Method and platform for constructing urban historical mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM

Abstract

The application discloses a GIS and BIM-based urban historical mountain landscape database construction method and platform. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining historical geographic information and historical surveying and mapping photographic data of a target city; performing type division and attribute labeling on spatial information of the target city based on the historical geographic information through a GIS system platform to generate a spatial information data general database; performing three-dimensional modeling on buildings and mountain environments of the target city based on the historical surveying and mapping photographic data in combination with the GIS system platform and a BIM system platform to generate a spatial model data general database; generating a related data layer of the target city based on the GIS system platform; and constructing an urban historical mountain landscape database of the target city based on the spatial information data general database, the spatial model data general database and the related data layer. The three-dimensional modeling on the buildings and the mountain environments of the city in combination with the GIS and BIM system platforms can improve the modeling precision of small and medium scale building environments and low mountains.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the fields of landscape architecture and big data technology, and in particular to a method and platform for constructing an urban historical mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM. Background Art

[0002] The fragmentation of historical landscapes and the loss of cultural heritage, driven by rapid urbanization, are currently a critical challenge facing the preservation of historic cities in China. Ancient China's tradition of city planning and landscape construction, emphasizing the importance of "building cities on mountain slopes and capitalizing on the natural landscape," has resulted in China's historical mountainscapes experiencing a profound cultural evolution and accumulation of relics, shaping a unique urban landscape. Therefore, identifying the historical and cultural resources of mountainscapes, analyzing their landscape spaces, and enhancing their value as heritage are current research priorities for the preservation of urban historic landscapes.

[0003] Building a database of urban historical mountain landscapes is a crucial means of protecting and managing these valuable resources. This database centrally stores and manages multi-dimensional spatial information on mountain landscapes, including their spatial attributes and historical images, providing comprehensive and accurate data support for urban planning and mountain conservation. Through data analysis and report generation, governments and relevant agencies can make more informed decisions and promote the sustainable development of mountain landscapes. The database also speeds up data queries and enhances data security. More importantly, the establishment of a database of urban historical mountain landscapes will help explore and preserve a city's history and culture. By digitally recording and displaying information on the historical evolution of mountain landscapes and cultural legends, citizens and tourists can gain a deeper understanding of the city's past and present, fostering a stronger sense of identity and belonging.

[0004] The current process of constructing a database of urban historical mountain landscapes uses fragmented historical information, making the underlying spatial patterns and geographic information difficult to uncover. By integrating historical garden literature and data based on platforms such as ArcGIS and webGIS, and establishing a geographic information system for urban historical mountain landscape resources, we can not only classify and locate spatial coordinates and analyze visual structures, but also display the quantitative distribution, evolutionary trends, and influencing factors of the key elements of the "mountain-city-landscape" relationship, facilitating a further in-depth interpretation and analysis of its diachronic formation mechanisms. However, while current GIS technology offers significant advantages in analyzing land use in large-scale geographic environments, it has limited accuracy in small- and medium-scale built environments and low mountains, resulting in low data comprehensiveness and accuracy in the constructed urban historical mountain landscape database. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the existing technology, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: how to provide a method for constructing a city historical mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM, by combining GIS and BIM system platforms to perform three-dimensional modeling of the city's buildings and mountain environment, thereby improving the modeling accuracy of small and medium-scale building environments and low mountains, thereby improving the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the data for constructing the city's historical mountain landscape database.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0007] The method for constructing an urban historical mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM includes:

[0008] S1: Acquire historical geographic information and historical surveying and mapping photography data of the target city;

[0009] S2: Using the GIS system platform to classify and attribute the spatial information of the target city based on historical geographic information, and generate a spatial information database;

[0010] S3: Combine the GIS system platform and the BIM system platform to conduct 3D modeling of the buildings and mountain environments of the target city based on historical surveying and photography data, and generate a spatial model data library;

[0011] S4: Generate linked data layers based on the GIS system platform for the target city;

[0012] S5: Construct an urban historical mountain landscape database of the target city based on the spatial information database, the spatial information database and the associated data layer.

[0013] Preferably, in step S1, the historical geographical information includes historical atlases and local archaeological data;

[0014] In step S2, the specific processing steps for generating the spatial information database are as follows:

[0015] S201: Obtain historical atlases and local archaeological data of the target city as basic data for generating a spatial information database;

[0016] S202: Establish a unified working base map and coordinate system; convert historical maps of each historical period into corresponding map raster images; align the map raster images of each historical period to the unified working base map and coordinate system through the GIS system platform to obtain the working base map of the target city in each historical period;

[0017] S203: Extract the classified historical landscape elements from historical atlas and local archaeological data; according to different time sections, the historical landscape elements are located in the working base map of the target city in the corresponding historical period, realizing the spatial positioning of the historical landscape elements in the unified coordinate system;

[0018] S204: According to the symbolization rules of the GIS system platform, the historical landscape elements in the working base map of the target city in each historical period are divided into several types of spatial information data subsets;

[0019] S205: Attribute integration of historical landscape elements through attribute table in GIS system platform, adding attribute data for each type of spatial information data subset;

[0020] S206: Integrate each type of spatial information data subset into the spatial information data total library.

