Communication line laying vehicle

Abstract

The invention discloses a communication line laying vehicle which comprises a vehicle body, a threading apparatus transfer unit and a laying unit. The threading apparatus transfer unit and the laying unit are both arranged on the vehicle body. The threading apparatus transfer unit comprises a threading apparatus storage groove used for temporarily storing threading apparatuses, and a first linear mechanism used for moving the threading apparatus storage groove in the width direction of the vehicle body is arranged on one side of the upper portion of the threading apparatus transfer unit. The laying unit comprises an electric rotating disc, a temporary storage disc is arranged at the upper end of the electric rotating disc, a plurality of spools are arranged at the upper end of the temporary storage disc in a circumferential array mode, a communication cable is wound around the outer circumferential side of an inner rod of each spool, the laying unit further comprises a concentric-square-shaped groove formed in one end of the outer circumferential side of the temporary storage disc, a crawler trolley is arranged in the concentric-square-shaped groove, and a plurality of manipulators are arranged on the crawler trolley. A pneumatic clamp is arranged at the movable tail end of the mechanical arm, semi-arc blocks are arranged at the ends of two clamping jaws of the pneumatic clamp respectively, and the laying unit further comprises a conveying assembly used for transferring the spool or the crawler trolley between the trolley body and the ground. The laying efficiency of the communication line can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of communication engineering related equipment, and in particular to a communication line laying vehicle. Background Art

[0002] When laying communication lines, the usual practice is to first set up a pre-buried pipeline in the excavated trench, and then place the communication cable in the pre-buried pipeline. In order to allow the cable to pass through the pre-buried pipeline more smoothly, a threader with a plastic steel or fiberglass traction line is used to pull the cable from one end to the other.

[0003] Common threader structures are as follows Fig. 9 As shown, it includes a pair of triangular frames 41, and a roller 42 is provided on the outer side of a corner position at the bottom of each triangular frame 41, and also includes an inverted U-shaped handle 43, the bottom ends of its two vertical parts are respectively connected to the top corners of each triangular frame 41, and a rotating rod is rotatably matched between the two triangular frames 41. A plurality of J-shaped bars 44 are arranged in a circular array on the outer peripheral side of the rotating rod, and the inner side of the J-shaped bar 44 is used to limit the rolled traction line. A guide hole 45 is also provided on one of the triangular frames 41. When the threader is in use, the head of the traction line is passed through the guide hole 45 and then inserted into the pre-buried pipe.

[0004] However, the laying of existing communication lines is still time-consuming and labor-intensive. The traction line of the threader needs to be manually placed into the pre-buried pipe, and a worker needs to be always next to the threader. The time for placing the traction line is generally long, and usually multiple people are required to take turns to operate. Another part of the staff needs to carry the communication cable to the other end of the pre-buried pipe, connect the cable and the traction line, and then pull the cable back to the initial end of the pre-buried pipe. The degree of automation is low. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned defects, the present invention provides a communication line laying vehicle, which can improve the laying efficiency of communication lines.

[0006] In order to achieve the purpose of the present invention, the following technologies are proposed: A communication line laying vehicle, a vehicle body and a wire threader transfer unit and a laying unit arranged thereon.

[0007] The threader transfer unit comprises a threader storage slot for temporarily storing the threader, and a first linear mechanism for moving the threader storage slot along the width direction of the vehicle body is provided on one side above the threader storage slot; The laying unit includes an electric turntable, a temporary storage disk is provided on the upper end of the electric turntable, a plurality of I-shaped wheels are provided in a circular array on the upper end of the temporary storage disk, a communication cable is wound around the outer circumference of the inner rod of the I-shaped wheel, the laying unit also includes a circular groove arranged at one end of the outer circumference of the temporary storage disk, a crawler trolley is provided in the circular groove, a plurality of manipulators are provided on the crawler trolley, an air clamp is provided at the movable end of the manipulator, and semicircular arc blocks are respectively provided at the ends of the two jaws of the air clamp, and the laying unit also includes a conveying component for transferring the I-shaped wheel or the crawler trolley between the vehicle body and the ground.

[0008] Furthermore, the vehicle body includes a front portion and a trailer disposed at the rear end thereof.

