Nickel-rich cathode electrode with ionically conductive additive

Abstract

The present invention provides a battery cell comprising: A anode electrodes comprising an anode active material layer disposed on an anode current collector; c cathode electrodes including a cathode active material layer disposed on the cathode current collector; s separators, where A, C and S are integers, and a lithium-based electrolyte. And the C cathode electrodes and the A anode electrodes exchange lithium ions. The cathode active material layer includes a nickel-containing cathode active material and an ionically conductive additive.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to battery cells, and more particularly to battery cells including a nickel-rich cathode electrode having an ionically conductive additive. Background Art

[0002] The information provided in this section is intended to generally introduce the background of the present disclosure. To the extent that work currently named as inventors is described in this section, and aspects of the specification that may not have been otherwise identified as prior art at the time of filing, are not admitted, either explicitly or implicitly, as prior art to the present disclosure.

[0003] The present disclosure relates to battery cells, and more particularly to battery cells including a nickel-rich cathode electrode having an ionically conductive additive.

[0004] Electric vehicles (EVs), such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid vehicles, and / or fuel cell vehicles, include one or more motors and a battery system including one or more battery cells, modules, and / or battery packs. A power control system is used to control the charging and / or discharging of the battery system during charging and / or driving.

[0005] The battery cell includes a cathode electrode, an anode electrode and a separator. The cathode electrode includes a cathode active material layer (including cathode active material) disposed on a cathode current collector. The anode electrode includes an anode active material layer (including anode active material) disposed on an anode current collector. Summary of the invention

[0006] A battery cell comprising: A anode electrodes including an anode active material layer disposed on an anode current collector, C cathode electrodes including a cathode active material layer disposed on a cathode current collector, S separators, wherein A, C and S are integers, and a lithium-based electrolyte. The C cathode electrodes exchange lithium ions with the A anode electrodes. The cathode active material layer comprises a nickel-containing cathode active material and an ion-conductive additive.

[0007] In other features, the cathode active material comprises a nickel-rich rock salt layered oxide. The cathode active material is selected from LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 (NMC), LiN x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NCA), LiNi x Co y Mn z Al 1-x-y-z O 2 (NCMA), LiNix Mn y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NMA), LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (NM), LiNiO 2 (LNO) and combinations thereof. The ion conductive additive comprises an ion conductive precursor which is converted into an ion conductor during cycling of the battery cell. The ion conductive precursor is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal fluorides and combinations thereof.

[0008] In other features, the ion-conductive precursor comprises a material selected from aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZrO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), Boron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ), molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ) and combinations thereof.

[0009] In other features, the ion-conductive precursor comprises a member selected from aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ), cobalt phosphate (Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) and combinations thereof. The ion-conductive precursor comprises a metal phosphate selected from aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), cesium fluoride (CeF 2 ), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) and combinations thereof.

[0010] In other features, the ion conductive additive is selected from lithium salts, lithium nitride, lithium hydride, lithium halide, perovskite, garnet, lithium argyrodite, lithium super ion conductor (LISICON), thio-LISICON, thiophosphate, sodium super ion conductor (NASICON) and / or combinations thereof. The ion conductive additive accounts for 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of the cathode active material layer. The ion conductive additive includes lithium derivatives of metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal fluorides, and combinations thereof.

[0011] In other features, the lithium derivative of the metal oxide is selected from lithium aluminate (LiAlO 2 )、Li 3 ZrO 2 , Li 2 ZrO3 , Li 2 O-2B 2 O 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 3 , Li 2 WO 4 , Li 3 NbO 4 、LiAlF 4 and combinations thereof.

[0012] In other features, a method for making a battery cell includes mixing a cathode active material, a binder, an ion conductive precursor, and a solvent to produce a slurry. The cathode active material is selected from LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 (NMC), LiN x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NCA), LiNi x Co y Mn z Al 1-x-y-z O 2 (NCMA), LiNi x Mn y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NMA), LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (NM), LiNiO 2 (LNO) and combinations thereof. The ion-conductive precursor is selected from metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal fluorides and combinations thereof. The method includes coating a cathode current collector with a slurry to form a cathode electrode.

