Antenna

Abstract

An antenna is provided. The antenna comprises a feeder line structure; the first low dielectric constant layer is located on the feeder line structure; the first flexible layer is positioned on one side, far away from the feeder line structure, of the first low dielectric constant layer; the phase shifter is located on the side, away from the first low dielectric constant layer, of the first flexible layer; the first grounding plate is located on the side, away from the first flexible layer, of the phase shifter; and the radiation plate is located on the side, away from the phase shifter, of the first grounding plate. The dielectric constant of the first low dielectric constant layer is in a range of 1.5 to 3. A flexural modulus of the first flexible layer is in a range of 0.01 to 10.0.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to display technology, and in particular to an antenna. Background Art

[0002] Millimeter wave antennas have been developed for fifth generation (5G) mobile communications. For example, small cell base station technology has been developed to provide a solution to the coverage problem of 5G communications. Similarly, customer premises equipment technology has been developed to receive signals via millimeter waves. In these technologies, antennas (especially millimeter wave antennas) play a key role. Summary of the invention

[0003] On the one hand, the present disclosure provides an antenna, comprising: a feed line structure; a first low dielectric constant layer, which is located on the feed line structure; a first flexible layer, which is located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer away from the feed line structure; a phase shifter, which is located on a side of the first flexible layer away from the first low dielectric constant layer; a first ground plane, which is located on a side of the phase shifter away from the first flexible layer; and a radiation plate, which is located on a side of the first ground plane away from the phase shifter; wherein the dielectric constant of the first low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and the bending modulus of the first flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0004] Optionally, the antenna further includes: a second flexible layer, which is located on a side of the phase shifter away from the first flexible layer; and a second low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the second flexible layer away from the phase shifter; wherein the first ground plane is located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer away from the second flexible layer; the dielectric constant of the second low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and the bending modulus of the second flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0005] Optionally, the antenna further includes: a third flexible layer, which is located on a side of the first ground plane away from the phase shifter; and a third low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the third flexible layer away from the first ground plane; wherein the radiation plate is located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer away from the third flexible layer; the dielectric constant of the third low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and the bending modulus of the third flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0006] Optionally, the antenna further comprises a fourth flexible layer located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer away from the third flexible layer; wherein the radiation plate is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer away from the third low dielectric constant layer; and a bending modulus of the fourth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0007] Optionally, the antenna also includes: a second ground plane, which is located on a side of the feed line structure away from the phase shifter; a fourth low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the second ground plane away from the feed line structure; and a fifth flexible layer, which is located on a side of the fourth low dielectric constant layer away from the second ground plane; wherein the dielectric constant of the fourth low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and the bending modulus of the fifth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0008] Optionally, the antenna further comprises a sixth flexible layer located on a side of the second ground plane away from the feed line structure; wherein a bending modulus of the sixth flexible layer is in a range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0009] Optionally, the antenna also includes: a second ground plane, which is located on a side of the feed line structure away from the phase shifter; and an air layer and a spacer layer, which are located between the second ground plane and the feed line structure; wherein the air layer includes a low dielectric constant gas; and the spacer layer includes one or more spacers that separate the second ground plane from the feed line structure.

[0010] Optionally, the antenna also includes: a fifth flexible layer, which is located on a side of the feed line structure away from the second ground plane; a sixth flexible layer, which is located on a side of the second ground plane away from the feed line structure; and a fourth low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the sixth flexible layer away from the second ground plane; wherein the dielectric constant of the fourth low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; the bending modulus of the fifth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0; and the bending modulus of the sixth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0011] Optionally, the antenna also includes: a printed circuit board, which is located on a side of the feed line structure away from the phase shifter; and a second ground plate, which is located on a side of the printed circuit board away from the feed line structure; wherein the dielectric constant of the printed circuit board is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and the thickness of the printed circuit board is in the range of 1 mm to one quarter of the dielectric wavelength of the printed circuit board.

[0012] Optionally, the feed line structure is a substrate integrated waveguide feed line structure; wherein the feed line structure includes a waveguide; the waveguide includes a first metal layer located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer away from the phase shifter, a substrate located on a side of the first metal layer away from the first low dielectric constant layer, a second metal layer located on a side of the substrate away from the first metal layer, and a plurality of metal vias extending through the substrate and connecting the first metal layer and the second metal layer; and the dielectric constant of the substrate is in the range of 1.5 to 3.

[0013] Optionally, the waveguide also includes an opening extending through the first metal layer; the phase shifter includes a terminal portion; the orthographic projection of the terminal portion on the substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening on the substrate; and the terminal portion is configured to transfer energy from the phase shifter to the feed line structure.

[0014] Optionally, the antenna also includes a beam forming structure, which is located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer away from the phase shifter; wherein the orthographic projection of the terminal portion on the substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the beam forming structure on the substrate; and the orthographic projection of the beam forming structure on the substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening on the substrate.

[0015] Optionally, the antenna further comprises a substrate; wherein the beam forming structure is located on a side of the substrate away from the opening.

[0016] Optionally, the antenna further comprises a slot extending through at least one low dielectric constant layer.

[0017] Optionally, the antenna further comprises a first slot extending through the second low dielectric constant layer and the first ground plane; wherein an orthographic projection of the radiation plate on the base substrate at least partially overlaps with an orthographic projection of the first slot on the base substrate.

[0018] Optionally, the antenna further comprises a second slot extending through the third low dielectric constant layer; wherein an orthographic projection of the radiation plate on the base substrate at least partially overlaps with an orthographic projection of the second slot on the base substrate.

[0019] Optionally, the antenna also includes: a second low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the phase shifter away from the feed line structure; a third low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the first ground plane away from the second low dielectric constant layer; a first gap, which extends through the second low dielectric constant layer and the first ground plane; and a second gap, which extends through the third low dielectric constant layer; wherein the orthographic projection of the first gap on the substrate substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the second gap on the substrate substrate; and the orthographic projection of the radiation plate on the substrate substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first gap on the substrate substrate, and at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the second gap on the substrate substrate.

[0020] Optionally, the antenna further comprises a third flexible layer located on a side of the first ground plane away from the phase shifter; wherein the first slot and the second slot are separated by the third flexible layer.

[0021] Optionally, the feeder structure is made of a plastic substrate, and a metal material is disposed on a surface of the plastic substrate.

[0022] Optionally, the phase shifter includes multiple phase shifter units; each phase shifter unit includes: a first electrode; a liquid crystal layer, which is located on the first electrode; a second electrode, which is located on the side of the liquid crystal layer away from the first electrode; a storage capacitor, which is connected to the first electrode and / or the second electrode; and the ratio of the first resistivity of the capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor to the second resistivity of the first electrode and / or the second electrode is greater than 2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] According to various disclosed embodiments, the following drawings are examples only for illustration purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a passive matrix phase shifter in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an active matrix phase shifter in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 4 is along Figure 3 Cross-sectional view along line A-A'.