[0009] Furthermore, the threader storage slot, bottom block, electric turntable, and circular slot are all arranged on the upper end surface of the trailer, the fourth linear mechanism is arranged above the trailer, and the first linear mechanism and the second linear mechanism are both fixed to the rear side of the vehicle front.

[0010] Furthermore, slide bars are respectively arranged on both sides of the threader storage slot, and transverse slide grooves are also respectively arranged on both sides of the threader storage slot, and the slide bars are slidably matched in the transverse slide grooves.

[0011] Furthermore, a convex portion is provided at one end of the threader storage slot, a rotating rod is passed through the side surface of the convex portion, side plates are respectively provided at both ends of the rotating rod, a sliding block is provided at one end of the side plate, an inverted L-shaped block is provided at the sliding end of the first linear mechanism, a hanging block is provided at the lower end of the vertical portion of the inverted L-shaped block, a T-slot extending in the vertical direction is provided on one side of the hanging block, and one end of the T-slot passes through to the outside of the hanging block, and the entire sliding block and part of the side plate are slidably fitted in the T-slot.

[0012] Furthermore, a second linear mechanism is provided above the first linear mechanism and arranged parallel to the first linear mechanism, a first rotating motor is provided at the sliding end of the second linear mechanism, a rotating plate is provided at the output end of the first rotating motor, a third linear mechanism arranged parallel to the second linear mechanism is provided at the upper end of the rotating plate, a second rotating motor is provided at the sliding end of the third linear mechanism, a swing plate is provided at one end of the output shaft of the second rotating motor, and a C-shaped hook is provided at the lower end of the swing plate for pulling the horizontal part of the inverted U-shaped handle.

[0013] Furthermore, a plurality of temporary storage tubes are arranged in a circular array on the upper end of the temporary storage tray, and the I-shaped wheel is sleeved on the outer peripheral side of the temporary storage tube.

[0014] Furthermore, a plurality of hanging plates arranged in a circular array are provided on the upper end surface of the crawler vehicle, and a square opening is opened on the side of the hanging plates.

[0015] Furthermore, the conveying assembly includes a fourth linear mechanism, a fifth linear mechanism is provided at a sliding end of which, a sixth linear mechanism is vertically provided at the output end of the fifth linear mechanism, a plurality of branch plates are provided in a circular array at the lower end of the output shaft of the sixth linear mechanism, a seventh linear mechanism is provided on the lower end surface of the branch plate, and an L-shaped clamp for lifting the I-shaped wheel or lifting the crawler trolley through a lifting plate is provided at the output end of the seventh linear mechanism, and the horizontal portion of the L-shaped clamp matches the square opening.

[0016] The beneficial effects of this technical solution are: 1. It can improve the automation level of communication line laying, improve the efficiency of cable laying and save manpower.

[0017] 2. The cables set on I-shaped wheels of different specifications can be pre-loaded and then used during laying, which has strong versatility. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 An overall stereogram of an embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0019] Figure 2 The partial stereogram of the threader transfer unit of the present application embodiment is shown. Figure 1 .

[0020] Figure 3 The partial stereogram of the threader transfer unit of the present application embodiment is shown. Figure 2 .

[0021] Figure 4 The partial stereogram of the threader transfer unit of the present application embodiment is shown. Figure 3 .

[0022] Figure 5 A three-dimensional diagram of a laying unit according to an embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0023] Figure 6 The local three-dimensional diagram of the laying unit of the embodiment of the present application is shown. Figure 1 .

[0024] Figure 7 The local three-dimensional diagram of the laying unit of the embodiment of the present application is shown. Figure 2 .

[0025] Figure 8 The local three-dimensional diagram of the laying unit of the embodiment of the present application is shown. Figure 3 .

[0026] Fig. 9 A perspective view of a needle threader according to the background art of the present application is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The present application is further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0028] like Figure 1 to Figure 8 A communication line laying vehicle shown includes a vehicle body 1, a threader transfer unit 2, and a laying unit 3.

[0029] The vehicle body 1 includes a front portion 11 and a trailer 12 disposed at the rear end thereof.