[0013] In other features, the method includes disposing C cathode electrodes, A anode electrodes including an anode active material layer disposed on an anode current collector, and S separators in a housing including a lithium-based electrolyte, wherein A, C, and S are integers. The method includes cycling the battery cell to convert the ion-conductive precursor to the ion conductor.

[0014] In other features, the ion conductive precursor comprises 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of the cathode active material layer. The ion conductive precursor comprises a metal oxide, and the metal oxide is selected from aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZrO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2), Boron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ), molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ) and their combinations.

[0015] In other features, the ion-conductive precursor comprises a metal phosphate, and the metal phosphate is selected from aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ), cobalt phosphate (Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) and combinations thereof. The ion conductive precursor comprises a metal fluoride, and the metal fluoride is selected from aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), cesium fluoride (CeF 2 ), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) and their combinations.

[0016] The present invention provides the following solutions:

[0017] Solution 1. A battery cell comprising:

[0018] A anode electrode comprising an anode active material layer disposed on an anode current collector;

[0019] C cathode electrodes comprising a cathode active material layer disposed on a cathode current collector;

[0020] S spacers, where A, C, and S are integers; and

[0021] Lithium-based electrolytes,

[0022] wherein the C cathode electrodes and the A anode electrodes exchange lithium ions, and wherein the cathode active material layer comprises a nickel-containing cathode active material and an ion conductive additive.

[0023] Option 2. A battery cell according to Option 1, wherein the cathode active material comprises a nickel-rich rock salt layered oxide.

[0024] Option 3. A battery cell according to Option 1, wherein the cathode active material is selected from LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x- y O 2 (NMC), LiN x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NCA), LiNi x Co yMn z Al 1-x-y-z O 2 (NCMA), LiNi x Mn y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NMA), LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (NM), LiNiO 2 (LNO) and combinations thereof.

[0025] Embodiment 4. The battery cell of Embodiment 1, wherein the ion conductive additive comprises an ion conductive precursor that is converted to an ion conductor during cycling of the battery cell.

[0026] Option 5. A battery cell according to Option 4, wherein the ion-conductive precursor is selected from metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal fluorides and combinations thereof.

[0027] Option 6. A battery cell according to Option 4, wherein the ion-conductive precursor comprises a material selected from aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZrO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), Boron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ), molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ) and metal oxides in combinations thereof.

[0028] Option 7. A battery cell according to Option 4, wherein the ion-conductive precursor comprises a material selected from aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ), cobalt phosphate (Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) and combinations thereof.

[0029] Option 8. A battery cell according to Option 4, wherein the ion-conductive precursor comprises a member selected from aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), cesium fluoride (CeF 2 ), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) and combinations thereof.

[0030] Option 9. A battery cell according to Option 1, wherein the ion conductive additive is selected from lithium salts, lithium nitride, lithium hydride, lithium halide, perovskite, garnet, lithium germanium sulfide, lithium superionic conductor (LISICON), thio-LISICON, thiophosphate, sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) and / or combinations thereof.

[0031] Embodiment 10. The battery cell according to embodiment 1, wherein the ion conductive additive accounts for 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of the cathode active material layer.

[0032] Embodiment 11. A battery cell according to Embodiment 1, wherein the ion conductive additive comprises lithium derivatives of metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal fluorides and combinations thereof.

[0033] Option 12. A battery cell according to Option 11, wherein the lithium derivative of the metal oxide is selected from lithium aluminate (LiAlO 2 )、Li 3 ZrO 2 , Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 O-2B 2 O 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 3 , Li 2 WO 4 , Li 3 NbO 4 、LiAlF 4 and combinations thereof.