[0021] Preferably, in step S204, according to the symbolization rules of the GIS system platform, the historical landscape elements in the working base map of the target city in each historical period are divided into three data set types of point, line and surface; The point, line and surface data set types are further divided into nine types of spatial information data subsets of historical sites, scenic spots, mountains, lakes, roads, building blocks, rivers, city walls and gardens;

[0022] Among them, the point data set includes historical sites, scenic spots and mountains; The line data set includes roads, rivers and city walls; The surface data set includes building blocks, lakes and gardens.

[0023] Preferably, in step S206, corresponding spatial information data sub-libraries are established in the spatial information data total library according to historical periods;

[0024] Each spatial information data sub-library includes nine types of spatial information data subsets of historical sites, scenic spots, mountains, lakes, roads, building blocks, rivers, city walls and gardens in the corresponding historical period.

[0025] Preferably, in step S1, the historical surveying and mapping photography data includes historical surveying and mapping atlas, historical geospatial data and oblique photogrammetry data;

[0026] In step S3, the specific processing steps of generating the spatial model data total library are as follows:

[0027] S301: Based on the historical surveying and mapping atlas of the target city, the BIM model of the building and city in each historical period is constructed through the BIM system platform;

[0028] S302: Identify natural mountains within the target city using the GIS system platform based on the historical geospatial data and oblique photogrammetry data of the target city, and then establish a CityGML model of the mountain environment in each historical period in combination with the city's basic geographic information;

[0029] S303: Convert the format of the building city BIM model into a format recognizable by the GIS system platform;

[0030] S304: converting the relative coordinate system of the building city BIM model into the absolute coordinate system of the mountain environment CityGML model, and converting the spatial rectangular coordinate system of the building city BIM model into the geodetic coordinate system of the mountain environment CityGML model;

[0031] S305: fusing the converted building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model with scene data of the corresponding historical period, and optimizing the fused building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model;

[0032] S306: Integrate the building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model after scene data fusion and optimization into the spatial model data library.

[0033] Preferably, in step S301, the architectural city BIM model includes a refined model of the cultural core building and a white model of the historical city building;

[0034] In step S302 , the mountain environment CityGML model includes small and medium-sized mountain oblique image models and a large mountain CityGML model.

[0035] Preferably, in step S304, the relative coordinate system is converted into the absolute coordinate system using the following formula:

[0036]

[0037] Where: 9x, y, z) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the absolute coordinate system; n = 1, 2, …, m, where m represents the number of iterations of the building city BIM model during coordinate transformation; (a, b, c) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the relative coordinate system (the initial Cartesian coordinate point during coordinate transformation); α, β, and γ represent the rotation angles around x, y, and z, respectively, during coordinate transformation.

[0038] The conversion from the spatial rectangular coordinate system to the geodetic coordinate system is achieved through the following formula:

[0039] 1) Convert the spatial coordinate system (x, y, z) to the geocentric rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z)

[0040]

[0041] Where: (X, Y, Z) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the geocentric rectangular coordinate system; λ and h represent the longitude, latitude and elevation of the building city BIM model in the spatial coordinate system; N represents the radius of curvature of the y-axis; e represents the first eccentricity;

[0042] 2) Convert the geocentric rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) to the geodetic coordinate system (B, L, H)

[0043]

[0044] Where: (B, L, H) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the geodetic coordinate system; A represents the major semi-axis of the ellipsoid.

[0045] Preferably, in step S305, corresponding spatial model data sub-libraries are established in the spatial model data master library according to historical periods;

[0046] Each spatial model data sub-library includes the BIM model of buildings and cities and the CityGML model of mountain environments in the corresponding historical period.

[0047] Preferably, in step S4, the specific processing steps for generating the associated data layer are as follows:

[0048] S401: Acquire urban remote sensing data, ecological environment data, and urban construction data of the target city;

[0049] S402: After pre-processing the urban remote sensing data, ecological environment data, and urban construction data, convert them into a format supported by the GIS system platform, and unify the coordinate system and projection method;

[0050] S403: Using the spatial connection function of the GIS system platform, different data are associated based on geographic location or attributes; the associated data are integrated into a layer to form a linked data layer;

[0051] S404: Set the attribute fields and styles of the associated data layer as needed.

[0052] The present invention also discloses an urban historical mountain landscape data platform based on spatial information technology, including:

[0053] The infrastructure layer is used to provide infrastructure support, including computing resources, storage resources, and network resources; wherein the storage resources store the urban historical mountain landscape database constructed by the urban historical mountain landscape database and construction method of the present invention;

[0054] The data layer is used to exchange data with the spatial information database, spatial information database and associated data layers in the urban historical mountain landscape database through the infrastructure layer;

[0055] The platform service layer is used to provide map services, spatial analysis services, and data fusion services based on the data in the data layer, including map rendering, attribute query, spatial relationship analysis, buffer analysis, and the fusion processing of BIM data and GIS data;

[0056] The application layer is used to build modules that implement specific application functions based on the services provided by the platform service layer, including basic function modules, information query modules, spatial analysis modules, and entity mapping modules;

[0057] in:

[0058] Basic function module, used to provide basic map operation functions, including scene positioning, map zooming in and out, and area distance measurement;

[0059] Information query module, used for querying images by attributes and attributes by images;

[0060] Spatial analysis module, used to provide buffer analysis and spatial relationship analysis;

[0061] The entity mapping module is used to support three-dimensional scene mapping and two-dimensional map mapping.