[0028] Figure 5AThe connection between the connection line and one or more electrodes according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0029] Figure 5B The connection between the connection line and one or more electrodes according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0030] Figure 5C The connection between the connection line and one or more electrodes according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0031] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0032] Fig. 7A is a plan view of a feeder structure, one or more spacers, and a second ground plane according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 7B is a plan view of a feeder structure, one or more spacers, and a second ground plane according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0035] Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0036] Fig.10 is a plan view of a terminal portion of a first electrode of a phase shifter, a first metal layer of a waveguide in a feed structure, and an opening extending through the first metal layer in the waveguide according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0037] Fig.11 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0038] Fig. 12A is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an antenna having a beamforming structure according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0039] Fig. 12B is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an antenna without a beamforming structure according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0040] Fig.13 is a plan view of a terminal portion of a first electrode of a phase shifter, a first metal layer of a waveguide in a feed structure, an opening extending through the first metal layer in the waveguide, and a beamforming structure according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0041] Fig.14is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0042] Fig.15 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] The present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. It should be noted that the following description of some of the embodiments presented herein is for illustration and description purposes only. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the precise form disclosed.

[0044] Liquid crystal phased array antennas have a passive structure, so it is important to control the link loss in liquid crystal phased array antennas. In particular, the quality factor (FoM) of the liquid crystal phase shifter in the antenna directly determines the architecture and efficiency of the antenna. Usually, due to the low FoM of the liquid crystal phase shifter, a waveguide structure is usually used to reduce the transmission loss of the non-phase shifter part, thereby improving the overall efficiency.

[0045] The inventors of the present disclosure have found that the liquid crystal phase shifter is essentially a transmission line, and the equivalent dielectric constant during the electromagnetic wave transmission process is the average of the dielectric constants of the substrate and the liquid crystal. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that the dielectric constant of the relevant substrate (e.g., glass) in the relevant antenna is generally large, and its thickness is at least five times that of the liquid crystal layer. As a result, the adjustable range of the equivalent dielectric constant is small. In addition, the dielectric loss of the relevant substrate in the relevant antenna is generally between 0.001 and 0.02, which requires a longer transmission line to achieve a phase shift greater than 360°. High losses ultimately lead to a small FoM. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that by using low-loss liquid crystal phase shifters, combined with a feeding network structure resembling air-filled lines, the weight and profile height of the liquid crystal phased array can be significantly reduced.

[0046] Therefore, the present disclosure provides, among other things, an antenna that substantially eliminates one or more problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the prior art. On the one hand, the present disclosure provides an antenna. In some embodiments, the antenna includes: a feed line structure; a first low dielectric constant layer located on the feed line structure; a first flexible layer located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer away from the feed line structure; a phase shifter located on a side of the first flexible layer away from the first low dielectric constant layer; a first ground plane located on a side of the phase shifter away from the first flexible layer; and a radiation plate located on a side of the first ground plane away from the phase shifter. Optionally, the dielectric constant of the first low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3. Optionally, the bending modulus of the first flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0.

[0047] Figure 1is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 1 In some embodiments, the antenna includes a feed line structure FLS, a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 located on the feed line structure FLS, a first flexible layer FL1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the feed line structure FLS, a phase shifter PS located on a side of the first flexible layer FL1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a radiation plate RP located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS.

[0048] The feeder structure FLS is a structure configured to send and / or receive electromagnetic signals. The phase shifter PS is configured to adjust the phase of an input signal, for example from the feeder structure FLS. The phase shifter PS typically includes active and / or passive components that introduce a controlled phase shift into the signal passing through the phase shifter PS. The radiation plate RP is configured to generate or receive electromagnetic waves. The first ground plate GP1 is configured as a conductive reference plane for the phase shifter. The first ground plate GP1 provides a stable ground reference and is typically used to form an opposing plate of the radiation plate RP.

[0049] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a slot ST extending through the first ground plate GP1. The slot ST is configured to couple electromagnetic energy. The slot ST can be used as part of a coupling mechanism in the antenna.

[0050] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0051] The phase shifter PS is configured to introduce a controlled phase shift into the signal. The phase shift can be adjusted based on the desired antenna characteristics or beamforming requirements. Various suitable phase shifters can be implemented in the present disclosure. In one example, the phase shifter PS is an active phase shifter. Active phase shifters generally use active electronic components, such as transistors or diodes, to actively control the phase of the signal. It can be adjusted electronically, allowing real-time and dynamic control of the phase shift. In another example, the phase shifter PS is a passive phase shifter. Passive phase shifters use passive components, such as transmission lines or reactive elements, to introduce phase shifts. The phase shift value is usually fixed and determined by the design and characteristics of the passive components. By adjusting the phase shift introduced by the phase shifter PS, the radiation board RP can control the direction of the radiation beam (e.g., beam steering). By changing the phase distribution on the radiating element, the antenna can steer the main beam in a specific direction. In addition to beam steering, a specific phase shift can be used to combine multiple radiating elements to create a desired radiation pattern or achieve beamforming. By adjusting the phase of each radiating element, constructive or destructive interference can be achieved, thereby shaping the radiation pattern according to specific requirements. The purpose of the phase shifter PS is to modify the phase of the signal before it reaches the radiating plate RP. This allows the direction, shape and characteristics of the radiated beam to be controlled. By adjusting the phase shift, the antenna can achieve beam steering, beam forming or other desired antenna characteristics, thereby realizing applications such as directional focused transmission, signal reception from a specific direction or interference nulling.

[0052] In some embodiments, the phase shifter PS is a liquid crystal phase shifter. In some embodiments, the phase shifter PS includes a first electrode E1 and a first bias line BL1 located on the first flexible layer FL1, a liquid crystal layer LC located on a side of the first electrode E1 and the first bias line BL1 away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a second electrode E2 and a second bias line BL2 located on a side of the liquid crystal layer LC away from the first electrode E1 and the first bias line BL1. Optionally, the phase shifter PS further includes a first alignment layer AL1 and a second alignment layer AL2 located on two opposite sides of the liquid crystal layer LC.

[0053] In some embodiments, the first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2 are configured to effectively control and modulate the phase of the electromagnetic signal. In some embodiments, one of the first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2 is configured to apply an electric field to the liquid crystal layer LC. The electric field causes a change in the refractive index of the liquid crystal material, which in turn changes the phase of the transmitted electromagnetic wave. By adjusting the voltage applied to the electrodes, the phase shift of the wave passing through the liquid crystal layer LC can be accurately controlled. In some embodiments, the other of the first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2 is configured to serve as a ground plane and help maintain a stable electric field distribution within the liquid crystal layer LC. It provides a reference potential to ensure uniform and reliable modulation of the phase. The first electrode E1 and the second electrode E2 combine to generate an electric field that allows accurate control of the optical properties of the liquid crystal, thereby accurately controlling the phase shift of the transmitted electromagnetic wave.

[0054] Optionally, the first bias line BL1 is configured to transmit a first bias voltage to the first electrode E1, and the second bias line BL2 is configured to transmit a second bias voltage to the second electrode E2.

[0055] Optionally, the first alignment layer AL1 and the second alignment layer AL2 are configured to assist in controlling the orientation and alignment of the liquid crystal molecules, thereby ensuring uniform and consistent behavior of the liquid crystal layer.

[0056] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second flexible layer FL2 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 located on a side of the second flexible layer FL2 away from the phase shifter PS, and a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 away from the second flexible layer FL2.

[0057] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 between the phase shifter PS and the first ground plate GP1, in particular a combination of the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0058] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a third flexible layer FL3 located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 located on a side of the third flexible layer FL3 away from the first ground plate GP1, and a fourth flexible layer FL4 located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 away from the third flexible layer FL3. The radiation plate RP is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer FL4 away from the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3.