[0034] Embodiment 13. A method for manufacturing a battery cell, comprising:

[0035] The cathode active material, the binder, the ion conductive precursor and the solvent are mixed to produce a slurry,

[0036] The cathode active material is selected from LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 (NMC), LiN x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NCA), LiNi x Co y Mn z Al 1-x-y-z O 2 (NCMA), LiNi xMn y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NMA), LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (NM), LiNiO 2 (LNO) and combinations thereof,

[0037] wherein the ion-conductive precursor is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal fluorides, and combinations thereof; and

[0038] A cathode current collector is coated with the slurry to form a cathode electrode.

[0039] Solution 14. The method according to Solution 13 further includes:

[0040] disposing C cathode electrodes, A anode electrodes comprising an anode active material layer disposed on an anode current collector, and S separators in a housing comprising a lithium-based electrolyte, wherein A, C, and S are integers; and

[0041] The battery cell is cycled to convert the ion conductive precursor into an ion conductor.

[0042] Option 15. A method according to Option 13, wherein the ion conductive precursor accounts for 0.1 wt% to 10 wt% of the cathode active material layer.

[0043] Option 16. The method according to Option 13, wherein the ion conductive precursor comprises the metal oxide, and the metal oxide is selected from aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZrO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), Boron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ), molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ) and their combinations.

[0044] Option 17. The method according to Option 13, wherein the ion-conducting precursor comprises the metal phosphate and the metal phosphate is selected from aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ), cobalt phosphate (Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) and their combinations.

[0045] Scheme 18. The method according to Scheme 13, wherein the ion-conductive precursor comprises the metal fluoride, and the metal fluoride is selected from aluminum fluoride (AlF3 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), cesium fluoride (CeF2), calcium fluoride (CeF 2 ) and their combinations.

[0046] Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, claims and drawings.The detailed description and specific examples are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] The present disclosure will be more fully understood through the detailed description and accompanying drawings, in which:

[0048] Figure 1 is a functional block diagram of a battery cell including an anode electrode, a cathode electrode having a nickel-rich cathode active material and an ion-conductive additive, and a separator according to the present disclosure;

[0049] Figure 2 is a more detailed view of a cathode electrode according to the present disclosure;

[0050] Figure 3 is a graph illustrating the specific capacity as a function of cycling for battery cells including a conventional nickel-rich cathode and a nickel-rich cathode having an ionically conductive additive according to the present disclosure; and

[0051] Figure 4 and Figure 5 are graphs illustrating impedance variation with frequency for a conventional nickel-rich cathode and a nickel-rich cathode with ion-conductive additives according to the present disclosure, respectively.

[0052] Among the drawings, reference numerals may be repeated to identify similar and / or identical elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] Although battery cells according to the present disclosure are shown in the context of an electric vehicle, the battery cells may be used in stationary applications and / or other applications.

[0054] As described above, the battery cell includes a cathode electrode, an anode electrode, a separator and an electrolyte arranged in a housing. The cathode electrode includes a cathode active material layer (including a cathode active material) arranged on a cathode current collector. In some examples, the cathode active material layer includes a nickel-rich (Ni-rich) cathode active material, a binder and a conductive additive.

[0055] Nickel-rich cathode electrodes can experience side reactions with the electrolyte, transition metal ion dissolution, layer-to-spinel phase transformation, and / or microcrack formation. To reduce problems associated with side reactions, the outer surface of the cathode active material is coated with a thin surface layer to improve battery cycle life. However, the coating increases the complexity of cathode manufacturing and energy use.

[0056] The present disclosure relates to cathode electrodes and methods for making cathode electrodes with improved cycling stability. The cathode electrode incorporates an ion conductive additive and / or an ion conductor precursor in a slurry mixture to form a coating of a cathode active material layer. When an ion conductor precursor (e.g., Al 2 O 3 ), which forms Li conductive oxides (e.g., LiAlO) in situ in the battery cell during cycling. 2 ). By adding ion conductor precursors, the cathode electrode exhibits higher ionic conductivity and increased cycling stability. In some examples, a small amount of Al 2 O 3 (eg, 5 wt% of the cathode active material layer.) This approach avoids the complex manufacturing steps and / or high energy usage required to coat a surface with cathode active material.