[0030] The threader transfer unit 2 is arranged on the vehicle body 1, including a threader storage slot 21 arranged on the upper end surface of the trailer 12 and used to temporarily store the threader. The upper end surface of the threader storage slot 21 is provided with a C-shaped guardrail 211, and its open end faces the upper side of the outer side of the trailer 12. A convex portion 212 is provided at one end of the threader storage slot 21, and a rotating rod is passed through the side of the convex portion 212. Side plates 213 are respectively provided at both ends of the rotating rod. A slider 214 is provided at one end of the side plate 213. The threader storage slot 21 is provided with a C-shaped guardrail 211 on the upper end surface of the trailer 12. A slide bar 215, one end of which is provided with a limit portion, and the upper end surface of the trailer 12 is also provided with a bottom block 22 respectively located on both sides of the threader storage slot 21, and a horizontal slide groove 221 is provided at the upper end of the bottom block 22, and the slide bar 215 is slidably matched in the horizontal slide groove 221, and the threader transfer unit 2 also includes a first linear mechanism 23 arranged on one side above the threader storage slot 21 and fixed to the rear side of the front of the vehicle 11, and its sliding end is provided with an inverted L-shaped block 231, and the lower end of the vertical portion of the inverted L-shaped block 231 is provided with a hanging block 232, a T-slot 233 extending in the vertical direction is provided on one side of the hanging block 232, and one end of the T-slot 233 passes through the outside of the hanging block 232, the entire slider 214 and part of the side plate 213 are slidably matched in the T-slot 233, and a second linear mechanism 24 located above the first linear mechanism 23 and arranged parallel to the first linear mechanism 23 is also fixed to the rear side of the front of the vehicle 11, a first rotating motor 25 is provided at its sliding end, a rotating plate 251 is provided at the output end of the first rotating motor 25, a first bracket 252 is provided at the upper end of the rotating plate 251, a third linear mechanism 26 arranged parallel to the second linear mechanism 24 is provided on the first bracket 252, a second rotating motor 27 is provided at the sliding end of the third linear mechanism 26, the output shaft of the first rotating motor 25 is arranged parallel to the output shaft of the second rotating motor 27, a swing plate 271 is provided at one end of the output shaft of the second rotating motor 27, and a C-shaped hook 28 for pulling the horizontal part of the inverted U-shaped handle 43 is provided at the lower end of the swing plate 271.

[0031] The laying unit 3 is arranged on the vehicle body 1, and includes an electric turntable 31 arranged on the upper end surface of the trailer 12. The upper end of the electric turntable 31 is provided with a temporary storage disk 311. The upper end of the temporary storage disk 311 is equipped with a plurality of temporary storage cylinders 32 in a circumferential array. Specifically, the upper end surface of the temporary storage disk 311 is provided with a plurality of screw holes 312 in a circumferential array. The lower end of the temporary storage cylinder 32 is provided with a screw rod portion 321 matching the screw holes 312. The outer peripheral side of the temporary storage cylinder 32 is sleeved with an I-shaped wheel 33. A communication cable is wound around the outer circumference of the inner rod. In the attached drawings, the cable has been omitted. A through hole 331 matching the temporary storage tube 32 is opened through both ends of the I-shaped wheel 33. The laying unit 3 also includes a circular groove 34 arranged on the upper end surface of the trailer 12 and located at one end of the outer circumference of the temporary storage disk 311. A crawler trolley 35 is arranged in the circular groove 34. A plurality of hanging plates 351 arranged in a circular array are arranged on the upper end surface of the crawler trolley 35. A square opening 352 is opened on the side of the hanging plate 351. The vehicle 35 is also provided with a plurality of manipulators 36, the movable end of the manipulators 36 is provided with an air clamp 361, and the two clamping claw ends of the air clamp 361 are respectively provided with semicircular arc blocks 362. The laying unit 3 also includes a fourth linear mechanism 37 arranged above the trailer 12. Specifically, the fourth linear mechanism 37 is arranged on the second bracket 371, and the second bracket 371 is arranged on the base 372, and the base 372 is fixed to the upper end surface of the trailer 12. The sliding end of the fourth linear mechanism 37 is provided with a fifth linear mechanism 373, and the output end of the fifth linear mechanism 373 is vertically provided with a sixth linear mechanism 374, and the lower end of the output shaft of the sixth linear mechanism 374 is provided with a plurality of branch plates 375 in a circular array, and the lower end surface of the branch plate 375 is provided with a seventh linear mechanism 38, and the output end of the seventh linear mechanism 38 is provided with an L-shaped clamp 39 for lifting the I-shaped wheel 33 or lifting the crawler trolley 35 through the hanging plate 351, and the horizontal part of the L-shaped clamp 39 matches the square mouth 352.

