles comprising at least one ferromagnetic metal. These magnetizable particles may be homogeneous, i.e. consist of the same material, or composite, i.e. have a core-shell structure, wherein the ferromagnetic metal is located in the core and / or shell of the particles. Examples of composite magnetizable particles include mica flakes coated with iron oxide Fe2O3 or stainless steel fibers coated with a sol-gel material as an anti-corrosion protection during the coating step, or flakes made of a plastic material coated with iron oxide Fe2O3, or flakes whose core is a ferromagnetic metal and whose shell is formed by a plastic material or a sol-gel material.

[0177] According to one embodiment, a portion of said magnetizable particles are oriented to form a three-dimensional decoration.

[0178] Advantageously, the mixture of magnetizable particles and non-magnetizable particles represents between 1% and 5% by weight, preferably between 2% and 3% by weight, of the weight of the layer.

[0179] Advantageously, the percentage of non-magnetizable particles in the mixture of magnetizable and non-magnetizable particles is comprised between 15% and 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the mixture.

[0180] Advantageously, the magnetizable particles have a size D50 less than or equal to 23 μm.

[0181] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "D50" is understood to mean the largest dimension exhibited by 50% by weight of the particles.

[0182] Advantageously, the non-magnetizable particles have a dimension D90 comprised between 20% and 250% of the dimension D90 of the magnetizable particles.

[0183] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "D90" is understood to mean the largest dimension exhibited by 90% by weight of the particles.

[0184] Advantageously, the magnetizable particles and / or the non-magnetizable particles are colored on the surface.

[0185] Advantageously, the non-magnetizable particles consist of mica, aluminum or mica coated with titanium dioxide.

[0186] Advantageously, the magnetizable particles consist of iron, iron oxide, iron-coated aluminum or iron-coated mica, the iron being in the form of ferrite.

[0187] Architecture

[0188] According to one embodiment of the invention, the layer (3) forming the coating comprises a single layer applied to a metal support or substrate to obtain a single layer coating.

[0189] According to another embodiment of the invention, it is envisaged to prepare the coating by successive multiple or multiple application of layers of the same formulation, all in order to obtain a single-layer coating.

[0190] Advantageously, the coating according to the invention comprises one to three passes, preferably two passes, of the same layer applied to the substrate.

[0191] Advantageously, the coating according to the invention comprises an intermediate layer, preferably two, which may be decorative layers.

[0192] Advantageously, the coating according to the invention is a coating that is compatible with cooking food.

[0193] Advantageously, the coating according to the invention is a single-layer coating.

[0194] decorate

[0195] According to one embodiment, the decorative layer is continuous and covers the entire single layer (3).

[0196] According to another embodiment, the decorative layer is discontinuous and does not cover the entire single layer (3) and forms at least one decoration.

[0197] Advantageously, the decorative layer consists of several decorations, one layer (i) comprising one or more thermochromic pigments and another layer (j) comprising at least one reference temperature pigment composition.

[0198] According to one embodiment, each of the two decorations (i) and (j) is in the form of adjacent non-overlapping patterns. For example, each decoration is represented by different geometric patterns evenly distributed over the entire surface and alternating relative to each other.

[0199] According to another embodiment, the two decorations (i) and (j) partially overlap. For example, each decoration is represented by a different geometric pattern that is evenly distributed over the entire surface and partially overlaps.

[0200] Preferably, the two decorations (i) and (j) overlap, either because one of the two decorations is a continuous layer and the other decoration covers the continuous layer in the form of a pattern, or because the two decorations (i) and (j) are in the form of overlapping patterns.

[0201] In another embodiment, the decoration is applied directly to the metal substrate (2).

[0202] The finish may be applied by any method known to those skilled in the art, such as by screen printing or pad printing.

[0203] method

[0204] Another object of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a coated cooking element (1) according to the present invention, comprising the following successive steps:

[0205] i. supplying a substrate (2) having a surface (2a);

[0206] ii. optionally, pretreating the surface (2a) of the metal substrate (2) to be coated, iii. applying the layer (3) on the surface (2a).

[0207] The layer (3) in step (iii) can be applied by electrostatic powder coating or by spraying in a solvent or aqueous phase or by screen printing or roller printing or by digital printing.

[0208] Applying the coating according to the invention on a substrate by the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a thermally stable coating. Typically, the coating is wet. For the purposes of the present invention, a "wetting layer" is understood to mean that the layer contains all or part of its solvent.

[0209] Preferably, all or part of the solvent of the wet layer is removed naturally or by physical treatment, such as thermal drying, drying by a stream of air or by vacuum treatment.

[0210] Advantageously, the coating composition according to the invention may further comprise at least one solvent. Advantageously, the solvent may be protic. Advantageously, the solvent may be non-toxic.