[0057] The battery cells including the cathode electrodes described herein have improved electrochemical properties, including higher ionic conductivity and increased cycling stability. The blended ion conductor precursors do not block the electron channels on the surface of the cathode active material particles. In contrast, since the coating covers the outer surface of the cathode active material particles, the coating blocks the electron channels, which reduces the energy density of the cathode electrode.

[0058] Reference now Figure 1 , the battery cell 10 includes C cathode electrodes 20, A anode electrodes 40, and S separators 32 arranged in a predetermined order in a battery cell stack 12. The battery cell stack 12 is located in a housing 50 including a lithium-based electrolyte, wherein C, S, and A are integers greater than zero. The C cathode electrodes 20-1, 20-2, ..., and 20-C include a cathode active material layer 24 arranged on one or both sides of a cathode current collector 26.

[0059] During the charge / discharge process, the A anode electrodes 40 and the C cathode electrodes 20 exchange lithium ions. The cathode active material layer 24 includes a Ni-rich cathode active material. In some examples, the cathode active material includes a nickel-rich rock salt layered oxide. Examples of nickel-rich rock salt layered oxides include LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 (NMC), LiN x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NCA), LiNi x Co y Mn z Al 1-x-y-zO 2 (NCMA), LiNi x Mn y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NMA), LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (NM) and LiNiO 2 (LNO).

[0060] A anode electrodes 40-1, 40-2, ... and 40-A include an anode active material layer 42 disposed on one or both sides of an anode current collector 46. In some examples, the anode active material layer 42 and / or the cathode active material layer 24 include a coating applied to the current collector, the coating comprising one or more active materials, one or more conductive additives and / or one or more binder materials.

[0061] In some examples, the cathode current collector 26 and the anode current collector 46 include metal foil, metal mesh, perforated metal, 3D metal foam and / or porous metal. In some examples, the current collector is made of one or more materials selected from copper, stainless steel, brass, bronze, zinc, aluminum and / or their alloys. The external tabs 28 and 48 are connected to the current collectors of the cathode electrode and the anode electrode, respectively, and can be arranged on the same side or opposite sides of the battery cell stack 12. The external tabs 28 and 48 are connected to the terminals of the battery cells.

[0062] Reference now Figure 2 , the cathode active material layer 22 is shown to include a cathode active material 70, a binder 74, and a conductive additive 76. In some examples, the conductive additive 76 includes an ion conductive precursor or an ion conductive additive. In the process of manufacturing the cathode active material layer 22, the cathode active material 70 including the Ni-rich cathode active material is blended with the binder 74, the conductive additive 76, and the solvent to produce a slurry. After the slurry is deposited on the current collector, heat can be applied to remove the solvent. In some examples, the ion conductive additive 76 accounts for 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of the cathode active material layer 22.

[0063] For example, an ion-conducting precursor (e.g., Al 2 O 3 ) is added to a mixture comprising a Ni-rich cathode active material, a binder, and a solvent. In some examples, the mixture is mixed at a mixing speed ranging from 500 to 3000 rpm for 2 to 10 minutes. In some examples, Al 2 O 3 The particle size of Al is in the range of 5 nm to 3 μm. 2 O 3The particle size is in the range of 0.5 μm to 3 μm.

[0064] In some examples, the cathode with the ion conductive precursor is exposed to an electrolyte (any lithium-containing electrolyte) and / or reacts with residual lithium on the surface of the cathode active material. When the battery cell is cycled, the ion conductive precursor is converted to an ion conductor in situ by electrochemical conversion. For example, the conversion can occur when the battery cell is operated at a voltage in the range of 2.5V to 4.5V, a temperature in the range of 15°C to 60°C, and / or a charge / discharge rate in the range of 0.01C to 20C.

[0065] In some examples, the conductive additive includes an ion conductive precursor selected from an inert chemical species including metal oxides, metal phosphates, and metal fluorides, which are converted into ion conductors during the charge / discharge process. Examples of metal oxides include aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZrO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), Boron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ), molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) and tin oxide (SnO 2 Examples of metal phosphates include aluminum phosphate (AlPO 4 ) and / or cobalt phosphate (Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Examples of metal fluorides include aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), cesium fluoride (CeF 2 ), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) and their combinations.