[0059] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 between the first ground plate GP1 and the radiation plate RP, in particular a combination of a third flexible layer FL3, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and an optional fourth flexible layer FL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0060] In some embodiments, the antenna also includes a second ground plate GP2 located on one side of the feed structure FLS away from the phase shifter PS. The second ground plate GP2 is used as a reference point and is configured to provide a stable potential based on which the electromagnetic field in the structure is measured and controlled. By defining the reference point, the ground plate helps to ensure consistent and reliable operation of the antenna. The second ground plate GP2 is usually connected to the ground or a common reference point in the system. This connection is used to ground the antenna structure, thereby reducing the effects of external electrical noise, interference and static charge. Grounding helps to maintain signal integrity, minimize unwanted signal reflections, and enhance the overall performance and efficiency of the antenna. Optionally, the second ground plate GP2 is used as a shield and is configured to protect the antenna from external electromagnetic interference and reduce the emission of harmful radiation in certain directions. This shielding capability helps to maintain the desired radiation pattern of the antenna and minimizes the impact on nearby electronic devices or systems.

[0061] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4 located on the second ground plate GP2 and a fifth flexible layer FL5 located on a side of the fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4 away from the second ground plate GP2 .

[0062] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by setting a fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4 between the feed line structure FLS and the second ground plate GP2, and in particular a combination of the fifth flexible layer FL5 and the fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0063] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a sixth flexible layer FL6 located on a side of the second ground plate GP2 away from the feeding line structure FLS.

[0064] In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of the low dielectric constant layer (e.g., the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and / or the fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4) is in the range of 1.5 to 3, for example, 1.5 to 1.6, 1.6 to 1.7, 1.7 to 1.8, 1.8 to 1.9, 1.9 to 2.0, 2.0 to 2.1, 2.1 to 2.2, 2.2 to 2.3, 2.3 to 2.4, 2.4 to 2.5, 2.5 to 2.6, 2.6 to 2.7, 2.7 to 2.8, 2.8 to 2.9, or 2.9 to 3.0. Various suitable low dielectric constant materials can be used to manufacture the low dielectric constant layer (e.g., the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and / or the fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4). Examples of suitable low dielectric constant materials for manufacturing the low dielectric constant layer include polymethacrylimide (PMI, dielectric constant in the range of 2 to 3), polytetrafluoroethylene (dielectric constant is generally around 2.1), polyetheretherketone (dielectric constant is generally in the range of 2.8 to 3.3), liquid crystal polymer (dielectric constant is generally in the range of 2.8 to 3.2), polystyrene (dielectric constant is generally in the range of 2.5 to 2.6), polyethylene (dielectric constant is generally in the range of 2.2 to 2.4), low-density polyethylene (dielectric constant is generally in the range of 1.9 to 2.3), and polytetrafluoroethylene (dielectric constant is generally around 2.1). In one example, the low dielectric constant layer is made of polymethacrylimide.

[0065] In some embodiments, the flexural modulus of the flexible layer (e.g., the first flexible layer FL1, the second flexible layer FL2, the third flexible layer FL3, the fourth flexible layer FL4, the fifth flexible layer FL5, and / or the sixth flexible layer FL6) is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0, for example, 0.01 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.1, 0.1 to 0.2, 0.2 to 0.3, 0.3 to 0.4, 0.4 to 0.5, 0.5 to 0.6, 0.6 to 0.7, 0.7 to 0.8, 0.8 to 0.9, 0.9 to 1.0, 1.0 to 1.5, 1.5 to 2.0, 2.0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 3.0, 3.0 to 3.5, 3.5 to 4.0, 4.5 to 4.5, 5.0 to 5.5, 5.5 to 6.0, 6.0 to 6.5, 6.5 to 7.0, 7.0 to 7.5, 7.5 to 8.0, 8.0 to 8.5, 8.5 to 9.0, 9.0 to 9.5, or 9.5 to 10.0. Various suitable flexible materials can be used to manufacture the flexible layer (e.g., the first flexible layer FL1, the second flexible layer FL2, the third flexible layer FL3, the fourth flexible layer FL4, the fifth flexible layer FL5, and / or the sixth flexible layer FL6). Examples of suitable flexible materials for making the flexible layer include polyimide (flexural modulus in the range of 2.0 GPa to 4.0 GPa), polymethyl methacrylate (flexural modulus in the range of 2.5 GPa to 3.5 GPa), polyethylene terephthalate (flexural modulus in the range of 2.0 GPa to 4.0 GPa), polyethylene naphthalate (flexural modulus in the range of 4.0 GPa to 6.0 GPa), polyvinyl chloride (flexural modulus in the range of 2.0 GPa to 4.0 GPa), polyurethane (flexural modulus in the range of 0.5 GPa to 10.0 GPa), or polydimethylsiloxane (flexural modulus in the range of 0.01 GPa to 0.5 GPa).

[0066] In some embodiments, a ratio of a first thickness of the low dielectric constant layer (e.g., the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3, or the fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4) to a second thickness of the flexible layer (e.g., the first flexible layer FL1, the second flexible layer FL2, the third flexible layer FL3, the fourth flexible layer FL4, the fifth flexible layer 5, or the sixth flexible layer 6) is greater than 2:1, for example, greater than 3:1, greater than 4:1, greater than 5:1, greater than 6:1, greater than 7:1, greater than 8:1, greater than 9:1, greater than 10:1, greater than 11:1, greater than 12:1, greater than 13:1, greater than 14:1, greater than 15:1, greater than 16:1, greater than 17:1, greater than 18:1, greater than 19:1, greater than 20:1, greater than 21:1, greater than 22:1, greater than 23:1, greater than 24:1, greater than 25:1, greater than 26:1, greater than 27:1, greater than 28:1, greater than 29:1, greater than 30:1, greater than 31:1, greater than 32:1, greater than 33:1, greater than 34:1, greater than 35:1, greater than 36:1, greater than 37:1, greater than 38:1, greater than 39:1, greater than 40:1, greater than 41:1, greater than 42:1, greater than 43:1, greater than 44:1 12:1, greater than 13:1, greater than 14:1, greater than 15:1, greater than 16:1, greater than 17:1, greater than 18:1, greater than 19:1, greater than 20:1, greater than 21:1, greater than 22:1, greater than 23:1, greater than 24:1, greater than 25:1, greater than 26:1, greater than 27:1, greater than 28:1, greater than 29:1, greater than 30:1, greater than 31:1, greater than 32:1, greater than 33:1, greater than 34:1, greater than 35:1, greater than 36:1, greater than 37:1, greater than 38:1, greater than 39:1, greater than 40:1, greater than 41:1 , greater than 42:1, greater than 43:1, greater than 44:1, greater than 45:1, greater than 46:1, greater than 47:1, greater than 48:1, greater than 49:1, greater than 50:1, greater than 51:1, greater than 52:1, greater than 53:1, greater than 54:1, greater than 55:1, greater than 56:1, greater than 57:1, greater than 58:1, greater than 59:1, greater than 60:1, greater than 61:1, greater than 62:1, greater than 63:1, greater than 64:1, greater than 65:1, greater than 66:1, greater than 67:1, greater than 68:1, greater than 69:1, greater than 70:1, greater than 71 :1, greater than 72:1, greater than 73:1, greater than 74:1, greater than 75:1, greater than 76:1, greater than 77:1, greater than 78:1, greater than 79:1, greater than 80:1, greater than 81:1, greater than 82:1, greater than 83:1, greater than 84:1, greater than 85:1, greater than 86:1, greater than 87:1, greater than 88:1, greater than 89:1, greater than 90:1, greater than 91:1, greater than 92:1, greater than 93:1, greater than 94:1, greater than 95:1, greater than 96:1, greater than 97:1, greater than 98:1, greater than 99:1, or greater than 100:1.