[0062] Compared with the existing technology, the method for constructing a historical urban mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM in the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0063] In the present invention, a GIS system platform is first used to classify and attribute the spatial information of a city, which can accurately identify the specific attributes and categories of each plot, street, building, and mountain in the city, thereby improving the data and comprehensiveness of the construction of the city's historical mountain landscape database. Secondly, a GIS and BIM system platform are combined to perform three-dimensional modeling of the target city's buildings and mountain environment based on historical surveying and mapping photography data. On the one hand, the three-dimensional modeling can more realistically and stereoscopically restore the city's buildings and mountain landscape, and the three-dimensional visualization can also intuitively understand the overall picture and details of the city's historical mountain landscape. On the other hand, by combining BIM technology, the shortcomings of GIS in three-dimensional accuracy and information data can be effectively addressed. It not only helps to identify historical landscape features, but also improves the three-dimensional display effect, and can finely display the relationship between mountains and urban historical spaces, thereby improving the data accuracy of the construction of the city's historical mountain landscape database. Then, a related data layer based on the GIS system platform is generated for the target city, organically integrating data of different types and sources. This multi-level data integration method helps to reveal the inherent connections and evolution laws of the city's historical mountain landscape and monitor and protect the ecological safety of the mountains. Finally, based on the spatial information database, spatial model database and associated data layers, the urban historical mountain landscape database of the target city was constructed. This database construction method can ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the urban historical mountain landscape data. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0064] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the invention more clear, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0065] Figure 1 and Figure 2 A logical block diagram and overall flow chart of the method for building a database of urban historical mountain landscapes;

[0066] Figure 3 An example of spatial information extraction;

[0067] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the spatial model database;

[0068] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the application layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0069] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present invention generally described and shown in the drawings here can be arranged and designed in various different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the invention claimed for protection, but only represents selected embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0070] The following is a further detailed description through specific implementation methods:

[0071] Example 1:

[0072] This embodiment discloses a method for constructing an urban historical mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM.

[0073] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown in the figure, the method for constructing a historical urban mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM includes:

[0074] S1: Acquire historical geographic information and historical surveying and mapping photography data of the target city;

[0075] In this embodiment, historical geographic information includes historical atlases (historical atlases) and local archaeological data (textual data); historical surveying and mapping photogrammetry data includes historical surveying and mapping atlases, historical geographic spatial data, and oblique photogrammetry data. The data also needs to be registered and calibrated.

[0076] S2: Using the GIS system platform to classify and attribute the spatial information of the target city based on historical geographic information, and generate a spatial information database;

[0077] S3: Combine the GIS system platform and the BIM system platform to conduct 3D modeling of the buildings and mountain environments of the target city based on historical surveying and photography data, and generate a spatial model data library;

[0078] S4: Generate linked data layers based on the GIS system platform for the target city;

[0079] S5: Construct an urban historical mountain landscape database of the target city based on the spatial information database, spatial information database and associated data layers.

[0080] In the present application, first, the spatial information of the city is classified and attributed by using the GIS system platform, which can accurately attribute and classify each plot, street, building and mountain of the city, thereby improving the data and comprehensiveness of the construction of the city historical mountain landscape database. Secondly, through the joint of GIS and BIM system platforms, three-dimensional modeling of the buildings and mountain environment of the target city is carried out based on historical surveying and mapping photographic data. On the one hand, three-dimensional modeling can more realistically and stereoscopically restore the buildings and mountain landscapes of the city, and three-dimensional visualization can intuitively understand the overall and details of the city historical mountain landscape. On the other hand, through the joint of BIM technology, the short board of GIS in three-dimensional precision and information data can be effectively solved, which not only helps to identify the historical landscape features, but also improves the three-dimensional display effect, so as to finely display the relationship between the mountain and the historical space of the city, thereby improving the data accuracy of the construction of the city historical mountain landscape database. Then, the related data layers based on the GIS system platform are generated for the target city, and different types and sources of data are organically integrated. This multi-level data integration method helps to reveal the internal relationship and evolution law of the city historical mountain landscape, and monitor and protect the ecological safety of the mountain. Finally, based on the spatial information database, the spatial model database and the related data layers, the city historical mountain landscape database of the target city is constructed, and this database construction method can ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the city historical mountain landscape data.

[0081] The city historical mountain landscape database constructed by the present application not only contains geographic information data, but also integrates multi-source data such as oral history, archaeological data and ancient text data, realizes digital storage and visualization display of historical information, and the database can also use link coding technology to associate and integrate data of different sources and formats, form an organic and unified data system, and support more complex and in-depth city historical mountain landscape research. At the same time, by applying the city historical mountain landscape database to the field of city planning and design, scientific and efficient data support can be provided for the sustainable development of the city, and the historical and cultural background and natural geographical environment of the city can be understood more deeply, which can provide more comprehensive, accurate and targeted reference for city planning and design, help to improve the cultural heritage and historical value of the city, and promote the sustainable development of the city. In addition, by starting from the perspective of city historical mountain landscape, the historical culture of the city is deeply researched, which breaks through the limitation of traditional city planning and design field which only focuses on modernity and functionality, and integrates historical and cultural factors into the research scope, emphasizes the historical and cultural heritage and ecological protection of the city, which helps to improve the cultural soft power and competitiveness of the city, and promotes the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the city.

