Preparation method and application of porous gel for sewage treatment

Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of porous gel for sewage treatment, and relates to the technical field of novel composites.The method comprises the following specific steps that raw materials are prepared, specifically, three monomers including acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide and [2-(methylacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide are prepared; weighing according to a specific proportion, and preparing a cross-linking agent and ammonium persulfate; the hydrogel with an interpenetrating trepanning structure is prepared through copolymerization, the basic application requirements of a hydrogel evaporator are met, the evaporation area of water molecules is greatly increased, the elasticity and the water conveying capacity of the hydrogel are enhanced, meanwhile, the content of middle water in the gel and the hydrophilic performance of an interface are adjusted and controlled, and the application range of the hydrogel evaporator is widened. The stability and the mechanical strength of the polyacrylamide composite material are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of novel composite materials, in particular to a preparation method of a porous gel for sewage treatment and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] As an excellent linear polymer, polyacrylamide is widely used in food, medicine, papermaking, textile, oil extraction and mineral processing as a flocculant, thickener and enhancer due to its good water solubility and chemical activity. In addition, polyacrylamide also has a place in sewage treatment, agriculture and other industries, especially in the field of sewage treatment. Due to its good biocompatibility, high plasticity, low cost and convenient processing and molding, polyacrylamide can accelerate the sedimentation of suspended particles in sewage. It has become a hot material in this field and is widely used at home and abroad. Nowadays, polyacrylamide accounts for about 10% of the total amount of water treatment polymer materials, of which polyacrylamide used in water treatment accounts for 43-45% of the global total polyacrylamide production, and the sales volume of polyacrylamide in the water treatment field is 1045.7 thousand tons.

[0003] However, polyacrylamide has limited stability, which makes it susceptible to environmental influences when placed for a long time. It is easy to fall off and has poor flocculation effect in sewage treatment applications. The general practice is copolymerization modification, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, etc., to enhance the water resistance and rheological properties of polyacrylamide. Since the monomer itself has the possibility of self-polymerization, it is usually necessary to add a cross-linking agent to the monomer during copolymerization before it can be used. This makes the preparation process of polyacrylamide-based organic composite materials more complicated and the preparation process more lengthy. Although the addition of cross-linking agents can make the overall structure of polyacrylamide-based organic composite materials more compact and stable, for industrial production, it will increase the production and use costs of polyacrylamide to a certain extent. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to make up for the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment and its application. It can prepare a polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropyl acrylamide composite material by using polyacrylamide as a matrix and a co-solvent photopolymerization method, thereby designing a three-dimensional network porous structure inside the gel to obtain a gel with excellent performance. The hydrogel with an interpenetrating "hole-in-hole" structure provides a larger area for the evaporation of water molecules, enhances the elasticity and water transport capacity of the hydrogel, and realizes the regulation of the water content inside the gel and the hydrophilicity of the interface.

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: On the one hand, a method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment comprises the following specific steps:

[0006] Raw material preparation: prepare three monomers of acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide, weigh them according to a specific ratio, and prepare a cross-linking agent and ammonium persulfate;

[0007] Preparation of aqueous phase: Add the weighed three monomers into an appropriate amount of deionized water, stir them thoroughly to make them completely dissolved, and form a uniform monomer solution. Then, add the crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate to the monomer solution, and continue stirring to ensure that all components are evenly dispersed to obtain a stable aqueous phase reaction system;

[0008] Polymerization pretreatment: Pour the prepared water phase into the culture dish, control the thickness of the water phase in the culture dish, and cover the culture dish with plastic wrap after completion;

[0009] Heating polymerization: Place the culture dish covered with plastic wrap into a heating device and heat it under specific temperature and time conditions. Under the action of light and heat, the monomers in the water phase undergo polymerization until they are completely polymerized to form a gel with a porous structure.

[0010] Furthermore, in the raw material preparation step, the amount of acrylamide used is 15-40wt% of the mass of the water phase. When it is less than 15wt%, a sufficient polymer skeleton cannot be formed, resulting in insufficient gel strength. When it is higher than 40wt%, too much acrylamide will affect the copolymerization effect of other monomers, change the microstructure of the gel, and affect the flexibility and adsorption performance of the gel. The amount of N-isopropylacrylamide used is 25-65wt% of the mass of the water phase. If the amount is less than 25wt%, the effect of improving the stability and temperature sensitivity of the gel is not obvious. If it is higher than 65wt%, the gel will shrink or swell excessively under certain conditions, affecting its normal performance. The amount of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl)ammonium hydroxide used is 60-86wt% of the mass of the water phase. If it is lower than 60wt%, the gel's adsorption capacity for ions in sewage will be weakened. If it is higher than 86wt%, the charge density of the gel will be too high, resulting in an increase in the intermolecular repulsion force, affecting the overall structure and stability of the gel.