[0067] In some embodiments, the thickness of the flexible layer (e.g., the first flexible layer FL1, the second flexible layer FL2, the third flexible layer FL3, the fourth flexible layer FL4, the fifth flexible layer FL5, or the sixth flexible layer FL6) is in the range of 1 μm to 20 μm, for example, 1 μm to 2 μm, 2 μm to 3 μm, 3 μm to 4 μm, 4 μm to 5 μm, 5 μm to 6 μm, 6 μm to 7 μm, 7 μm to 8 μm, 8 μm to 9 μm, 9 μm to 10 μm, 10 μm to 11 μm, 11 μm to 12 μm, 12 μm to 13 μm, 13 μm to 14 μm, 14 μm to 15 μm, 15 μm to 16 μm, 16 μm to 17 μm, 17 μm to 18 μm, 18 μm to 19 μm, or 19 μm to 20 μm.

[0068] In some embodiments, the phase shifter PS is separated from any adjacent conductive layer by at least one low dielectric constant layer and optionally at least one flexible layer. In one example, the phase shifter PS is separated from the feed line structure by the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1. In another example, the phase shifter PS is separated from the first ground plane GP1 by the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that by setting such a fine structure, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0069] In some embodiments, the first ground plate GP1 is separated from any adjacent conductive layer by at least one low dielectric constant layer and optionally at least one flexible layer. In one example, the first ground plate GP1 is separated from the phase shifter PS by the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2. In another example, the first ground plate GP1 is separated from the radiation plate RP by the third flexible layer FL3, the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and the fourth flexible layer FL4. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that by setting such a fine structure, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0070] In some embodiments, the feed line structure FLS is separated from any adjacent conductive layer by at least one low dielectric constant layer and optionally at least one flexible layer. In one example, the feed line structure FLS is separated from the phase shifter PS by the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1. In another example, the feed line structure FLS is separated from the second ground plate GP2 by the fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4 and the fifth flexible layer FL5. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that by setting such a fine structure, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0071] Various suitable conductive materials can be used to make the ground plate (e.g., the first ground plate GP1 and / or the second ground plate GP2). Examples of suitable conductive materials for making the ground plate include low-resistance, low-loss metals or alloys, such as copper, gold, and silver. For example, the conductive material can be deposited on the substrate by, for example, sputtering or vapor deposition, and patterned by, for example, photolithography (e.g., a wet etching process) to form the ground plate.

[0072] Various suitable conductive materials can be used to make the radiation plate RP. Examples of suitable conductive materials for making the radiation plate RP include low-resistance, low-loss metals or alloys, such as copper, gold, and silver. For example, the conductive material can be deposited on a substrate by, for example, sputtering or vapor deposition, and patterned by, for example, photolithography (e.g., a wet etching process) to form a radiation plate.

[0073] Various suitable conductive materials can be used to manufacture the bias lines (e.g., the first bias line BL1 and / or the second bias line BL2). Examples of suitable conductive materials for manufacturing the bias lines include high-resistance conductive materials, such as metal oxides (e.g., indium tin oxide). Metal oxides are substantially transparent materials. In addition, the bias lines of the phase shifter PS can adopt interlayer transmission. For example, the bias current can be transmitted through metal wires embedded in the insulating layer instead of using visible or surface conductors. The metal wires for interlayer transmission can be integrated between the insulating layers to provide a bias function without significantly affecting the appearance or transparency of the device.

[0074] Various suitable phase shifters may be implemented in the present disclosure. Examples of suitable phase shifters include passive matrix phase shifters and active matrix phase shifters. Figure 2 Schematic diagram showing the structure of a passive matrix phase shifter in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 2 In some embodiments, the phase shifter includes a plurality of phase shifter units PSU and a plurality of bias lines BLS respectively connected to the plurality of phase shifter units PSU. Optionally, each bias line in the plurality of bias lines BLS is connected to a corresponding phase shifter unit in the plurality of phase shifter units PSU.

[0075] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of phase shifter units PSU includes one or more electrodes Es (e.g., a first electrode and a second electrode). The inventors of the present disclosure have found that in a passive matrix phase shifter, a plurality of bias lines BLS for the plurality of phase shifter units PSU may overlap or cross each other, especially when the number of the plurality of phase shifter units PSU and the number of the plurality of bias lines BLS are relatively large. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that the storage capacitor helps maintain the state of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal phase shifter.

[0076] In some embodiments, each phase shifter unit of the plurality of phase shifter units PSU further comprises a storage capacitor Cs connected to one or more electrodes Es.

[0077] In order to minimize the influence of the storage capacitor Cs on the transmission of microwave signals, it is preferred to use a material with low conductivity, such as a conductive oxide, as the capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor Cs and the plurality of bias lines BLS. In some embodiments, the ratio of the first resistivity of the capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor Cs to the second resistivity of one or more electrodes Es is greater than 2, such as greater than 5, greater than 10, greater than 20, greater than 30, greater than 40, greater than 50, greater than 60, greater than 70, greater than 80, greater than 90, greater than 100, greater than 110, greater than 120, greater than 130, greater than 140, greater than 150, greater than 160, greater than 170, greater than 180, greater than 190, greater than 200, greater than 300, greater than 400, greater than 500, greater than 600, greater than 700, greater than 800, greater than 900, or greater than 1000. In some embodiments, the ratio of the third resistivity of multiple bias lines BLS to the second resistivity of one or more electrodes Es is greater than 2, for example, greater than 5, greater than 10, greater than 20, greater than 30, greater than 40, greater than 50, greater than 60, greater than 70, greater than 80, greater than 90, greater than 100, greater than 110, greater than 120, greater than 130, greater than 140, greater than 150, greater than 160, greater than 170, greater than 180, greater than 190, greater than 200, greater than 300, greater than 400, greater than 500, greater than 600, greater than 700, greater than 800, greater than 900, or greater than 1000.

[0078] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an active matrix phase shifter in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 4 is along Figure 3 A cross-sectional view of the line A-A' in FIG. Figure 3 and Figure 4 In some embodiments, the phase shifter includes a plurality of phase shifter units PSU. Optionally, each of the plurality of phase shifter units PSU includes one or more electrodes Es (e.g., a first electrode and a second electrode) and a transistor TFT. In some embodiments, the phase shifter further includes a plurality of data lines DL and a plurality of gate lines GL. The gate of the transistor TFT is connected to a corresponding gate line among the plurality of gate lines GL, and the first electrode of the transistor TFT is connected to a corresponding data line among the plurality of data lines DL. The plurality of data lines DL are connected to a data driver DD. The plurality of gate lines GL are connected to a gate driver GD.

[0079] In some embodiments, each phase shifter unit of the plurality of phase shifter units PSU further comprises a storage capacitor Cs connected to one or more electrodes Es.

[0080] In order to minimize the influence of the storage capacitor Cs on the transmission of microwave signals, it is preferred to use a material with lower conductivity, such as a conductive oxide, as the capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor Cs. In some embodiments, the ratio of the first resistivity of the capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor Cs to the second resistivity of one or more electrodes Es is greater than 2, such as greater than 5, greater than 10, greater than 20, greater than 30, greater than 40, greater than 50, greater than 60, greater than 70, greater than 80, greater than 90, greater than 100, greater than 110, greater than 120, greater than 130, greater than 140, greater than 150, greater than 160, greater than 170, greater than 180, greater than 190, greater than 200, greater than 300, greater than 400, greater than 500, greater than 600, greater than 700, greater than 800, greater than 900, or greater than 1000.