[0082] In order to better introduce the technical scheme of the present application, the present embodiment is explained by the following parts.

[0083] 1. Spatial Information Database

[0084] The spatial information database divides spatial types and establishes sub-databases based on historical periods and time nodes to integrate the development history of each construction site. The spatial information data in the spatial information database and sub-databases are all stored as point-like feature data on the GIS information data storage platform, forming a distribution map of the scenic spot spatial information database.

[0085] Combine Figure 2 As shown in the figure, the specific processing steps for generating the spatial information database are as follows:

[0086] S201: Obtain historical atlases and local archaeological data of the target city as basic data for generating a spatial information database;

[0087] S202: Establish a unified working base map and coordinate system (such as WGS-84); convert (paper) historical maps of various historical periods into corresponding map raster images; align the map raster images of various historical periods to the unified working base map and coordinate system through the GIS system platform to obtain the working base maps of the target city in various historical periods.

[0088] In this embodiment, in order to facilitate subsequent spatial analysis and processing, the map raster image can be converted into vector data by applying mouse tracking vectorization and program automatic vectorization methods.

[0089] During the registration process, important historical landscape elements that still exist are selected as control points through data verification and analysis. The selection of registration control points is mainly based on the principle of distribution balance. Surface elements such as rivers and lakes, linear elements such as streets and roads, and point elements such as buildings and spatial nodes can be selected.

[0090] S203: Extract classified historical landscape elements from historical atlases and local archaeological data; locate the historical landscape elements on the working base map of the target city in the corresponding historical period according to different time sections, and realize the spatial positioning of the historical landscape elements in a unified coordinate system;

[0091] In this embodiment, the historical landscape elements include six types of information: historical sites, government offices, mountains and rivers, scenic spots, cities, and gardens.

[0092] S204: Divide the historical landscape elements in the working base map of the target city in various historical periods into several types of spatial information data subsets through the symbolization rules of the GIS system platform;

[0093] S205: integrating the attributes of historical landscape elements through the attribute table in the GIS system platform, and adding attribute data to each type of spatial information data subset;

[0094] In this embodiment, each spatial information has a plurality of attribute data, which expresses semantic information, space-time information, quantity information and level information, etc. As shown in Table 1, taking a scenic spot as an example, the attribute data includes scenic spot name, existence time, scenic spot type, landscape view, relative position, image description and historical image. The various attribute data is organized in a two-dimensional table, so as to facilitate the storage management of a commercial database management system, structured query language (SQL) statement query, spatial statistics and analysis data operation, etc. According to the cultural attributes of the urban historical mountain landscape, the following sub-levels are divided, and the collected historical data is sorted and input.

[0095] Table 1 Architecture of Scenic Spot Attribute Data

[0096]

[0097] S206: Integrating each type of spatial information data subset into the spatial information data library.

[0098] The present application provides map registration and vectorization tools through a GIS system platform to register the map raster images of each historical period to a unified working base map and coordinate system, thereby ensuring the accuracy and spatial consistency of the historical spatial information. Meanwhile, the GIS system platform supports the conversion and positioning of spatial information, realizes the spatial positioning and data set division of historical landscape elements through the setting of time sections and the application of symbolization rules. In addition, the GIS system platform provides management and query functions of attribute data, realizes the structured storage and efficient query of data through the organization of two-dimensional tables and the division of sub-levels.

[0099] In combination with Figure 3 As shown in Table 2, according to the symbolization rules of the GIS system platform, the historical landscape elements of the target city in the working base map of each historical period are divided into three data set types of point, line and surface; the three data set types of point, line and surface are further divided into nine types of spatial information data subsets of historic sites, scenic spots, peaks, lakes, roads, building blocks, rivers, city walls and gardens.

[0100] As shown in Table 2, the point data set includes historic sites, scenic spots and peaks; the line data set includes roads, rivers and city walls; and the surface data set includes building blocks, lakes and gardens.

[0101] Table 2

[0102]

[0103] For example, data on city walls, building plots, roads, etc. are mainly drawn based on the registered historical map. The coordinate positioning of each point data is based on the information marked on the historical map and extracted in combination with field surveys. For data with physical remains, the Baidu coordinate picker can be used to pick up the POI coordinates. For data without physical remains, fuzzy positioning can be performed based on the topological relationship of the surrounding landmarks through field exploration of the surrounding area. Ancient river and ancient lake data can be downloaded from the CHGIS platform by downloading open source data and cutting the individual rasters into sets.

[0104] The six categories of historical sites, government offices, mountains and rivers, scenic spots, cities, and gardens are textual content found in ancient books and lack precise spatial information, requiring manual interpretation, screening, and judgment. This method labels and vectorizes the working base map, converting it into three datasets: points, lines, and surfaces, for digitization. Then, based on the spatial characteristics of different types of historical landscape elements, these elements are converted into nine types of spatial information datasets.