[0011] Furthermore, in the raw material preparation step, the cross-linking agent is N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and the amount is 0.2-1.0wt% of the aqueous phase. If the amount of the cross-linking agent is less than 0.2wt%, the gel has a low degree of cross-linking, is in a loose state, has poor mechanical properties, and is easily damaged during use. If it is higher than 1.0wt%, the gel has a high degree of cross-linking, is hard and brittle, and has reduced flexibility and adsorption performance. The amount of ammonium persulfate is 0.1-7.8wt% of the aqueous phase. When the amount is less than 0.1wt%, the active centers for initiating the polymerization reaction are insufficient, the reaction rate is slow, and even polymerization cannot be initiated. If it is higher than 7.8wt%, the reaction rate will be too fast, the system will generate a lot of heat, and it will be difficult to control the reaction process, resulting in defects in the gel and affecting the performance.

[0012] Furthermore, in the aqueous phase preparation step, the weighed three monomers are added to deionized water and stirred thoroughly to completely dissolve them. The stirring time is 15-30 minutes and the stirring speed is controlled at 200-500 rpm. If the stirring speed is too fast, a large number of bubbles will be mixed into the solution, affecting the internal structure of the gel. If the stirring speed is too slow, the mixing efficiency is low and the components cannot be mixed evenly.

[0013] Furthermore, in the polymerization pretreatment step, the thickness of the water phase in the culture dish is controlled to be 5 mm. If the thickness is too thin, the gel molding effect is poor and the mechanical strength is low. If the thickness is too thick, the light and heat are not evenly transferred in the system, which will lead to inconsistent reactions inside the gel and affect the uniformity of the gel performance. After completion, the culture dish is covered with plastic wrap to prevent water evaporation and mixing of external impurities, and the temperature is kept at 20-25°C and the relative humidity is controlled at 40-60%.

[0014] Furthermore, in the heating polymerization step, the culture dish covered with plastic wrap is placed in a heating device, the heating temperature is set between 50-90°C, the heating time is 30-200 minutes, and it is heated. When the temperature is lower than 50°C, the reaction rate is slow, the monomer polymerization is incomplete, and the performance of the gel is unstable. When the temperature is higher than 90°C, the reaction is too violent and difficult to control, thereby inducing side reactions and destroying the structure and performance of the gel.

[0015] Furthermore, in the heating polymerization step, the monomers in the water phase undergo polymerization reaction under the action of light and heat, and the reaction time is 1.5-2 hours to achieve complete polymerization.

[0016] On the other hand, an application of a porous gel for sewage treatment, the application process of the porous gel is:

[0017] (1) The prepared porous gel is taken out, rinsed with deionized water, cut into square slices with a side length of 2-10 mm, and dried;

[0018] (2) Prepare simulated wastewater containing different dyes and heavy metal ions;

[0019] (3) Take multiple containers and add equal amounts of simulated wastewater to them. Add 0.1-1g of gel to every 100mL of simulated wastewater to ensure that the gel is in full contact with the simulated wastewater. Place the containers in a constant temperature oscillating device and set the oscillation speed to 80-250r / min. Control the reaction temperature at 15-40°C to allow the gel to undergo adsorption reaction.

[0020] (4) During the adsorption reaction, water samples are taken from the container at different time intervals. The first test is performed within 5-10 minutes after the start of the adsorption reaction, and then every 10-30 minutes until the adsorption equilibrium is reached;

[0021] (5) After the adsorption is completed, the saturated gel is desorbed using a desorbent, and after the desorption is completed, the gel is rinsed and dried;

[0022] (6) Repeat the adsorption experiment of simulated wastewater using the regenerated gel;

[0023] (7) Select wastewater samples that actually contain dyes and heavy metal ions, and treat them using the prepared porous gel according to the treatment method of simulated wastewater.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the preparation method of the porous gel for sewage treatment and its application have the following beneficial effects:

[0025] 1. The present invention prepares an interpenetrating "nested pore" structure hydrogel through copolymerization, which meets the basic application requirements of the hydrogel evaporator, greatly increases the evaporation area of ​​water molecules, and while enhancing the elasticity and water transport capacity of the hydrogel, realizes the regulation of the intermediate water content inside the gel and the hydrophilic properties of the interface, solving the problems of polyacrylamide composite materials in terms of stability and mechanical strength.