[0081] Various suitable thin film transistors may be implemented in the present disclosure. Examples of suitable thin film transistors include metal oxide transistors (e.g., transistors having indium gallium zinc oxide channels), low temperature silicon transistors, low temperature polysilicon transistors. Optionally, the active layer of the transistor TFT is made of a semiconductor material with relatively high mobility. The relatively high mobility helps to increase the charging speed of the liquid crystal phase shifter unit, thereby potentially enhancing the response time of the phase shifter.

[0082] Reference Figure 3 and Figure 4 In some embodiments, the phase shifter further comprises a connection line CL connecting the second electrode of the transistor TFT to the one or more electrodes Es. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that the contact area between the connection line CL and the one or more electrodes Es should be large enough to ensure connection.

[0083] Figure 5A 1 shows the connection between the connection line and one or more electrodes according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 5A In some embodiments, the orthographic projection of the connection line CL on the substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of one or more electrodes Es on the substrate. In some embodiments, the length of the connection line CL directly contacting the one or more electrodes Es is greater than 5 μm to ensure connection.

[0084] Figure 5B The connection between the connection line and one or more electrodes according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. Figure 5C 1 shows the connection between the connection line and one or more electrodes according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 5B and Figure 5CIn some embodiments, the phase shifter further includes a connection head CH connected to the connection line CL and connected to one or more electrodes Es. The width of the connection head CH is greater than the average line width of the connection line CL. The connection head CH increases the contact area with the one or more electrodes, thereby ensuring the connection. Figure 5B In one example depicted in FIG, the connection head CH has a circular shape. Figure 5C In another example depicted in FIG. 8 , the connection head CH has a rectangular shape.

[0085] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 6 In some embodiments, the antenna includes a feed line structure FLS, a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 located on the feed line structure FLS, a first flexible layer FL1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the feed line structure FLS, a phase shifter PS located on a side of the first flexible layer FL1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a radiation plate RP located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS. Optionally, the antenna further includes a slit ST extending through the first ground plate GP1. Optionally, the phase shifter PS is a liquid crystal phase shifter.

[0086] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0087] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second flexible layer FL2 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 located on a side of the second flexible layer FL2 away from the phase shifter PS, and a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 away from the second flexible layer FL2.

[0088] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 between the phase shifter PS and the first ground plate GP1, in particular a combination of the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0089] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a third flexible layer FL3 located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 located on a side of the third flexible layer FL3 away from the first ground plate GP1, and a fourth flexible layer FL4 located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 away from the third flexible layer FL3. The radiation plate RP is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer FL4 away from the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3.

[0090] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 between the first ground plate GP1 and the radiation plate RP, in particular a combination of a third flexible layer FL3, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and an optional fourth flexible layer FL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0091] In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises a second ground plate GP2 located at a side of the feed line structure FLS away from the phase shifter PS.

[0092] In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises an air layer AL and a spacer layer PS between the second ground plate GP2 and the feed line structure FLS. The air layer AL comprises a low dielectric constant gas. Examples of low dielectric constant gases include air, nitrogen, helium, argon, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The spacer layer PS comprises one or more spacers separating the second ground plate GP2 and the feed line structure FLS. Various suitable insulating materials can be used to manufacture one or more spacers. Examples of suitable insulating materials for manufacturing one or more spacers include low dielectric constant materials, such as materials for manufacturing low dielectric constant layers.

[0093] In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises a fifth flexible layer FL5 located on a side of the feed line structure FLS away from the second ground plate GP2. Optionally, the fifth flexible layer FL5 is in direct contact with the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, the feed line structure FLS, and the spacer layer PS.

[0094] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a sixth flexible layer FL6 located on a side of the second ground plate GP2 away from the feeding line structure FLS.

[0095] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a fourth low dielectric constant layer LDL4 located on a side of the sixth flexible layer FL6 away from the second ground plate GP2 .

[0096] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing an air layer AL having a dielectric constant of approximately 1.0 between the feed line structure FLS and the second ground plate GP2 , the loss of the feed line structure FLS can be significantly reduced.

[0097] Fig. 7A is a plan view of a feeder structure, one or more spacers, and a second ground plane according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 7A , one or more spacers SS are spaced apart from each other. The number of spacers in the spacer layer is greater than 1. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the one or more spacers SS on the second ground plane GP2 does not overlap with the orthographic projection of the feed line structure FLS on the second ground plane GP2.

[0098] Figure 7B is a plan view of a feeder structure, one or more spacers, and a second ground plane according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 7B , in some embodiments, the number of spacers in the spacer layer is 1. The spacer layer includes an integral structure, which includes a plurality of horizontal strips and a plurality of vertical strips connected to each other. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the integral structure on the second ground plate GP2 at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the feeder structure FLS on the second ground plate GP2. Optionally, the layout between the integral structure and the feeder structure FLS minimizes the overlapping area between the orthographic projection of the integral structure on the second ground plate GP2 and the orthographic projection of the feeder structure on the second ground plate GP2.

[0099] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 8 In some embodiments, the antenna includes a feed line structure FLS, a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 located on the feed line structure FLS, a first flexible layer FL1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the feed line structure FLS, a phase shifter PS located on a side of the first flexible layer FL1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a radiation plate RP located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS. Optionally, the antenna further includes a slit ST extending through the first ground plate GP1. Optionally, the phase shifter PS is a liquid crystal phase shifter.

[0100] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0101] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second flexible layer FL2 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 located on a side of the second flexible layer FL2 away from the phase shifter PS, and a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 away from the second flexible layer FL2.

[0102] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 between the phase shifter PS and the first ground plate GP1, in particular a combination of the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0103] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a third flexible layer FL3 located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 located on a side of the third flexible layer FL3 away from the first ground plate GP1, and a fourth flexible layer FL4 located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 away from the third flexible layer FL3. The radiation plate RP is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer FL4 away from the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3.

[0104] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 between the first ground plate GP1 and the radiation plate RP, in particular a combination of a third flexible layer FL3, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and an optional fourth flexible layer FL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0105] In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises a second ground plate GP2 located at a side of the feed line structure FLS away from the phase shifter PS.

[0106] In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises a printed circuit board PCB located between the feed line structure FLS and the second ground plate GP2. The printed circuit board PCB is located on a side of the feed line structure FLS away from the phase shifter PS. Optionally, the printed circuit board PCB is in direct contact with the feed line structure FLS.

[0107] Various suitable printed circuit boards may be used in the present disclosure. For example, Rogers 5880 TM (Rogers Corporation) is a special type of high frequency laminate compound frequently used in the construction of printed circuit boards for RF and microwave applications. Rogers 5880 TM Designed to provide excellent electrical performance, low loss and high frequency signal integrity. Rogers5880 TMHas a low dielectric constant of approximately 2.2, which helps minimize signal loss and impedance changes at high frequencies. Rogers 5880 TM The inventors of the present disclosure have found that when using Rogers 5880 TM The loss is only about 0.0009 when the transmission loss is 0.0009. In one example, the thickness of the printed circuit board PCB is in the range of 1mm to one quarter of the dielectric wavelength of the printed circuit board, thereby further reducing the transmission loss. The dielectric wavelength, also known as the electrical wavelength or the wavelength in the dielectric, is a concept used when analyzing electromagnetic waves propagating through a medium with a specific dielectric constant. It is a measure of the distance that an electromagnetic wave travels in a dielectric material in one complete cycle. When an electromagnetic wave is transmitted from one medium to another, such as from air to a dielectric such as Rogers 5880 TM When a wave propagates through a dielectric material, its propagation characteristics may change due to the difference in the dielectric constants of the two media. The dielectric wavelength takes into account the effect of the dielectric constant on the wavelength of the wave.