[0105] In this embodiment, corresponding spatial information data sub-databases are established within the overall spatial information database according to historical periods. Each spatial information data sub-database includes nine types of spatial information data subsets for the corresponding historical period: historical sites, scenic spots, mountains, lakes, roads, building plots, rivers, city walls, and gardens. Because historical landscapes are constantly changing, spatial models vary from period to period, necessitating the establishment of spatial information data sub-databases to distinguish them.

[0106] 2. Spatial Model Database

[0107] 1. Data Collection

[0108] The spatial model database includes two sub-databases: the building model and the mountain environment model. Both are constructed separately by period to manage data from different periods from a temporal perspective. The specific construction process is as follows:

[0109] The architectural model, including the main structure and ancillary components, was constructed using Revit software. Because urban spatial data typically involves large amounts of three-dimensional data, data fusion can result in lengthy loading times and unmanageable labor costs. Therefore, Revit software was used to construct white models of historical city structures and general urban spatial information, such as streets and alleyways. For key cultural landmarks, such as historical sites and ancient monuments, detailed architectural models were constructed to ensure their preservation.

[0110] Using GIS technology, large natural mountains within the city are identified and located. This is then combined with collected basic urban geographic information to directly create a CityGML model, enabling data-based scene conversion for large natural mountains. However, small natural mountains in historical documents often cannot be identified and modeled alongside large mountains due to insufficient data accuracy. For these mountains, a rough restoration is achieved using descriptions in local gazetteers and maps and on-site visits before a tilt model is constructed. Image data of ground objects is acquired through field aerial photography, and computer vision principles are used to automatically identify and match points of the same name, generating a dense 3D point cloud. Based on the point cloud, a triangulated irregular network (TIN) is constructed, combining the image data with ground control point information to complete the reconstruction of the 3D terrain model. For mountains or key buildings damaged during historical evolution, point information is stored in GIS through georeferencing.

[0111] 2. Data conversion

[0112] BIM data and GIS data have different data source information, which makes it impossible to load BIM data into the GIS platform. Therefore, a data export plug-in developed by SuperMap is used to convert the BIM model from IFC format to a format recognizable by the GIS platform, such as UDBX, and then read it in the multi-source data reading software SuperMap. After that, further coordinate system conversion is required to ensure data accuracy. The coordinates in the IFC model use a spatial rectangular coordinate system based on the project origin. Buildings, building floors, and building components are located using relative coordinate systems referenced by the lower layers of this coordinate system. The CityGML model is constructed based on a unified absolute coordinate system, using a geodetic coordinate system to determine spatial geographic location. Therefore, the conversion of BIM data to GIS data requires the conversion of relative coordinate systems to absolute coordinate systems and the conversion of spatial rectangular coordinate systems to geodetic coordinate systems.

[0113] The conversion of BIM models to GIS scene coordinates is achieved based on spatial coordinate conversion formulas. The former unifies the coordinate system in the model, while the latter is used to convert the spatial rectangular coordinate system into the geodetic coordinate system used by the geographic information system, ensuring the accurate positioning of the model in geographic space.

[0114] 3. Data Integration

[0115] Using the SuperMap software platform, the converted BIM models (fine-grained models, city white models), CityGML models, and oblique photography models (small and medium-sized low mountains) were fused with scene data from the corresponding historical period. After fusion, the model positions and postures were adjusted to ensure consistency in 3D space. The fused models were then optimized, including terrain matching, model flattening, and texture mapping.

[0116] Combine Figure 2 As shown in the figure, the specific processing steps for generating the spatial model data library are as follows:

[0117] S301: Construct BIM models of buildings and cities in various historical periods based on the historical surveying and mapping atlas of the target city through the BIM system platform;

[0118] In this example, Revit software was used to construct a BIM model of the target city's buildings, including the main structure and ancillary components. For general urban spatial information (such as historical city forms and streets), a blank architectural model of the historical city information was constructed; for key cultural core buildings (such as historical sites and monuments), a detailed architectural model was constructed.

[0119] S302: Identify natural mountains within the target city using the GIS system platform based on the historical geospatial data and oblique photogrammetry data of the target city, and then establish a CityGML model of the mountain environment in each historical period in combination with the city's basic geographic information;

[0120] In this embodiment, for mountains or key buildings damaged during the historical evolution process, point information is stored in the GIS in the form of geo-reference.

[0121] S303: Convert the format of the building city BIM model into a format recognizable by the GIS system platform; convert the relative coordinate system of the building city BIM model into the absolute coordinate system of the mountain environment CityGML model; and convert the spatial rectangular coordinate system of the building city BIM model into the geodetic coordinate system of the mountain environment CityGML model;

[0122] In this embodiment, a data export plug-in developed by SuperMap is used to convert the BIM model from the IFC format to a format recognizable by the GIS platform (such as UDBX).

[0123] S304: fusing the converted building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model with scene data of the corresponding historical period, and optimizing the fused building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model;

[0124] In this embodiment, the optimization process includes terrain matching, model flattening, texture mapping, and the like.

[0125] S305: Integrate the building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model after scene data fusion and optimization into the spatial model data library.