[0211] The solvent that can be used in the coating composition of the present invention may advantageously comprise at least one alcohol, and may preferably be selected from isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, and mixtures thereof.

[0212] According to a variant of the method according to the invention, the coating can be applied in multiple layers. In this case, the deposition of at least one coating composition according to the invention on at least one of the two opposite faces of the substrate is repeated several times. Preferably, according to this variant, a drying step is carried out between the application of each layer, and then the coated substrate is cured after the application of the last layer.

[0213] The coating formulation to be applied is usually in aqueous form, with the polymer of the polymer phase being in suspension form. Other non-aqueous solvents are also suitable.

[0214] Advantageously, the method for manufacturing a coated cooking element (1) according to the invention comprises one or more drying steps between 80° C. and 150° C. after application of each of the layers. Drying can be carried out by convection or infrared.

[0215] The coating according to the invention can be applied by the method according to the invention on a flat substrate or on a shaped substrate or on a partially flat area of ​​a shaped substrate. A thermally stable coating is obtained. Typically, the coating is wettable.

[0216] Advantageously, the method for manufacturing a coated cooking element (1) according to the invention comprises a step of shaping said substrate (2) before or after the curing step iii. or after the curing step iv. Shaping is also known as stamping.

[0217] When the shaping step precedes step iii. of applying the coating, the coating is preferably carried out by spraying.

[0218] When this shaping step follows step iii. of applying the coating, the coating is preferably carried out by screen printing or by roller printing.

[0219] The method according to the invention advantageously comprises a step iv. of curing the element obtained in step iii. of the method. For the purposes of the present invention, curing the coated substrate is understood to mean a thermal treatment which makes it possible to densify the coating or coatings applied to the substrate and to crosslink the organopolysiloxane precursor (silicone resin).

[0220] Another object of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a coated cooking element (1) according to the present invention, comprising the following successive steps:

[0221] i. supplying a substrate (2) having a surface (2a);

[0222] ii. optionally, pretreating the surface (2a) of the metal substrate (2) to be coated, iii. applying the layer (3) on the surface (2a);

[0223] iv. Curing the component obtained in step iii.

[0224] Curing is carried out in step iv. Typically, the curing temperature in step iv. is comprised between 230°C and 420°C.

[0225] Advantageously, the method for manufacturing a coated cooking element (1) according to the invention comprises a single final curing step iv. of all the applied layers. This single curing step is carried out simultaneously on all the applied layers. This embodiment makes it possible to film-form, fuse and crosslink all the layers together so that they form one layer. The coating (3) thus forms a single layer, although this single layer may not be homogeneous, that is to say it may have an inhomogeneous composition, for example a concentration gradient of its components.

[0226] Utensils

[0227] The invention also relates to a cooking utensil (100) comprising a coated cooking element (1).

[0228] According to one embodiment, the cooking appliance (100) has a heating surface (6) for contact with an external heating source, the heating surface (6) being opposite to a cooking surface (5) for contact with food during cooking.

[0229] Advantageously, the cooking utensil (100) according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of a frying pan, a frying pan, a saucepan or fondue pot, a raclette, a Dutch oven, a wok, a griddle, a pancake maker, a grill, a broiler, a casserole, a small pot, a rice cooker or a bread machine insert, or a food mould.

[0230] The invention also relates to an electric cooking appliance (200) comprising a coated cooking element (1) according to the invention and a heating source (210) configured to heat the coated cooking element (1).

[0231] Advantageously, the electric cooking appliance (200) is selected from the group consisting of an electric pancake maker, an electric raclette maker, an electric fondue maker, an electric grill, an electric frying grill, an electric rice cooker, a bread maker or an electric pressure cooker, a waffle maker, an electric rice cooker and a jam maker.

[0232] The cooking utensil according to the invention may in particular be a cooking utensil in which one of the two opposite faces of the base is an inner surface, optionally a concave surface, for being arranged on the face where food is to be introduced into or on the utensil, and in which the other face of the base is an outer surface, optionally a convex surface, for being arranged towards a heat source.

[0233] Non-limiting examples of cooking utensils according to the invention include cooking utensils such as deep-fried and frying pans, sauté pans and water pans, Dutch ovens and casseroles, pancake makers, baking molds and sheets, grill pans and grills, food preparation bowls, among others.

[0234] Example

[0235] The objects, aspects and advantages of the invention will be better understood from the following description of particular embodiments of the invention given by way of non-limiting example.

[0236] Of course, the present invention is in no way limited to the described and illustrated embodiments, which are provided only as examples. Modifications may still be made without exceeding the scope of protection of the present invention, especially from the perspective of the composition of the various elements or by replacement of technical equivalents.