[0026] 2. The porous gel prepared by the present invention through copolymerization of specific monomers and precise control of reaction conditions has excellent mechanical properties and efficient adsorption capacity. Its breaking strength can reach the MPa level, and the elongation at break is significantly improved, which greatly enhances the stability and durability of the gel in actual use. At the same time, the gel has a strong adsorption capacity for suspended particles, non-ferrous metals, difficult-to-degrade organic matter and new pollutants in sewage, can effectively remove a variety of pollutants, and significantly improve the sewage treatment effect.

[0027] Other advantages, objectives and features of the present invention will be set forth in part in the following description and, in part, will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on an examination of the following or may be taught from the practice of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions are briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0029] Figure 1 A process diagram of a method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment;

[0030] Figure 2 A flow chart of the application of porous gel for wastewater treatment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] In order to further explain the technical means and effects adopted by the present invention to achieve the predetermined invention purpose, the specific implementation mode, structure, characteristics and effects of the present invention are described in detail below in combination with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments.

[0032] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiments:

[0033] A method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment, characterized in that the method comprises the following specific steps:

[0034] Raw material preparation: prepare three monomers of acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide, weigh them according to a specific ratio, and prepare a cross-linking agent and ammonium persulfate;

[0035] Preparation of aqueous phase: Add the weighed three monomers into deionized water, stir them thoroughly to make them completely dissolved to form a uniform monomer solution, and add the crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate into the monomer solution, continue stirring to obtain an aqueous phase reaction system;

[0036] Polymerization pretreatment: Pour the prepared water phase into the culture dish, control the thickness of the water phase in the culture dish, and cover the culture dish with plastic wrap after completion;

[0037] Heating polymerization: Place the culture dish covered with plastic wrap into a heating device and heat it under specific temperature and time conditions. Under the action of light and heat, the monomers in the water phase undergo polymerization until they are completely polymerized to form a gel with a porous structure.

[0038] Example

[0039] 0.14 g acrylamide, 0.23 g NIPAM and 0.56 g acrylic acid base monomer were mixed and added to a three-necked flask (the total amount of monomers was 0.93 g). At the same time, 0.093 g ammonium persulfate and 0.002 g cross-linking agent (N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide) were added to 2 mL of deionized water. The mixture was ultrasonically dispersed and added to the three-necked flask, and stirred at a low speed of 400 r / min until dissolved. After dissolution, the mixture was poured into a culture dish with a thickness of 5 mm, covered with plastic wrap, and heated in a water bath at 55°C for 200 minutes. After the reaction system was cooled, the product was repeatedly washed with deionized water to obtain a polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropylacrylamide complex.

[0040] Polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropylacrylamide gel was soaked in 25mL10-5mol / L rhodamine solution and its adsorption amount was observed.

[0041] The polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonatepropyl)ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropylacrylamide complex was dried at 60°C to constant weight.

[0042] Comparative Example 1

[0043] Add 0.93g of acrylamide into a three-necked flask (total monomer amount is 0.93g), and at the same time add 0.093g of ammonium persulfate into 2mL of deionized water. After preliminary stirring, add into the three-necked flask and stir at a low speed of 400r / min until dissolved. If the stirring speed is too fast, a large amount of bubbles will be mixed into the solution, affecting the internal structure of the gel. If the stirring speed is too slow, the mixing efficiency will be low and the components cannot be guaranteed to be evenly mixed.

[0044] After dissolution, slowly pour the prepared water phase into a clean culture dish, use a spirit level to ensure that the water phase is evenly distributed in the culture dish, and control its thickness to accurately be 5 mm. If the thickness is too thin, the gel molding effect will be poor and the mechanical strength will be low. If the thickness is too thick, the light and heat will be unevenly transferred in the system, which will lead to inconsistent reactions inside the gel and affect the uniformity of the gel's performance. Then, cover the culture dish with a layer of plastic wrap to prevent water evaporation and external impurities from mixing in.