[0126] In the data collection stage, the present invention uses the GIS system platform to identify and locate natural mountains, and uses the BIM system platform to build a building city model. GIS and BIM complete data collection and preliminary modeling through their respective professional tools. In the data conversion stage, the data format and coordinate system of GIS and BIM need to be unified so that they can be loaded and displayed in the GIS platform. Therefore, this is achieved through professional data conversion tools (such as SuperMap's data export plug-in) and coordinate conversion formulas. In the data integration stage, the data of GIS and BIM need to be fused together to form a complete spatial model data library. Therefore, data loading, fusion and adjustment are carried out in the GIS platform, and the spatial analysis capabilities of GIS and the fine modeling capabilities of BIM are used to optimize the scene.

[0127] Specific, combined Figure 4 As shown, the architectural city BIM model includes the refined model of cultural core buildings and the white model of historical city buildings; the mountain environment CityGML model includes small and medium-sized mountain oblique image models and large mountain CityGML models.

[0128] In this embodiment, for general urban space information (such as historical city forms and streets), a blank model of historical city buildings is constructed; for key cultural core buildings (such as scenic spots and historical sites), a refined model of cultural core buildings is constructed.

[0129] Specifically, the relative coordinate system is converted to the absolute coordinate system using the following formula:

[0130]

[0131]

[0132] Where: (x, y, z) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the absolute coordinate system; n = 1, 2, …, m, where m represents the number of iterations of the building city BIM model during coordinate transformation; (a, b, c) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the relative coordinate system (the initial Cartesian coordinate point during coordinate transformation); α, β, and γ represent the rotation angles around x, y, and z, respectively, during coordinate transformation.

[0133] The conversion from the spatial rectangular coordinate system to the geodetic coordinate system is achieved through the following formula:

[0134] 1) Convert the spatial coordinate system (x, y, z) to the geocentric rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z)

[0135]

[0136] Where: (X, Y, Z) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the geocentric rectangular coordinate system; λ and h represent the longitude, latitude and elevation of the building city BIM model in the spatial coordinate system; N represents the radius of curvature of the y-axis; e represents the first eccentricity;

[0137] 2) Convert the geocentric rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) to the geodetic coordinate system (B, L, H)

[0138]

[0139] Where: (B, L, H) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the geodetic coordinate system; A represents the major semi-axis of the ellipsoid.

[0140] Specifically, within the spatial model database, corresponding spatial model data sub-databases are established according to historical periods. Each spatial model data sub-database includes the BIM model of buildings and cities and the CityGML model of mountain environments for that historical period. Because historical landscapes are constantly changing, spatial models vary from one historical period to another, so spatial information data sub-databases are needed to distinguish them.

[0141] 3. Associated Data Layers

[0142] In this embodiment, the specific processing steps for generating the associated data layer are as follows:

[0143] S401: Acquire urban remote sensing data, ecological environment data, and urban construction data of the target city;

[0144] In this embodiment, urban remote sensing data includes remote sensing data such as satellite imagery and drone aerial photography. Ecological and environmental data includes hydrological data such as rainfall, river flow, and water quality, as well as ecological and environmental data such as soil moisture, vegetation cover, and air quality. Urban construction data includes urban planning, building information, infrastructure, and other urban construction data.

[0145] S402: After pre-processing urban remote sensing data, ecological environment data, and urban construction data, convert them into formats supported by the GIS system platform, such as Shapefile, GeoJSON, etc., and unify the coordinate system and projection method;

[0146] S403: Using the spatial connection function of the GIS system platform, different data are associated based on geographic location or attributes; the associated data are integrated into a layer to form a linked data layer;

[0147] In this embodiment, the data can be fused and processed as needed, such as overlay analysis, buffer analysis, etc.

[0148] S404: Set the attribute fields and styles of the associated data layer as needed.

[0149] Example 2:

[0150] This embodiment discloses an urban historical mountain landscape data platform based on spatial information technology.

[0151] This embodiment uses a B / S architecture to build the system, leveraging technologies such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing. This provides fundamental support for various digital city applications across the infrastructure, data, platform services, and application layers. Simply installing and maintaining the server allows users to access system functions through their web browser.

[0152] 1. Application platform functional module design

[0153] Based on data types and actual system requirements, the system functional modules were designed. Based on the purpose of each function, the system modules are divided into five parts: a basic functional module, an information query module, a spatial analysis module, and a physical mapping module. The basic functional module focuses on basic map operations, such as scene positioning, map zooming in and out, area and distance calculation, and scene walking and bird's-eye view flight browsing, allowing users to quickly obtain the relevant information they need within the map scene. The information query module is divided into two methods based on the information query type and query method: ① Attribute query: querying information by attributes and then locating the query results on the map; ② Map attribute query: searching for attribute information associated with ground objects through the map. The spatial analysis module includes buffer zone analysis and spatial relationship analysis. First, mountain-related ecological and environmental data and construction data are linked as data layers. For example, elevation data, hydrological data, land use data, soil property data, and surface vegetation data are used as sub-indicators for establishing buffer zones. Three buffer zone thresholds of 500m, 1000m, and 2000m are set in the platform. The boundaries for protecting the ecological security of ancient mountains can be delineated based on the buffer zone range. In spatial relationship analysis, this platform provides visual area analysis and line of sight analysis; in order to provide the function of quickly generating thematic maps of urban historical mountain landscapes, the system provides an entity mapping function module, which is divided into two parts: three-dimensional scene mapping and two-dimensional map mapping according to different system scene types. The three-dimensional scene mapping function is to render scene entities by setting classification conditions, generate thematic maps and print the scenes; the two-dimensional map mapping function is mainly to generate thematic maps and print them by overlaying feature layers and manually marking them.