[0237] 1) raw material:

[0238] Metal substrate:

[0239] The aluminum disks were 4006 alloy in the annealed state, with a thickness of 3.4 mm and a diameter of 340 mm. They had been treated by brushing (roughness Ra about 2 μm).

[0240] Silicone resin:

[0241] - RS1: ethoxy-functional methyl organopolysiloxane resin in aqueous emulsion, viscosity about 1500 mPas at 25°C, solids content = 52%;

[0242] -PDMS_1: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) resin in aqueous emulsion

[0243] Functionalized PDMS, solid content 62%;

[0244] Polyaryletherketone:

[0245] - Aqueous dispersion of PEEK (polyetheretherketone) from VICTREX, available under the name VICOTE Coatings F804 "Vicote F804": particle size D50 = 10 μm; dry extract 35%; pH 9.6 to 11.9; viscosity about 11 sec DIN Cup #6.

[0246] Aromatic thermoplastic polymers

[0247] - Polyamide-imide powder resin (PAI): TORLON AI10LS from Solvay, powder containing 90% dry extract in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP / water);

[0248] -Polyimide powder resin (PI): from Evonik N.

[0249] Reinforcement filler:

[0250] -Aerosil R972 (Evonik);

[0251] Post-treated dimethyldichlorosilane, fumed silica, specific surface area (BET) = 90 to 130 m 2 / g;

[0252] -LEVASIL CC301: colloidal silica in aqueous phase with a solid content of 30%;

[0253] - Alumina: 100% Alteo's Alumina CAHPF 240D50 = 45-50 μm.

[0254] pigment:

[0255] - Sicopal black K0098FK (Sun Chemical): chromium / iron oxide powder: index = P.BR.29.

[0256] Alcohol solvent

[0257] -2-methoxy-1-methylethyl acetate (MPA);

[0258] -Butanediol acetate (BGA);

[0259] -Butyl acetate.

[0260] additive

[0261] Defoaming agents;

[0262] -Moussex 7114HL from Synthon.

[0263] Other additives:

[0264] Acrylic resin:

[0265] - MODAREZ SD15 from Syntho with 30% dry extract in aqueous phase.

[0266] Operating Principle of Jar Mill (Mechanical Grinding):

[0267] Ball milling involves loading a jar with the sample to be milled and so-called grinding balls and rotating the jar at a certain speed around its axis. A roller press is usually used to rotate the jar. The sample can be dry ground or dispersed in a suitable solvent (e.g. water or alcohol). The dispersion may also contain certain adjuvants (such as dispersants or defoamers).

[0268] The median diameter of the grinding balls must be adapted to the size of the particles to be ground. The finer the particles, the smaller the diameter of the balls used. The total volume of the balls including the voids between the balls will account for approximately 50-60% of the internal volume of the jar. The balls of different sizes are advantageously distributed according to the following weight proportions relative to the total weight of the balls: small balls 25%, medium balls 50%, large balls 25%. The size of the smallest balls is between 2 and 10 mm. Alumina and stabilized zirconium oxide are generally used as materials for the balls.

[0269] 2) Examples of embodiments of the cooking appliance according to the invention:

[0270] The coating was carried out evenly on flat aluminum disks. The aluminum disks were 4006 alloy in the annealed state, with a thickness of 3.4 mm and a diameter of 340 mm. They had been processed by brushing (roughness Ra about 2 μm).

[0271] On this aluminium disc a single continuous layer (3) according to the invention is deposited by screen printing, which is selected from the layer compositions described below (layers according to Examples 1 to 3 of the invention and layers of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 outside the invention).

[0272] Coating by screen printing was carried out according to the following parameters:

[0273] - between 1 and 4 application passes, preferably 2 or 3;

[0274] - Partial drying can be done between each pass before applying the next one;

[0275] - Final curing in an oven at 230-420°C for 10 to 30 minutes, followed by cooling of the tray;

[0276] The thickness achieved is between 20 and 50 μm, preferably between 30 and 40 μm.

[0277] The coated discs were pressed to form frying pans with an inner diameter of 26 cm.

[0278] The aqueous composition of the single coating (3) is prepared according to the ball milling principle. As mentioned above, the ball milling is carried out in a tank. The sample can be dry ground or dispersed in a suitable solvent (e.g. water, alcohol or solvent). The dispersion may also contain certain adjuvants (such as dispersants or defoamers).

[0279]

[0280]

[0281]

[0282]

[0283]

[0284]

[0285]

[0286]

[0287]

[0288] Method for evaluating the performance of non-stick coatings: Egg performance test

[0289] The method for evaluating the non-stick coating properties was carried out using the egg test adapted from paragraph 3.3.2 of AFNOR NF D 21-511 and was performed as follows:

[0290] Clean the sample and wipe any remaining water from the surface.