[0045] The culture dish covered with plastic wrap was placed in an oven set at 55°C and heated for 200 minutes. Under the action of light and heat, the monomers in the water phase continued to react for about 1.8 hours until they were completely polymerized to form a gel with an ideal porous structure.

[0046] Polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropylacrylamide gel was soaked in 25mL10-5mol / L rhodamine solution and its adsorption amount was observed.

[0047] The polyacrylamide organic composite was dried at 60°C to constant weight.

[0048] Comparative Example 2

[0049] 0.14 g acrylamide, 0.23 g NIPAM and 0.56 g acrylic acid base monomer were mixed and added to a three-necked flask (total monomer amount was 0.93 g). At the same time, 0.093 g ammonium persulfate was added to 2 mL deionized water. After preliminary stirring, it was added to the three-necked flask and stirred at a low speed of 400 r / min until dissolved. If the stirring speed is too fast, a large amount of bubbles will be mixed into the solution, affecting the internal structure of the gel. If the stirring speed is too slow, the mixing efficiency is low and the components cannot be guaranteed to be evenly mixed.

[0050] After dissolution, slowly pour the prepared water phase into a clean culture dish, use a spirit level to ensure that the water phase is evenly distributed in the culture dish, and control its thickness to accurately be 5 mm. If the thickness is too thin, the gel molding effect will be poor and the mechanical strength will be low. If the thickness is too thick, the light and heat will be unevenly transferred in the system, which will lead to inconsistent reactions inside the gel and affect the uniformity of the gel's performance. Then, cover the culture dish with a layer of plastic wrap to prevent water evaporation and external impurities from mixing in.

[0051] The culture dish covered with plastic wrap was placed in an oven set at 55°C and heated for 200 minutes. Under the action of light and heat, the monomers in the water phase continued to react for about 1.8 hours until they were completely polymerized to form a gel with an ideal porous structure.

[0052] Polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropylacrylamide gel was soaked in 25mL10-5mol / L rhodamine solution and its adsorption amount was observed.

[0053] The polyacrylamide organic composite was dried at 60°C to constant weight.

[0054] Comparative Example 3

[0055] 0.93 g of acrylamide was added to a three-necked flask (total monomer amount was 0.93 g), and 0.093 g of ammonium persulfate and 0.002 g of a cross-linking agent (N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide) were added to 2 mL of deionized water. The mixture was ultrasonically dispersed and added to the three-necked flask, and stirred at a low speed of 400 r / min until dissolved. If the stirring speed is too fast, a large amount of bubbles will be mixed into the solution, affecting the internal structure of the gel. If the stirring speed is too slow, the mixing efficiency will be low and the components cannot be guaranteed to be evenly mixed.

[0056] After dissolution, slowly pour the prepared water phase into a clean culture dish, use a spirit level to ensure that the water phase is evenly distributed in the culture dish, and control its thickness to accurately be 5 mm. If the thickness is too thin, the gel molding effect will be poor and the mechanical strength will be low. If the thickness is too thick, the light and heat will be unevenly transferred in the system, which will lead to inconsistent reactions inside the gel and affect the uniformity of the gel's performance. Then, cover the culture dish with a layer of plastic wrap to prevent water evaporation and external impurities from mixing in.

[0057] The culture dish covered with plastic wrap was placed in an oven set at 55°C and heated for 200 minutes. Under the action of light and heat, the monomers in the water phase continued to react for about 1.8 hours until they were completely polymerized to form a gel with an ideal porous structure.

[0058] Polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropylacrylamide gel was soaked in 25mL10-5mol / L rhodamine solution and its adsorption amount was observed.

[0059] The polyacrylamide organic composite was dried at 60°C to constant weight.

[0060] The polyacrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl)ammonium hydroxide-N-isopropylacrylamide composite material obtained by the present invention can be tested for mechanical properties and adsorption properties in the following manner.

[0061] The standard specimen is prepared by copolymerization method. The specimen specifications are as follows: the mechanical specimen is a rectangular parallelepiped with dimensions of 30×10×5mm. 3 .

[0062] Tensile performance test: A universal mechanical testing machine was used to carry out a tensile test on the prepared standard tensile mechanical specimens at a tensile rate of 2 mm / min.