[0066] In other examples, the conductive additive includes an ion conductor comprising a lithium derivative of a metal oxide, a metal phosphate and / or a metal fluoride. Examples of the Li derivatives of the above components include lithium aluminate (LiAlO 2 )、Li 3 ZrO 2 , Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li 2 O-2B 2 O 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 PO 3 , Li 2 WO4 , Li 3 NbO 4 、LiAlF 4 and combinations thereof.

[0067] In other examples, the conductive additive includes an ion conductor comprising a lithium salt, lithium nitride, lithium halide, lithium hydride, perovskite, garnet, argyrodite, superionic conductor, and combinations thereof. Examples of lithium salts include lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and combinations thereof. Examples of perovskites include lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO). Examples of garnets include lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO or Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 Examples of lithium argyrodite include Li 7 P 3 S 11 (LPS). Examples of superionic conductors include lithium superionic conductors (LISICON), thio-LISICON, thiophosphates and / or sodium superionic conductors (NASICON).

[0068] Reference now Figure 3 , showing the variation of specific capacity (mAh / g) with cycles for a battery cell having a conventional nickel-rich cathode electrode at 110 and a battery cell having a nickel-rich cathode electrode including an ion conductive additive according to the present disclosure at 112. In this example, the conventional nickel-rich battery cell includes NCMA as an active material. The nickel-rich battery cell including an ion conductive additive includes NCMA (95 wt %) and Al 2 O 3 The specific capacity of the conventional nickel-rich battery cell decreases at a rate of 2.6% per 100 cycles. The specific capacity of the nickel-rich battery cell containing the ion conductive additive decreases at a rate of 1.3% per 100 cycles, with a decay of about 50% less per 100 cycles. The specific capacity of the battery cell with the conventional nickel-rich cathode electrode is 189.1 mAh / g at 100 cycles. The specific capacity of the battery cell with the nickel-rich cathode electrode with the ion conductive additive is 197.3 mAh / g.

[0069] Reference now Figure 4 and Figure 5 , the impedance is shown to vary with frequency. Ds corresponds to the 2 / Siemens(cm 2 / s) of the lithium ion diffusion rate. Re(Z) is the measured value corresponding to the real part of the EIS impedance. σ can be calculated from the second function (as follows), and then Ds can be calculated accordingly:

[0070]

[0071]

[0072] where ω is the frequency (x-axis), Re(Z) is the real part of the EIS impedance, R is the gas constant, Rs is the internal contact resistance of the battery, A is the area, n is the number of electrons transferred, T is the absolute temperature, F is the Faraday constant, Cs is the concentration of lithium ions in the solid phase, and R ct is the charge transfer resistance, and σ is the Warburg coefficient. The Ds of a conventional nickel-rich battery cell is 1.73×10 -11 cm 2 / s. The Ds of the nickel-rich battery cell with ion-conductive additives described herein is 2.45×10 -11 cm 2 / s. The specific capacity of the conventional nickel-rich battery cell at 100 cycles was 189.1 mAh / g. The specific capacity of the nickel-rich battery cell with ion-conductive additives at 100 cycles was 197.3 mAh / g.

[0073] The manufacturing method of the battery cell with the nickel-rich cathode electrode and the ion-conductive additive is less complex. No additional manufacturing infrastructure is required for cathode active material coating or doping. The manufacturing method of the battery cell with the nickel-rich cathode electrode and the ion-conductive additive uses less energy (compared to the high temperature sintering process used in the cathode active material coating or doping process).

[0074] By adding a relatively small amount of ion conductive additive, the nickel-rich cathode electrode with the ion conductive additive achieves higher ionic conductivity, improved cycling stability and higher specific capacity compared to a conventional cathode electrode with an active material (NCMA) and without the ion conductive additive.