[0108] In general, the dielectric wavelength can be calculated using the following formula:

[0109]

[0110] Where λ_d represents the dielectric wavelength; λ_0 represents the free space wavelength (the wavelength in a vacuum or air); and ε_r represents the relative dielectric constant of the material. The dielectric wavelength is inversely proportional to the square of the relative dielectric constant. This means that as the relative dielectric constant increases, the dielectric wavelength decreases.

[0111] Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 9 In some embodiments, the antenna includes a feed line structure FLS, a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 located on the feed line structure FLS, a first flexible layer FL1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the feed line structure FLS, a phase shifter PS located on a side of the first flexible layer FL1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a radiation plate RP located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS.

[0112] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0113] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second flexible layer FL2 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 located on a side of the second flexible layer FL2 away from the phase shifter PS, and a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 away from the second flexible layer FL2.

[0114] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 between the phase shifter PS and the first ground plate GP1, in particular a combination of the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0115] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a third flexible layer FL3 located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 located on a side of the third flexible layer FL3 away from the first ground plate GP1, and a fourth flexible layer FL4 located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 away from the third flexible layer FL3. The radiation plate RP is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer FL4 away from the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3.

[0116] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 between the first ground plate GP1 and the radiation plate RP, in particular a combination of a third flexible layer FL3, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and an optional fourth flexible layer FL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0117] In some embodiments, the feed structure FLS is a substrate integrated waveguide feed structure. The substrate integrated waveguide feed structure is a feed structure for microwave and millimeter wave applications. It combines the advantages of traditional waveguides (such as low loss and high power operation) and the integration benefits of planar transmission lines. In the substrate integrated waveguide feed structure, a waveguide-like structure is produced by etching a gap or cavity in a dielectric substrate material, which is usually a high dielectric constant substrate similar to ceramic or high-frequency laminate. The side walls of the cavity serve as conductive surfaces, forming the boundaries of the waveguide, and the dielectric substrate serves as the bottom wall of the waveguide. This configuration allows the confinement and propagation of electromagnetic waves within the substrate. The substrate integrated waveguide feed structure provides a planar, compact structure, making it suitable for integration with planar circuits and enabling miniaturization of components. The use of low-loss dielectric materials in the substrate integrated waveguide feed structure results in minimal signal attenuation and low insertion loss, which contributes to high efficiency and signal integrity.

[0118] Reference Fig. 9In some embodiments, the feed line structure FLS includes a waveguide WG configured to guide an electromagnetic wave along its path. In some embodiments, the waveguide WG includes a first metal layer ML1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the phase shifter PS, a substrate S located on a side of the first metal layer ML1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a second metal layer ML2 located on a side of the substrate S away from the first metal layer ML1, and a plurality of metal vias MV extending through the substrate S and connecting the first metal layer ML1 and the second metal layer ML2.

[0119] In some embodiments, the substrate S of the waveguide WG in the substrate integrated waveguide type feed structure includes a low dielectric constant material. Various suitable low dielectric constant materials can be used to manufacture the substrate S of the waveguide WG in the substrate integrated waveguide type feed structure. Examples of suitable low dielectric constant materials for manufacturing the substrate S of the waveguide WG in the substrate integrated waveguide type feed structure include polymethacrylimide (PMI, dielectric constant in the range of 2 to 3), polytetrafluoroethylene (dielectric constant is usually around 2.1), polyetheretherketone (dielectric constant is usually in the range of 2.8 to 3.3), liquid crystal polymer (dielectric constant is usually in the range of 2.8 to 3.2), polystyrene (dielectric constant is usually in the range of 2.5 to 2.6), polyethylene (dielectric constant is usually in the range of 2.2 to 2.4), low-density polyethylene (dielectric constant is usually in the range of 1.9 to 2.3) and polytetrafluoroethylene (dielectric constant is usually around 2.1). In one example, the low dielectric constant layer is made of polymethacrylimide.

[0120] In some embodiments, the substrate S of the waveguide WG in the substrate integrated waveguide feeder structure is a printed circuit board, such as Rogers 5880 TM (Rogers Company).

[0121] For liquid crystal phase shifters, whether using a transmission line with a periodically loaded variable capacitor structure or a microstrip transmission line structure, after the electromagnetic wave is phase shifted, the energy must be transferred to the feed line structure FLS. Due to the limitations of liquid crystal technology, coupling is usually used to achieve energy transfer.

[0122] In some embodiments, the waveguide WG further comprises an opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 to facilitate coupling between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS.

[0123] Fig.10 is a plan view of a terminal portion of a first electrode of a phase shifter, a first metal layer of a waveguide in a feed structure, and an opening extending through the first metal layer in the waveguide according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.10In some embodiments, the first electrode of the phase shifter unit of the phase shifter includes a terminal portion TP. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the terminal portion TP on the substrate S at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S. The terminal portion TP is configured to transfer energy from the phase shifter to the feed line structure. The terminal portion TP is used as a probe and can have various suitable shapes. Fig.10 In one example depicted in , the terminal portion TP is a single probe. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the single probe on the substrate S at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S. In an alternative example, the terminal portion TP includes a plurality of probes. Optionally, the orthographic projections of the plurality of probes on the substrate S at least partially overlap with the orthographic projections of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S. In another alternative example, the terminal portion TP includes a dipole structure. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the dipole structure on the substrate S at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S.

[0124] Reference Fig. 9 and Fig.10 The first ground plate GP1 further promotes energy transfer from the phase shifter PS to the feed line structure FLS. For example, the first ground plate GP1 acts as an electrode layer, improving the directional coupling between the terminal portion TP and the feed line structure FLS, thereby achieving maximum coupling.

[0125] Fig.11 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 12A is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an antenna having a beamforming structure according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 12B is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an antenna without a beamforming structure according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.13 1 is a plan view of a terminal portion of a first electrode of a phase shifter, a first metal layer of a waveguide in a feed structure, an opening extending through the first metal layer in the waveguide, and a beamforming structure according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.11 , Fig. 12A , Fig. 12B and Fig.13 In some embodiments, the antenna includes a feed line structure FLS, a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 located on the feed line structure FLS, a first flexible layer FL1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the feed line structure FLS, a phase shifter PS located on a side of the first flexible layer FL1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a radiation plate RP located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS.

[0126] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0127] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second flexible layer FL2 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 located on a side of the second flexible layer FL2 away from the phase shifter PS, and a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 away from the second flexible layer FL2.

[0128] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 between the phase shifter PS and the first ground plate GP1, in particular a combination of the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0129] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a third flexible layer FL3 located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 located on a side of the third flexible layer FL3 away from the first ground plate GP1, and a fourth flexible layer FL4 located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 away from the third flexible layer FL3. The radiation plate RP is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer FL4 away from the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3.