[0032] In this embodiment, the first linear mechanism 23, the second linear mechanism 24, the third linear mechanism 26, and the fourth linear mechanism 37 all use rodless linear cylinders, and the fifth linear mechanism 373, the sixth linear mechanism 374, and the seventh linear mechanism 38 all use single-axis linear cylinders or linear hydraulic cylinders.

[0033] Working method: In this example, two groups of personnel cooperate to complete the communication line laying work. The first group of personnel is responsible for the operation of the communication line laying vehicle, and the other group of personnel is located in the vehicle operation command center for collaboration. The vehicle operation command center that communicates with the communication line laying vehicle in real time can coordinate with one or more groups of personnel responsible for the communication line laying vehicle, that is, the on-site personnel. The center includes an operation host, which includes a vehicle status control panel, a task warehouse, and a data collection pool. The vehicle status control panel performs remote vehicle status monitoring, vehicle scheduling management, and vehicle operation monitoring, and monitors the operation status of the communication line laying vehicle in real time, including vehicle speed, location, and working status, to ensure that the vehicle operates under safe and efficient conditions; according to the requirements of the laying task, intelligently dispatch vehicles, optimize vehicle utilization efficiency, and reduce idle and waiting time; real-time monitoring of vehicle operation status, including location, speed, work progress, etc., to ensure efficient and safe operation of the vehicle. The task warehouse performs task management and allocation, receives and processes cable laying task requests from different channels; intelligently allocates tasks to appropriate vehicles according to task requirements, vehicle capabilities, and on-site conditions. The data collection pool is responsible for data collection and analysis, and collects various data during vehicle operation, such as working hours, mileage, and fault records. When encountering an emergency, the vehicle operation command center will quickly activate the emergency response mechanism, coordinate vehicles and resources for disposal, and maintain close communication with relevant departments and teams to ensure efficient and orderly emergency response.

[0034] At the scene, there are two staff members in the front of the vehicle 11, one is the driver and the other is the operator. The front of the vehicle 11 also includes a vehicle health management system and an operation panel, which are controlled by the operator. The vehicle health management system includes a vehicle health detection module, a vehicle health status assessment module, and a maintenance record module. The vehicle health detection module monitors the key components and systems of the vehicle in real time, such as the engine, transmission system, and brake system; through the built-in diagnostic algorithm, it can timely discover and identify vehicle faults to improve the accuracy and efficiency of fault detection. The vehicle health status assessment module integrates vehicle operation data and fault records to evaluate the overall health status of the vehicle, provide decision support for vehicle scheduling and operation, and ensure that the vehicle is in the best working condition. The maintenance record module automatically records the maintenance and maintenance history of the vehicle, including maintenance time, maintenance content, replacement parts, etc.; it provides complete data support for vehicle maintenance and management, and provides maintenance and fault record inquiries. The operation panel can remotely control the threader transfer unit 2 and the laying unit 3, and each related equipment is equipped with a communication module.

[0035] Taking the laying of a section of cable as an example, first, according to the size of the I-wheel 33 used by the communication cable to be used, temporary storage tubes 32 matching the I-wheel 33 are respectively assembled on the screw holes 312 at predetermined intervals, and then multiple I-wheels 33 with communication cables are placed on the outer circumference of the temporary storage tubes 32.