[0154] 2. Application platform database design

[0155] The overall database architecture design for the BIM and GIS data fusion application platform is divided into two parts: a system operation support library and a basic geographic database. The system operation support library is the guarantee for system operation and includes multiple databases such as the directory database, the rights management database, and the system log database, which are used to store and apply data for different functions in the system. The basic geographic database is the foundational data content for system construction and application expansion, providing the platform with a basic spatial benchmark. Basic data includes vector data, image data, and three-dimensional data of the city's historical mountain landscape, which are stored separately and classified to meet the personalized needs of various departments and industries for basic map services.

[0156] Specifically, the urban historical mountain landscape data platform based on spatial information technology includes:

[0157] An infrastructure layer, which is used to provide infrastructure support, including computing resources, storage resources, and network resources; wherein the storage resources store the urban historical mountain landscape database constructed by the urban historical mountain landscape database and construction method of the first embodiment;

[0158] In this embodiment, the infrastructure layer serves as the basic support for the platform and provides necessary hardware resources for the data layer, platform service layer, and application layer.

[0159] The data layer is used to exchange data with the spatial information database, spatial information database and associated data layers in the urban historical mountain landscape database through the infrastructure layer;

[0160] In this embodiment, the data layer receives storage resources from the infrastructure layer, provides data support for the platform service layer and the application layer, and transmits and exchanges data with the platform service layer to achieve dynamic data updates and real-time analysis.

[0161] The platform service layer is used to provide map services, spatial analysis services, and data fusion services based on the data in the data layer, including map rendering, attribute query, spatial relationship analysis, buffer analysis, and the fusion processing of BIM data and GIS data;

[0162] In this embodiment, the platform service layer receives data from the data layer, processes and handles it, and provides efficient and intelligent services to the application layer. It makes service calls and returns results to the application layer to achieve dynamic expansion and customization of functions.

[0163] The application layer is used to build modules that implement specific application functions based on the services provided by the platform service layer, combined with Figure 5 The module includes basic function module, information query module, spatial analysis module and entity mapping module;

[0164] in:

[0165] Basic function module, used to provide basic map operation functions, including scene positioning, map zooming in and out, and area distance measurement;

[0166] The information query module is used to retrieve and locate data through attribute query and image query.

[0167] The spatial analysis module is used to provide buffer zone analysis and spatial relationship analysis, and is used to assess and protect the ecological security of ancient mountains.

[0168] The entity mapping module is used to support three-dimensional scene mapping and two-dimensional map mapping, generate thematic maps and print them.

[0169] In this embodiment, the application layer receives services provided by the platform service layer, implements and displays functions, interacts with users, receives user input and requests, and returns results and feedback.

[0170] The present invention's urban historical mountain landscape data platform, through a multi-layered structure encompassing infrastructure, data, platform services, and applications, enables unified management and in-depth analysis of urban historical mountain landscape data, providing comprehensive, efficient, and intelligent foundational support for various urban applications. The platform is closely integrated with a spatial information database, a spatial model database, and associated data layers, ensuring the comprehensiveness and accuracy of urban historical mountain landscape data.