[0130] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 between the first ground plate GP1 and the radiation plate RP, in particular a combination of a third flexible layer FL3, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and an optional fourth flexible layer FL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0131] In some embodiments, the feed structure FLS is a substrate integrated waveguide type feed structure. In some embodiments, the feed structure FLS includes a waveguide WG configured to guide electromagnetic waves along its path. In some embodiments, the waveguide WG includes a first metal layer ML1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the phase shifter PS, a substrate S located on a side of the first metal layer ML1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a second metal layer ML2 located on a side of the substrate S away from the first metal layer ML1, and a plurality of metal vias MV extending through the substrate S and connecting the first metal layer ML1 and the second metal layer ML2.

[0132] In some embodiments, the waveguide WG further comprises an opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 to facilitate coupling between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS.

[0133] In some embodiments, the first electrode of the phase shifter unit of the phase shifter comprises a terminal portion TP. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the terminal portion TP on the substrate S at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S. The terminal portion TP is configured to transfer energy from the phase shifter to the feed line structure.

[0134] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a beam forming structure BFS located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the phase shifter PS. The beam forming structure BFS is configured to further enhance the coupling efficiency between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS. The beam forming structure BFS and the terminal portion TP of the phase shifter PS cooperate to achieve efficient and directional energy transfer between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS.

[0135] In some embodiments, the orthographic projection of the terminal portion TP on the substrate S at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the beamforming structure BFS on the substrate S. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the terminal portion TP on the substrate S covers the orthographic projection of the beamforming structure BFS on the substrate S.

[0136] In some embodiments, the orthographic projection of the beamforming structure BFS on the substrate S at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S covers the orthographic projection of the beamforming structure BFS on the substrate S.

[0137] In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises a substrate BS. The beamforming structure BFS is located on a side of the substrate BS away from the opening AP. Optionally, the beamforming structure BFS is in direct contact with the substrate BS. Various suitable insulating materials can be used to manufacture the substrate BS. Examples of suitable insulating materials for manufacturing the substrate BS include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) glass fiber laminates, phenolic paper laminates, phenolic glass cloth laminates, or rigid materials with low microwave loss, such as quartz or glass. In one example, the thickness of the substrate BS is in the range of 100 μm to 1 mm.

[0138] Fig.14 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.14In some embodiments, the antenna includes a feed line structure FLS, a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 located on the feed line structure FLS, a first flexible layer FL1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the feed line structure FLS, a phase shifter PS located on a side of the first flexible layer FL1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a radiation plate RP located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS.

[0139] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0140] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second flexible layer FL2 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 located on a side of the second flexible layer FL2 away from the phase shifter PS, and a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 away from the second flexible layer FL2.

[0141] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 between the phase shifter PS and the first ground plate GP1, in particular a combination of the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0142] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a third flexible layer FL3 located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 located on a side of the third flexible layer FL3 away from the first ground plate GP1, and a fourth flexible layer FL4 located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 away from the third flexible layer FL3. The radiation plate RP is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer FL4 away from the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3.

[0143] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 between the first ground plate GP1 and the radiation plate RP, in particular a combination of a third flexible layer FL3, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and an optional fourth flexible layer FL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0144] In some embodiments, the feed structure FLS is a substrate integrated waveguide type feed structure. In some embodiments, the feed structure FLS includes a waveguide WG configured to guide electromagnetic waves along its path. In some embodiments, the waveguide WG includes a first metal layer ML1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the phase shifter PS, a substrate S located on a side of the first metal layer ML1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a second metal layer ML2 located on a side of the substrate S away from the first metal layer ML1, and a plurality of metal vias MV extending through the substrate S and connecting the first metal layer ML1 and the second metal layer ML2.

[0145] In some embodiments, the waveguide WG further comprises an opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 to facilitate coupling between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS.

[0146] In some embodiments, the first electrode of the phase shifter unit of the phase shifter comprises a terminal portion TP. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the terminal portion TP on the substrate S at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening AP extending through the first metal layer ML1 on the substrate S. The terminal portion TP is configured to transfer energy from the phase shifter to the feed line structure.

[0147] In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises a slot extending through at least one low dielectric constant layer. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss by providing a slot extending through at least one low dielectric constant layer, thereby resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0148] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a first slit ST1 extending through the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2. Optionally, the first slit ST1 extends through the first ground plane GP1 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the radiation plate RP on the base substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first slit ST1 on the base substrate (for example, the orthographic projection of the radiation plate RP on the base substrate covers the orthographic projection of the first slit ST1 on the base substrate).

[0149] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second slit ST2 extending through the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3. Optionally, the orthographic projection of the radiation plate RP on the substrate substrate overlaps at least partially with the orthographic projection of the second slit ST2 on the substrate substrate (for example, the orthographic projection of the radiation plate RP on the substrate substrate covers the orthographic projection of the second slit ST2 on the substrate substrate). Optionally, the orthographic projection of the first slit ST1 on the substrate substrate overlaps at least partially with the orthographic projection of the second slit ST2 on the substrate substrate. Optionally, the first slit ST1 and the second slit ST2 are separated by the third flexible layer FL3.

[0150] Fig.15 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of an antenna in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.15 In some embodiments, the antenna includes a feed line structure FLS, a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 located on the feed line structure FLS, a first flexible layer FL1 located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 away from the feed line structure FLS, a phase shifter PS located on a side of the first flexible layer FL1 away from the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, and a radiation plate RP located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS.

[0151] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0152] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a second flexible layer FL2 located on a side of the phase shifter PS away from the first flexible layer FL1, a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 located on a side of the second flexible layer FL2 away from the phase shifter PS, and a first ground plate GP1 located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 away from the second flexible layer FL2.

[0153] The inventors of the present disclosure have discovered that by providing a second low dielectric constant layer LDL2 between the phase shifter PS and the first ground plate GP1, in particular a combination of the second flexible layer FL2 and the second low dielectric constant layer LDL2, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0154] In some embodiments, the antenna further includes a third flexible layer FL3 located on a side of the first ground plate GP1 away from the phase shifter PS, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 located on a side of the third flexible layer FL3 away from the first ground plate GP1, and a fourth flexible layer FL4 located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 away from the third flexible layer FL3. The radiation plate RP is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer FL4 away from the third low dielectric constant layer LDL3.

[0155] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 between the first ground plate GP1 and the radiation plate RP, in particular a combination of a third flexible layer FL3, a third low dielectric constant layer LDL3 and an optional fourth flexible layer FL4, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0156] In some embodiments, the feeder structure FLS is made of a metal material. Various suitable metal materials can be used to manufacture the feeder structure FLS. Examples of suitable metal materials for manufacturing the feeder structure FLS include aluminum and various suitable aluminum alloys. In one example, the feeder structure FLS is made of a lightweight material. In another example, the feeder structure FLS is made of a plastic substrate, wherein the surface of the plastic substrate has a metal material. For example, the plastic substrate can be electroplated with a metal material on its surface.

[0157] The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that by providing a first low dielectric constant layer LDL1 between the phase shifter PS and the feed line structure FLS, in particular a combination of the first flexible layer FL1 and the first low dielectric constant layer LDL1, surprisingly and unexpectedly, the antenna of the present disclosure achieves low loss of the phase shifter PS, resulting in higher efficiency and wider bandwidth.

[0158] Various alternative embodiments may be practiced in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the antenna further comprises an inserted probe configured to couple electromagnetic energy from the phase shifter to the waveguide. In some embodiments, the inserted probe is inserted into the waveguide to help establish coupling between the waveguide and the phase shifter. The inserted probe may have a variety of suitable shapes, including, for example, a simple metal rod, a conical structure, or a slot antenna. By carefully designing and optimizing the inserted probe, efficient energy transfer and coupling may be achieved between the waveguide and the phase shifter. This allows for efficient control and manipulation of electromagnetic waves, thereby achieving the desired functionality and performance of the antenna.