[0063] The test results are as follows:

[0064] Material Type Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2 Comparative Example 3 Example Tensile strength (kPa) 270 310 310 420 Elongation at break (%) 670 1100 1100 1200

[0065] In summary, this study prepared polyacrylamide organic composite gel with excellent mechanical and adsorption properties by cross-linking the gel crystal region and constructing hydrogen bonds, and using N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid base to treat it to increase the stability of its internal structure. Due to the addition of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid base, the properties of polyacrylamide gel are more stable, its breaking strength can reach the MPa level, and its elongation at break can reach more than 1000%. Compared with ordinary hydrogels, the breaking strength and elongation at break are increased by about 4000% and 200%, respectively. By regulating the cross-linking mode and structure of the polyacrylamide organic composite gel, a polyacrylamide organic composite gel with excellent mechanical and adsorption properties was prepared. At the same time, the softness and adsorption capacity of the gel were enhanced, which provided an important reference value for the preparation of high-strength, recyclable and re-adsorbable gels.

[0066] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the present invention in any form. Although the present invention has been disclosed as a preferred embodiment as above, it is not used to limit the present invention. Any technical personnel in this field can make some changes or modify the technical contents disclosed above into equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the technical solution of the present invention. However, any brief modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the content of the technical solution of the present invention are still within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment, characterized in that: The method comprises the following specific steps: Raw material preparation: prepare three monomers of acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl) ammonium hydroxide, weigh them according to a specific ratio, and prepare a cross-linking agent and ammonium persulfate; Preparation of aqueous phase: Add the weighed three monomers into deionized water, stir them thoroughly to make them completely dissolved to form a uniform monomer solution, and add the crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate into the monomer solution, continue stirring to obtain an aqueous phase reaction system; Polymerization pretreatment: Pour the prepared water phase into the culture dish, control the thickness of the water phase in the culture dish, and cover the culture dish with plastic wrap after completion; Heating polymerization: Place the culture dish covered with plastic wrap into a heating device and heat it under specific temperature and time conditions. Under the action of light and heat, the monomers in the water phase undergo polymerization until they are completely polymerized to form a gel with a porous structure.

2. The method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the raw material preparation step, the amount of acrylamide used is 15-40wt% of the mass of the water phase, the amount of N-isopropylacrylamide used is 25-65wt% of the mass of the water phase, and the amount of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfonic acid propyl)ammonium hydroxide used is 60-86wt% of the mass of the water phase.

3. The method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the raw material preparation step, the cross-linking agent is N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and the amount used is 0.2-1.0wt% of the water phase, and the amount of ammonium persulfate used is 0.1-7.8wt% of the water phase.

4. The method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the aqueous phase preparation step, the three weighed monomers are added into deionized water and stirred thoroughly to completely dissolve them. The stirring time is 15-30 minutes and the stirring speed is controlled at 200-500 rpm.

5. The method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the polymerization pretreatment step, the thickness of the water phase in the culture dish is controlled to be 5 mm, and after completion, the culture dish is covered with a plastic wrap, and the temperature is maintained at 20-25° C. and the relative humidity is controlled at 40-60%.

6. The method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the heating polymerization step, the culture dish covered with the plastic wrap is placed in a heating device, and the heating temperature is set between 50-90° C. and the heating time is 30-200 minutes to heat it.

7. The method for preparing a porous gel for sewage treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the heating polymerization step, the monomers in the water phase undergo polymerization reaction under the action of light initiation and heat, and the reaction time is 1.5-2 hours to achieve complete polymerization.

8. An application of a porous gel for sewage treatment, characterized in that: The application process of the porous gel is as follows: (1) The prepared porous gel is taken out, rinsed with deionized water, cut into square slices with a side length of 2-10 mm, and dried; (2) Prepare simulated wastewater containing different dyes and heavy metal ions; (3) Take multiple containers, add equal amounts of simulated wastewater into them, add 0.1-1g of gel for every 100mL of simulated wastewater, place the containers in a constant temperature oscillation device, set the oscillation speed to 80-250r / min, and control the reaction temperature at 15-40°C to allow the gel to undergo adsorption reaction; (4) During the adsorption reaction, water samples are taken from the container at different time intervals. The first test is performed within 5-10 minutes after the start of the adsorption reaction, and the test is performed every 10-30 minutes until the adsorption equilibrium is reached; (5) After the adsorption is completed, the saturated gel is desorbed using a desorbent, and after the desorption is completed, the gel is rinsed and dried; (6) Repeat the adsorption experiment of simulated wastewater using the regenerated gel; (7) Select wastewater samples that actually contain dyes and heavy metal ions, and treat them using the prepared porous gel according to the treatment method of simulated wastewater.

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