[0075] The foregoing description is essentially only exemplary and is absolutely not intended to limit the present disclosure, its application or use. The broad teachings of the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms. Therefore, although the present disclosure includes specific examples, the true scope of the present disclosure should not be limited thereto, because after studying the drawings, the specification and the following claims, other modifications will become apparent. It should be understood that one or more steps in the method may be implemented in different orders (or simultaneously) without changing the principles of the present disclosure. In addition, although each embodiment is described above as having certain features, any one or more features described with respect to any embodiment of the present disclosure may be implemented in any other embodiment and / or combined with the features of any other embodiment, even if the combination is not explicitly described. In other words, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive, and the mutual replacement of one or more embodiments is still within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0076] Various terms are used to describe the spatial and functional relationships between elements (e.g., between modules, circuit elements, semiconductor layers, etc.), including "connected," "engaged," "coupled," "adjacent," "next to," "on top of," "on," "under," and "disposed." Unless explicitly described as "directly," when describing the relationship between a first element and a second element in the above disclosure, the relationship can be a direct relationship in which no other intervening elements exist between the first element and the second element, or an indirect relationship in which one or more intervening elements exist between the first element and the second element (spatially or functionally). The phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" as used herein should be interpreted to mean a logical (A or B or C) using a non-exclusive logical OR, and should not be interpreted to mean "at least one A, at least one B, and at least one C."

[0077] In the drawings, the direction of the arrows, as shown by arrows, generally demonstrates the flow of information (such as data or instructions) related to the diagram. For example, when component A and component B exchange various information but the information transmitted from component A to component B is related to the diagram, the arrow may point from component A to component B. Such a unidirectional arrow does not mean that no other information is transmitted from component B to component A. In addition, for the information transmitted from component A to component B, component B may send a request for the information to component A or a receipt of the information.

Claims

1. A battery cell, comprising: A anode electrode comprising an anode active material layer disposed on an anode current collector; C cathode electrodes comprising a cathode active material layer disposed on a cathode current collector; S spacers, where A, C, and S are integers; and Lithium-based electrolytes, wherein the C cathode electrodes and the A anode electrodes exchange lithium ions, and wherein the cathode active material layer comprises a nickel-containing cathode active material and an ion conductive additive.

2. The battery cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode active material comprises a nickel-rich rock salt layered oxide.

3. The battery cell according to claim 1, wherein the cathode active material is selected from LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O2(NMC), LiN x Co y Al 1-x-y O2(NCA), LiNi x Co y Mn z Al 1-x-y-z O2(NCMA), LiNi x Mn y Al 1-x-y O2(NMA), LiNi x Mn 1-x O2(NM), LiNiO2(LNO) and combinations thereof.

4. The battery cell of claim 1, wherein the ionically conductive additive comprises an ionically conductive precursor that converts to an ion conductor during cycling of the battery cell.

5. The battery cell of claim 4, wherein the ion-conductive precursor is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal phosphates, metal fluorides, and combinations thereof.

6. The battery cell of claim 4, wherein the ion conductive precursor comprises a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), zinc oxide (ZrO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), boron trioxide (B2O3), molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), tungsten oxide (WO3), tin oxide (SnO2) and combinations thereof.

7. The battery cell of claim 4, wherein the ion-conductive precursor comprises a metal phosphate selected from aluminum phosphate (AlPO4), cobalt phosphate (Co3(PO4)2), and combinations thereof.

8. The battery cell of claim 4, wherein the ion conductive precursor comprises a metal fluoride selected from aluminum fluoride (AlF3), magnesium fluoride (MgF2), cesium fluoride (CeF2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), and combinations thereof.

9. The battery cell according to claim 1, wherein the ion conductive additive is selected from lithium salts, lithium nitride, lithium hydride, lithium halide, perovskite, garnet, lithium germanium sulfide, lithium superionic conductor (LISICON), thio-LISICON, thiophosphate, sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) and / or combinations thereof.

10. The battery cell of claim 1, wherein the ion conductive additive comprises 0.1 wt% to 10 wt% of the cathode active material layer.

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