[0171] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than to limit the technical solutions. Those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent replacements of the technical solutions of the present invention that do not depart from the purpose and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention should be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for constructing a historical urban mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM, characterized by: include: S1: Acquire historical geographic information and historical surveying and mapping photography data of the target city; In step S1, historical geographical information includes historical atlases and local archaeological data; Historical surveying and mapping photographic data include historical surveying and mapping atlases, historical geospatial data and oblique photogrammetric data; S2: Using the GIS system platform to classify and attribute the spatial information of the target city based on historical geographic information, and generate a spatial information database; In step S2, the specific processing steps for generating the spatial information database are as follows: S201: Obtain historical atlases and local archaeological data of the target city as basic data for generating a spatial information database; S202: Establish a unified working base map and coordinate system; convert historical maps of each historical period into corresponding map raster images; align the map raster images of each historical period to the unified working base map and coordinate system through the GIS system platform to obtain the working base map of the target city in each historical period; S203: Extract classified historical landscape elements from historical atlases and local archaeological data; locate the historical landscape elements on the working base map of the target city in the corresponding historical period according to different time sections, and realize the spatial positioning of the historical landscape elements in a unified coordinate system; S204: Divide the historical landscape elements in the working base map of the target city in various historical periods into several types of spatial information data subsets through the symbolization rules of the GIS system platform; In step S204, the historical landscape elements in the working base map of the target city in various historical periods are divided into three dataset types: points, lines, and surfaces according to the symbolization rules of the GIS system platform; the three dataset types are further divided into nine types of spatial information data subsets: historical sites, scenic spots, mountains, lakes, roads, building plots, rivers, city walls, and gardens; The point dataset includes historical sites, scenic spots and mountains; the line dataset includes roads, rivers and city walls; the surface dataset includes building plots, lakes and gardens; S205: integrating the attributes of historical landscape elements through the attribute table in the GIS system platform, and adding attribute data to each type of spatial information data subset; S206: Integrate the spatial information data subsets of various types into the spatial information data repository; In step S206, corresponding spatial information data sub-databases are established in the spatial information data master database according to historical periods; Each spatial information data sub-database includes nine types of spatial information data subsets, including historical sites, scenic spots, mountains, lakes, roads, building plots, rivers, city walls and gardens in the corresponding historical period; S3: Combine the GIS system platform and the BIM system platform to conduct 3D modeling of the buildings and mountain environments of the target city based on historical surveying and photography data, and generate a spatial model data library; In step S3, the specific processing steps for generating the spatial model data library are as follows: S301: Construct BIM models of buildings and cities in various historical periods based on the historical surveying and mapping atlas of the target city through the BIM system platform; In step S301, the architectural city BIM model includes a refined model of the cultural core building and a white model of the historical city building; In step S302, the mountain environment CityGML model includes small and medium-sized mountain oblique image models and large mountain CityGML models; S302: Identify natural mountains within the target city using the GIS system platform based on the historical geospatial data and oblique photogrammetry data of the target city, and then establish a CityGML model of the mountain environment in each historical period in combination with the city's basic geographic information; S303: Convert the format of the building city BIM model into a format recognizable by the GIS system platform; S304: converting the relative coordinate system of the building city BIM model into the absolute coordinate system of the mountain environment CityGML model, and converting the spatial rectangular coordinate system of the building city BIM model into the geodetic coordinate system of the mountain environment CityGML model; S305: fusing the converted building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model with scene data of the corresponding historical period, and optimizing the fused building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model; In step S305, corresponding spatial model data sub-libraries are established in the spatial model data master library according to historical periods; Each spatial model data sub-library includes the BIM model of buildings and cities and the CityGML model of mountain environments in the corresponding historical period; S306: Integrate the building city BIM model and mountain environment CityGML model after scene data fusion and optimization into the spatial model data library; S4: Generate linked data layers based on the GIS system platform for the target city; In step S4, the specific processing steps for generating the associated data layer are as follows: S401: Acquire urban remote sensing data, ecological environment data, and urban construction data of the target city; S402: After pre-processing the urban remote sensing data, ecological environment data, and urban construction data, convert them into a format supported by the GIS system platform, and unify the coordinate system and projection method; S403: Associating different data based on geographic location or attributes through the spatial connection function of the GIS system platform; Integrate the associated data into one layer to form an associated data layer; S404: Setting the attribute fields and styles of the associated data layer as needed; S5: Construct an urban historical mountain landscape database of the target city based on the spatial information database, spatial information database and associated data layers.

2. The method for constructing a historical urban mountain landscape database based on GIS and BIM according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S304, the relative coordinate system is converted into an absolute coordinate system using the following formula: in Where: (x, y, z) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the absolute coordinate system; n = 1, 2, …, m, where m represents the number of iterations of the building city BIM model during coordinate transformation; (a, b, c) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the relative coordinate system, and the initial Cartesian coordinate points during coordinate transformation; α, β, and γ represent the rotation angles around x, y, and z, respectively, during coordinate transformation. The conversion from the spatial rectangular coordinate system to the geodetic coordinate system is achieved through the following formula: 1) Convert the spatial coordinate system (x, y, z) to the geocentric rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) Where: (X, Y, Z) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the geocentric rectangular coordinate system; λ and h represent the longitude, latitude and elevation of the building city BIM model in the spatial coordinate system; N represents the radius of curvature of the y-axis; e represents the first eccentricity; 2) Convert the geocentric rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) to the geodetic coordinate system (B, L, H) Where: (B, L, H) represents the coordinates of the building city BIM model in the geodetic coordinate system; A represents the major semi-axis of the ellipsoid.

3. The urban historical mountain landscape data platform based on spatial information technology is characterized by: include: The infrastructure layer provides infrastructure support, including computing resources, storage resources, and network resources; The storage resource stores the urban historical mountain landscape database constructed by the urban historical mountain landscape database and construction method according to claim 1; The data layer is used to exchange data with the spatial information database, spatial information database and associated data layers in the urban historical mountain landscape database through the infrastructure layer; The platform service layer is used to provide map services, spatial analysis services, and data fusion services based on the data in the data layer, including map rendering, attribute query, spatial relationship analysis, buffer analysis, and the fusion processing of BIM data and GIS data; The application layer is used to build modules that implement specific application functions based on the services provided by the platform service layer, including basic function modules, information query modules, spatial analysis modules, and entity mapping modules; in: Basic function module, used to provide map operation functions, including scene positioning, map zooming in and out, and area distance measurement; Information query module, used for querying images by attributes and attributes by images; Spatial analysis module, used to provide buffer analysis and spatial relationship analysis; The entity mapping module is used to support three-dimensional scene mapping and two-dimensional map mapping.

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