[0159] For the purpose of illustration and description, the above description of the embodiments of the present invention has been given. It is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to limit the present invention to the precise form or exemplary embodiments disclosed. Therefore, the foregoing description should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The embodiments are selected and described to explain the principles of the present invention and its best mode practical application, so that those skilled in the art can understand the various embodiments of the present invention and the various modifications suitable for the specific use or implementation under consideration. The scope of the present invention is intended to be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents, wherein all terms are meant to have the broadest reasonable meaning unless otherwise stated. Therefore, the term "the present invention" and the like do not necessarily limit the scope of the claims to a specific embodiment, and the reference to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention does not mean a limitation of the present invention, and such limitation should not be inferred. The present invention is limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, these claims may involve the use of "first", "second", etc., followed by a noun or element. These terms should be understood as nomenclature, and should not be interpreted as limiting the number of elements modified by these nomenclatures, unless a specific number has been given. Any advantages and benefits described may not apply to all embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that those skilled in the art may make changes to the described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. In addition, the elements and assemblies in this disclosure are not intended to be contributed to the public, regardless of whether the element or assembly is clearly described in the appended claims.

Claims

1. An antenna, comprising: Feeder structure; A first low dielectric constant layer, which is located on the feeder structure; A first flexible layer, which is located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer away from the feeder structure; A phase shifter, which is located on a side of the first flexible layer away from the first low dielectric constant layer; a first ground plate located at a side of the phase shifter away from the first flexible layer; as well as a radiation plate, located on a side of the first ground plate away from the phase shifter; wherein the dielectric constant of the first low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and The flexural modulus of the first flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.

0.

2. The antenna according to claim 1, further comprising: a second flexible layer, which is located on a side of the phase shifter away from the first flexible layer; as well as a second low dielectric constant layer located on a side of the second flexible layer away from the phase shifter; Wherein, the first ground plane is located on a side of the second low dielectric constant layer away from the second flexible layer; The dielectric constant of the second low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and The flexural modulus of the second flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.

0.

3. The antenna according to claim 1, further comprising: a third flexible layer, which is located on a side of the first ground plate away from the phase shifter; as well as a third low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the third flexible layer away from the first ground plane; Wherein, the radiation plate is located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer away from the third flexible layer; The dielectric constant of the third low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and The flexural modulus of the third flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.

0.

4. The antenna according to claim 3, further comprising a fourth flexible layer located on a side of the third low dielectric constant layer away from the third flexible layer; in, The radiation plate is located on a side of the fourth flexible layer away from the third low dielectric constant layer; and The flexural modulus of the fourth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.

0.

5. The antenna according to claim 1, further comprising: A second ground plate, which is located at a side of the feeder structure away from the phase shifter; a fourth low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the second ground plate away from the feeder structure; as well as a fifth flexible layer, which is located on a side of the fourth low dielectric constant layer away from the second ground plane; wherein the dielectric constant of the fourth low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and The flexural modulus of the fifth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.

0.

6. The antenna according to claim 5, further comprising a sixth flexible layer located on a side of the second ground plane away from the feed line structure; in, The flexural modulus of the sixth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.

0.

7. The antenna according to claim 1, further comprising: A second ground plate, which is located at a side of the feeder structure away from the phase shifter; as well as an air layer and a spacer layer, which are located between the second ground plate and the feeder structure; Wherein, the air layer includes a low dielectric constant gas; and The spacer layer includes one or more spacers separating the second ground plate from the feed line structure.

8. The antenna according to claim 7, further comprising: a fifth flexible layer, which is located on a side of the feeder structure away from the second ground plane; a sixth flexible layer, which is located on a side of the second ground plate away from the feeder structure; as well as a fourth low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the sixth flexible layer away from the second ground plane; Wherein, the dielectric constant of the fourth low dielectric constant layer is in the range of 1.5 to 3; The flexural modulus of the fifth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.0; and The flexural modulus of the sixth flexible layer is in the range of 0.01 to 10.

0.

9. The antenna according to claim 1, further comprising: a printed circuit board, which is located on a side of the feeder structure away from the phase shifter; as well as a second ground plate, which is located on a side of the printed circuit board away from the feeder structure; wherein the dielectric constant of the printed circuit board is in the range of 1.5 to 3; and The thickness of the printed circuit board is in the range of 1 mm to a quarter of a dielectric wavelength of the printed circuit board.

10. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein: The feeder structure is a substrate integrated waveguide feeder structure; Wherein, the feeder structure comprises a waveguide; The waveguide includes a first metal layer located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer away from the phase shifter, a substrate located on a side of the first metal layer away from the first low dielectric constant layer, a second metal layer located on a side of the substrate away from the first metal layer, and a plurality of metal vias extending through the substrate and connecting the first metal layer and the second metal layer; and The dielectric constant of the substrate is in the range of 1.5 to 3.

11. The antenna according to claim 10, wherein: The waveguide further includes an opening extending through the first metal layer; The phase shifter includes a terminal portion; The orthographic projection of the terminal portion on the substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the opening on the substrate; as well as The terminal portion is configured to transfer energy from the phase shifter to the feed line structure.

12. The antenna according to claim 11, further comprising a beam-forming structure located on a side of the first low dielectric constant layer away from the phase shifter; in, An orthographic projection of the terminal portion on the substrate at least partially overlaps an orthographic projection of the beamforming structure on the substrate; as well as The orthographic projection of the beam shaping structure on the substrate at least partially overlaps the orthographic projection of the opening on the substrate.

13. The antenna according to claim 12, further comprising a substrate substrate; in, The beam shaping structure is located on a side of the substrate away from the opening.

14. The antenna of claim 1, further comprising a slot extending through at least one low dielectric constant layer.

15. The antenna of claim 2, further comprising a first slot extending through the second low dielectric constant layer and the first ground plane; in, The orthographic projection of the radiation plate on the base substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first slit on the base substrate.

16. The antenna of claim 3, further comprising a second slit extending through the third low dielectric constant layer; in, The orthographic projection of the radiation plate on the base substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the second slit on the base substrate.

17. The antenna according to claim 1, further comprising: A second low dielectric constant layer, which is located at a side of the phase shifter away from the feed line structure; a third low dielectric constant layer, which is located on a side of the first ground plate away from the second low dielectric constant layer; a first slit extending through the second low dielectric constant layer and the first ground plate; as well as a second slit extending through the third low dielectric constant layer; Wherein, the orthographic projection of the first slit on the substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the second slit on the substrate; as well as The orthographic projection of the radiation plate on the base substrate at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the first slit on the base substrate, and at least partially overlaps with the orthographic projection of the second slit on the base substrate.

18. The antenna according to claim 17, further comprising a third flexible layer located on a side of the first ground plane away from the phase shifter; in, The first gap and the second gap are separated by the third flexible layer.

19. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein: The feed line structure is made of a plastic substrate with metal material on the surface of the plastic substrate.

20. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein The phase shifter comprises a plurality of phase shifter units; Each phase shifter unit includes: a first electrode; a liquid crystal layer, located on the first electrode; a second electrode, which is located on a side of the liquid crystal layer away from the first electrode; a storage capacitor connected to the first electrode and / or the second electrode; and A ratio of a first resistivity of a capacitor electrode of the storage capacitor to a second resistivity of the first electrode and / or the second electrode is greater than two.

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