[0036] After the vehicle body 1 moves to one end of a section of pre-buried pipe, the threader placed on the threader storage slot 21 is first unloaded to the ground outside the vehicle body 1 through the threader transfer unit 2. Specifically: first, the first linear mechanism 23 is used to make the hanging block 232 push the threader storage slot 21 to move. At the same time, the second linear mechanism 24 drives the C-shaped hook 28 to move along with the inverted U-shaped handle 43 to prevent the threader from suddenly rushing out of the threader storage slot 21. Since the slide bar 215 is restricted in the transverse slide groove 221, the threader storage slot 21 will not tilt until the end of the threader storage slot 21 with the slide bar 215 moves to the edge of the trailer 12. Then, when the above-mentioned one end of the threader storage slot 21 moves to the edge of the trailer 12, that is, when the slide bar 215 moves to the outermost end in the transverse slide groove 221, one end of the bottom surface of the threader storage slot 21 is supported on the edge of the trailer 12, and then it can rotate, that is, under the action of gravity, the other end of the threader storage slot 21 will gradually Gradually falls to the ground. At this time, the C-shaped hook 28 can be driven to move by the third linear mechanism 26, so that the threader can gradually descend from the threader storage slot 21 and reach the ground. In this process, the angle of the third linear mechanism 26 is rotated by the first rotary motor 25, so that the third linear mechanism 26 can be transported in a direction parallel to the rotated threader storage slot 21, and after the threader reaches the ground, the C-shaped hook 28 releases the inverted U-shaped handle 43 through the second rotary motor 27; as another embodiment, according to the specific situation on site, if the threader does not completely fall to the ground, the end of the triangular frame 41 without the roller 42 can be tilted by the inverted U-shaped handle 43, so that the entire threader can be moved, so the C-shaped hook 28 can also drive the threader to move actively, so that the threader is completely on the ground; after the threader is deployed next to one end of the pre-buried pipeline, the threader storage slot 21 can be retracted in the same way according to the above steps.

[0037] Then the crawler trolley 35 is lowered by the laying unit 3. Specifically, each seventh linear mechanism 38 is moved by the fourth linear mechanism 37, the fifth linear mechanism 373, and the sixth linear mechanism 374. Then, the horizontal part of each L-shaped clip 39 is inserted into the square opening 352 through the seventh linear mechanism 38. After the crawler trolley 35 is lifted, it is transferred to the ground.

[0038] The crawler trolley 35 moves to the side of the threader, and then adjusts the position of the air clamp 361 by controlling the manipulator 36, and drags the traction line of the threader into the pre-buried pipe through the annular portion formed by each pair of semicircular arc blocks 362. Since there are at least two manipulators 36, the process of manually feeding the traction line into the pre-buried pipe can be simulated. While the crawler trolley 35 performs these steps, the vehicle body 1 can move to the other end of the pre-buried pipe without waiting, which can save working time.

[0039] After the vehicle body 1 reaches the other end of the pre-buried pipe, it first moves each seventh linear mechanism 38 in the above manner, then clamps each L-shaped clamp 39 and lifts the roll of communication cable through an outer plate located above an I-shaped wheel 33, and then places it on the ground. In a preferred case, at this time, the head of the traction line of the threader just passes through the end of the pre-buried pipe to be pulled, and then the operator gets off the vehicle to fix one end of the communication cable to the head of the traction line, and then returns to the vehicle body 1. The vehicle body 1 returns to the initial end of the pre-buried pipe, and the communication cable is pulled and passed through the pre-buried pipe while the vehicle body 1 returns. After the threading is completed, the traction line is untied, and the threader and the tracked trolley 35 are recovered, and the communication cable here is connected to the communication equipment, repeaters and other equipment that need to be connected.

[0040] For the other end of the pre-buried pipe, preferably, the length of the communication cable on one I-shaped wheel 33 is exactly the required length. If it exceeds the required length, it is manually cut. Then, similarly, the vehicle body 1 goes to the other end of the pre-buried pipe again to connect the communication cable to the equipment, and recycles the empty I-shaped wheel 33.

[0041] According to the above example of laying a section of cable, if you want to lay a communication line with a longer distance and more relay devices, just repeat the above steps.

[0042] The above are only some of the embodiments listed in this application and are not intended to limit this application.