[0291] The inner surface of the container body is dried in advance.

[0292] Heat the cookware on a gas hob to a temperature between 140 and 170°C.

[0293] The non-stick properties of the cookware were evaluated by breaking a caliber [French size label] 60 / 65 egg and pouring it in the center onto the hot cookware and allowing the egg to set (6-9 minutes); removing the egg from the cookware with a spatula and cleaning the coating with a damp vegetable-based sponge, then recording:

[0294] Score 100: The egg is completely removed with a plastic spatula;

[0295] Rating 75: The egg cannot be completely removed, but the coating can be easily cleaned with a damp sponge;

[0296] Rating 50: The egg cannot be completely removed, but the coating can be cleaned with a damp sponge;

[0297] Score 25: The egg cannot be completely removed and the coating cannot be cleaned with a wet sponge;

[0298] Rating 0: The egg cannot be removed and the coating cannot be cleaned with a wet sponge.

[0299] Examples Egg test 1 100 2 100 3 100 Comparative Example 1 25 Comparative Example 2 0

Claims

1. A coated cooking element (1) for a cooking utensil or electric cooking utensil, comprising a metal substrate (2) coated on at least one side (2a) by a monolayer (3), the monolayer being in contact with the metal substrate (2) via one of its sides (3a) and one of its sides (3b) forming a cooking side (5), the layer (3) consisting of one or more silicone resins, one or more heterocyclic thermoplastic polymers selected from the group consisting of polyetherimide (PEI), polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI) and polybenzimidazole (PBI), and optionally one or more aromatic thermoplastic polymers, one or more fillers and / or one or more additives and / or one or more colorants.

2. The coated cooking element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that The silicone resin is selected from the group consisting of methyl silicone resin and / or phenyl silicone resin and / or methyl-phenyl silicone resin, methylphenyl silicone-polyester resin (copolymer), methyl silicone resin-polyester resin (copolymer), phenyl silicone-polyester resin (copolymer), silicone-alkyd resin (copolymer), modified silicone resin and mixtures thereof.

3. The coated cooking element (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that The layer (3) comprises one or more fillers selected from ceramic and / or mineral and / or metal fillers and / or silica and / or diamond particles.

4. The coated cooking element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The one or more aromatic thermoplastic polymers are selected from the group consisting of polyarylethersulfone (PAES), polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene ethersulfone (PPSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyphenylene ether (PPO), polyarylethersulfide (PAS) and mixtures thereof, and polyaryletherketone (PAEK) includes polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetheretherketoneketone (PEEKK) and polyetherketoneetherketoneketone (PEKEKK).

5. The coated cooking element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The metal substrate (2) is an aluminum, stainless steel, cast iron or cast aluminum, iron, titanium or copper substrate.

6. The coated cooking element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The thickness of the layer ( 3 ) is comprised between 10 μm and 100 μm, preferably between 20 μm and 85 μm, particularly preferably between 30 and 70 μm.

7. The coated cooking element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The proportion of silicone resin in the layer (3) is greater than or equal to 30% by weight, preferably 50% by weight, relative to the total weight of the layer (3).

8. The coated cooking element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The proportion of filler in the layer (3) is less than 10% by weight, relative to the total weight of the layer (3).

9. The coated cooking element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that The layer (3) contains one or more additives, and the proportion of the additives in the layer (3) is less than 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the layer (3).

10. A method of manufacturing a coated cooking element (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the following successive steps: i. supplying a substrate (2) having a surface (2a); ii. Optionally, pretreating the surface (2a) to be coated of the metal substrate (2), iii. Applying the layer (3) on the surface (2a).

11. A cooking utensil (100) comprising a coated cooking element (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

12. The cooking utensil (100) according to claim 11, characterized in that: The cooking utensil has a heating surface (6) for contacting an external heating source, the heating surface (6) being opposite to a cooking surface (5) for contacting food during cooking.

13. The cooking utensil (100) according to claim 11 or 12, which is selected from the group consisting of a frying pan, a frying pan, a saucepan, a fondue or raclette pan, a Dutch oven, a wok, a griddle, a pancake maker, a grill, a broiler, a casserole, a small pot, a rice cooker or a bread machine insert, and a cooking mold.

14. An electric cooking appliance (200) having a coated cooking element (1) and a heating source (210) configured to heat the coated cooking element (1), characterized in that: The coated cooking element (1) is a cooking element according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

15. The electric cooking appliance (200) according to claim 14, selected from the group consisting of an electric pancake maker, an electric raclette maker, an electric fondue maker, an electric grill, an electric frying grill, an electric rice cooker, a bread maker or an electric pressure cooker, a waffle maker, an electric rice cooker and a jam maker.

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