Claims

1. A communication line laying vehicle, characterized in that: It comprises a vehicle body (1) and a threader transfer unit (2) and a laying unit (3) arranged thereon: The needle threader transfer unit (2) comprises a needle threader storage slot (21) for temporarily storing needle threaders, and a first linear mechanism (23) for moving the needle threader storage slot (21) along the width direction of the vehicle body (1) is provided on one side above the needle threader storage slot (21); The laying unit (3) comprises an electric turntable (31), a temporary storage disk (311) is provided at the upper end of the electric turntable (31), a plurality of I-shaped wheels (33) are provided at the upper end of the temporary storage disk (311) in a circular array, a communication cable is wound around the outer circumference of the inner rod of the I-shaped wheel (33), the laying unit (3) further comprises a circular groove (34) provided at one end of the outer circumference of the temporary storage disk (311), a crawler trolley (35) is provided in the circular groove (34), a plurality of manipulators (36) are provided on the crawler trolley (35), an air clamp (361) is provided at the movable end of the manipulator (36), and two clamping claws of the air clamp (361) are respectively provided at the ends of semicircular arc blocks (362), and the laying unit (3) further comprises a conveying assembly for transferring the I-shaped wheel (33) or the crawler trolley (35) between the vehicle body (1) and the ground.

2. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that: The vehicle body (1) comprises a vehicle front (11) and a trailer (12) arranged at the rear end thereof.

3. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 2, characterized in that: The threader storage slot (21), the bottom block (22), the electric turntable (31), and the circular slot (34) are all arranged on the upper end surface of the trailer (12), the fourth linear mechanism (37) is arranged above the trailer (12), and the first linear mechanism (23) and the second linear mechanism (24) are both fixed to the rear side of the vehicle head (11).

4. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that: Slide bars (215) are respectively provided on both sides of the threader storage slot (21), and transverse slide grooves (221) are also respectively provided on both sides of the threader storage slot (21), and the slide bars (215) are slidably matched in the transverse slide grooves (221).

5. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that: A convex portion (212) is provided at one end of the threader storage slot (21), a rotating rod is passed through the side of the convex portion (212), side plates (213) are respectively provided at both ends of the rotating rod, a slider (214) is provided at one end of the side plate (213), an inverted L-shaped block (231) is provided at the sliding end of the first linear mechanism (23), a hanging block (232) is provided at the lower end of the vertical portion of the inverted L-shaped block (231), a T-shaped slot (233) extending in the vertical direction is opened on one side of the hanging block (232), and one end of the T-shaped slot (233) passes through the outside of the hanging block (232), and the entire slider (214) and a part of the side plate (213) are slidably matched in the T-shaped slot (233).

6. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that: A second linear mechanism (24) is provided above the first linear mechanism (23) and is arranged in parallel with the first linear mechanism (23); a first rotary motor (25) is provided at a sliding end of the second linear mechanism (24); a rotating plate (251) is provided at an output end of the first rotary motor (25); a third linear mechanism (26) is provided at an upper end of the rotating plate (251) and is arranged in parallel with the second linear mechanism (24); a second rotary motor (27) is provided at a sliding end of the third linear mechanism (26); a swing plate (271) is provided at one end of an output shaft of the second rotary motor (27); and a C-shaped hook (28) for pulling the horizontal portion of the inverted U-shaped handle (43) is provided at the lower end of the swing plate (271).

7. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that: A plurality of temporary storage tubes (32) are arranged in a circular array on the upper end of the temporary storage disk (311), and the I-shaped wheel (33) is sleeved on the outer peripheral side of the temporary storage tube (32).

8. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper end surface of the crawler trolley (35) is also provided with a plurality of hanging plates (351) arranged in a circular array, and a square opening (352) is opened on the side of the hanging plate (351).

9. The communication line laying vehicle according to claim 8, characterized in that: The conveying assembly comprises a fourth linear mechanism (37), a fifth linear mechanism (373) being provided at a sliding end thereof, a sixth linear mechanism (374) being vertically provided at an output end of the fifth linear mechanism (373), a plurality of branch plates (375) being provided in a circumferential array at the lower end of an output shaft of the sixth linear mechanism (374), a seventh linear mechanism (38) being provided at a lower end surface of the branch plate (375), an L-shaped clamp (39) being provided at the output end of the seventh linear mechanism (38) for lifting an I-shaped wheel (33) or lifting a crawler trolley (35) through a lifting plate (351), and a transverse portion of the L-shaped clamp (39) matching with a square opening (352).

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